Audit Information |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Auditor Information [Abstract] | |
| Auditor Firm ID | 1433 |
| Auditor Name | Ernst & Young AB |
| Auditor Location | Stockholm, Sweden |
Consolidated statement of operations - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Profit or loss [abstract] | |||
| Revenue | € 13,247 | € 11,727 | € 9,668 |
| Cost of revenue | 9,850 | 8,801 | 7,077 |
| Gross profit | 3,397 | 2,926 | 2,591 |
| Research and development | 1,725 | 1,387 | 912 |
| Sales and marketing | 1,533 | 1,572 | 1,135 |
| General and administrative | 585 | 626 | 450 |
| Total operating expense | 3,843 | 3,585 | 2,497 |
| Operating (loss)/income | (446) | (659) | 94 |
| Finance income | 161 | 421 | 246 |
| Finance costs | (220) | (132) | (91) |
| Finance (costs)/income - net | (59) | 289 | 155 |
| (Loss)/income before tax | (505) | (370) | 249 |
| Income tax expense | 27 | 60 | 283 |
| Net loss attributable to owners of the parent | € (532) | € (430) | € (34) |
| Loss per share attributable to owners of the parent | |||
| Basic (euro per share) | € (2.73) | € (2.23) | € (0.18) |
| Diluted (euro per share) | € (2.73) | € (2.93) | € (1.03) |
| Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding | |||
| Basic (in shares) | 194,732,304 | 192,934,862 | 191,298,397 |
| Diluted (in shares) | 194,732,304 | 195,846,362 | 193,943,455 |
Consolidated statement of comprehensive loss - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Statement of comprehensive income [abstract] | |||
| Net loss attributable to owners of the parent | € (532) | € (430) | € (34) |
| Items that may be subsequently reclassified to consolidated statement of operations (net of tax): | |||
| Change in net unrealized gain or loss on short term investments | 14 | (15) | (8) |
| Change in net unrealized gain or loss on cash flow hedging instruments | (13) | 14 | (1) |
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustment | (37) | 83 | 71 |
| Items not to be subsequently reclassified to consolidated statement of operations (net of tax): | |||
| Gains/(losses) in the fair value of long term investments | 60 | 190 | (981) |
| Change in fair value of Exchangeable Notes attributable to changes in credit risk | (10) | 3 | 0 |
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year (net of tax) | 14 | 275 | (919) |
| Total comprehensive loss for the year attributable to owners of the parent | € (518) | € (155) | € (953) |
Corporate information |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Corporate Information [Abstract] | |
| Corporate information | Corporate information Spotify Technology S.A. (the “Company” or “parent”) is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in Luxembourg. The Company’s registered office is 5, place de la Gare L-1616, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The principal activity of the Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group,” "we," "us," or "our") is audio streaming. The Group’s premium service (“Premium Service”) provides users with unlimited online and offline high-quality streaming access to its catalog of music and podcasts. In select markets, the Premium Service provides eligible users with limited online and offline streaming access to its catalog of audiobooks. The Premium Service offers a music listening experience without commercial breaks. The Group’s ad-supported service (“Ad-Supported Service” and together with the Premium Service, the “Service”) has no subscription fees and provides users with limited on-demand online access to the catalog of music and unlimited online access to the catalog of podcasts. The Group depends on securing content licenses from a number of major and minor content owners and other rights holders in order to provide its service.
|
Summary of material accounting policies |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Disclosure Of Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| Summary of material accounting policies | Summary of material accounting policies The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been applied consistently to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. (a)Basis of preparation The consolidated financial statements of Spotify Technology S.A. comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), and have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for short term investments, long term investments, Exchangeable Senior Notes (the "Exchangeable Notes"), and derivative financial instruments, which have been measured at fair value, and lease liabilities, which are measured at present value. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the application of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the accounting policies. The areas involving a greater degree of judgment or complexity, or areas in which assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements, are disclosed in Note 3. (b)Basis of consolidation Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has right to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases. (c)Foreign currency translation Functional and reporting currency Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Group’s reporting currency. Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year-end exchange rates are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations within finance income or finance costs. Group companies The results and financial position of all the Group entities that have a functional currency different from the Group's reporting currency are translated into Euro as follows: •Assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate at the reporting date; •Income and expenses for each statement of operation are translated at average exchange rates; and •All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss). Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the operation and translated at the closing rate at each reporting date. (d)Revenue recognition Premium revenue The Group generates subscription revenue through the sale of the Premium Service in which customers can listen on-demand and offline. The Premium Service is primarily sold directly to end users. The Premium Service is also sold through partners who are generally telecommunications companies that bundle the subscription with their own services or collect payment for the stand-alone subscriptions from their end customers. Typically, the Premium Service is paid for on a monthly basis in advance. The Group satisfies its performance obligation to provide Premium streaming services, and revenue from these services is recognized, on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. Sometimes the Group bundles the Premium Service with other services and products. Additionally, in certain markets the specified monthly allocation of audiobook access within the Premium Service is considered to be a separate performance obligation to the customer. In arrangements where the Group has multiple performance obligations to the customer, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative stand-alone selling price. The Group generally determines stand-alone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers; but where stand-alone selling prices are not directly observable, estimation techniques are used. In the markets where the Group offers audiobook listening time as part of the Premium subscription, the Group satisfies its performance obligation to provide a monthly entitlement to specified hours of audiobook content as these hours are consumed and recognize revenue over time using an output method based on the proportion of hours consumed. Additionally, the Group estimates how many hours of audiobook content will not be used by eligible Premium Subscribers and recognizes the revenue attributable to the unexercised rights in proportion to the pattern of audiobook consumption. For other bundles, revenue is recognized either on a straight-line basis over the subscription period or at a point in time when control of the service or product is transferred to the customer. Premium partner subscription revenue is based on a per-subscriber rate in a negotiated partner agreement. Under these arrangements, a premium partner may bundle the Premium Service with its existing product offerings or offer the Premium Service as an add-on. Payment is remitted to the Group through the premium partner. The Group assesses the facts and circumstances, including whether the partner is acting as a principal or agent, of all partner revenue arrangements and then recognizes revenues either gross or net. Premium partner services, whether recognized gross or net, generally have one material performance obligation, which is the delivery of the Premium Service. Ad-Supported revenue The Group’s advertising revenue is generated primarily from the sale of display, audio, and video advertising delivered through advertising impressions across music and podcast content. The Group enters into arrangements with advertising agencies that purchase advertising on our platform on behalf of their clients. The Group also enters into arrangements directly with some large advertisers. These advertising arrangements are typically sold on a cost-per-thousand basis and are evidenced by an Insertion Order, a submission of order placements through a self-serve platform that includes the online acceptance of terms and conditions, or contracts that specify the terms of the arrangement such as the type of ad product, pricing, insertion dates, and number of impressions in a stated period. Revenue is recognized based on the number of impressions delivered. Additionally, the Group generates Ad-Supported revenue through arrangements with certain advertising automated exchanges, internal self-serve, and advertising marketplace platforms to distribute advertising inventory for purchase on a cost-per-thousand basis. Revenue is recognized when impressions are delivered on the platform. (e)Advertising credits Advertising credits that are not transferable are issued to certain rights holders and allow them to include advertisements on the Ad-Supported Service that promote their artists and the Spotify service, such as the availability of a new single or album on Spotify. These are issued in conjunction with the Group’s royalty arrangements for no additional consideration. There is no revenue recognized as the advertising credits are mutually beneficial to both the rights holders and the Group and do not meet the definition of a revenue contract under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. (f)Business combinations Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration transferred, and the acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Acquisition-related costs, other than those incurred for the issuance of debt or equity instruments, are charged to the consolidated statement of operations as they are incurred. (g)Cost of revenue Cost of revenue consists predominantly of royalty and distribution costs related to content streaming. The Group incurs royalty costs paid to record labels, music publishers, and other rights holders for the right to stream content to the Group’s users. Royalties are typically calculated monthly using negotiated rates in accordance with license agreements and are based on either subscription and advertising revenue earned, user/usage measures, or a combination of these. The determination of the amount of the rights holders’ liability requires complex IT systems and a significant volume of data and is subject to a number of variables, including the revenue recognized, the type of content streamed and the country in which it is streamed, the product tier such content is streamed on, identification of the appropriate license holder, size of user base, ratio of Ad-Supported Users to Premium Subscribers, and any applicable advertising fees and discounts, among other variables. Some rights holders have allowed the use of their content on the platform while negotiations of the terms and conditions or determination of statutory rates are ongoing. In such situations, royalties are calculated using estimated rates. In certain jurisdictions, rights holders have several years to claim royalties for musical compositions, and therefore, estimates of the royalties payable are made until payments are made. The Group has certain arrangements whereby royalty costs are paid in advance or are subject to minimum guaranteed amounts. An accrual is established when actual royalty costs to be incurred during a contractual period are expected to fall short of the minimum guaranteed amounts. For minimum guarantee arrangements, for which the Group cannot reliably predict the underlying expense, the Group will expense the minimum guarantee on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. The Group also has certain royalty arrangements where the Group would have to make additional payments if the royalty rates were below those paid to other similar licensors (most favored nation clauses). For rights holders with this clause, a comparison is done of royalties incurred to date plus estimated royalties payable for the remainder of the period to estimates of the royalties payables to other appropriate rights holders, and the shortfall, if any, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the applicable most favored nation clause. An accrual and expense is recognized when it is probable that the Group will make additional royalty payments under these terms. The expense related to these accruals is recognized in cost of revenue. Cost of revenue also reflects discounts provided by certain rights holders in return for promotional activities in connection with marketplace programs. In certain contracts, payments to rights holders can be due based on uncertain future events which might not be resolved for several months. Where this is the case, the Group recognizes this expense only if and when the uncertainty is resolved. Additionally, cost of revenue includes credit card and payment processing fees for subscription revenue, advertising serving, advertising measurement, customer service, certain employee compensation and benefits, cloud computing, streaming, facility, and equipment costs, as well as the amortization of podcast content assets. Amortization of podcast content assets is recorded over the shorter of the estimated useful economic life, or the license period (if relevant), and begins at the release of each episode. In most cases, amortization is on an accelerated basis. We make payments to podcast publishers, whose content we monetize through advertising sales. The amounts owed are most often a share of revenues and recognized in cost of revenue when the related revenue is recognized. (h)Research and development expenses Research and development expenses primarily comprise costs incurred for development of products related to the Group’s platform and service, as well as new advertising products and improvements to the Group’s mobile and desktop applications and streaming services. The costs incurred include related employee compensation and benefits costs, consulting costs, and facilities costs. (i)Sales and marketing expenses Sales and marketing expenses primarily comprise employee compensation and benefits, sponsorships, public relations, branding, consulting expenses, customer acquisition costs, advertising, live events and trade shows, amortization of trade name intangible assets, the cost of working with music record labels, publishers, songwriters, artists, podcasters, and audiobook publishers to promote the availability of new releases on the Group’s platform, and the costs of providing free trials. Expenses included in the costs of providing free trials are derived primarily from per user royalty fees determined in accordance with the rights holder agreements. (j)General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses primarily comprise employee compensation and benefits for functions such as finance, accounting, analytics, legal, human resources, consulting fees, and other costs including facility and equipment costs, directors' and officers’ liability insurance, and director fees. (k)Income tax The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations except to the extent it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income. (i)Current tax Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. (ii)Deferred tax Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for: •temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination, that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss, and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences; •temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries, and associates to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences, and it is probable they will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and •taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses, unused tax credits, and deductible temporary differences to the extent it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which they can be used. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Group expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met, such as when there is a legally enforceable right to offset. (iii)Uncertain tax positions Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns in which applicable tax legislation is subject to interpretation, and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Group measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty. (l)Leases At the inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group assesses whether: •the contract involves the use of an identified asset – this may be specified explicitly or implicitly, and should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset. If the supplier has a substantive substitution right, then the asset is not identified; •the Group has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the period of use; and •the Group has the right to direct the use of the asset. The Group has this right when it has the decision-making rights that are most relevant to changing how and for what purpose the asset is used. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices. As a Lessee The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received prior to the commencement date. Any costs related to the removal and restoration of leasehold improvements, which meet the definition of property, plant and equipment under IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment are assessed under IAS 37 and are not within the scope of IFRS 16. The lease term is determined based on the non-cancellable period for which the Group has the right to use an underlying asset. The lease term is adjusted, if applicable, for periods covered by extension and termination options to the extent the Group is reasonably certain to exercise them. The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, which is considered the appropriate useful life of these assets. In addition, the right-of-use asset is reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability, to the extent necessary. See Note 11 for further information. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, net of lease incentives receivable, that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using an incremental borrowing rate if the rate implicit in the lease arrangement is not readily determinable. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments and variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date. The lease liability is subsequently increased to reflect accretion of interest and reduced for lease payments made. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, lease term, or if the Group changes its assessment of whether it will exercise an extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Group leases certain properties under non-cancellable lease agreements that relate to office space. The expected lease terms are between and 10 years. As of December 31, 2023, the Group has not acted in the capacity of a lessor. Short-term leases and lease of low-value assets The Group has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets, including certain IT Equipment. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. (m)Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes any expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the Group. The Group adds to the carrying amount of an item of property and equipment the cost of replacing parts of such an item if the replacement part is expected to provide incremental future benefits to the Group. All repairs and maintenance are charged to the consolidated statement of operations during the period in which they are incurred. After assets are placed into service, depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, using the straight-line method as follows: •Property and equipment: 3 to 5 years •Leasehold improvements: shorter of the lease term or useful life The assets’ residual values, useful lives, and depreciation methods are reviewed annually and adjusted prospectively if there is an indication of a significant change. An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations when the asset is derecognized. (n)Intangible assets Acquired intangible assets other than goodwill comprise acquired developed technology, trade names, customer relationships, publisher relationships, and patents. At initial recognition, intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognized at their fair value as of the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. The Group recognizes internal development costs as intangible assets only when the following criteria are met: the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset exists; there is an intent to complete and an ability to use or sell the intangible asset; the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits; there are adequate resources available to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and there is the ability to reliably measure the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Intangible assets with finite lives are typically amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, typically 3 to 5 years for technology, 3 to 8 years for trade names and trademarks, 3 to 10 years for customer and publisher relationships, and are assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset are reviewed at least annually. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization of intangible assets is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the expense category consistent with the function of the intangible assets. (o)Goodwill Goodwill is the excess of the consideration transferred over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment, or more regularly if certain indicators are present. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the operating segments that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination and represent the lowest level at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount of the Group’s operating segments to the carrying amount of the operating segments to which the goodwill relates. If the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount an impairment charge is determined. The recoverable amount of the operating segments is based on fair value less costs of disposal. The Group determines the fair value of the operating segments using a combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and a market-based approach. (p)Impairment of non-financial assets Assets that are subject to depreciation or amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations consistent with the function of the assets, for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are largely independent cash inflows. Prior impairments of non-financial assets (other than goodwill) are reviewed for possible reversal each reporting period. For more information on impairment of non-financial assets, including real estate assets, refer to Note 11 and 12. (q)Financial instruments (i)Financial assets Initial recognition and measurement The Group’s financial assets comprise cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, trade and other receivables, derivative assets, long term investments, restricted cash, and other non-current assets. All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on the settlement date; the date that the Group receives or delivers the asset. Receivables are non-derivative financial assets, other than short term and long term investments described below, with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets except for those with maturities greater than 12 months after the reporting period. For more information on receivables, refer to Note 15. Short term investments primarily comprise debt instruments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income. The securities in this category are those that are intended to be held for an indefinite period of time and that may be sold in response to needs for liquidity or in response to changes in the market conditions (therefore, not recognized at amortized cost). These meet both the hold to collect and sell business model and solely payments of principal and interest contractual cash flows tests under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. These are classified as current assets. Long term investments primarily comprise equity instruments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income based on the irrevocable election made at initial recognition under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The securities within this category are intended to be held for an indefinite period of time and for strategic investment purposes. These are not held for trading. These are classified as non-current assets. The Group’s primary long term investment is its equity investment in Tencent Music Entertainment Group (“TME”). Subsequent measurement After initial measurement, short term investments are primarily measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income and credited in other reserves within equity until the investment is derecognized, at which time, the cumulative gain or loss is recognized in finance income/costs. Interest earned whilst holding the short term investments is reported as interest income using the effective interest method. Interest income and foreign exchange revaluation are recognized in the statement of operations in the same manner as all other financial assets. After initial measurement, long term investments are measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses, including any related foreign exchange impacts, recognized in other comprehensive income and credited in other reserves within equity without recognizing fair value changes to profit and loss upon derecognition. Gains or losses realized on the sale of these long term investments are not recycled through the profit and loss, but are instead reclassified to accumulated deficit within equity. Dividends received are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in finance income. Derecognition Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired. Impairment of financial assets The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is any evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired, primarily its trade receivables and short term investments. The Group assesses impairment for its financial assets, excluding trade receivables, using the general expected credit losses model. Under this model, the Group calculates the allowance for credit losses by considering on a discounted basis, the cash shortfalls it would incur in various default scenarios for prescribed future periods and multiplying the shortfalls by the probability of each scenario occurring. The allowance on the financial asset is the sum of these probability-weighted outcomes. For the Group’s short term investments, the Group applies the low credit risk simplification as the credit risk related to these assets is low given the credit quality ratings required by the Group’s investment policy. At every reporting date, the Group evaluates whether a particular debt instrument is considered to have low credit risk using all supportable information. The Group’s long term equity investments are not assessed for impairment due to the irrevocable election made under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments as stated above. The Group uses the simplified approach for measuring impairment for its trade receivables as these financial assets do not have a significant financing component as defined under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Therefore, the Group does not determine if the credit risk for these instruments has increased significantly since initial recognition. Instead, a loss allowance is recognized based on lifetime expected credit losses at each reporting date. Impairment losses and subsequent reversals are recognized in profit or loss and is the amount required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognized based on the aforementioned policy. The Group has established a provision matrix based on its historical credit loss experiences, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account and the amount of the loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. (ii)Financial liabilities Initial recognition and measurement The Group’s financial liabilities are comprised of trade and other payables, lease liabilities, Exchangeable Notes, derivative liabilities (warrants and instruments designated for hedging), and other liabilities. All financial liabilities except lease liabilities are recognized initially at fair value. The Group accounts for the Exchangeable Notes at fair value through profit and loss using the fair value option in accordance with IFRS 9, Financial Instruments. Under this approach, the Exchangeable Notes are accounted for in their entirety at fair value, with any change in fair value after initial measurement being recorded in finance income or cost in the consolidated statement of operations, except that changes in fair value that are due to changes in own credit risk are presented separately in other comprehensive income/(loss) and will not be reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations. The Group classified the Exchangeable Notes as a financial liability in accordance with IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation. The Group accounts for the warrants as a financial liability measured at fair value through profit or loss. In accordance with IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation, the Group determined that the warrants were precluded from equity classification, because while they contain no contractual obligation to deliver cash or other financial instruments to the holders other than the Company’s own shares, the exercise prices of the warrants are in US$ and not the Company’s functional currency and the Group allows for net settlement, which enables settlement for a variable number of the Company’s ordinary shares. Therefore, the warrants do not meet the requirements that they be settled by the issuer exchanging a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of its own equity instruments. Subsequent measurements Other financial liabilities After initial recognition, payables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The effective interest method amortization is included in finance costs in the consolidated statement of operations. Gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations when the liabilities are derecognized. Payables are classified as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss After initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through the profit or loss are subsequently re-measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in finance income or finance costs in the consolidated statement of operations. Derecognition Financial liabilities are derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled, or expires. (iii)Fair value measurements For financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, fair value is the price the Group would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. In the absence of active markets for identical assets or liabilities, such measurements involve developing assumptions based on market observable data and, in the absence of such data, internal information that is consistent with what market participants would use in a hypothetical transaction that occurs at the measurement date. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Group’s market assumptions. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, are described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole: •Level 1: quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; •Level 2: other techniques for which inputs are based on quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and, •Level 3: techniques which use inputs that have a significant effect on the recognized fair value that require the Group to use its own assumptions about market participant assumptions. The Group maintains policies and procedures to determine the fair value of financial assets and liabilities using what it considers to be the most relevant and reliable market participant data available. It is the Group’s policy to maximize the use of observable inputs in the measurement of its Level 3 fair value measurements. To the extent observable inputs are not available, the Group utilizes unobservable inputs based upon the assumptions market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability. In determining the fair value of financial assets and liabilities employing Level 3 inputs, the Group considers such factors as the current interest rate, equity market, currency and credit environments, expected future cash flows, the probability of certain future events occurring, and other published data. The Group performs a variety of procedures to assess the reasonableness of its fair value determinations, including the use of third parties. (iv)Foreign exchange forward contracts The Group designates certain foreign exchange forward contracts as cash flow hedges when all the requirements in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments are met. The Group recognizes these foreign exchange forward contracts as either assets or liabilities on the statement of financial position and they are measured at fair value at each reporting period. Assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the statement of financial position when the Group has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends to settle on a net basis. The asset and liability positions of the foreign exchange forward contracts are included in other current assets and derivative liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position, respectively. The Group reflects the gain or loss on the effective portion of a cash flow hedge as a component of equity and subsequently reclassifies cumulative gains and losses to revenues or cost of revenues, depending on the risk hedged, when the hedged transactions impact the statement of operations. If the hedged transactions become probable of not occurring, the corresponding amounts in other reserves are immediately reclassified to finance income or costs. Foreign exchange forward contracts that do not meet the requirements in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments to be designated as a cash flow hedge, are classified as derivative instruments not designated for hedging. The Group measures these instruments at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in finance income or costs. Refer to Note 23. (r)Podcast content assets The Group incurs costs to acquire, license, produce or commission podcasts for inclusion on the Service, with some titles distributed more broadly. We recognize podcast content assets as current assets in the consolidated statement of financial position and related cash flows are presented as operating cash flows. Fees, including license fees, and the direct costs of production including employee compensation and production overheads, external production services and participation minimum guarantees are capitalized. We often enter into multi-year commitments, however, the period between payments and receipt of content is typically less than a year and no borrowing costs are included in direct costs. All podcast content costs are recorded in the Ad-Supported segment. Amortization of podcast content assets is recorded in cost of revenue over the shorter of the estimated useful economic life or the license period (if relevant), and begins at the release of each episode. The economic life and expected amortization profile of podcast content assets is estimated by management based on historical listening patterns and is evaluated on an ongoing basis. The Group’s podcast content assets are generally expected to be consumed in less than three years, and typically, on an accelerated basis, as we expect more upfront listening in most cases. (s)Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on deposit at banks and on hand and highly liquid investments including money market funds with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase that are not subject to restrictions. Assets in money market funds, whose contractual cash flows do not represent solely payments of interest and principal, are measured at fair value with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value included in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 23. Cash deposits that have restrictions governing their use are classified as restricted cash, current or non-current, based on the remaining length of the restriction. See Note 14. (t)Short term investments The Group invests in a variety of instruments, such as commercial paper, corporate debt securities, collateralized reverse purchase agreements, and government and agency debt securities. Part of these investments are held in short duration, fixed income portfolios. The average duration of these instruments is less than two years. All investments are governed by an investment policy and are held in highly rated counterparties. Separate credit limits are assigned to each counterparty in order to minimize risk concentration. These investments are classified as debt instruments and are carried primarily at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of equity. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates whether the investments pass both the hold to collect and sell and solely payments of principal and interest tests. The short term investments with maturities greater than 12 months are classified as short term when they are intended for use in current operations. The cost basis for investments sold is based upon the specific identification method. (u)Long term investments Long term investments consist primarily of non-controlling equity interests in public and private companies where the Group does not exercise significant influence. The majority of the investments are classified as equity instruments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income. Refer to Note 23. (v)Share capital Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Equity instruments are initially measured at the fair value of the cash or other resources received or receivable, net of the direct costs of issuing the equity instruments. The Group repurchases its ordinary shares through a share repurchase program approved by the board of directors. The cost of shares repurchased is shown as a reduction to equity on the statement of financial position. When treasury shares are sold, reissued, or retired, the amount received is reflected as an increase to equity based on a weighted-average cost, with any surplus or deficit recorded within other paid in capital. (w)Share-based compensation Employees of the Group and members of the board of directors receive remuneration in the form of share-based compensation transactions, whereby employees and the board of directors render services in consideration for equity instruments. The cost of such equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date of grant using an appropriate valuation model. The cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations, together with a corresponding credit to other reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and service conditions are fulfilled. The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The expense for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized at the beginning and end of that period, and is recognized in employee share-based compensation. When the terms of an equity-settled transaction award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense as if the terms had not been modified, if the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense is recognized for modifications that increase the total fair value of the share-based compensation transaction or are otherwise beneficial to the grantee as measured at the date of modification. There were no material modifications to any share-based compensation transactions during 2023, 2022, and 2021. Social costs are payroll taxes associated with employee salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation. Social costs in connection with granted options and restricted stock units are accrued over the vesting period, based on the intrinsic value of the award that has been earned at the end of each reporting period. The amount of the liability reflects the amortization of the award and the impact of expected forfeitures. The social cost rate at which the accrual is made generally follows the tax domicile within which other compensation charges for a grantee are recognized. The assumptions and models used for estimating fair value for share-based compensation transactions are disclosed in Note 18. In many jurisdictions, tax authorities levy taxes on share-based compensation transactions with employees that give rise to a personal tax liability for the employee. In some cases, the Group is required to withhold the tax due and to settle it with the tax authority on behalf of the employees. To fulfill this obligation, the terms of the Group’s restricted stock unit arrangements permit the Group to withhold the number of shares that are equal to the monetary value of the employee’s tax obligation from the total number of shares that otherwise would have been issued to the employee upon vesting of the restricted stock unit. The monetary value of the employee’s tax obligation is recorded as a deduction from Other reserves for the shares withheld. (x)Employee benefits The Group provides defined contribution plans to its employees. The Group pays contributions to publicly and privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory or contractual basis. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. Contributions to defined contribution plans are expensed when employees provide services. The Group’s post-employment schemes do not include any defined benefit plans. (y)Provisions Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. New and amended standards and interpretations adopted by the Group Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction – Amendments to IAS 12 On January 1, 2023, the Group adopted the amendment to IAS 12 Income Taxes ("IAS 12 Amendment") which requires recognition of deferred taxes on transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal amounts of taxable and deductible temporary differences. This amendment applies to differences associated with right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and decommissioning obligations. This amendment is applied to transactions that occurred on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The adoption of the IAS 12 Amendment did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules – Amendments to IAS 12 Pillar Two legislation has been enacted or substantively enacted in certain jurisdictions in which the Group operates. The legislation will be effective for the Group’s financial year beginning January 1, 2024. The rules will impose a minimum 15% effective tax rate, based on the OECD’s Pillar Two Model Rules, applicable in each jurisdiction in which the Group operates. In May 2023, the IASB amended IAS 12 Income Taxes to include a mandatory temporary exception from recognizing deferred taxes relating to Pillar Two. The Group has applied this mandatory exception which did not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. Disclosure of Accounting Policies – Amendments to IAS 1 On January 1, 2023, the Group adopted the amendment to IAS 1 ("IAS 1 Amendment") which provides guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their “significant” accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their “material” accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures. The adoption of IAS 1 Amendment did not have a material impact on the accounting policy disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. There are no other new IFRS or IFRS Interpretation Committee ("IFRIC") interpretations effective as of January 1, 2023 that have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. New standards and interpretations issued not yet effective Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current and Non-current Liabilities with Covenants - Amendments to IAS 1 In January 2020, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. In November 2022, the IASB issued further amendments delaying the effective date to annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. The amendments are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The amendments will require the Group to reclassify the Exchangeable Notes (as defined below) as a current liability if the exchange conditions are met, even if no noteholder actually requires us to exchange their notes. Adoption of this amendment would not result in the reclassification of the Exchangeable Notes as a current liability at any reporting date, from the inception of the Exchangeable Notes to December 31, 2023, as the exchange conditions had not been met. There are no other IFRS or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective and that are expected to have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
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Critical accounting estimates and judgments |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Disclosure of changes in accounting estimates [abstract] | |
| Critical accounting estimates and judgments | Critical accounting estimates and judgments The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and equity in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying disclosures. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods. The areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are: (i)Revenue Recognition: Multiple Performance Obligations - The Group's contracts with customers for the Premium Service in select markets include promises to transfer more than one service. The Group assesses the services promised in a contract and identifies distinct performance obligations. In such arrangements, the transaction price is allocated between the obligations according to their relative stand-alone selling prices; where stand-alone selling prices are not directly observable, estimation techniques are used. See Note 2. (ii)Share-based compensation - The Group measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees and directors by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments at the date at which they are granted. The assumptions and models used for estimating the fair value of share-based compensation transactions are disclosed in Note 18. The Group also estimates a forfeiture rate to calculate the stock-based compensation expense for the awards. The forfeiture rate is based on an analysis of actual forfeitures. (iii)Deferred taxes - The Group has recognized deferred tax assets for tax loss carry-forwards, tax credits and deductible temporary differences. The Group also has significant unrecognized deferred tax assets. At period end, we assess whether there is convincing evidence that the Group will generate future taxable income against which deferred tax assets can be utilized and, thus, that recovery is probable. See Note 9. (iv)Goodwill impairment - In accordance with the accounting policy described in Note 2, the Group annually performs an impairment test regarding goodwill. The assumptions used for estimating fair value and assessing available headroom based on conditions that existed at the testing date are disclosed in Note 13. (v)Content - The Group’s agreements and arrangements with rights holders for the content used on its platform are complex. Some rights holders have allowed the use of their content on the platform while negotiations of the terms and conditions or determination of statutory rates are ongoing. In certain jurisdictions, rights holders have several years to claim royalties for musical composition, and therefore, estimates of the royalty accruals are based on available information and historical trends. The determination of royalty accruals requires complex IT systems and a significant volume of data, as well as significant judgements, assumptions, and estimates of the amounts to be paid. See Note 21. Additionally, the economic life and expected amortization profile of podcast content assets is estimated by management based on historical listening patterns and is evaluated on an ongoing basis. See Note 2 and Note 16. (vi)Provisions - Management makes significant assumptions and estimates when determining the amounts to record for provision for legal contingencies. See Note 22. (vii)Business combinations - In business combinations, the Group allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identified assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments, especially with respect to intangible assets. See Note 5. (viii)Leases - As most of the Group's lease agreements do not provide an implicit rate of return, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The Group's incremental borrowing rate is determined based on estimates and judgments, including the credit rating of the Group's leasing entities and a credit spread. See Note 2 and Note 11. (ix)Impairment of real estate assets - Management makes significant assumptions and estimates when determining the non-cash impairment charges for our real estate assets, which include lease right-of-use assets, leasehold improvements and property and equipment. See Note 11 and Note 12. (x)Exchangeable Notes and warrants - the fair value of the Group's Exchangeable Notes and warrants are estimated using valuation techniques and inputs based on management's judgment and conditions that exist at each reporting date. See Note 23. (xi)Uncertain tax positions - In determining the amount of current and deferred income tax, the Group takes into account the impact of uncertain tax positions and whether additional taxes, interest or penalties may be due. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgments about future events. New information may become available that causes the Group to change its judgment regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities. Such changes to tax liabilities will impact tax expense in the period that such a determination is made. See Note 9.
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Revenue recognition |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Contract liabilities [abstract] | |
| Revenue recognition | Revenue recognition Revenue from contracts with customers (i)Disaggregated revenue The Group discloses revenue by reportable segment and geographic area in Note 24. (ii)Performance obligations The Group discloses its policies for how it identifies, satisfies, and recognizes its performance obligations associated with its contracts with customers in Note 2. (iii)Contract liabilities The Group’s contract liabilities from contracts with customers consist primarily of deferred revenue. Deferred revenue is mainly comprised of subscription fees collected for services not yet performed, and therefore, the revenue has not been recognized. Revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Group had deferred revenue of €622 million and €520 million, respectively. The increase in deferred revenue in 2023 is primarily a result of an increase in the number of Premium Subscribers as well as price increases. This balance will be recognized as revenue as the services are performed, which is generally expected to occur over a period of up to a year. Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is €504 million, €448 million, and €372 million, respectively.
