Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Accounts receivable, allowance | $ 6,927 | $ 5,706 |
| Discount and deferred financing costs | $ 12,996 | $ 13,943 |
| Common shares, par value (in USD per share) | $ 0.01 | $ 0.01 |
| Common shares, shares authorized (in shares) | 250,000,000 | 250,000,000 |
| Common shares, shares issued (in shares) | 191,799,909 | 148,234,959 |
| Common shares, shares outstanding (in shares) | 191,799,909 | 148,234,959 |
| Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | ||
| Accounts receivable, allowance | $ 6,927 | $ 5,706 |
| Discount and deferred financing costs | $ 12,996 | $ 13,943 |
| General partner units issued (in shares) | 188,881,910 | 146,752,609 |
| General partner units outstanding (in shares) | 188,881,910 | 146,752,609 |
| Limited partner units issued (in shares) | 1,917,999 | 1,482,350 |
| Limited partner units outstanding (in shares) | 1,917,999 | 1,482,350 |
Business Combination BusinessCombinationsAbstract |
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| Business Combinations [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business Combination Disclosure [Text Block] | Business Combinations Acquisition of Cloverleaf The Company completed the acquisition of privately-held Cloverleaf on May 1, 2019. A summary of the preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for total cash consideration of $1.24 billion, as well as adjustments made during 2019 (referred to as “measurement period adjustments”), is as follows (in thousands):
(1) The measurement period adjustments recorded in 2019 did not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. (2) The measurement period adjustments were primarily due to refinements to third party appraisals and carrying amounts of certain assets and liabilities, as well as adjustments to certain tax accounts based on, among other things, adjustments to deferred tax liabilities. The net impact of the measurement period adjustments results in a net increase to goodwill. As the valuation of certain assets and liabilities for purposes of purchase price allocations are preliminary in nature, they are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances regarding these assets and liabilities that existed at the acquisition date. Any adjustments to our estimates of purchase price allocation will be made in the periods in which the adjustments are determined and the cumulative effect of such adjustments will be calculated as if the adjustments had been completed as of the acquisition dates. Adjustments recorded subsequent to the acquisition date are detailed in the table above, and were not material to the Consolidated Balance Sheets, the Consolidated Statements of Operations or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The preliminary purchase price allocation will be finalized within one year from the date of acquisition. As shown above, the Company recorded approximately $125.9 million of goodwill related to the Cloverleaf Acquisition. The strategic benefits of the acquisition include the Company’s ability to add complementary customers into its network, provide an opportunity for growth in the Central and Southeast markets, deepen existing customer relationships, provide three expansion opportunities that are already under construction and leverage integration experience to drive synergies and further enhance the warehouse network for new and existing customers. These factors contributed to the goodwill that was recorded upon consummation of the transaction. The Cloverleaf acquisition was completed through the acquisition of both stock and partnership units; the acquisition of partnership units allowed a portion of the goodwill recorded as a result of the Cloverleaf Acquisition to be deductible for federal income tax purposes. The goodwill related to the Cloverleaf Acquisition has been substantially assigned to the Warehouse segment, with a de minimis amount assigned to the Transportation segment. Deferred taxes may not be recorded for deductible goodwill unless the tax basis in goodwill exceeds the book basis, and the Company has not recorded any deferred taxes as a result. Deductible goodwill will be available to reduce taxable income for both the REIT and its domestic TRS. Also shown above, in connection with the Cloverleaf Acquisition the Company recorded an intangible asset of approximately $250.3 million for customer relationships which has been assigned a useful life of 25 years, and approximately $1.6 million for trade names and trademarks which has been assigned a useful life of 1.5 years. These intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective useful lives. Based on the discussion under goodwill above, the Cloverleaf Acquisition resulted in federal income tax deductibility for a portion of the intangible assets. The deductible intangible assets will be available to reduce taxable income for both the REIT and its domestic TRS. The Company has recorded a deferred tax liability of $1.9 million for intangible assets. The unaudited pro forma financial information set forth below is based on the historical Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, adjusted to give effect to the Cloverleaf Acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 2018. The pro forma adjustments primarily relate to acquisition expenses, depreciation expense on acquired assets, amortization of acquired intangibles, and estimated interest expense related to financing transactions, the proceeds of which were used to fund the acquisition of Cloverleaf. On March 1, 2019, Cloverleaf acquired Zero Mountain, Inc. and Subsidiaries (Zero Mountain). As a result, we have included the results of operations of Zero Mountain in the below pro forma financial information. The pro forma adjustments made include the acquisition expenses incurred in connection with Cloverleaf’s acquisition of Zero Mountain. The accompanying unaudited pro forma consolidated financial statements exclude the results of the Lanier acquisition, which was deemed immaterial. These statements are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not purport to represent what the actual Consolidated Statements of Operations of the Company or the Operating Partnership would have been had the Cloverleaf Acquisition occurred on the dates assumed, nor are they necessarily indicative of what the results of operations would be for any future periods. Americold Realty Trust and Subsidiaries
Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P. and Subsidiaries