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Business combinations |
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| Business combinations | Business combinations The following sections describe the Group’s material acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023. Sonantic On July 11, 2022, the Group acquired 100% of Sonantic Limited ("Sonantic"), an artificial intelligence voice platform. This acquisition allows the Group to expand text-to-speech capabilities across the Group's platform. The fair value of the purchase consideration was €93 million in cash, paid at closing. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method. Of the total purchase consideration, €64 million has been recorded to goodwill, €31 million to acquired intangible assets, €2 million to cash and cash equivalents and €4 million to deferred tax liabilities. The Group incurred €2 million in acquisition-related costs that were recognized as general and administrative expenses. The goodwill represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including expected future synergies and the technical expertise of the acquired workforce. None of the goodwill recorded is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. €48 million of goodwill was allocated to the Premium segment, and €16 million of goodwill was allocated to the Ad-Supported segment. The intangible asset acquired relates to existing technology. The useful life of the existing technology is five years. The Group valued the existing technology using the replacement cost method under the cost approach. In addition to the purchase consideration, there are cash payments of €30 million that are contingent on the continued employment of certain employees. In addition, €4 million of equity instruments were offered to and accepted by certain employees, which have vesting conditions contingent upon continued employment and are accounted for as equity-settled share-based compensation transactions. These cash payments and share-based compensation transactions are recognized as post-combination expense over employment service periods of up to four years, if not forfeited by the employees. Findaway On June 15, 2022, the Group acquired 100% of Findaway World, LLC (“Findaway”), a digital audiobook distribution platform. The acquisition allows the Group to accelerate its audiobook content offering. The fair value of the purchase consideration was €117 million in cash, paid at closing. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method. The purchase price allocation to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition are as follows:
The Group incurred €5 million in acquisition-related costs that were recognized as general and administrative expenses. The goodwill represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including expected future synergies and the technical expertise of the acquired workforce. The goodwill recorded is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill was allocated to the Premium segment. The intangible assets acquired relate to existing technology, trade name and publisher relationships. The useful lives of the existing technology and trade name are five years each, and the useful life of the publisher relationships is seven years. The Group valued the existing technology and trade name using the relief from royalty method, under the income approach. The Group valued the publisher relationships using the multi-period excess earnings method, under the income approach. In addition to the purchase consideration, there are cash payments of €13 million that are contingent on the continued employment of certain employees. In addition, €5 million of equity instruments were offered to and accepted by certain employees, which have vesting conditions contingent upon continued employment and are accounted for as equity-settled share-based compensation transactions. These cash payments and share-based compensation transactions are recognized as post-combination expense over employment service periods of up to four years, if not forfeited by the employees. Podsights and Chartable During February 2022, the Group acquired 100% of In Defense of Growth Inc. ("Podsights") and Chartable Holding, Inc. ("Chartable") to provide improved podcast ad measurement and analytics services. These acquisitions allow the Group to expand and scale its podcast monetization and product offering for advertisers and publishers. The combined fair value of the purchase consideration for the two acquisitions was €83 million in cash, paid at closing. The acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method. Of the total purchase consideration, €59 million has been recorded to goodwill, €26 million to acquired intangible assets, €4 million to cash and cash equivalents, €1 million to other tangible net assets, and €7 million to deferred tax liabilities. The Group incurred €2 million in acquisition-related costs, which were recognized as general and administrative expenses. The goodwill represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including expected future synergies and technical expertise of the acquired workforce. None of the goodwill recorded is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill was allocated to the Ad-Supported segment. The intangible assets acquired relate to existing technology and customer relationships. The useful lives of existing technology ranges from to five years, and the useful life of customer relationships is one year. The Group valued the existing technology using the multi-period excess earnings and replacement cost methods, under the income approach and cost approach, respectively. The Group valued the customer relationships using the replacement cost method, under the cost approach. In addition to the purchase consideration, there are cash payments of €21 million that are contingent on the continued employment of certain employees. In addition, €10 million of equity instruments were offered to and accepted by certain employees, which have vesting conditions contingent on continued employment and are accounted for as equity-settled share-based compensation transactions. These cash payments and share-based compensation transactions are recognized as post-combination expense over employment service periods of up to four years, if not forfeited by the employees. The amount for business combinations, net of cash acquired, within the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes €11 million of investing cash outflows for deferred consideration of previous business combinations.
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Personnel expenses |
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| Personal expenses | Personnel expenses
On January 23, 2023, the Company announced a reorganization to streamline our organizational structure and reduce our operating costs. As part of such reorganization, we reduced our employee base by approximately 6% across the Company. Additionally, during the second fiscal quarter of 2023, we executed a strategic realignment and reorganization plan focusing on podcast operations and rationalizing our content portfolio. On December 4, 2023, the Company announced a reduction in force, through which our employee base was reduced by approximately 17%. In connection with these reorganizations, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized charges of €212 million for employee severance. These charges are included within the consolidated statement of operations as follows:
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Auditor remuneration |
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| Auditor remuneration | Auditor remuneration
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Finance income and costs |
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| Finance income and costs | Finance income and costs
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Income tax |
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| Disclosure Of Income Tax [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax | Income tax An analysis of the Group’s Income tax expense for periods presented is set out below:
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Group recorded an income tax expense/(benefit) of €13 million, €26 million, and €(268) million, respectively, in other comprehensive income/(loss) related to components of other comprehensive income/(loss). In 2023, the Group recognized current income tax expense of €1 million related to reversals of uncertain tax positions and has cumulatively recorded liabilities of €8 million for uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2023, none of which are reasonably expected to be resolved within 12 months. Interest and penalties included in income tax expense were not material in any of the periods presented. A reconciliation between the Income tax expense for the year, and the theoretical tax expense that would arise when applying the statutory tax rate in Luxembourg of 24.94% to the consolidated loss before tax for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is shown in the table below:
The Group will be subject to tax in future periods as a result of foreign exchange movements between USD, EUR, and SEK, primarily related to its investment in TME. The major components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:
A reconciliation of net deferred tax is shown in the table below:
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following items, because it is not probable that future taxable profit will be available against which entities within the Group can realize the benefits.
At December 31, 2023, no deferred tax liability had been recognized on investments in subsidiaries because the Company has concluded it has the ability and intention to control the timing of any distribution from its subsidiaries. There are no distributions planned in the foreseeable future. It is not practicable to calculate the unrecognized deferred tax liability on investments in subsidiaries. Tax losses and credit carry-forwards as at December 31, 2023 were expected to expire as follows:
The Group has significant net operating loss carry-forwards in Luxembourg of €90 million, as well as foreign jurisdictions including the United States of €318 million (€44 million federal and €274 million state and local), Sweden of €1,483 million, India of €117 million and other foreign jurisdictions of €22 million. In certain jurisdictions, if the Group is unable to earn sufficient income or profits to utilize such carry-forwards before they expire, they will no longer be available to offset future income or profits. In the United States, of the €44 million federal net operating loss carryforwards, €13 million are subject to an annual limitation as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 382”). The remaining balance is related to net operating losses generated after January 1, 2018 which can be carried forward indefinitely but are subject to an 80% taxable income limitation upon utilization. In addition, utilization of these net operating loss carry-forwards may be subject to further annual limitation if there is an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382. Such an ownership change may limit the amount of net operating loss carry-forwards that can be utilized to offset future taxable income. In Sweden, our net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely. Utilization of these net operating loss carry-forwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation if there is an ownership change within the meaning of Chapter 40, paragraphs 10-14, of the Swedish Income Tax Act (the “Swedish Income Tax Act”). The Group’s most significant tax jurisdictions are Sweden and the U.S. (both at the federal level and in various state jurisdictions). In the U.S., tax years beginning in or after 2013 and 2014 remain open to tax authority examinations at the state and federal level, respectively. In Sweden, tax years beginning in or after 2018 remain open to adjustment. U.S. tax loss and tax credit carry-forwards generated in periods prior to 2014 remain open to adjustment through the end of the statute of limitations related to the year the carryforward is used to offset taxable income. Certain of the Group’s subsidiaries are currently under examination by national, and in the case of the U.S. national and state level, tax authorities for tax years from 2013-2021. These examinations may lead to adjustments to the Group’s taxes. The Group has initiated and is in negotiations for an Advance Pricing Agreement (“APA”) between Sweden and the United States governments for the tax years including 2014 through 2020 covering various transfer pricing matters. The resolution of tax examinations and the APA may be significant to the consolidated financial statements. The Group is in scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules (“the P2 Model Rules” or “P2 Rules”). To come into force, the P2 Model Rules must be enacted into local tax legislation by each country. The P2 Rules have been enacted (or substantively enacted) in certain jurisdictions in which the Group operates, including Luxembourg and Sweden. The legislation will be effective for the Group’s financial year beginning January 1, 2024. The rules will impose a minimum 15% effective tax rate, based on the P2 Rules, applicable in each jurisdiction in which the Group operates. The assessment of the potential exposure to Pillar Two income taxes is in process, based on the most recently available financial information including relevant tax filings for members of the Group. Based on our work to date, we have identified uncertainties, specifically with respect to the most material jurisdictions in which Spotify operates. These uncertainties include, but are not limited to, changes in the Pillar Two guidelines and legislation as well as 2024 financial performance of our Group companies. The Group expects that transitional safe harbor relief should apply in the majority of the other subsidiary jurisdictions based on an analysis of prior year results, however, such calculations must be updated in 2024 to validate the application of the safe harbor rules. Material Pillar Two impacts to our tax expense remain possible. There are significant complexities inherent in applying the legislation and performing the Pillar Two calculations, therefore the quantitative impact of the P2 Model Rules is not reasonably estimable at this time. In addition, quantitative information to indicate potential exposure to Pillar Two income taxes is not currently known or reasonably estimable. The Group continues to progress on the assessment and expects to complete the assessment in the 2024 financial year. In May 2023, the IASB amended IAS 12 Income Taxes to include a mandatory temporary exception from recognizing or disclosing deferred taxes relating to the Pillar Two legislation. The Group has applied this mandatory exception which did not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
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Loss per share |
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| Earnings per share [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss per share | Loss per share Basic loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding ordinary shares during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed using the treasury stock method to the extent that the effect is dilutive by using the weighted-average number of outstanding ordinary shares and potential outstanding ordinary shares during the period. Potential ordinary shares, which are based on the weighted-average ordinary shares underlying outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, and other contingently issuable shares, warrants, and Exchangeable Notes and computed using the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, as applicable, are included when calculating diluted loss per share when their effect is dilutive. The computation of loss per share for the respective periods is as follows:
Potential dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted loss per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:
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Leases |
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| Disclosure Of Leases [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leases | Leases The Group leases certain properties under non-cancellable lease agreements that primarily relate to office space. The expected lease terms are up to 10 years. As of December 31, 2023 the Group does not act in the capacity of a lessor. Below is the roll-forward of lease right-of-use assets:
Impairment of real estate assets During the year ended December 31, 2023, as a result of our Work From Anywhere program and a comprehensive review of our real estate footprint and space utilization trends (collectively, the "Office Space Optimization Initiative"), we made the strategic decision to reduce our real estate footprint in certain locations and initiate subleases of these leased office spaces. In accordance with IAS 36, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge to write-down the related real estate assets, which included lease right-of-use assets, leasehold improvements and property and equipment to their recoverable amounts. To determine the recoverable amounts of these real estate assets, we utilized discounted cash flow models to estimate the fair value less cost of disposal. The development of discounted cash flow models required the application of level 3 inputs and significant judgment in determining market participant assumptions, including the projected sublease income over the remaining lease terms, expected vacancy periods prior to the commencement of future subleases, expected lease incentives offered to future tenants, and discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with these future cash flows. The key assumptions used to calculate the recoverable amounts of real estate assets were the sublease rental rates, vacancy periods and pre-tax discount rates, which were determined based on the nature and geographic locations of each office space that we planned to sublease. A change in the sublease rental rate, vacancy period, or discount rate assumptions may result in a recoverable amount of one or more of these assets that is above or below the current carrying amount and, therefore, there is a risk of impairment reversals or charges in a future period. We consider that reasonably possible changes in the sublease rental rates, vacancy periods, or discount rates arising from changes in the real estate markets of the office leases could result in a change in their carrying amounts. A decrease or increase of 10% in the sublease rental rates would have resulted in a change to the impairment loss of €9 million at December 31, 2023. A decrease or increase of six months in the vacancy periods would have resulted in a change to the impairment loss of €7 million at December 31, 2023. A decrease or increase of 100 basis points in the discount rates would have resulted in a change to the impairment loss of €4 million at December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded €74 million of impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets in connection with the Office Space Optimization Initiative. See Note 12 for information regarding impairment charges related to property and equipment assets. These charges are included in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as follows.
Below is the roll-forward of lease liabilities:
(1)Included within the consolidated statement of cash flows Below is the maturity analysis of lease liabilities:
Excluded from the lease commitments above are short term leases. Expenses relating to short term leases were approximately €4 million and €6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, the Group has entered into certain lease agreements with approximately €48 million of commitments, which had not commenced as of December 31, 2023, and, as such, have not been recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position. The weighted-average incremental borrowing rate applied to lease liabilities recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position was 6.4% as of December 31, 2023.
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Property and equipment |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Property and equipment | Property and equipment
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded €49 million of impairment charges for leasehold improvements and property and equipment in connection with the Office Space Optimization Initiative. These charges are included in the consolidated statement of operations for year ended December 31, 2023 as follows. See Note 11 for additional information.
There were no impairment charges recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Group had €4 million and €8 million of leasehold improvements that were not placed into service as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Goodwill and intangible assets |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets and goodwill [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangible assets | Goodwill and intangible assets
Amortization charges related to intangible assets of €35 million, €40 million and €25 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, are included in research and development in the consolidated statement of operations. There were no impairment charges for goodwill in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We recorded immaterial impairment charges for intangible assets in 2023 and 2022. There were no impairment charges for intangible assets in 2021. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis or when there are indications the carrying amount may be impaired. Goodwill is allocated to the Group’s two operating segments, Premium and Ad-Supported, based on each of the segments that are expected to benefit from the business combination. The Group monitors goodwill at the operating segment level for internal purposes, consistent with the way it assesses performance and allocates resources. The carrying amount of goodwill allocated to each of the operating segments is as follows:
Valuation methodology The Group performed its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2023. The recoverable amount of the Premium and Ad-Supported operating segments are assessed using a fair value less costs of disposal (“FVLCD”) model. The FVLCD valuation is considered a level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, as it uses significant unobservable inputs. FVLCD is calculated using both the income and market valuation methods. Ad-Supported segment For the Ad-supported segment we used an income valuation method which involved discounting the projected cash flows to present value. We also used the Venture Capital method ("VC method") which is a hybrid of the income and market valuation methods. The VC method involved discounting cash flows and then applying observed market multiples of comparable publicly traded companies to the forecasted revenue based on an assumed future exit date within the forecast period. We weighted the income valuation method and VC method 50% and 50%, respectively. Premium segment For the Premium segment we used an income valuation method which involved discounting the projected cash flows to present value. We also used the market valuation method which involved applying multiples from comparable publicly traded companies to the revenue of the preceding and forecasted 12 months, before and after the date of the impairment test, respectively. We weighted the income valuation method and market valuation method 50% and 50%, respectively. As a result of the analysis, the FVLCD for the Premium and Ad-Supported operating segments was determined to be in excess of their carrying amounts. Key assumptions used in the FVLCD calculations at the impairment testing date The key assumptions used in the income approach was the discount rate based on the weighted-average cost of capital. The discount rate was 11.0% and 12.5% for the Group’s Premium and Ad-Supported segments, respectively. The key assumptions used in the VC method and market valuation method were the revenue multiples for comparable companies, which were selected based on industry similarity, financial risk, and size of each of the Group’s operating segments. For the Ad-supported segment, we applied a revenue multiple of 2.7 to the forecasted 12 months revenue preceding the assumed exit date. For the Premium segment, we applied a revenue multiple of 3.0 and 2.9 to the preceding and forecasted 12 months revenue before and after the date of the impairment test, respectively. There are no reasonably possible changes in the key assumptions that would result in the operating segments’ carrying amounts exceeding their recoverable amounts.
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Restricted cash and other non-current assets |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Restricted Cash And Other Non Current Assets [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash and other non-current assets | Restricted cash and other non-current assets
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Trade and other receivables |
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| Trade and other receivables [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other receivables | Trade and other receivables
Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and generally have 30-day payment terms. Due to their comparatively short maturities, the carrying value of trade and other receivables approximate their fair value. The aging of the Group’s net trade receivables is as follows:
The movements in the Group’s allowance for expected credit losses are as follows:
The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivables mentioned above. The Group does not hold any collateral as security.
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Other current assets |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other current assets [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other current assets | Other current assets
Content asset amortization of €208 million, €193 million, and €122 million is included in cost of revenue in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we executed a strategic realignment and reorganization plan focusing on podcast operations and rationalizing our content portfolio. In connection with this reorganization, we incurred charges of €29 million related to the write-off of content assets. These charges are included within cost of revenue in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Issued share capital and other reserves |
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| Disclosure of classes of share capital [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issued share capital and other reserves | Issued share capital and other reserves As of each of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the authorized and subscribed share capital was comprised of 403,032,520 shares, at a par value €0.000625 each. As at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company had 201,343,630, 196,858,811, and 195,614,910 ordinary shares issued and fully paid, respectively. The Group has incentive stock plans under which options and restricted stock to subscribe to the Company’s share capital have been granted to certain directors and employees. Options exercised or restricted stock vesting under these plans are settled via either the issuance of new shares or issuance of shares from treasury. Our shareholders have authorized the issuance of up to 1,400,000,000 beneficiary certificates to shareholders of the Company without reserving to our existing shareholders a preemptive right to subscribe for the beneficiary certificates issued in the future. Pursuant to our articles of association, our beneficiary certificates may be issued at a ratio of between one and 20 beneficiary certificates per ordinary share as determined by our board of directors or its delegate at the time of issuance. We have issued ten beneficiary certificates per ordinary share issued by us and held of record to entities beneficially owned by our founders, Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon, for a total of 343,841,690 and 349,876,040 beneficiary certificates outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The beneficiary certificates carry no economic rights and are issued to provide the holders of such certificates additional voting rights. Each beneficiary certificate entitles its holder to one vote. The beneficiary certificates, subject to certain exceptions, are non-transferable and shall be automatically canceled for no consideration in the case of sale or transfer of the ordinary share to which they are linked. On August 23, 2021, the Company issued, for €31 million, warrants to acquire 800,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Ek, through D.G.E. Investments Limited. The exercise price of each warrant is US $281.63, which was equal to 1.3 times the fair market value of ordinary shares on the date of issuance. The warrants are exercisable at any time through August 23, 2024. On August 20, 2021, the Company announced that the board of directors had approved a program to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of the Company’s ordinary shares. Repurchases of up to 10,000,000 of the Company’s ordinary shares were authorized at the Company’s general meeting of shareholders on April 21, 2021. The repurchase program will expire on April 21, 2026. Since the commencement of this repurchase program and through December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 469,274 shares for €91 million under this program. The authorization of the previous share repurchase program, announced on November 5, 2018, expired on April 21, 2021. The total aggregate amount of repurchased shares under that program was 4,366,427 for a total of approximately €510 million. No dividends were paid during the year or are proposed. All outstanding shares have equal rights to vote at general meetings. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased, in total, 4,450,000 and 1,209,040 of its own ordinary shares, respectively, and reissued 3,815,301 and 1,106,597 treasury shares, respectively, upon the exercise of stock options, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable shares. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 4,200,241 and 3,565,542 ordinary shares held as treasury shares, respectively. Other reserves
Currency translation reserve comprises foreign exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations into the reporting currency. Short term investment reserve recognizes the unrealized fair value gains and losses on debt instruments held at fair value through Other Comprehensive Income (“OCI”). Long term investment reserve recognizes the unrealized fair value gains and losses on equity instruments held at fair value through OCI. Exchangeable Notes reserve recognizes the change in fair value gains and losses that is attributable to changes in the Group's own credit risk on Exchangeable Notes, which are designated at fair value through profit and loss. Cash flow hedge reserve recognizes the unrealized gains and losses on the effective portion of foreign exchange forward contracts designated for hedging. Share-based compensation reserve recognizes the grant date fair value of equity-settled awards provided to employees as part of their remuneration. For further details, please see Note 18.
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Share-based compensation |
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| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | Share-based compensation Stock Option Plans During 2020 and 2021, the Company implemented new Employee Stock Option Plans (“ESOP”) and Director Stock Option Plans (together, the “Stock Options Plans”). Under the Stock Option Plans, stock options of the Company are granted to certain employees of the Group and members of its board of directors. For options granted under the Stock Option Plans, the exercise price is equal to the fair value of the ordinary shares on grant date or equal to 150% of the fair value of the ordinary shares on grant date. The exercise price is included in the grant date fair value of the award. The exercise price for options is payable in the EUR value of a fixed USD amount; therefore, the Group considers these options to be USD-denominated. The options granted to participants under the Stock Option Plans have a first vesting period of or eight months from date of grant and vest monthly or annually thereafter until fully vested. The options are granted with a term of five years. Restricted Stock Unit Program During 2020 and 2021, the Company implemented new restricted stock unit (“RSU”) programs for employees and for members of its board of directors (together, the “RSU Plans”). The RSU Plans are accounted for as equity-settled share-based compensation transactions. The RSUs are measured based on the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares on the date of grant. The RSUs granted to participants under the RSU Plans have a first vesting period of or eight months from date of grant and vest monthly or annually thereafter until fully vested four years from date of grant. The valuation of the RSUs was consistent with the fair value of the ordinary shares. Other Awards In connection with the acquisition of Anchor during 2019 and The Ringer during 2020, the Company granted 162,320 and 34,450 equity instruments to certain employees of Anchor and The Ringer, respectively. Each instrument effectively represents one ordinary share of the Company, which will be issued to the holder upon vesting. The instruments vest annually over a four-year and five-year period, respectively, from the acquisition date, and vesting of the instruments is contingent on continued employment. The instruments are accounted for as equity-settled share-based compensation transactions and are measured based on the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares on the date of grant. The grant date fair value of each equity instrument granted to certain employees of Anchor and The Ringer was US $145.21 and US $145.14, respectively. In connection with the acquisition of Podsights during 2022, the Company granted 30,824 equity instruments to certain employees of Podsights. The instruments vest annually over a four-year period from the acquisition date and the vesting is contingent upon continued employment. The instruments are accounted for as equity-settled share-based payment transactions and are measured based on the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares on the date of grant. The grant date fair value for each equity instrument granted to employees of Podsights was US $162.21. Activity in the Group's RSUs and other contingently issuable shares outstanding and related information is as follows:
In the table above, the number of RSUs and other contingently issuable shares released include ordinary shares that the Group has withheld for settlement of employees’ tax obligations due upon the vesting of RSUs. For most of our employees, when RSUs vest, the Group withholds the number of shares that are equal to the monetary value of the employee’s tax obligation from the total number of shares that otherwise would have been issued. The Group then remits cash to tax authorities on the employees' behalf. If all the RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2023 subsequently vest, the Group estimates that it would be required to remit approximately €175 million to tax authorities over the vesting period for the years 2024 through 2027. In determining this estimate, the Group used the Company's ordinary share price as at December 31, 2023. The actual amount remitted to tax authorities is dependent on the Company's ordinary share price on each of the vesting dates as well as the number of awards that ultimately vest. Activity in the stock options outstanding and related information is as follows:
The weighted-average contractual life for the stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is 2.8 years, 3.3 years, and 2.7 years, respectively. The weighted-average share price at exercise for options exercised during 2023, 2022, and 2021 was US $165.13, US $158.59, and US $280.08, respectively. The weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year ended at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was US $49.44 per option, US $43.56 per option, and US $78.65 per option, and, respectively. The stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are comprised of the following:
In determining the fair value of the stock options, the Group uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the near future and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation model. The expected volatility is based on a weighting of the historical volatility of the Company's common stock and the historical volatility of public companies that are comparable to the Group over the expected term of the award. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon rates as the exercise price is based on a fixed USD amount. The expected life of the stock options is based on historical data and current expectations. The following table lists the inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing models used for stock options for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Valuation assumptions are determined at each grant date and, as a result, are likely to change for share-based awards granted in future periods. Changes to the input assumptions could materially affect the estimated fair value of share-based compensation awards. The sensitivity analysis below shows the impact of increasing and decreasing expected volatility by 10%, as well as the impact of increasing and decreasing the expected life by one year. This analysis was performed on stock options granted in 2023. The following table shows the impact of these changes on stock option expense for the options granted in 2023:
The expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations for share-based compensation is as follows:
Expense recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023 is inclusive of a €48 million forfeiture credit for shares forfeited as a result of strategic realignment and reorganization plans. Of this credit, €2 million is included in Cost of revenue, €27 million is included in Research and development, €8 million is included in Sales and marketing, and €11 million is included in General and administrative within the consolidated statement of operations for year ended December 31, 2023.
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Exchangeable Notes |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Disclosure Of Borrowings [Abstract] | |
| Exchangeable Notes | Exchangeable Notes On March 2, 2021, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Spotify USA Inc. (the “Issuer”), issued US $1,500 million aggregate principal amount of 0% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Exchangeable Notes”), which included the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase an additional US $200 million principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes. The Exchangeable Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or exchanged. The Exchangeable Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis by the Company. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Exchangeable Notes were €1,223 million after deducting transaction costs of €18 million. The transaction costs were immediately expensed and included in finance costs in the consolidated statement of operations. The Exchangeable Notes are the Issuer’s senior unsecured obligations and are equal in right of payment with the Issuer's future senior, unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to the Issuer’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Exchangeable Notes and effectively subordinated to the Issuer’s future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness. The Exchangeable Notes will be structurally subordinated to all future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Issuer is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Issuer’s subsidiaries. The noteholders may exchange their Exchangeable Notes at their option into consideration that consists, at the Issuer’s election, of cash, ordinary shares of the Company, or a combination of cash and ordinary shares, but only in the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021, if the last reported sale price per ordinary share exceeds 130% of the exchange price for each of at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter; (2) during the five consecutive business days immediately after any 10 consecutive trading day period (such 10 consecutive trading day period, the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Exchangeable Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per ordinary share on such trading day and the exchange rate on such trading day; (3) upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on the ordinary shares as set forth in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes (the “Indenture”); (4) if the Issuer calls such Exchangeable Notes for redemption; and (5) at any time from, and including, December 15, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. The initial exchange rate is 1.9410 ordinary shares per US $1,000 principal amount of Exchangeable Notes, which represents an initial exchange price of approximately US $515.20 per ordinary share. The exchange rate and exchange price will be subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events as set forth in the Indenture. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change occur as set forth in the Indenture, then the exchange rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time. The circumstances required to allow the noteholders to exchange their Exchangeable Notes were not met during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Exchangeable Notes will not be redeemable prior to March 20, 2024, except in the event of certain tax law changes as set forth in the Indenture. The Exchangeable Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the Issuer’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after March 20, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special and additional interest, if any, but only if the last reported sale price per ordinary share exceeds 130% of the exchange price on: (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Issuer sends the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date the Issuer sends such notice. In addition, the Issuer will have the right to redeem all, but not less than all, of the Exchangeable Notes if certain changes in tax law as set forth in the Indenture occur. In addition, calling any Exchangeable Note for redemption will constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to that Exchangeable Note, in which case the exchange rate applicable to the exchange of that Exchangeable Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is exchanged after it is called for redemption. Upon the occurrence of a “fundamental change” as set forth in the Indenture, noteholders may require the Issuer to repurchase their Exchangeable Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special and additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date as set forth in the Indenture. The Group accounted for the Exchangeable Notes at fair value through profit and loss using the fair value option in accordance with IFRS 9, Financial Instruments. Under this approach, the Exchangeable Notes are accounted for in their entirety at fair value, with any change in fair value after initial measurement being recorded in finance income or cost in the consolidated statement of operations, except that changes in fair value that are due to changes in own credit risk are presented separately in other comprehensive (loss)/income and will not be reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes as of December 31, 2023 was €1,203 million. See Note 23 for information regarding the key inputs and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the Exchangeable Notes.
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| Trade and other payables | Trade and other payables
Trade payables generally have a 30-day term and are recognized and carried at their invoiced value, inclusive of any value added tax that may be applicable.
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| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | Accrued expenses and other liabilities
As of December 31, 2023, we have accrued employee severance costs related to the latest reduction in force of €136 million included within current accrued expenses and other liabilities. We expect to substantially settle our obligations related to the reduction in force by the end of the second fiscal quarter of 2024.
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Provisions |
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| Provisions | Provisions
Legal contingencies Various legal actions, proceedings, and claims are pending or may be instituted or asserted against the Group. The results of such legal proceedings are difficult to predict, and the extent of the Group’s financial exposure is difficult to estimate. The Group records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred, and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. As of April 2019, the Group's settlement of the Ferrick et al. v. Spotify USA Inc., No. 1:16-cv-8412-AJN (S.D.N.Y.), putative class action lawsuit, which alleged that the Group unlawfully reproduced and distributed musical compositions without obtaining licenses, was final and effective. Even with the effectiveness of the settlement, we may still be subject to claims of copyright infringement by rights holders who have purported to opt out of the settlement or who may not otherwise be covered by its terms. The Music Modernization Act of 2018 contains a limitation of liability with respect to such lawsuits filed on or after January 1, 2018. Rights holders may, nevertheless, file lawsuits, and may argue that they should not be bound by this limitation of liability. For example, in August 2019, the Eight Mile Style, LLC et al v. Spotify USA Inc., No. 3:19-cv-00736-AAT, lawsuit was filed against us in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, alleging both that the Group does not qualify for the limitation of liability in the Music Modernization Act and that the limitation of liability is unconstitutional and, thus, not valid law. The Group intends to vigorously defend this lawsuit, including plaintiffs' challenges to the limitation of liability in the Music Modernization Act. Indirect tax The Group has indirect tax provisions that relate primarily to potential non-income tax obligations in various jurisdictions. The Group recognizes provisions for claims or indirect taxes when it determines that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Onerous contracts Onerous contracts represent contracts where the unavoidable cost of meeting the obligations exceeds the expected revenue. Other The Group has obligations under lease agreements to return the leased assets to their original condition. An obligation to return the leased asset to their original condition upon expiration of the lease is accounted for as asset retirement obligations. The obligations are expected to be settled at the end of the lease terms.
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Financial risk management and financial instruments |
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| Financial risk management and financial instruments | Financial risk management and financial instruments Financial risk management The Group’s operations are exposed to financial risks. To manage these risks efficiently, the Group has established guidelines in the form of a treasury policy that serves as a framework for the daily financial operations. The treasury policy stipulates the rules and limitations for the management of financial risks. Financial risk management is centralized within Treasury which is responsible for the management of financial risks. Treasury manages and executes the financial management activities, including monitoring the exposure of financial risks, cash management, and maintaining a liquidity reserve. Treasury operates within the limits and policies authorized by the board of directors. Capital management The Group’s objectives when managing capital (cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, Exchangeable Notes, and equity) is to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. The Group’s capital structure and dividend policy is decided by the board of directors. Treasury continuously reviews the Group’s capital structure considering, amongst other things, market conditions, financial flexibility, business risk, and growth rate. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our share capital, and we do not expect to pay dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. On November 5, 2018, the Company announced a share repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018 which expired on April 21, 2021. The total aggregate amount of repurchased shares under that program was 4,366,427 for a total of approximately €510 million. On August 20, 2021, the Company announced that the board of directors had approved a program to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of the Company’s ordinary shares. Repurchases of up to 10,000,000 of the Company’s ordinary shares were authorized at the Company’s general meeting of shareholders on April 21, 2021. The repurchase program will expire on April 21, 2026. An aggregate of 469,274 ordinary shares for €91 million has been repurchased since the commencement of the share repurchase program through December 31, 2023. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased depends on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities. The repurchase program is executed consistent with the Company’s capital allocation strategy of prioritizing investment to grow the business over the long term. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. The Company uses current cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow it generates from operations to fund the share repurchase program. The Group is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements. Credit risk management Financial assets with respect to cash and cash equivalents and short term investments carry an element of risk that counterparties may be unable to fulfill their obligations. This exposure arises from the investments in liquid funds of banks and other counterparties. The Group mitigates this risk by adopting a risk averse approach in relation to the investment of surplus cash. The main objectives for investments are first, to preserve principal and secondarily, to maximize return given the rules and limitations of the treasury policy. Surplus cash is invested in counterparties and instruments considered to carry low credit risk. Investments are subject to credit rating thresholds and, at the time of investment, no more than 10% of surplus cash can be invested in any one issuer (excluding certain government bonds and investments in cash management banks). The weighted-average maturity of the portfolio shall not be greater than 2 years, and the final maturity of any investment is not to exceed 5 years. The Group shall maintain the ability to liquidate the majority of all investments (classified as cash and cash equivalents and short term investments) within 90 days. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the financial credit risk was equal to the consolidated statement of financial position value of cash and cash equivalents and short term investments of €4,214 million and €3,350 million, respectively. No credit losses were incurred during 2023 or 2022 on these investments. The credit risk with respect to the Group’s trade receivables is diversified geographically and among a large number of customers, private individuals, as well as companies in various industries, both public and private. The majority of the Group’s revenue is paid monthly in advance significantly lowering the credit risk incurred for these specific counterparties. Solvency information is generally required for credit sales within the Ad sales and Partner subscription business to minimize the risk of bad debt losses and is based on information provided by credit and business information from external sources. Liquidity risk management Liquidity risk is the Group’s risk of not being able to meet the short term payment obligations due to insufficient funds. The Group has internal control processes and contingency plans for managing liquidity risk. A centralized cash pooling process enables the Group to manage liquidity surpluses and deficits according to the actual needs at the group and subsidiary level. The liquidity management takes into account the maturities of financial assets and financial liabilities and estimates of cash flows from operations. The Group’s policy is to have a strong liquidity position in terms of available cash and cash equivalents, and short term investments.