(1) Pro forma net income available to common shareholders was adjusted to exclude $26.6 million of acquisition related costs incurred by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2019, and to include these charges in pro forma net income for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2)Adjusted to give effect to the issuance of approximately 42.1 million common shares in connection with the Cloverleaf Acquisition. Since the date of acquisition, total revenues of approximately $152.8 million and net income of approximately $9.0 million associated with properties and operations acquired in the Cloverleaf Acquisition are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. Acquisition of Lanier The Company completed the acquisition of privately-held Lanier on May 1, 2019 for total cash consideration of $81.9 million, net of cash received. The allocation of consideration primarily included $60.0 million of property, buildings and equipment, $6.4 million of goodwill, and $16.3 million of customer relationship intangible assets. The customer relationship asset has been assigned a useful life of twenty-five years and will be amortized on a straight-line basis. The goodwill recorded is primarily attributable to the strategic benefits of the acquisition including the increased presence in the north Georgia poultry market and leveraging integration experience to drive synergies and further enhance the warehouse network for new and existing customers. The Lanier acquisition was completed through the acquisition of both stock and partnership units; the acquisition of partnership units allowed a portion of the goodwill recorded to be deductible for federal income tax purposes. Deferred taxes may not be recorded for deductible goodwill unless the tax basis exceeds the book basis, and the Company has not recorded any deferred taxes as a result. Deductible goodwill will be available to reduce taxable income at both the REIT and its domestic TRS. Adjustments recorded subsequent to the acquisition date were not material to the Consolidated Balance Sheets, the Consolidated Statements of Operations or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The preliminary purchase price allocation will be finalized within one year from the date of acquisition. We have included the financial results of the acquired operations in our Warehouse segment since the date of the acquistion.
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Description of the Business |
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| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||
| Description of Business | Description of the Business The Company Americold Realty Trust, together with its subsidiaries (ART, the Company, or we) is a real estate investment trust (REIT) organized under Maryland law. During 2010, the Company formed a Delaware limited partnership, Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P. (the Operating Partnership), and transferred substantially all of its interests in entities and associated assets and liabilities to the Operating Partnership. This structure is commonly referred to as an umbrella partnership REIT or an UPREIT structure. The REIT is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, owning 99% of the common general partnership interests as of December 31, 2019. Americold Realty Operations, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the REIT, is the sole limited partner of the Operating Partnership, owning 1% of the common general partnership interests as of December 31, 2019. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the REIT has full, exclusive and complete responsibility and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of the Operating Partnership. No limited partner shall be liable for any debts, liabilities, contracts or obligations of the Operating Partnership. A limited partner shall be liable to the Operating Partnership only to make payments of capital contribution, if any, as and when due. After a capital contribution is fully paid, no limited partner shall, except as otherwise may be legally required under Delaware law, be required to make any further contribution or other payments or lend any funds to the Operating Partnership. The limited partners of the Operating Partnership do not have rights to replace Americold Realty Trust as the general partner nor do they have participating rights, although they do have certain protective rights. During the third quarter of 2019, the Company granted Operating Partnership Profit Units (OP Units) to certain members of the Board of Trustees of the Company, which are described further in Note 17. Upon vesting, these units will represent noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership that are not owned by Americold Realty Trust. The Company expects that the expense associated with the OP Units in the Operating Partnership will be immaterial to the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership includes numerous qualified REIT subsidiaries (QRSs). Additionally, the Operating Partnership conducts various business activities in the United States (U.S.), Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and Canada through several wholly owned taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRSs). Business and Industry Information The Company is the world’s largest publicly traded REIT focused on the ownership, operation and development of temperature-controlled warehouses. The Company is organized as a self-administered and self-managed REIT with proven operating, acquisition and development experience. As of December 31, 2019, the Company operated a global network of 178 temperature-controlled warehouses, with 160 warehouses in the United States, six warehouses in Australia, seven warehouses in New Zealand, two warehouses in Argentina and three warehouses in Canada. The Company also owns and operates a limestone quarry. The Company provides its customers with technological tools to review real-time detailed inventory information via the Internet. In addition, the Company manages customer-owned warehouses for which it earns fixed and incentive fees. Ownership Pre-Initial Public Offering (IPO) Prior to the IPO on January 23, 2018, YF ART Holdings, a partnership among investment funds affiliated with The Yucaipa Companies (Yucaipa) and Fortress Investment Group, LLC (Fortress), owned approximately 100% of the Company’s common shares of beneficial interest. In addition, affiliates of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (Goldman) owned 325,000 Series B Preferred Shares, which were converted to 28,808,224 common shares in connection with the IPO. In connection with the IPO, China Merchants Holds International Company (CMHI), as defined in Note 4, converted their Series B Preferred Shares into 4,432,034 common shares of the Company. After giving effect to the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common shares during the IPO, CMHI owned approximately 3.1% of the Company’s common shares. Initial Public Offering On January 23, 2018, we completed an initial public offering of our common shares, or IPO, in which we issued and sold 33,350,000 of our common shares, including 4,350,000 common shares pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common shares. The common shares sold in the offering were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to our Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-221560), as amended, which was declared effective by the SEC on January 18, 2018. The common shares were sold at an initial offering price of $16.00 per share, which generated net proceeds of approximately $493.6 million to us, after deducting underwriting fees and other offering costs of approximately $40.0 million. We primarily used the net proceeds from the IPO to repay (i) $285.1 million of indebtedness outstanding under our Senior Secured Term Loan B Facility, including $3.0 million of accrued and unpaid interest and closing expense of $0.2 million (ii) $20.9 million of indebtedness outstanding under our Clearfield, Utah and Middleboro, Massachusetts construction loans, including a nominal amount of accrued and unpaid interest; and (iii) to pay a stub period dividend totaling $3.1 million to the holders of record of our common shares, Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares as of January 22, 2018. Holders of the Series A Preferred Shares also received a redemption payment from the offering proceeds of $0.1 million. The remaining $184.4 million net proceeds from the IPO were used for general corporate purposes. The following is a list of other significant events that occurred in connection with the IPO:
$400.0 million accordion option. Upon the completion of the IPO, $525.0 million was outstanding under the Company’s Senior Secured Term Loan A Facility and no borrowings were outstanding under the Company’s 2018 Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility. During the month following the IPO, the Company paid $50 million of principal on the Senior Secured Term Loan A Facility, resulting in an outstanding balance of $475.0 million. September 2018 Follow-On Public Offering On September 18, 2018, the Company completed a follow-on public offering of 4,000,000 of its common shares at a public offering price of $24.50 per share, which generated net proceeds of approximately $92.5 million to the Company after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, and an additional 6,000,000 common shares that are subject to a forward sale agreement to be settled by September 2020. The term was extended from its original settlement of September 2019. The Company did not initially receive any proceeds from the sale of the common shares subject to the forward sale agreement that were sold by the forward purchaser or its affiliate. The Company accounts for the 2018 forward contract as equity and therefore is exempt from derivative and fair value accounting. Before the issuance of the Company’s common shares, if any, upon physical or net share settlement of the 2018 forward sale agreement, the Company expects that the common shares issuable upon settlement of the 2018 forward sale agreement will be reflected in its diluted earnings per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of the Company’s common shares used in calculating diluted earnings per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of common shares that would be issued upon full physical settlement of the 2018 forward sale agreement less the number of common shares that could be purchased by the Company in the market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). If and when the Company physically or net share settles the 2018 forward sale agreement, the delivery of the Company’s common shares would result in an increase in the number of common shares outstanding and dilution to our earnings per share. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not settled any portion of the 2018 forward sale agreement. Additionally, in connection with the the follow-on public offering, YF ART Holdings GP, LLC (YF ART Holdings), a partnership among investment funds affiliated with Yucaipa, sold 16.5 million common shares, affiliates of Goldman sold approximately 9.1 million common shares, and affiliates of Fortress sold approximately 7.2 million common shares. Other Capital Markets Activity in 2018 On February 6, 2018, we amended the Credit Agreement with the lenders of our 2018 Senior Revolving Credit Facility to increase the aggregate revolving credit commitments on this facility by $50.0 million to $450.0 million. Concurrently, we utilized cash on hand to repay $50.0 million on our Senior Secured Term Loan A facility. As a result of these modifications, our total aggregate commitments under our 2018 Senior Credit Facilities remained unchanged at $925.0 million. On March 8, 2018, YF ART Holdings used the proceeds from a margin loan to pay in full the outstanding preferred investment, including the preferred return thereon, of Fortress, which ceased to be a limited partner in YF ART Holdings and no longer has any economic interest therein. As of December 31, 2018, YF ART Holdings owned approximately 25.9% of the Company’s common shares. On December 4, 2018, the Company recast its 2018 Senior Credit Facilities (2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility) to, among other things, (i) increase the revolver borrowing capacity from $450 million to $800 million, (ii) convert the credit facility (term loan and revolver) from a secured credit facility to an unsecured credit facility, and (iii) decrease the applicable interest rate margins from 2.35% to 1.45% and decrease the fee on unused borrowing capacity by 5 basis points. Refer to Note 10 for further details. March 2019 Secondary Public Offering In March 2019, the Company completed a secondary public offering in which certain funds affiliated with YF ART Holdings and Goldman sold their remaining interest in the Company of 38,422,583 and 8,061,228 common shares, respectively, at $27.75 per share, which included 6,063,105 shares purchased by the underwriters upon the exercise in full of their option to purchase additional shares. The selling shareholders received proceeds from the offering, which, net of underwriting fees, totaled $1.1 billion. The Company received no proceeds and incurred fees of $1.5 million related to this offering. April 2019 Follow-On Public Offering On April 22, 2019, the Company completed a follow-on public offering of 42,062,000 of its common shares, including 6,562,000 common shares pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common shares, at a public offering price of $29.75 per share, which generated net proceeds of approximately $1.21 billion to the Company after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, and an additional 8,250,000 common shares pursuant to the 2019 forward sale agreement, which is expected to be settled within one year. The Company did not initially receive any proceeds from the sale of the common shares subject to the 2019 forward sale agreement that were sold by the forward purchaser or its affiliate. The Company accounts for the 2019 forward contract as equity and therefore is exempt from derivative and fair value accounting. Refer to the above discussion under “September 2018 Follow-On Public Offering” for the earnings per share treatment and the impact as a result of this 2019 forward contract. The proceeds of the follow-on public offering were used to fund a portion of the purchase of Cloverleaf. We used the cash proceeds that we received upon settlement of the 2019 forward sale agreement on January 2, 2020 to fund the Nova Cold Logistics (Nova Cold) acquisition. At the Market (ATM) Equity Program On August 26, 2019, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement pursuant to which we may sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate sales price of $500.0 million of our common shares through the ATM Equity Program. Sales of our common shares made pursuant to the ATM Equity Program may be made in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including sales