Cash equivalents include investments in money market funds measured at fair value and classified as level 1 financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy. Currency risk management Transaction exposure relates to business transactions denominated in foreign currency required by operations (purchasing and selling) and/or financing (interest and amortization). The Group’s general policy is to hedge a portion of its transaction exposure on a case-by-case basis under the Group’s cash-flow hedging program by entering into multiple foreign exchange forward contracts. The Group does not enter into foreign exchange forward contracts greater than one year. The Group’s currency pairs used for cash flow hedges are Euro / U.S. dollar, Euro / Australian dollar, Euro / British pound, Euro / Swedish krona, Euro / Canadian dollar, and Euro / Norwegian krone. Translation exposure relates to net investments in foreign operations. The Group does not conduct translation risk hedging. (i)Transaction exposure sensitivity In most cases, the Group’s customers are billed in their respective local currency. Major payments, such as salaries, consultancy fees, and rental fees are settled in local currencies. Royalty payments are primarily in EUR and USD. Hence, the operational need to net purchase foreign currency is due primarily to a deficit from such settlements. The table below shows the immediate impact on net income/loss before tax of a 10% strengthening in the closing exchange rate of significant currencies to which the Group had exposure at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The impact on net income/loss before tax is due primarily to monetary assets and liabilities in a transactional currency other than the functional currency of a subsidiary within the Group. The sensitivity associated with a 10% weakening of a particular currency would be equal and opposite. This assumes that each currency moves in isolation.
(ii)Translation exposure sensitivity Translation exposure exists due to the translation of the results and financial position of all of the Group entities that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency of Euro. The impact on the Group’s equity would be approximately €127 million and €140 million if the Euro weakened by 10% against all translation exposure currencies, based on the exposure at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest rate risk management Interest rate risk is the risk that changes in interest rates will have a negative impact on the Group’s earnings and cash flow. The Group’s exposure to interest rate risk is related to its interest-bearing assets, including its cash and cash equivalents and debt securities held at fair value through other comprehensive income. Fluctuations in interest rates impact the yield of the investment. The sensitivity analysis considered the historical volatility of short term interest rates and we determined that it was reasonably possible that a change of 100 basis points could be experienced in the near term. A hypothetical 100 basis points increase in interest rates would have impacted interest income by €40 million and €36 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Financing risk management The Group finances its operations through external borrowings, equity offerings, and cash flow from operations. The funding strategy has been to diversify funding sources. The external debt consisted of the Exchangeable Notes and lease liabilities. Share price risk management Share price risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in the fair value of the Company’s ordinary share price. The Group’s exposure to this risk relates primarily to the outstanding Exchangeable Notes and warrants. Both the Exchangeable Notes and the warrants are re-measured at each reporting date using valuation models using input data based on the Company’s share price. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are recognized in finance income or cost. All else being equal, an increase or decrease of share price will increase or decrease the value of both the Exchangeable Notes and the warrants. The Group has not entered into any hedging arrangement to mitigate these fluctuations. Other share price risk Social costs are payroll taxes associated with employee salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation that the Group is subject to in various countries in which the Group operates. Social costs are accrued at each reporting period based on the number of vested stock options and awards outstanding, the exercise price, and the Company's share price. Changes in the accrual are recognized in operating expenses. An increase in share price will increase the accrued expense for social costs, and when the share price decreases, the accrued expense will become a reduction in social costs expense, all other things being equal, including the number of vested stock options and exercise price remaining constant. A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a change in the accrual for social costs on outstanding share-based compensation awards ranging from €17 million to €18 million at December 31, 2023, and a change of €1 million at December 31, 2022. Investment risk The Group is exposed to investment risk as it relates to changes in the market value of its long term investments, due primarily to volatility in the share price used to measure the investment and exchange rates. The majority of the Group’s long term investments relate to TME. Insurance risk management Insurance coverage is governed by corporate guidelines and includes a common package of different property and liability insurance programs. The business is responsible for assessing the risks to decide the extent of actual coverage. Treasury manages the common Group insurance programs. Financial instruments Foreign exchange forward contracts Cash flow hedges The Group's currency pairs used for cash flow hedges are Euro / U.S. dollar, Euro / Australian dollar, Euro / British pound, Euro / Swedish krona, Euro / Canadian dollar, and Euro / Norwegian krone. The notional principal of foreign exchange contracts hedging the revenue and cost of revenue line items in the consolidated statement of operations was approximately €1,414 million and €991 million respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and approximately €1,214 million and €859 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively. The following table summarizes the notional principal of the foreign currency exchange contracts by hedged line item in the statement of operations as of December 31, 2023:
The following table summarizes the notional principal of the foreign currency exchange contracts by hedged line item in the statement of operations as of December 31, 2022:
Fair values The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, restricted cash, trade and other payables, and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The Group measures its lease liabilities as described in Note 2. All other financial assets and liabilities are accounted for at fair value. The following tables summarize, by major security type, the Group’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the category using the fair value hierarchy. The different levels have been defined in Note 2.
The Group’s policy is to recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels at the end of each reporting period. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy. Recurring fair value measurements Long term investment – Tencent Music Entertainment Group The Group’s approximate 8% investment in TME is carried at fair value through other comprehensive income/(loss). The fair value of ordinary shares of TME is based on the ending New York Stock Exchange American depository share price. The fair value of the investment in TME may vary over time and is subject to a variety of risks including: company performance, macro-economic, regulatory, industry, USD to Euro exchange rate, and systemic risks of the equity markets overall. The table below presents the changes in the investment in TME:
A 10% decrease or increase in TME's share price would have resulted in a fair value of the Group's long term investment in TME ranging from €1,039 million to €1,270 million at December 31, 2023 and €985 million to €1,204 million at December 31, 2022. The following sections describe the valuation methodologies the Group uses to measure its Level 3 financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. Warrants On July 1, 2019, the Company sold, for €15 million, warrants to acquire 800,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Ek, through D.G.E. Investments Limited, an entity indirectly wholly owned by him. The exercise price of each warrant is US $190.09, which was equal to 1.3 times the fair market value of ordinary shares on the date of issuance. On July 1, 2022 the warrants expired unexercised. Refer to Note 26. On August 23, 2021, the Company issued, for €31 million, warrants to acquire 800,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Ek, through D.G.E. Investments Limited, an entity indirectly wholly owned by him. The exercise price of each warrant is US $281.63, which was equal to 1.3 times the fair market value of ordinary shares on the date of issuance. The warrants are exercisable at any time through August 23, 2024. Refer to Note 26. The outstanding warrants are measured on a recurring basis in the consolidated statement of financial position and are Level 3 financial instruments recognized at fair value through the consolidated statement of operations. The warrants are valued using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which includes inputs determined from models that include the value of the Company’s ordinary shares, as determined above and additional assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the warrants in the option pricing model as follows:
The table below presents the changes in the warrants liability:
The warrant liability is included in derivative liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position. The change in estimated fair value is recognized within finance income or costs in the consolidated statement of operations. A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a fair value of the warrants ranging from €2 million to €6 million at December 31, 2023 and €1 million to €2 million at December 31, 2022. Long term investments – other The Group has interests in certain long term investments, the most significant of which is our equity investment in DK Holdco, LLC ("DistroKid"), an independent digital music distribution service. These long term investments primarily represent unlisted equity securities carried at fair value through other comprehensive income/(loss). The fair values of these equity investments are generally determined using business enterprise values based on market transactions or by (i) applying market multiples to the projected financial performance and (ii) discounting the future value to its present value equivalent. The key assumptions used to estimate the fair value of these equity investments include market multiples of revenue or earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization for benchmark companies used to estimate business enterprise value and discount rate. The fair value of the long term investments may vary over time and is subject to a variety of risks including: company performance, macroeconomic, regulatory, industry, USD to Euro exchange rate, and systemic risks of the overall equity markets. The table below presents the changes in the other long term investments:
On October 1, 2021, the Group completed the sale of two-thirds of its equity interest in DistroKid. Proceeds from the sale were €144 million and the realized gain on the sale was €134 million. The after tax gain of €109 million has been reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) to accumulated deficit. See Note 17. Exchangeable Notes On March 2, 2021, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Spotify USA Inc. issued US $1,500 million aggregate principal amount of 0% Exchangeable Notes due 2026, which included the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase an additional US $200 million principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes. The Exchangeable Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or exchanged. The Exchangeable Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis by the Company. The table below presents the changes in the Exchangeable Notes:
The change in estimated fair value is recognized within finance (costs)/income in the consolidated statement of operations, excluding changes in fair value due to changes in the Group’s own credit risk, which are recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss) and will not be reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes was estimated using a combination of a binomial option pricing model and prices observed for the Exchangeable Notes in an over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. A weight of 75% was applied to the binomial option pricing model and a weight of 25% was applied to the price of the Exchangeable Notes in the over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. The key assumptions used in the binomial option pricing model for the Exchangeable Notes were as follows:
A decrease or increase of 10 percentage points in volatility would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,192 million to €1,219 million at December 31, 2023. A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,197 million to €1,210 million at December 31, 2023. A decrease or increase of 100 basis points in credit spread would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,221 million to €1,185 million at December 31, 2023.
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Segment information |
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| Disclosure of operating segments [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment information | Segment information The Group has two reportable segments: Premium and Ad-Supported. Revenue for the Premium segment is generated primarily through subscription fees. Revenue for the Ad-Supported segment is primarily generated through the sale of advertising across the Group's music and podcast content. Royalty costs are primarily recorded in each segment based on specific rates for each segment agreed to with rights holders. All podcast content costs are recorded in the Ad-Supported segment. The costs of providing audiobook content as part of the Premium subscription are recorded in the Premium segment. The remaining costs that are not specifically associated to either of the segments are allocated based on user activity or the revenue recognized in each segment. No operating segments have been aggregated to form the reportable segments. Key financial performance measures of the segments including revenue, cost of revenue, and gross profit are as follows:
Reconciliation of segment gross profit Operating expenses, finance income, and finance costs are not allocated to individual segments as these are managed on an overall Group basis. The reconciliation between reportable segment gross profit to the Group’s (loss)/income before tax is as follows:
For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, charges of €29 million related to the write-off of content assets, €12 million of employee severance costs, €8 million of contract terminations and other related costs, and €6 million of real estate impairment charges were included within cost of revenue in the Ad-Supported segment. See Note 16 and Note 6 for additional information. Revenue by country
Premium revenue is attributed to a country based on where the membership originates. Ad-Supported revenue is attributed to a country based on where the advertising campaign is delivered. There are no countries that individually make up greater than 10% of total revenue included in “Other countries.” Non-current assets by country Non-current assets for this purpose consist of property and equipment and lease right-of-use assets.
As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Group held no property and equipment in Luxembourg.
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Commitments and contingencies |
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| Commitments and contingencies | Commitments and contingencies Obligations under leases See Note 11 for lease obligations. Commitments The Group is subject to the following minimum guarantees relating to the content on its Service, the majority of which relate to minimum royalty payments associated with its license agreements for the use of licensed content, as at December 31:
In addition, the Group is subject to various non-cancelable purchase obligations and service agreements with minimum spend commitments, including a service agreement with Google for the use of Google Cloud Platform and certain podcast and marketing commitments as at December 31:
Contingencies Various legal actions, proceedings, and claims are pending or may be instituted or asserted against the Group. These may include, but are not limited to, matters relating to intellectual property, data protection, consumer protection, employment, and contractual rights. As a general matter, the music and other content made available on the Group’s Service are licensed to the Group by various third parties. Many of these licenses allow rights holders or other authorized parties to audit the Group’s royalty payments, and any such audit could result in disputes over whether the Group has paid the proper royalties. If such a dispute were to occur, the Group could be required to pay additional royalties, and the amounts involved could be material. The Group expenses legal fees as incurred. The Group records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. An unfavorable outcome to any legal matter, if material, could have an adverse effect on the Group’s operations or its financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.
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Related party transactions |
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| Disclosure of transactions between related parties [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related party transactions | Related party transactions Key management compensation Key management includes members of the Company’s senior management and the board of directors. The compensation paid or payable to key management for Board and employee services includes their participation in share-based compensation arrangements. The disclosure amounts are based on the expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the respective year.
Other related party transactions On July 1, 2019, the Company issued, for €15 million, warrants to acquire 800,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Ek, through D.G.E. Investments Limited, an entity indirectly wholly owned by him. The exercise price of each warrant is US $190.09, which was equal to 1.3 times the fair market value of ordinary shares on the date of issuance. On July 1, 2022 the warrants expired unexercised. On July 13, 2020, the Company issued 1,084,043 ordinary shares and 10,840,430 beneficiary certificates to Mr. Ek, through D.G.E. Investments Limited, upon the effective net settlement of the 1,600,000 warrants that were granted on July 13, 2017. On August 23, 2021, the Company issued, for €31 million, warrants to acquire 800,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Ek, through D.G.E. Investments Limited. The exercise price of each warrant is US $281.63, which was equal to 1.3 times the fair market value of ordinary shares on the date of issuance. The warrants are exercisable at any time through August 23, 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 the Company issued 4,450,000, 1,198,000, and 2,000,000 ordinary shares, respectively, to its Netherlands subsidiary at par value and subsequently repurchased those shares at the same price. These shares are held in treasury in order to facilitate the fulfillment of option exercises and restricted stock unit releases under the Company’s stock option and restricted stock unit plans.
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Group information |
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| Disclosure of subsidiaries [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group information | Group information The Company’s principal subsidiaries as at December 31, 2023 are as follows:
There are no restrictions on the net assets of the Group companies.
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Events after reporting period |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [abstract] | |
| Events after the reporting period | Events after the reporting period Subsequent to the end of the reporting period, the Group signed several license agreements with certain content providers which include minimum guarantee and spend commitments of approximately €236 million over the next three years.
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Summary of material accounting policies (Policies) |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Disclosure Of Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| Basis of preparation | Basis of preparation The consolidated financial statements of Spotify Technology S.A. comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), and have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for short term investments, long term investments, Exchangeable Senior Notes (the "Exchangeable Notes"), and derivative financial instruments, which have been measured at fair value, and lease liabilities, which are measured at present value. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the application of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the accounting policies.
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| Basis of consolidation | Basis of consolidation Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has right to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.
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| Foreign currency translation | Foreign currency translation Functional and reporting currency Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Group’s reporting currency. Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year-end exchange rates are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations within finance income or finance costs. Group companies The results and financial position of all the Group entities that have a functional currency different from the Group's reporting currency are translated into Euro as follows: •Assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate at the reporting date; •Income and expenses for each statement of operation are translated at average exchange rates; and •All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss). Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the operation and translated at the closing rate at each reporting date.
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| Revenue recognition | Revenue recognition Premium revenue The Group generates subscription revenue through the sale of the Premium Service in which customers can listen on-demand and offline. The Premium Service is primarily sold directly to end users. The Premium Service is also sold through partners who are generally telecommunications companies that bundle the subscription with their own services or collect payment for the stand-alone subscriptions from their end customers. Typically, the Premium Service is paid for on a monthly basis in advance. The Group satisfies its performance obligation to provide Premium streaming services, and revenue from these services is recognized, on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. Sometimes the Group bundles the Premium Service with other services and products. Additionally, in certain markets the specified monthly allocation of audiobook access within the Premium Service is considered to be a separate performance obligation to the customer. In arrangements where the Group has multiple performance obligations to the customer, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative stand-alone selling price. The Group generally determines stand-alone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers; but where stand-alone selling prices are not directly observable, estimation techniques are used. In the markets where the Group offers audiobook listening time as part of the Premium subscription, the Group satisfies its performance obligation to provide a monthly entitlement to specified hours of audiobook content as these hours are consumed and recognize revenue over time using an output method based on the proportion of hours consumed. Additionally, the Group estimates how many hours of audiobook content will not be used by eligible Premium Subscribers and recognizes the revenue attributable to the unexercised rights in proportion to the pattern of audiobook consumption. For other bundles, revenue is recognized either on a straight-line basis over the subscription period or at a point in time when control of the service or product is transferred to the customer. Premium partner subscription revenue is based on a per-subscriber rate in a negotiated partner agreement. Under these arrangements, a premium partner may bundle the Premium Service with its existing product offerings or offer the Premium Service as an add-on. Payment is remitted to the Group through the premium partner. The Group assesses the facts and circumstances, including whether the partner is acting as a principal or agent, of all partner revenue arrangements and then recognizes revenues either gross or net. Premium partner services, whether recognized gross or net, generally have one material performance obligation, which is the delivery of the Premium Service. Ad-Supported revenue The Group’s advertising revenue is generated primarily from the sale of display, audio, and video advertising delivered through advertising impressions across music and podcast content. The Group enters into arrangements with advertising agencies that purchase advertising on our platform on behalf of their clients. The Group also enters into arrangements directly with some large advertisers. These advertising arrangements are typically sold on a cost-per-thousand basis and are evidenced by an Insertion Order, a submission of order placements through a self-serve platform that includes the online acceptance of terms and conditions, or contracts that specify the terms of the arrangement such as the type of ad product, pricing, insertion dates, and number of impressions in a stated period. Revenue is recognized based on the number of impressions delivered. Additionally, the Group generates Ad-Supported revenue through arrangements with certain advertising automated exchanges, internal self-serve, and advertising marketplace platforms to distribute advertising inventory for purchase on a cost-per-thousand basis. Revenue is recognized when impressions are delivered on the platform.
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| Advertising credits | Advertising credits Advertising credits that are not transferable are issued to certain rights holders and allow them to include advertisements on the Ad-Supported Service that promote their artists and the Spotify service, such as the availability of a new single or album on Spotify. These are issued in conjunction with the Group’s royalty arrangements for no additional consideration. There is no revenue recognized as the advertising credits are mutually beneficial to both the rights holders and the Group and do not meet the definition of a revenue contract under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
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| Business combinations | Business combinations Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration transferred, and the acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Acquisition-related costs, other than those incurred for the issuance of debt or equity instruments, are charged to the consolidated statement of operations as they are incurred.
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| Cost of revenue | Cost of revenue Cost of revenue consists predominantly of royalty and distribution costs related to content streaming. The Group incurs royalty costs paid to record labels, music publishers, and other rights holders for the right to stream content to the Group’s users. Royalties are typically calculated monthly using negotiated rates in accordance with license agreements and are based on either subscription and advertising revenue earned, user/usage measures, or a combination of these. The determination of the amount of the rights holders’ liability requires complex IT systems and a significant volume of data and is subject to a number of variables, including the revenue recognized, the type of content streamed and the country in which it is streamed, the product tier such content is streamed on, identification of the appropriate license holder, size of user base, ratio of Ad-Supported Users to Premium Subscribers, and any applicable advertising fees and discounts, among other variables. Some rights holders have allowed the use of their content on the platform while negotiations of the terms and conditions or determination of statutory rates are ongoing. In such situations, royalties are calculated using estimated rates. In certain jurisdictions, rights holders have several years to claim royalties for musical compositions, and therefore, estimates of the royalties payable are made until payments are made. The Group has certain arrangements whereby royalty costs are paid in advance or are subject to minimum guaranteed amounts. An accrual is established when actual royalty costs to be incurred during a contractual period are expected to fall short of the minimum guaranteed amounts. For minimum guarantee arrangements, for which the Group cannot reliably predict the underlying expense, the Group will expense the minimum guarantee on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. The Group also has certain royalty arrangements where the Group would have to make additional payments if the royalty rates were below those paid to other similar licensors (most favored nation clauses). For rights holders with this clause, a comparison is done of royalties incurred to date plus estimated royalties payable for the remainder of the period to estimates of the royalties payables to other appropriate rights holders, and the shortfall, if any, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the applicable most favored nation clause. An accrual and expense is recognized when it is probable that the Group will make additional royalty payments under these terms. The expense related to these accruals is recognized in cost of revenue. Cost of revenue also reflects discounts provided by certain rights holders in return for promotional activities in connection with marketplace programs. In certain contracts, payments to rights holders can be due based on uncertain future events which might not be resolved for several months. Where this is the case, the Group recognizes this expense only if and when the uncertainty is resolved. Additionally, cost of revenue includes credit card and payment processing fees for subscription revenue, advertising serving, advertising measurement, customer service, certain employee compensation and benefits, cloud computing, streaming, facility, and equipment costs, as well as the amortization of podcast content assets. Amortization of podcast content assets is recorded over the shorter of the estimated useful economic life, or the license period (if relevant), and begins at the release of each episode. In most cases, amortization is on an accelerated basis. We make payments to podcast publishers, whose content we monetize through advertising sales. The amounts owed are most often a share of revenues and recognized in cost of revenue when the related revenue is recognized.
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| Research and development expenses | Research and development expenses Research and development expenses primarily comprise costs incurred for development of products related to the Group’s platform and service, as well as new advertising products and improvements to the Group’s mobile and desktop applications and streaming services. The costs incurred include related employee compensation and benefits costs, consulting costs, and facilities costs.
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| Sales and marketing expenses | Sales and marketing expenses Sales and marketing expenses primarily comprise employee compensation and benefits, sponsorships, public relations, branding, consulting expenses, customer acquisition costs, advertising, live events and trade shows, amortization of trade name intangible assets, the cost of working with music record labels, publishers, songwriters, artists, podcasters, and audiobook publishers to promote the availability of new releases on the Group’s platform, and the costs of providing free trials. Expenses included in the costs of providing free trials are derived primarily from per user royalty fees determined in accordance with the rights holder agreements.
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| General and administrative expenses | General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses primarily comprise employee compensation and benefits for functions such as finance, accounting, analytics, legal, human resources, consulting fees, and other costs including facility and equipment costs, directors' and officers’ liability insurance, and director fees.
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| Income tax | Income tax The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations except to the extent it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income. (i)Current tax Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. (ii)Deferred tax Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for: •temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination, that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss, and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences; •temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries, and associates to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences, and it is probable they will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and •taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses, unused tax credits, and deductible temporary differences to the extent it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which they can be used. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Group expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met, such as when there is a legally enforceable right to offset. (iii)Uncertain tax positions Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns in which applicable tax legislation is subject to interpretation, and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Group measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty.
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| Leases | Leases At the inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group assesses whether: •the contract involves the use of an identified asset – this may be specified explicitly or implicitly, and should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset. If the supplier has a substantive substitution right, then the asset is not identified; •the Group has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the period of use; and •the Group has the right to direct the use of the asset. The Group has this right when it has the decision-making rights that are most relevant to changing how and for what purpose the asset is used. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices. As a Lessee The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received prior to the commencement date. Any costs related to the removal and restoration of leasehold improvements, which meet the definition of property, plant and equipment under IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment are assessed under IAS 37 and are not within the scope of IFRS 16. The lease term is determined based on the non-cancellable period for which the Group has the right to use an underlying asset. The lease term is adjusted, if applicable, for periods covered by extension and termination options to the extent the Group is reasonably certain to exercise them. The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, which is considered the appropriate useful life of these assets. In addition, the right-of-use asset is reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability, to the extent necessary. See Note 11 for further information. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, net of lease incentives receivable, that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using an incremental borrowing rate if the rate implicit in the lease arrangement is not readily determinable. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments and variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date. The lease liability is subsequently increased to reflect accretion of interest and reduced for lease payments made. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, lease term, or if the Group changes its assessment of whether it will exercise an extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Group leases certain properties under non-cancellable lease agreements that relate to office space. The expected lease terms are between and 10 years. As of December 31, 2023, the Group has not acted in the capacity of a lessor. Short-term leases and lease of low-value assets The Group has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets, including certain IT Equipment. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
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| Property and equipment | Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes any expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the Group. The Group adds to the carrying amount of an item of property and equipment the cost of replacing parts of such an item if the replacement part is expected to provide incremental future benefits to the Group. All repairs and maintenance are charged to the consolidated statement of operations during the period in which they are incurred. After assets are placed into service, depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, using the straight-line method as follows: •Property and equipment: 3 to 5 years •Leasehold improvements: shorter of the lease term or useful life The assets’ residual values, useful lives, and depreciation methods are reviewed annually and adjusted prospectively if there is an indication of a significant change. An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations when the asset is derecognized.
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| Intangible assets | Intangible assets Acquired intangible assets other than goodwill comprise acquired developed technology, trade names, customer relationships, publisher relationships, and patents. At initial recognition, intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognized at their fair value as of the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. The Group recognizes internal development costs as intangible assets only when the following criteria are met: the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset exists; there is an intent to complete and an ability to use or sell the intangible asset; the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits; there are adequate resources available to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and there is the ability to reliably measure the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Intangible assets with finite lives are typically amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, typically 3 to 5 years for technology, 3 to 8 years for trade names and trademarks, 3 to 10 years for customer and publisher relationships, and are assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset are reviewed at least annually. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization of intangible assets is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the expense category consistent with the function of the intangible assets.
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| Goodwill | Goodwill Goodwill is the excess of the consideration transferred over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment, or more regularly if certain indicators are present. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the operating segments that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination and represent the lowest level at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount of the Group’s operating segments to the carrying amount of the operating segments to which the goodwill relates. If the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount an impairment charge is determined. The recoverable amount of the operating segments is based on fair value less costs of disposal. The Group determines the fair value of the operating segments using a combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and a market-based approach.
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| Impairment of non-financial assets | Impairment of non-financial assetsAssets that are subject to depreciation or amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations consistent with the function of the assets, for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are largely independent cash inflows. Prior impairments of non-financial assets (other than goodwill) are reviewed for possible reversal each reporting period. |
| Financial instruments | Financial instruments (i)Financial assets Initial recognition and measurement The Group’s financial assets comprise cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, trade and other receivables, derivative assets, long term investments, restricted cash, and other non-current assets. All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on the settlement date; the date that the Group receives or delivers the asset. Receivables are non-derivative financial assets, other than short term and long term investments described below, with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets except for those with maturities greater than 12 months after the reporting period. For more information on receivables, refer to Note 15. Short term investments primarily comprise debt instruments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income. The securities in this category are those that are intended to be held for an indefinite period of time and that may be sold in response to needs for liquidity or in response to changes in the market conditions (therefore, not recognized at amortized cost). These meet both the hold to collect and sell business model and solely payments of principal and interest contractual cash flows tests under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. These are classified as current assets. Long term investments primarily comprise equity instruments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income based on the irrevocable election made at initial recognition under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The securities within this category are intended to be held for an indefinite period of time and for strategic investment purposes. These are not held for trading. These are classified as non-current assets. The Group’s primary long term investment is its equity investment in Tencent Music Entertainment Group (“TME”). Subsequent measurement After initial measurement, short term investments are primarily measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income and credited in other reserves within equity until the investment is derecognized, at which time, the cumulative gain or loss is recognized in finance income/costs. Interest earned whilst holding the short term investments is reported as interest income using the effective interest method. Interest income and foreign exchange revaluation are recognized in the statement of operations in the same manner as all other financial assets. After initial measurement, long term investments are measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses, including any related foreign exchange impacts, recognized in other comprehensive income and credited in other reserves within equity without recognizing fair value changes to profit and loss upon derecognition. Gains or losses realized on the sale of these long term investments are not recycled through the profit and loss, but are instead reclassified to accumulated deficit within equity. Dividends received are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in finance income. Derecognition Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired. Impairment of financial assets The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is any evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired, primarily its trade receivables and short term investments. The Group assesses impairment for its financial assets, excluding trade receivables, using the general expected credit losses model. Under this model, the Group calculates the allowance for credit losses by considering on a discounted basis, the cash shortfalls it would incur in various default scenarios for prescribed future periods and multiplying the shortfalls by the probability of each scenario occurring. The allowance on the financial asset is the sum of these probability-weighted outcomes. For the Group’s short term investments, the Group applies the low credit risk simplification as the credit risk related to these assets is low given the credit quality ratings required by the Group’s investment policy. At every reporting date, the Group evaluates whether a particular debt instrument is considered to have low credit risk using all supportable information. The Group’s long term equity investments are not assessed for impairment due to the irrevocable election made under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments as stated above. The Group uses the simplified approach for measuring impairment for its trade receivables as these financial assets do not have a significant financing component as defined under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Therefore, the Group does not determine if the credit risk for these instruments has increased significantly since initial recognition. Instead, a loss allowance is recognized based on lifetime expected credit losses at each reporting date. Impairment losses and subsequent reversals are recognized in profit or loss and is the amount required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognized based on the aforementioned policy. The Group has established a provision matrix based on its historical credit loss experiences, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account and the amount of the loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. (ii)Financial liabilities Initial recognition and measurement The Group’s financial liabilities are comprised of trade and other payables, lease liabilities, Exchangeable Notes, derivative liabilities (warrants and instruments designated for hedging), and other liabilities. All financial liabilities except lease liabilities are recognized initially at fair value. The Group accounts for the Exchangeable Notes at fair value through profit and loss using the fair value option in accordance with IFRS 9, Financial Instruments. Under this approach, the Exchangeable Notes are accounted for in their entirety at fair value, with any change in fair value after initial measurement being recorded in finance income or cost in the consolidated statement of operations, except that changes in fair value that are due to changes in own credit risk are presented separately in other comprehensive income/(loss) and will not be reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations. The Group classified the Exchangeable Notes as a financial liability in accordance with IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation. The Group accounts for the warrants as a financial liability measured at fair value through profit or loss. In accordance with IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation, the Group determined that the warrants were precluded from equity classification, because while they contain no contractual obligation to deliver cash or other financial instruments to the holders other than the Company’s own shares, the exercise prices of the warrants are in US$ and not the Company’s functional currency and the Group allows for net settlement, which enables settlement for a variable number of the Company’s ordinary shares. Therefore, the warrants do not meet the requirements that they be settled by the issuer exchanging a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of its own equity instruments. Subsequent measurements Other financial liabilities After initial recognition, payables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The effective interest method amortization is included in finance costs in the consolidated statement of operations. Gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations when the liabilities are derecognized. Payables are classified as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss After initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through the profit or loss are subsequently re-measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in finance income or finance costs in the consolidated statement of operations. Derecognition Financial liabilities are derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled, or expires. (iii)Fair value measurements For financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, fair value is the price the Group would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. In the absence of active markets for identical assets or liabilities, such measurements involve developing assumptions based on market observable data and, in the absence of such data, internal information that is consistent with what market participants would use in a hypothetical transaction that occurs at the measurement date. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Group’s market assumptions. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, are described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole: •Level 1: quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; •Level 2: other techniques for which inputs are based on quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and, •Level 3: techniques which use inputs that have a significant effect on the recognized fair value that require the Group to use its own assumptions about market participant assumptions. The Group maintains policies and procedures to determine the fair value of financial assets and liabilities using what it considers to be the most relevant and reliable market participant data available. It is the Group’s policy to maximize the use of observable inputs in the measurement of its Level 3 fair value measurements. To the extent observable inputs are not available, the Group utilizes unobservable inputs based upon the assumptions market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability. In determining the fair value of financial assets and liabilities employing Level 3 inputs, the Group considers such factors as the current interest rate, equity market, currency and credit environments, expected future cash flows, the probability of certain future events occurring, and other published data. The Group performs a variety of procedures to assess the reasonableness of its fair value determinations, including the use of third parties. (iv)Foreign exchange forward contracts The Group designates certain foreign exchange forward contracts as cash flow hedges when all the requirements in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments are met. The Group recognizes these foreign exchange forward contracts as either assets or liabilities on the statement of financial position and they are measured at fair value at each reporting period. Assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the statement of financial position when the Group has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends to settle on a net basis. The asset and liability positions of the foreign exchange forward contracts are included in other current assets and derivative liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position, respectively. The Group reflects the gain or loss on the effective portion of a cash flow hedge as a component of equity and subsequently reclassifies cumulative gains and losses to revenues or cost of revenues, depending on the risk hedged, when the hedged transactions impact the statement of operations. If the hedged transactions become probable of not occurring, the corresponding amounts in other reserves are immediately reclassified to finance income or costs. Foreign exchange forward contracts that do not meet the requirements in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments to be designated as a cash flow hedge, are classified as derivative instruments not designated for hedging. The Group measures these instruments at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in finance income or costs.
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| Podcast content assets | Podcast content assets The Group incurs costs to acquire, license, produce or commission podcasts for inclusion on the Service, with some titles distributed more broadly. We recognize podcast content assets as current assets in the consolidated statement of financial position and related cash flows are presented as operating cash flows. Fees, including license fees, and the direct costs of production including employee compensation and production overheads, external production services and participation minimum guarantees are capitalized. We often enter into multi-year commitments, however, the period between payments and receipt of content is typically less than a year and no borrowing costs are included in direct costs. All podcast content costs are recorded in the Ad-Supported segment. Amortization of podcast content assets is recorded in cost of revenue over the shorter of the estimated useful economic life or the license period (if relevant), and begins at the release of each episode. The economic life and expected amortization profile of podcast content assets is estimated by management based on historical listening patterns and is evaluated on an ongoing basis. The Group’s podcast content assets are generally expected to be consumed in less than three years, and typically, on an accelerated basis, as we expect more upfront listening in most cases.
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| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on deposit at banks and on hand and highly liquid investments including money market funds with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase that are not subject to restrictions. Assets in money market funds, whose contractual cash flows do not represent solely payments of interest and principal, are measured at fair value with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value included in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 23. Cash deposits that have restrictions governing their use are classified as restricted cash, current or non-current, based on the remaining length of the restriction.
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| Short term investments | Short term investments The Group invests in a variety of instruments, such as commercial paper, corporate debt securities, collateralized reverse purchase agreements, and government and agency debt securities. Part of these investments are held in short duration, fixed income portfolios. The average duration of these instruments is less than two years. All investments are governed by an investment policy and are held in highly rated counterparties. Separate credit limits are assigned to each counterparty in order to minimize risk concentration. These investments are classified as debt instruments and are carried primarily at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of equity. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates whether the investments pass both the hold to collect and sell and solely payments of principal and interest tests. The short term investments with maturities greater than 12 months are classified as short term when they are intended for use in current operations. The cost basis for investments sold is based upon the specific identification method.
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| Long term investments | Long term investmentsLong term investments consist primarily of non-controlling equity interests in public and private companies where the Group does not exercise significant influence. The majority of the investments are classified as equity instruments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income. |
| Share capital | Share capital Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Equity instruments are initially measured at the fair value of the cash or other resources received or receivable, net of the direct costs of issuing the equity instruments. The Group repurchases its ordinary shares through a share repurchase program approved by the board of directors. The cost of shares repurchased is shown as a reduction to equity on the statement of financial position. When treasury shares are sold, reissued, or retired, the amount received is reflected as an increase to equity based on a weighted-average cost, with any surplus or deficit recorded within other paid in capital.
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| Share-based compensation | Share-based compensation Employees of the Group and members of the board of directors receive remuneration in the form of share-based compensation transactions, whereby employees and the board of directors render services in consideration for equity instruments. The cost of such equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date of grant using an appropriate valuation model. The cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations, together with a corresponding credit to other reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and service conditions are fulfilled. The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The expense for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized at the beginning and end of that period, and is recognized in employee share-based compensation. When the terms of an equity-settled transaction award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense as if the terms had not been modified, if the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense is recognized for modifications that increase the total fair value of the share-based compensation transaction or are otherwise beneficial to the grantee as measured at the date of modification. There were no material modifications to any share-based compensation transactions during 2023, 2022, and 2021. Social costs are payroll taxes associated with employee salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation. Social costs in connection with granted options and restricted stock units are accrued over the vesting period, based on the intrinsic value of the award that has been earned at the end of each reporting period. The amount of the liability reflects the amortization of the award and the impact of expected forfeitures. The social cost rate at which the accrual is made generally follows the tax domicile within which other compensation charges for a grantee are recognized. The assumptions and models used for estimating fair value for share-based compensation transactions are disclosed in Note 18. In many jurisdictions, tax authorities levy taxes on share-based compensation transactions with employees that give rise to a personal tax liability for the employee. In some cases, the Group is required to withhold the tax due and to settle it with the tax authority on behalf of the employees. To fulfill this obligation, the terms of the Group’s restricted stock unit arrangements permit the Group to withhold the number of shares that are equal to the monetary value of the employee’s tax obligation from the total number of shares that otherwise would have been issued to the employee upon vesting of the restricted stock unit. The monetary value of the employee’s tax obligation is recorded as a deduction from Other reserves for the shares withheld.
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| Employee benefits | Employee benefits The Group provides defined contribution plans to its employees. The Group pays contributions to publicly and privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory or contractual basis. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. Contributions to defined contribution plans are expensed when employees provide services. The Group’s post-employment schemes do not include any defined benefit plans.
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| Provisions | Provisions Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
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| New and amended standards and interpretations adopted by the Group | New and amended standards and interpretations adopted by the Group Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction – Amendments to IAS 12 On January 1, 2023, the Group adopted the amendment to IAS 12 Income Taxes ("IAS 12 Amendment") which requires recognition of deferred taxes on transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal amounts of taxable and deductible temporary differences. This amendment applies to differences associated with right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and decommissioning obligations. This amendment is applied to transactions that occurred on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The adoption of the IAS 12 Amendment did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules – Amendments to IAS 12 Pillar Two legislation has been enacted or substantively enacted in certain jurisdictions in which the Group operates. The legislation will be effective for the Group’s financial year beginning January 1, 2024. The rules will impose a minimum 15% effective tax rate, based on the OECD’s Pillar Two Model Rules, applicable in each jurisdiction in which the Group operates. In May 2023, the IASB amended IAS 12 Income Taxes to include a mandatory temporary exception from recognizing deferred taxes relating to Pillar Two. The Group has applied this mandatory exception which did not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. Disclosure of Accounting Policies – Amendments to IAS 1 On January 1, 2023, the Group adopted the amendment to IAS 1 ("IAS 1 Amendment") which provides guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their “significant” accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their “material” accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures. The adoption of IAS 1 Amendment did not have a material impact on the accounting policy disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. There are no other new IFRS or IFRS Interpretation Committee ("IFRIC") interpretations effective as of January 1, 2023 that have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
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| New standards and interpretations issued not yet effective | New standards and interpretations issued not yet effective Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current and Non-current Liabilities with Covenants - Amendments to IAS 1 In January 2020, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. In November 2022, the IASB issued further amendments delaying the effective date to annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. The amendments are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The amendments will require the Group to reclassify the Exchangeable Notes (as defined below) as a current liability if the exchange conditions are met, even if no noteholder actually requires us to exchange their notes. Adoption of this amendment would not result in the reclassification of the Exchangeable Notes as a current liability at any reporting date, from the inception of the Exchangeable Notes to December 31, 2023, as the exchange conditions had not been met. There are no other IFRS or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective and that are expected to have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
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Business combinations (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of detailed information about business combination [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of Purchase Price Allocation to Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed in the Acquisition | The purchase price allocation to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition are as follows:
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Personnel expenses (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classes of employee benefits expense [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Personnel Expenses |
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| Summary of Employee Severance Costs In Statement Of Operations | These charges are included within the consolidated statement of operations as follows:
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Auditor remuneration (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Auditor's remuneration [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Auditor Remuneration |
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Finance income and costs (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance Income And Costs [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Finance Income and Costs |
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Income tax (Tables) |
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| Disclosure Of Income Tax [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | An analysis of the Group’s Income tax expense for periods presented is set out below:
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| Summary of Reconciliation Between Reported Tax Expense and Theoretical Tax Expense Income Before Taxes | A reconciliation between the Income tax expense for the year, and the theoretical tax expense that would arise when applying the statutory tax rate in Luxembourg of 24.94% to the consolidated loss before tax for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is shown in the table below:
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| Schedule of Major Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | The major components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:
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| Summary of Reconciliation of Net Deferred Tax | A reconciliation of net deferred tax is shown in the table below:
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| Summary of Deferred Tax Reconciliation to Balance Sheet |
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| Summary of Deferred Tax Assets Unrecognized | Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following items, because it is not probable that future taxable profit will be available against which entities within the Group can realize the benefits.
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| Schedule of Tax Loss and Credit Carry-forwards Expected to Expire | Tax losses and credit carry-forwards as at December 31, 2023 were expected to expire as follows:
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Loss per share (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Computation of Loss Per Share | The computation of loss per share for the respective periods is as follows:
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| Summary of Anti-Dilutive Securities | Potential dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted loss per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:
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Leases (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Leases [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Roll-forward of Lease Right-of-use Assets | Below is the roll-forward of lease right-of-use assets:
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| Summary of Impairment Charges for Lease Right-of-use Assets Explanatory | These charges are included in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as follows.
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| Summary of Roll-forward of Lease Liabilities | Below is the roll-forward of lease liabilities:
(1)Included within the consolidated statement of cash flows
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| Summary of Maturity Analysis of Lease Liabilities | Below is the maturity analysis of lease liabilities:
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Property and equipment (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Property and Equipment |
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| Summary of Impairment Charges for Lease Right-of-use Assets Explanatory | These charges are included in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as follows.
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Goodwill and intangible assets (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets and goodwill [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
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| Schedule of Carrying Amount of Goodwill Allocated to Each of the Operating Segments | The carrying amount of goodwill allocated to each of the operating segments is as follows:
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Restricted cash and other non-current assets (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Restricted Cash And Other Non Current Assets [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Restricted Cash and Other Non-current Assets |
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Trade and other receivables (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other receivables [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Net Trade and Other Receivables |
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| Summary of Aging of Group' s Net Trade Receivables | The aging of the Group’s net trade receivables is as follows:
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| Summary of Movements in Group' s Allowance for Expected Credit Losses | The movements in the Group’s allowance for expected credit losses are as follows:
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Other current assets (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other current assets [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Other Current Assets |
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Issued share capital and other reserves (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of classes of share capital [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Other Reserves | Other reserves
|
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Share-based compensation (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Activities in RSUs and Other Contingently Issuable Shares Outstanding and Related Information | Activity in the Group's RSUs and other contingently issuable shares outstanding and related information is as follows:
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Activity in Stock Options Outstanding and Related Information | Activity in the stock options outstanding and related information is as follows:
|
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| Summary of Stock Options Outstanding | The stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are comprised of the following:
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Models | The following table lists the inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing models used for stock options for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
|
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| Summary of Impact of Changes on Stock Options Expense for Options Granted | The following table shows the impact of these changes on stock option expense for the options granted in 2023:
|
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| Summary of Expense Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations for Employee Share Based Payments | The expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations for share-based compensation is as follows:
|
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Trade and other payables (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other payables [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Trade and Other Payables |
|
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Accrued expenses and other liabilities (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Accrued Expenses And Other Liabilities [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities |
|
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Provisions (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provisions [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Changes in Groups Provisions |
|
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Financial risk management and financial instruments (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Liquidity Position in Terms of Available Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short Term Investments | The Group’s policy is to have a strong liquidity position in terms of available cash and cash equivalents, and short term investments.
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| Disclosure of Effect of 10% Change in Currency | The table below shows the immediate impact on net income/loss before tax of a 10% strengthening in the closing exchange rate of significant currencies to which the Group had exposure at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The impact on net income/loss before tax is due primarily to monetary assets and liabilities in a transactional currency other than the functional currency of a subsidiary within the Group. The sensitivity associated with a 10% weakening of a particular currency would be equal and opposite. This assumes that each currency moves in isolation.
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| Summary of Notional Principal of Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts by Hedged Line Item in Statement of Operations | The following table summarizes the notional principal of the foreign currency exchange contracts by hedged line item in the statement of operations as of December 31, 2023:
The following table summarizes the notional principal of the foreign currency exchange contracts by hedged line item in the statement of operations as of December 31, 2022:
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| Summary of Major Security Type, Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis | The following tables summarize, by major security type, the Group’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the category using the fair value hierarchy. The different levels have been defined in Note 2.
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| Summary of Changes in Investment | The table below presents the changes in the investment in TME:
The table below presents the changes in the other long term investments:
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| Summary of Assumption Used to Estimate Fair Value of Warrants | The warrants are valued using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which includes inputs determined from models that include the value of the Company’s ordinary shares, as determined above and additional assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the warrants in the option pricing model as follows:
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| Summary of Changes in Warrants Liability | The table below presents the changes in the warrants liability:
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| Disclosure of Detailed Information about Borrowings | The table below presents the changes in the Exchangeable Notes:
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| Description of Fair Value Assumptions of Borrowings | The key assumptions used in the binomial option pricing model for the Exchangeable Notes were as follows:
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Segment information (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of operating segments [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Key Financial Performance Measures of Segments Including Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit | Key financial performance measures of the segments including revenue, cost of revenue, and gross profit are as follows:
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| Summary of Reconciliation Between Reportable Segment Gross Profit to Group’s Income/(Loss) Before Tax | The reconciliation between reportable segment gross profit to the Group’s (loss)/income before tax is as follows:
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| Summary of Revenue and Non-current Asset by Geographic Country | Revenue by country
Non-current assets for this purpose consist of property and equipment and lease right-of-use assets.
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Commitments and contingencies (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commitments And Contingencies [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Minimum Guarantees Relating to Service, Majority Relate to Minimum Royalty Payments Associated with License Agreements for the use of Licensed Content | The Group is subject to the following minimum guarantees relating to the content on its Service, the majority of which relate to minimum royalty payments associated with its license agreements for the use of licensed content, as at December 31:
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| Summary of Minimum Purchase Obligations and Service Agreements With Minimum Spend Commitments Under Noncancelable Agreements | In addition, the Group is subject to various non-cancelable purchase obligations and service agreements with minimum spend commitments, including a service agreement with Google for the use of Google Cloud Platform and certain podcast and marketing commitments as at December 31:
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Related party transactions (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of transactions between related parties [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Related Party Transactions | The disclosure amounts are based on the expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the respective year.
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Group information (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclosure of subsidiaries [abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Company's Principal Subsidiaries | The Company’s principal subsidiaries as at December 31, 2023 are as follows:
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Revenue recognition (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Contract liabilities [abstract] | |||
| Deferred revenue | € 622 | € 520 | |
| Revenue recognition | € 504 | € 448 | € 372 |
Business combinations - Provisional Purchase Price Allocation to Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) - Findaway World, LLC € in Millions |
Jun. 15, 2022
EUR (€)
|
|---|---|
| Disclosure of detailed information about business combination [line items] | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | € 8 |
| Trade and other receivables | 11 |
| Other current assets | 15 |
| Intangible assets | 22 |
| Trade and other payables | (11) |
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | (13) |
| Total identifiable net assets | 32 |
| Goodwill | 85 |
| Fair value of net assets acquired | € 117 |
Personnel expenses - Summary of Personnel Expense (Details) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
employee
|
Dec. 31, 2022
EUR (€)
employee
|
Dec. 31, 2021
EUR (€)
employee
|
|
| Classes of employee benefits expense [abstract] | |||
| Wages and salaries | € 1,558 | € 1,233 | € 860 |
| Social costs and payroll taxes | 254 | 85 | 85 |
| Contributions to retirement plans | 55 | 51 | 40 |
| Share-based compensation | 321 | 381 | 223 |
| Other employee benefits | 157 | 150 | 124 |
| Total | € 2,345 | € 1,900 | € 1,332 |
| Average full-time employees | employee | 9,123 | 8,359 | 6,617 |
Personnel expenses - Additional Information (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 04, 2023 |
Jan. 23, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Classes of employee benefits expense [abstract] | |||
| Employee base reduction percent | 17.00% | 6.00% | |
| Employees severance charges | € 212 |
Personnel expenses - Summary of Employee Severance Explanatory (Details) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
| |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Employees severance charges | € 212 |
| Cost of revenue | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Employees severance charges | 15 |
| Research and development | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Employees severance charges | 119 |
| Sales and marketing | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Employees severance charges | 44 |
| General and administrative | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Employees severance charges | € 34 |
Auditor remuneration - Summary of Auditor Remuneration (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Auditor's remuneration [abstract] | |||
| Auditor fees | € 8 | € 7 | € 6 |
Finance income and costs - Summary of Finance Income and Cost (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Finance income | |||
| Fair value movements on derivative liabilities (Note 23) | € 5 | € 71 | € 53 |
| Fair value movements on Exchangeable Notes (Note 23) | 0 | 159 | 117 |
| Interest income | 131 | 47 | 11 |
| Other financial income | 11 | 13 | 6 |
| Foreign exchange gains | 14 | 131 | 59 |
| Total | 161 | 421 | 246 |
| Finance costs | |||
| Fair value movements on derivative liabilities (Note 23) | (7) | 0 | (5) |
| Fair value movements on Exchangeable Notes (Note 23) | (98) | (15) | (5) |
| Interest expense on lease liabilities | (38) | (41) | (40) |
| Interest, bank fees and other costs | (11) | (17) | (11) |
| Transaction costs in relation to issuance of Exchangeable Notes | 0 | 0 | (18) |
| Foreign exchange losses | (66) | (59) | (12) |
| Total | € (220) | € (132) | € (91) |
Income tax - Summary of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Current tax expense | |||
| Current year | € 61 | € 82 | € 37 |
| Changes in estimates in respect to prior year | (9) | 13 | 2 |
| Total current tax expense | 52 | 95 | 39 |
| Deferred tax (benefit)/expense | |||
| Temporary differences | (115) | (158) | 5 |
| Change in recognition of deferred tax | 92 | 124 | 241 |
| Change in tax rates | (1) | 0 | (1) |
| Changes in estimates in respect to prior years | (1) | (1) | (1) |
| Total deferred tax expense/(benefit) | (25) | (35) | 244 |
| Income tax expense | € 27 | € 60 | € 283 |
Income tax - Summary of Reconciliation Between Reported Tax Expense and Theoretical Tax Expense Loss Before Taxes (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Income Tax [Abstract] | |||
| (Loss)/income before tax | € (505) | € (370) | € 249 |
| Tax using the Luxembourg tax rate | (126) | (93) | 62 |
| Effect of tax rates in foreign jurisdictions | 1 | (11) | 1 |
| Permanent differences | 69 | 23 | (35) |
| Change in unrecognized deferred taxes | 92 | 124 | 239 |
| Adjustments in respect of previous years | (10) | 12 | 1 |
| Foreign withholding taxes | 2 | 2 | 12 |
| Other | (1) | 3 | 3 |
| Income tax expense | € 27 | € 60 | € 283 |
Income tax - Summary of Reconciliation of Net Deferred Tax (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Income Tax [Abstract] | |||
| Beginning balance | € 3 | € 13 | € 15 |
| Movement recognized in consolidated statement of operations | 25 | 36 | (240) |
| Movement recognized in consolidated statement of changes in equity and other comprehensive income | (8) | (32) | 239 |
| Movement due to acquisition | 0 | (14) | (1) |
| Ending balance | € 20 | € 3 | € 13 |
Income tax - Summary of Deferred Tax Reconciliation to Balance Sheet (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Income Tax [Abstract] | ||
| Deferred tax assets | € 28 | € 8 |
| Deferred tax liabilities | € 8 | € 5 |
Loss per share - Summary of Anti-Dilutive Securities (Details) - shares |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Employee options | |||
| Earnings per share [line items] | |||
| Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of loss per share (in shares) | 12,429,245 | 16,004,890 | 8,695,348 |
| Restricted stock units | |||
| Earnings per share [line items] | |||
| Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of loss per share (in shares) | 2,554,925 | 3,135,407 | 1,425,196 |
| Other contingently issuable shares | |||
| Earnings per share [line items] | |||
| Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of loss per share (in shares) | 36,898 | 71,717 | 108,720 |
| Warrants | |||
| Earnings per share [line items] | |||
| Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of loss per share (in shares) | 800,000 | 800,000 | 800,000 |
| Exchangeable Notes | |||
| Earnings per share [line items] | |||
| Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of loss per share (in shares) | 2,911,500 | 0 | 0 |
Leases - Summary of Impairment Charges for Lease Right-of-use Assets Explanatory (Details) - Right-of-use assets € in Millions |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
| |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | € 74 |
| Cost of revenue | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | 4 |
| Research and development | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | 46 |
| Sales and marketing | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | 13 |
| General and administrative | |
| Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | € 11 |
Leases - Summary of Roll-forward of Lease Liabilities (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Leases [Abstract] | |||
| Beginning balance | € 613 | € 623 | |
| Increases | 22 | 20 | |
| Payments | (104) | (96) | |
| Interest expense | 38 | 41 | € 40 |
| Lease incentives received | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| Exchange differences | (13) | 23 | |
| Ending balance | € 558 | € 613 | € 623 |
Leases - Summary of Maturity Analysis of Lease Liabilities (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Lease Commitments I F R S16 Leases [Line Items] | |||
| Total lease commitments | € 743 | ||
| Impact of discounting remaining lease payments | (185) | ||
| Lease incentives receivable | 0 | ||
| Total | 558 | € 613 | € 623 |
| Lease liabilities included in the consolidated statement of financial position | |||
| Current | 65 | ||
| Non-current | 493 | 555 | |
| Total | 558 | € 613 | € 623 |
| Less than one year | |||
| Disclosure Of Lease Commitments I F R S16 Leases [Line Items] | |||
| Total lease commitments | 105 | ||
| One to five years | |||
| Disclosure Of Lease Commitments I F R S16 Leases [Line Items] | |||
| Total lease commitments | 344 | ||
| More than five years | |||
| Disclosure Of Lease Commitments I F R S16 Leases [Line Items] | |||
| Total lease commitments | € 294 |
Property and equipment - Summary of Impairment Charges for Lease Right-of-use Assets Explanatory (Details) - Property, plant and equipment € in Millions |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
| |
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | € 49 |
| Cost of revenue | |
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | 3 |
| Research and development | |
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | 29 |
| Sales and marketing | |
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | 10 |
| General and administrative | |
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | |
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | € 7 |
Property and equipment - Additional Information (Details) - EUR (€) |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | ||
| Impairment charge on leasehold improvements | € 0 | |
| Leasehold improvements not placed into service | € 4,000,000 | € 8,000,000 |
| Property, plant and equipment | ||
| Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items] | ||
| Impairment charges for lease right-of-use assets | € 49,000,000 | |
Goodwill and intangible assets - Schedule of Carrying Amount of Goodwill Allocated to Each of the Operating Segments (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Goodwill And Indefinite Lived Assets [Line Items] | ||
| Goodwill | € 1,137 | € 1,168 |
| Premium | ||
| Disclosure Of Goodwill And Indefinite Lived Assets [Line Items] | ||
| Goodwill | 269 | 274 |
| Ad-Supported | ||
| Disclosure Of Goodwill And Indefinite Lived Assets [Line Items] | ||
| Goodwill | € 868 | € 894 |
Restricted cash and other non-current assets - Summary of Restricted Cash and Other Non-current Assets (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Restricted cash | ||
| Lease deposits and guarantees | € 50 | € 53 |
| Other | 1 | 2 |
| Other non-current assets | 24 | 23 |
| Total | € 75 | € 78 |
Trade and other receivables - Summary of Trade and Other Receivables (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Trade and other receivables [abstract] | ||
| Trade receivables | € 607 | € 509 |
| Less: allowance for expected credit losses | (5) | (7) |
| Trade receivables – net | 602 | 502 |
| Other | 256 | 188 |
| Total | € 858 | € 690 |
Trade and other receivables - Summary of Movements in Group's Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|
| Disclosure Of Trade And Other Receivables [Line Items] | ||
| Beginning balance | € 7 | |
| Ending balance | 5 | € 7 |
| Trade Receivables | ||
| Disclosure Of Trade And Other Receivables [Line Items] | ||
| Beginning balance | 7 | 6 |
| Provision for expected credit losses | 4 | 8 |
| Reversal of unutilized provisions | (1) | (2) |
| Receivables written off | (5) | (5) |
| Ending balance | € 5 | € 7 |
Other current assets (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Other current assets [Abstract] | |||
| Content assets | € 95 | € 187 | |
| Prepaid expenses and other | 64 | 89 | |
| Derivative assets | 9 | 31 | |
| Total | 168 | 307 | |
| Content asset amortization | 208 | 193 | € 122 |
| Write-off of content assets | € 29 | € 0 | € 0 |
Share-based compensation - Summary of Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Models (Details) - $ / shares |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Weighted-average share price (in dollars per share) | $ 128.33 | $ 124.47 | $ 283.15 |
| Bottom of Range | |||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Expected volatility (%) | 51.50% | 35.90% | 34.10% |
| Risk-free interest rate (%) | 3.50% | 0.90% | 0.20% |
| Expected life of stock options (years) | 2 years 7 months 6 days | 2 years 7 months 6 days | 2 years 7 months 6 days |
| Top of Range | |||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Expected volatility (%) | 61.20% | 60.00% | 43.10% |
| Risk-free interest rate (%) | 4.90% | 4.50% | 1.10% |
| Expected life of stock options (years) | 4 years 9 months 18 days | 4 years 9 months 18 days | 4 years 9 months 18 days |
Share-based compensation - Summary of Expense Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations for Employee Share Based Payments (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Share-based compensation | € 321 | € 381 | € 223 |
| Cost of revenue | |||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Share-based compensation | 5 | 8 | 9 |
| Research and development | |||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Share-based compensation | 194 | 218 | 119 |
| Sales and marketing | |||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Share-based compensation | 66 | 73 | 41 |
| General and administrative | |||
| Disclosure Of Share Based Payments [Line Items] | |||
| Share-based compensation | € 56 | € 82 | € 54 |
Trade and other payables - Summary of Trade and Other Payables (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Trade and other payables [abstract] | ||
| Trade payables | € 662 | € 588 |
| Value added tax and sales taxes payable | 291 | 244 |
| Other current liabilities | 25 | 13 |
| Trade and other payables | € 978 | € 845 |
Trade and other payables - Additional Information (Details) |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 | |
| Trade and other payables [abstract] | |
| Trade payables term | 30 days |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities - Summary of Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Non-current | ||
| Other accrued liabilities | € 26 | € 28 |
| Total | 26 | 28 |
| Current | ||
| Accrued fees to rights holders | 1,826 | 1,665 |
| Accrued salaries, vacation, severance, and related taxes | 273 | 120 |
| Accrued social costs for options and RSUs | 57 | 7 |
| Accrued operating liabilities | 163 | 194 |
| Other accrued expenses | 121 | 107 |
| Total | € 2,440 | € 2,093 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities - Additional Information (Details) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
|
|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Accrued Expenses And Other Liabilities [Abstract] | |
| Current restructuring provision | € 136 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Liquidity Position in Terms of Available Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short Term Investments (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Liquidity Risk [Line Items] | ||
| Short term investments | € 1,100 | € 867 |
| Liquidity Position | ||
| Disclosure Of Liquidity Risk [Line Items] | ||
| Short term investments | 1,100 | 867 |
| Cash equivalents | 2,111 | 1,836 |
| Cash at bank and on hand | 1,003 | 647 |
| Liquidity position | € 4,214 | € 3,350 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Immediate Impact on Net Loss Before Tax (Details) - Currency risk - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|
| Swedish krona (SEK) | ||
| Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items] | ||
| (Increase)/decrease in income (loss) before tax | € (16) | € (13) |
| British pound (GBP) | ||
| Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items] | ||
| (Increase)/decrease in income (loss) before tax | (20) | (18) |
| U.S. dollar (USD) | ||
| Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items] | ||
| (Increase)/decrease in income (loss) before tax | € 60 | € 68 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Notional Principal of the Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts by Hedged Line Item in Statement of Operations (Details) - Cash Flow Hedges - Foreign Exchange Forwards € in Millions, £ in Millions, kr in Millions, kr in Millions, $ in Millions, $ in Millions, $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
AUD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
GBP (£)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
CAD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
NOK (kr)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
SEK (kr)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
EUR (€)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
AUD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
GBP (£)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
CAD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
NOK (kr)
|
Dec. 31, 2022
SEK (kr)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Financial Risk Management And Financial Instruments [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||
| Notional amount in foreign currency | $ 154 | $ 670 | £ 915 | $ 590 | kr 1,650 | kr 2,722 | $ 121 | $ 582 | £ 774 | $ 502 | kr 1,504 | kr 2,496 | ||
| Revenue | ||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Financial Risk Management And Financial Instruments [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||
| Notional amount in foreign currency | 88 | € 1,414 | 391 | 536 | 347 | 994 | 1,646 | 69 | € 1,214 | 336 | 453 | 293 | 905 | 1,504 |
| Cost of revenue | ||||||||||||||
| Disclosure Of Financial Risk Management And Financial Instruments [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||
| Notional amount in foreign currency | $ 66 | € 991 | $ 279 | £ 379 | $ 243 | kr 656 | kr 1,076 | $ 52 | € 859 | $ 246 | £ 321 | $ 209 | kr 599 | kr 992 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Changes in Investments (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Financial Risk Management And Financial Instruments [Line Items] | |||
| At January 1 | € 1,138 | ||
| At December 31 | 1,215 | € 1,138 | |
| Tencent Music Entertainment Group | |||
| Disclosure Of Financial Risk Management And Financial Instruments [Line Items] | |||
| At January 1 | 1,094 | 852 | € 2,228 |
| Changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive income/(loss) | 60 | 242 | (1,376) |
| At December 31 | € 1,154 | € 1,094 | € 852 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Changes in Warrants Liability (Details) - Warrants - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure Of Changes In Warrants Liability [Line Items] | |||
| Beginning balance | € 1 | € 72 | € 89 |
| Issuance of warrant for cash | 0 | 0 | 31 |
| Non cash changes recognized in profit or loss | |||
| Changes in fair value recognized in consolidated statement of operations | 2 | (74) | (53) |
| Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates | 0 | 3 | 5 |
| Ending balance | € 3 | € 1 | € 72 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Other Long Term Investments (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [abstract] | |||
| At January 1 | € 43 | € 64 | € 49 |
| Initial recognition of long term investment | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive (loss)/income | 16 | (25) | 158 |
| Changes in fair value recognized in consolidated statement of operations | 0 | (1) | (4) |
| Sale of long term investment | 0 | 0 | (144) |
| Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates | (1) | 2 | 3 |
| At December 31 | € 61 | € 43 | € 64 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Changes in Convertible Notes (Details) - Exchangeable Notes Due 2026 - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|
| Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items] | ||
| Beginning Balance | € 1,128 | € 1,202 |
| Changes in fair value recognized in consolidated statement of operations | 97 | (144) |
| Changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive loss | 14 | (4) |
| Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates | (36) | 74 |
| Ending Balance | € 1,203 | € 1,128 |
Financial risk management and financial instruments - Summary of Exchangeable Note Assumptions (Details) - Exchangeable Notes Due 2026 - $ / shares |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|
| Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items] | ||
| Risk free rate (%) | 4.18% | 4.20% |
| Discount rate (%) | 6.50% | 7.00% |
| Volatility (%) | 45.00% | 45.00% |
| Share price (US$) (in dollars per share) | $ 187.91 | $ 78.95 |
Segment information - Additional Information (Details) |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2023
EUR (€)
segment
|
Dec. 31, 2022
EUR (€)
|
Dec. 31, 2021
EUR (€)
|
|
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Number of reportable segment | segment | 2 | ||
| Write-off of content assets | € 29,000,000 | € 0 | € 0 |
| Impairment charges on real estate assets | 123,000,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Property and equipment | 247,000,000 | 348,000,000 | |
| Luxembourg | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Property and equipment | 0 | € 0 | € 0 |
| Ad-Supported | Cost of revenue | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Write-off of content assets | 29,000,000 | ||
| Employee severance costs | 12,000,000 | ||
| Contract terminations and other related costs | 8,000,000 | ||
| Impairment charges on real estate assets | € 6,000,000 | ||
Segment information - Summary of Key Financial Performance Measures of Segments Including Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit/(Loss) (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | € 13,247 | € 11,727 | € 9,668 |
| Cost of revenue | 9,850 | 8,801 | 7,077 |
| Gross profit | 3,397 | 2,926 | 2,591 |
| Premium | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | 11,566 | 10,251 | 8,460 |
| Cost of revenue | 8,231 | 7,355 | 5,986 |
| Gross profit | 3,335 | 2,896 | 2,474 |
| Ad-Supported | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | 1,681 | 1,476 | 1,208 |
| Cost of revenue | 1,619 | 1,446 | 1,091 |
| Gross profit | € 62 | € 30 | € 117 |
Segment information - Summary of Reconciliation Between Reportable Segment Gross Profit to Group’s (Loss)/Income Before Tax (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure of operating segments [abstract] | |||
| Segment gross profit | € 3,397 | € 2,926 | € 2,591 |
| Research and development | (1,725) | (1,387) | (912) |
| Sales and marketing | (1,533) | (1,572) | (1,135) |
| General and administrative | (585) | (626) | (450) |
| Finance income | 161 | 421 | 246 |
| Finance costs | (220) | (132) | (91) |
| (Loss)/income before tax | € (505) | € (370) | € 249 |
Segment information - Summary of Revenue by Geographic Area (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | € 13,247 | € 11,727 | € 9,668 |
| United States | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | 5,225 | 4,712 | 3,692 |
| United Kingdom | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | 1,230 | 1,113 | 994 |
| Luxembourg | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | 9 | 7 | 6 |
| Other countries | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Revenue | € 6,783 | € 5,895 | € 4,976 |
Segment information - Summary of Non-Current Asset by Geographic Area (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Non-current assets | € 3,086 | € 3,284 | |
| Property and Equipment and Lease Right-of-Use Assets | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Non-current assets | 547 | 765 | € 809 |
| Property and Equipment and Lease Right-of-Use Assets | Sweden | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Non-current assets | 84 | 142 | 148 |
| Property and Equipment and Lease Right-of-Use Assets | United States | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Non-current assets | 387 | 529 | 549 |
| Property and Equipment and Lease Right-of-Use Assets | Other countries | |||
| Disclosure of operating segments [line items] | |||
| Non-current assets | € 76 | € 94 | € 112 |
Commitments and contingencies - Schedule of Minimum Guarantees Relating to Service, Majority Relate to Minimum Royalty Payments Associated with License Agreements for the use of Licensed Content (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disclosure Of Minimum Royalty Payments Associated With License Agreements [Line Items] | |||
| Minimum royalty payments associated with license agreements | € 4,665 | € 1,409 | € 3,279 |
| Not later than one year | |||
| Disclosure Of Minimum Royalty Payments Associated With License Agreements [Line Items] | |||
| Minimum royalty payments associated with license agreements | 1,055 | 1,111 | 788 |
| Later than one year but not more than 5 years | |||
| Disclosure Of Minimum Royalty Payments Associated With License Agreements [Line Items] | |||
| Minimum royalty payments associated with license agreements | € 3,610 | € 298 | € 2,491 |
Related party transaction - Summary of Related Party Transactions (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
|
| Key management compensation | |||
| Short term employee benefits | € 10 | € 6 | € 4 |
| Share-based compensation | 33 | 37 | 26 |
| Total key management compensation | € 43 | € 43 | € 30 |
Events after reporting period (Details) - Entering into significant commitments or contingent liabilities € in Millions |
1 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Feb. 08, 2024
EUR (€)
| |
| Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items] | |
| Minimum guarantee and spend commitments | € 236 |
| Term of minimum guarantee and spend commitments in license agreements | 3 years |