made directly on the NYSE, or sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange, or as otherwise agreed between the applicable Agent and us. Sales may also be made on a forward basis pursuant to separate forward sale agreements. We intend to use the net proceeds from sales of our common shares pursuant to the ATM Equity Program for general corporate purposes, which may include funding acquisitions and development projects. There were no common shares sold under the ATM Equity Program during 2019. Acquisitions On February 1, 2019, the Company acquired PortFresh Holdings, LLC (PortFresh). The Company paid aggregate cash consideration of $35.2 million, net of cash acquired. On May 1, 2019, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement to acquire Cloverleaf. The Company refers to the completion of the acquisition of Cloverleaf pursuant to the executed purchase agreement as “the Cloverleaf Acquisition”. The Company paid aggregate cash consideration of approximately $1.24 billion, net of cash acquired. The consideration paid by the Company was funded using net proceeds from the Company’s equity offering that closed on April 22, 2019, along with funds drawn under the Company’s senior unsecured revolving credit facility. On May 1, 2019, the Company acquired Lanier Cold Storage (Lanier). The Company paid aggregate cash consideration of approximately $81.9 million, net of cash acquired. On November 19, 2019, the Company acquired MHW Group Inc. (MHW). The Company paid aggregate cash consideration of approximately $50.1 million, net of cash acquired. Additionally, on this date the Company announced the acquisition of Nova Cold which closed in January 2020 for CAD $336.8 million. The Company funded the Nova Cold acquisition using a combination of equity from its April 2019 forward sale agreement, the Company’s revolving credit facility and cash on hand.
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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and include all of the accounts of Americold Realty Trust and Subsidiaries and the Operating Partnership and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The notes to the consolidated financial statements of Americold Realty Trust and the Operating Partnership have been combined to provide the following benefits:
There are a few differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, which are reflected in these consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. We believe it is important to understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership in the context of how we operate as an interrelated consolidated company. Americold Realty Trust’s only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. As a result, Americold Realty Trust generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing public securities from time to time and guaranteeing certain unsecured debt of the Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates. Americold Realty Trust itself has not issued any indebtedness but guarantees the unsecured debt of the Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, as disclosed in these notes. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all the assets of the Company. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for net proceeds from public equity issuances by Americold Realty Trust, which are generally contributed to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units, the Operating Partnership generally generates the capital required by the Company’s business primarily through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s or its affiliates’ direct or indirect incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of partnership units. The presentation of shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of Americold Realty Trust and those of the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2019 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the general partner, Americold Realty Trust held a 99% interest in partnership units, and the limited partner, Americold Realty Operations, Inc. held a 1% interest in partnership units. The general partnership interests held by Americold Realty Trust in the Operating Partnership are presented as general partner’s capital within partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and as common stock, additional paid-in capital and accumulated dividends in excess of earnings within shareholders’ equity in Americold Realty Trust’s consolidated financial statements. The limited partnership interests held by Americold Realty Operations, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of ART, in the Operating Partnership are presented as limited partners’ capital within partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and within equity in Americold Realty Trust’s consolidated financial statements. The differences in the presentations between shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital result from the differences in the equity presented at the Americold Realty Trust and the Operating Partnership levels. To help investors understand the significant differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, these consolidated financial statements present the following notes to the consolidated financial statements for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership: •Debt of the Company and Debt of the Operating Partnership •Partners’ Capital •Selected Quarterly Financial Information In the sections that combine disclosure of Americold Realty Trust and the Operating Partnership, these notes refer to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that enters into contracts and joint ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the business is one enterprise and the Company generally operates the business through the Operating Partnership. Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Property, Buildings and Equipment Property, buildings and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets or, if less, the term of the underlying lease. Depreciation begins in the month an asset is placed into service. Useful lives range from 5 to 43 years for buildings and building improvements and 3 to 12 years for machinery and equipment. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded depreciation expense of $153.9 million, $116.0 million and $115.1 million, respectively. Depletion on the limestone quarry is computed by the units-of-production method based on estimated recoverable units. The Company periodically reviews the appropriateness of the estimated useful lives of its long-lived assets. Costs of normal maintenance and repairs and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. When non-real estate assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed, and any resulting gain or loss is included in “Other expense, net” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Gains or losses from the sale of real estate assets are reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations as an operating expense. Costs incurred to develop software for internal use and purchased software are capitalized and included in “Machinery and equipment” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Capitalized software is amortized over the estimated life of the software which ranges from 3 to 10 years. Amortization of previously capitalized amounts was $6.4 million, $5.2 million and $5.0 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in “Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Activity in real estate facilities during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is as follows:
The total real estate facilities amounts in the table above include $76.8 million and $80.3 million of assets under sale-leaseback agreements accounted for as a financing lease as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company does not hold title in these assets under sale-leaseback agreements. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company sold an idle facility, which was written down earlier in 2019 resulting in an impairment charge of $2.9 million and the write-off of primarily “Buildings and improvements” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the second quarter of 2018, the Company sold a facility resulting in an $8.4 million gain on sale of real estate and the write-off of primarily “Land” and “Buildings and improvements” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. In preparation of the exit of this facility, the Company transferred most of its customers inventory to other owned warehouses within the same region. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company disposed of an idle facility resulting in a $0.9 million loss on sale of real estate and the write-off of primarily “Land” and “Buildings and improvement” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. In February 2019, the Company acquired one facility and adjacent land in connection with the PortFresh Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $35.0 million. In May 2019, the Company acquired 21 facilities in connection with the Cloverleaf Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $891.3 million. Additionally, in May 2019, the Company acquired two facilities in connection with the Lanier Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $60.0 million. In November 2019, the Company acquired two facilities in connection with the MHW Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $49.4 million. During 2018, the Company purchased a portion of a facility that was previously operated under a lease agreement for $13.8 million. In addition to selling and purchasing facilities, the Company also invested in development projects throughout 2019 and 2018. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company commenced operations in a production-advantaged facility in Middleboro, MA which cost approximately $23.5 million to construct. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was also constructing an automated expansion project at the Rochelle, IL facility. The expansion was completed during the second quarter of 2019, with a total cost of $89.7 million incurred as of December 31, 2019. During 2019, the Company began the “Atlanta Major Market Strategy” which includes the partial redevelopment of an existing warehouse facility. The costs incurred for this ongoing project totaled $30.6 million as of December 31, 2019. During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company completed expansion projects at two legacy Cloverleaf facilities, Chesapeake, Virginia which totaled $24.3 million and North Little Rock, Arkansas which totaled $18.9 million. The costs incurred for the ongoing expansion project at the legacy Cloverleaf facility in Columbus, Ohio totaled $6.3 million as of December 31, 2019. The costs incurred for the ongoing development project at the legacy PortFresh site in Savannah, Georgia totaled $41.5 million as of December 31, 2019. Finally, the Company acquired land in Sydney, Australia during the second quarter of 2019 for $45.5 million for potential future development of a customer build-to-suit facility, for which it has recourse should the customer choose to not move forward with this development project. Refer to Note 30 regarding updates on this project that occurred subsequent to December 31, 2019. Lease Accounting Arrangements wherein we are the lessee: At the inception of a contract, we determine if the contract is or contains a lease. Leases are classified as either financing or operating based upon criteria within ASC 842, Leases, and a right-of-use (ROU) asset and liability are established for leases with an initial term greater than 12 months. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, and not expected to renew beyond 12 months, are not recorded on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term, as adjusted for prepayments, incentives and initial direct costs. ROU assets are subsequently measured at the value of the remeasured lease liability, adjusted for the remaining balance of the following, as applicable: lease incentives, cumulative prepaid or accrued rent and unamortized initial direct costs. When available, we use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, we must estimate our incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on information available at lease commencement. We generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. The depreciable lives of assets are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Depreciation expense on assets acquired under financing leases is included in “Depreciation, depletion and amortization” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense on assets acquired under operating leases is included within cost of operations for the respective segment the asset pertains to, or within “Selling, general and administrative” for corporate assets on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. As with other long-lived assets, ROU assets are reviewed for impairment when events or change in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Operating leases are included in “Operating lease right-of-use assets”, “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” and “Operating lease obligations” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Financing lease assets are included in “Financing leases-net”, “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” and “Financing lease obligations” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Arrangements wherein we are the lessor: Each new lease contract is evaluated for classification as a sales-type lease, direct financing or operating lease. A lease is a sales-type lease if any one of five criteria are met, as outlined in ASC 842 each of which indicate the lease, in effect, transfers control of the underlying asset to the lessee. If none of those five criteria are met, but two additional criteria are both met, indicating we have transferred substantially all the risks and benefits of the underlying asset to the lessee and a third party, the lease is a direct financing lease. All leases that are not sales-type or direct financing leases are operating leases. We do not currently have any sales-type or direct financing leases. For operating leases wherein we are the lessor, we assess the probability of payments at commencement of the lease contract and subsequently recognize lease income, including variable payments based on an index or rate, over the lease term on a straight-line basis. We continue to measure and disclose the underlying assets subject to operating leases based on our policies for application of ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. For all asset classes we have elected to not separate the lease and non-lease components which generally relate to taxes and common area maintenance. Additionally, we elected a practical expedient to present all funds collected from lessees for sales and other similar taxes net of the related sales tax expense. Our lease contracts are structured in a manner to reduce risks associated with the residual value of leased assets. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances (such as decreases in operating income and declines in occupancy) indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. A comparison is made of the expected future operating cash flows of the long-lived assets on an undiscounted basis to their carrying amounts. If the carrying amounts of the long-lived assets exceed the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value of the long-lived assets, which the Company calculates based on projections of future cash flows and appraisals with significant unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determined that individual warehouse properties constitute the lowest level of independent cash flows for purposes of considering possible impairment. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded charges of $13.5 million, $0.7 million and $9.5 million, respectively, as “Impairment of long-lived assets” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the first quarter of 2019, management and the Company’s Board of Trustees formally approved the “Atlanta Major Market Strategy” plan which included the partial redevelopment of an existing warehouse facility. The partial redevelopment required the demolition of approximately 75% of the current warehouse, which was unused. The Company expects the remainder of the site to continue operating as normal during the construction period. As a result of this initiative, the Company impaired the carrying value of the portion of the warehouse no longer in use, resulting in a charge of $9.6 million of Warehouse segment assets. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2019 the Company recorded an impairment charge of $2.9 million of Warehouse segment assets related to a domestic idle warehouse facility in anticipation of a potential future sale of the asset. The estimated fair value of this asset was determined based on ongoing negotiations with prospective buyers. The sale of this property was completed during the second quarter of 2019. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company recorded impairment charges of $0.9 million of Transportation segment assets related to the discontinued use of internally developed software and other personal property assets due to the loss of a significant customer relationship within our foreign operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.7 million of Warehouse segment assets related to an idle domestic warehouse facility in anticipation of a future sale of the asset, which was subsequently completed during the fourth quarter of 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $9.5 million of impairment associated with the planned disposal of certain facilities, with a net book value in excess of their estimated fair value based on third-party appraisals or purchase offers. All 2017 long-lived asset impairments related to the Warehouse segment. Impairment of Other Assets In 2017, the Company evaluated the limestone inventory held at its Quarry operations, and determined that approximately $2.1 million of that inventory was not of saleable quality. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment charge for that amount, which is included as a component of “Cost of operations related to other revenues” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. Also during 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge totaling $6.5 million related to its investments in two joint ventures in China accounted for under the equity method. It was determined that the recorded investments were no longer recoverable from the projected future cash flows expected to be received from the ventures. The estimated fair value of each investment was determined based on an assessment of the proceeds expected to be received from the potential sale of the Company’s investment interests to the joint venture partner. The impairment charge is included in “Impairment of partially owned entities” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. There were no other asset impairment charges recorded during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Capitalization of Costs Project costs that are clearly associated with the development of properties are capitalized as incurred. Project costs include all costs directly associated with the development of a property, including construction costs, interest, and costs of personnel working on the project. Costs that do not clearly relate to the projects under development are not capitalized and are charged to expense as incurred. Capitalization of costs begins when the activities necessary to get the development project ready for its intended use commence, which include costs incurred before the beginning of construction. Capitalization of costs ceases when the development project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Determining when a development project commences and when it is substantially complete and ready for its intended use involves a degree of judgment. We generally consider a development project to be substantially complete and ready for its intended use upon receipt of a certificate of occupancy. If and when development of a property is suspended pursuant to a formal change in the planned use of the property, we will evaluate whether the accumulated costs exceed the estimated value of the project and write off the amount of any such excess accumulated costs. For a development project that is suspended for reasons other than a formal change in the planned use of such property, the accumulated project costs are written off. Capitalized costs are allocated to the specific components of a project that are benefited. During each of the years ended 2019, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized interest of approximately $3.3 million, $3.2 million, and $1.1 million, respectively. During the years ended 2019, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized amounts relating to compensation and travel expense of employees direct and incremental to development of properties of approximately $0.5 million, $0.6 million, and $0.2 million, respectively. Business Combinations For business combinations, the excess of purchase price over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. In an asset acquisition where we have determined that the cost incurred differs from the fair value of the net assets acquired, we assess whether we have appropriately determined the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired and we also confirm that all identifiable assets have been appropriately identified and recognized. After completing this assessment, we allocate the difference on a relative fair value basis to all assets acquired except for financial assets (as defined in ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing), deferred taxes, and assets defined as “current” (as defined in ASC 210, Balance Sheet). Whether the acquired business is being accounted for as a business combination or an asset acquisition, the determination of fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques. The Company estimates the fair values using observable inputs classified as Level 2 and unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Significant judgment is involved specifically in determining the estimated fair value of the acquired land and buildings and improvements and intangible assets. For intangible assets, we typically use the excess earnings method. Significant estimates used in valuing intangible assets acquired in a business combination include, but are not limited to, revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, operating costs and margins, capital expenditures, tax rates, long-term growth rates and discount rates. For land and buildings and improvements, we used a combination of methods including the cost approach to value buildings and improvements and the sales comparison approach to value the underlying land. Significant estimates used in valuing land and buildings and improvements acquired in a business combination include, but are not limited to estimates of indirect costs and entrepreneurial profit, which were added to the replacement cost of the acquired assets in order to estimate their fair value in the market. On May 1, 2019, the Company completed the acquisitions of Cloverleaf and Lanier, both of which are accounted for as business combinations. Refer to Note 3 for the disclosures related to these acquisitions. Asset Acquisitions We acquired PortFresh in an asset acquisition on February 1, 2019 for $35.2 million, net of cash. The cost incurred in connection with this asset acquisition was allocated primarily to $35.0 million of property, buildings and equipment, $0.4 million of an assembled workforce intangible asset and $0.6 million of other assets and liabilities, net. Additionally, we acquired MHW in an asset acquisition on November 19, 2019 for $50.1 million. The cost incurred in connection with this asset acquisition was allocated primarily to $49.4 million of property, buildings and equipment, $0.5 million of an assembled workforce intangible asset and $0.1 million of other assets and liabilities, net. Additionally, the purchase agreement included a call option to purchase land from the holder of the ground lease at for $4.1 million, which was exercised in January 2020. A right-of-use asset and related obligation were recorded for leases for approximately $4.5 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Bridge Loan Commitment Fees During the second quarter of 2019, we incurred costs of approximately $2.7 million related to unused bridge loan commitment fees in connection with the potential funding need to complete the Cloverleaf Acquisition which ultimately was not utilized. These costs are classified as a component of interest expense within the caption titled “Bridge loan commitment fees” and are presented within “Other expense” on the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits, and short-term liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company held $34.1 million and $37.3 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents in bank accounts of its foreign subsidiaries. Restricted Cash Restricted cash relates to cash on deposit and cash restricted for the payment of certain property repairs or obligations related to warehouse properties collateralized by mortgage notes, cash on deposit for certain workers’ compensation programs and cash collateralization of certain outstanding letters of credit, and payment of costs to administer and service the New Market Tax Credit (“NMTC”) entity. Refer to Note 19 for further details of the New Market Tax Credit. Restricted cash balances as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The Company periodically evaluates the collectability of amounts due from customers and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated amounts uncollectable from customers. Management exercises judgment in establishing these allowances and considers the balance outstanding, payment history, and current credit status in developing these estimates. Specific accounts are written off against the allowance when management determines the account is uncollectable. The following table provides a summary of activity of the allowance for doubtful accounts:
The Company records interest on delinquent billings within “Interest income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, offset by a bad debt provision equal to the amount of interest charged until collected. Identifiable Intangibles Assets Identifiable intangibles consist of a trade name and customer relationships. Indefinite-Lived Asset The trade name asset, with a carrying amount of $15.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, relates to “Americold” and has an indefinite life; thus, it is not amortized. The Company evaluates the carrying value of its trade name each year as of October 1, and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the trade name below its carrying amount. There were no impairments to the Company’s trade name for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Finite-Lived Assets Customer relationship assets are the Company’s largest finite-lived assets amortized over 6 to 25 years using a straight-line or accelerated amortization method dependent on the estimated benefits, which reflects the pattern in which economic benefits of intangible assets are expected to be realized by the Company. Customer relationship amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $7.9 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The weighted-average remaining life of the customer relationship assets is 24.2 years as of December 31, 2019. The Company reviews these intangible assets for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. There were no impairments to customer relationship assets for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Leasehold Interests - Below Market Leases, Above Market Leases and In-place Lease In reference to certain temperature-controlled warehouses where the Company is the lessee in an acquired business, below-market and above-market leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease terms in a manner that adjusts lease expense to the market rate in effect as of the acquisition date. In reference to certain temperature-controlled warehouses where the Company has a tenant lease assigned through an acquisition, the resulting intangible asset is amortized over the remaining term of the tenant lease and recorded to amortization expense. There were no impairments to leasehold interests for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017. Deferred Financing Costs Direct financing costs are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related agreements as a component of “Interest expense” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company amortizes such costs based on the effective interest rate or on a straight-line basis. The Company uses the latter approach when the periodic amortization approximates the amounts calculated under the effective-interest rate method. Deferred financing costs related to revolving line of credits are classified as other assets, whereas deferred financing costs related to long-term debt are offset against “Mortgages notes, senior unsecured notes and term loan”, as applicable in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill The Company evaluates the carrying value of goodwill each year as of October 1 and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. When evaluating whether goodwill is impaired, the Company compares the fair value of its reporting units to its carrying amounts, including goodwill. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units based upon a combination of the net present value of future cash flows and a market-based approach. Future cash flows are estimated based upon certain economic assumptions. The estimates of future cash flows are subject, but not limited to the following significant assumptions: revenue growth rates, operating costs and margins, capital expenditures, tax rates, long-term growth rates and discount rates, which are affected by expectations about future market and economic conditions. The assumptions are based on risk-adjusted growth rates and discount factors accommodating multiple viewpoints that consider the full range of variability contemplated in the current and potential future economic situations. The market-based multiples approach assesses the financial performance and market values of other market-participant companies. If the estimated fair value of each of the reporting units exceeds the corresponding carrying value, no impairment of goodwill exists. If a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be calculated by comparing the implied fair value of goodwill to the reporting unit’s carrying amount. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amount assigned for fair value to its other assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. There were no goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Revenue Recognition Revenues for the Company include rent, storage and warehouse services (collectively, Warehouse Revenue), third-party managed services for locations or logistics services managed on behalf of customers (Third-Party Managed Revenue), transportation services (Transportation Revenue), and revenue from the sale of quarry products (Other Revenue). Warehouse Revenue The Company’s customer arrangements generally include rent, storage and service elements that are priced separately. Revenues from storage and handling are recognized over the period consistent with the transfer of the service to the customer. Multiple contracts with a single counterparty are accounted for as separate arrangements. Third-Party Managed Revenue The Company provides management services for which the contract compensation arrangement includes: reimbursement of operating costs, fixed management fee, and contingent performance-based fees (Managed Services). Managed Services fixed fees are recognized as revenue as the management services are performed ratably over the service period. Managed Services performance-based fees are recognized ratably over the service period based on the likelihood of achieving performance targets. Cost reimbursements related to Managed Services arrangements are recognized as revenue as the services are performed and costs are incurred. Managed Services fees and related cost reimbursements are presented on a gross basis as the Company is the principal in the arrangement. Multiple contracts with a single counterparty are accounted for as separate arrangements. Transportation Revenue The Company records transportation revenue and expenses upon delivery of the product. Since the Company is the principal in the arrangement of transportation services for its customers, revenues and expenses are presented on a gross basis. Other Revenue Other revenue primarily includes the sale of limestone produced by the Company’s quarry business. Revenues from the sale of limestone are recognized upon delivery to customers. Contracts with Multiple Service Lines When considering contracts containing more than one service to a customer, a contract’s transaction price is pre-defined or allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as the performance obligation is satisfied, either over time as work progresses, or at a point in time. For contracts with multiple service lines or distinct performance obligations, the Company evaluates and allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin approach, under which the Company forecasts expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then adds an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. Income Taxes The Company operates in a manner intended to enable it to continue to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856-860 of the Code. Under those sections, a REIT that distributes at least 100% of its REIT taxable income, as defined in the Code, as a dividend to its shareholders each year and that meets certain other conditions will not be taxed on that portion of its taxable income that is distributed to its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Through cash dividends, the Company, for tax purposes, has distributed an amount equal to or greater than its REIT taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. For all periods presented, the Company has met all the requirements to qualify as a REIT. Thus, no provision for federal income taxes was made for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, except as needed for the Company’s U.S. Taxable REIT Subsidiaries (TRSs), for the Company’s foreign entities, and a REIT excise tax payment in 2018 disclosed in Note 18 of these financial statements. To qualify as a REIT, an entity cannot have at the end of any taxable year any undistributed earnings and profits that are attributable to a non-REIT taxable year (undistributed E&P). The Company believes that it has no undistributed E&P as of December 31, 2019. However, to the extent there is a determination (within the meaning of Section 852(e)(1)) of the Code that the Company has undistributed earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) accumulated (or acquired from another entity) from any taxable year in which the Company (or any other entity that converts to a Qualified REIT Subsidiary (QRS) that was acquired during the year) was not a REIT or a QRS, the Company will take all necessary steps to permit the Company to avoid the loss of its REIT status, including, but not limited to: 1) within the 90-day period beginning on the date of the determination, making one or more qualified designated distributions (within the meaning of the Section 852(e)(2)) of the Code in an amount not less than such undistributed earnings and profits over the interest payable under section 852(e)(3) of the Code; and 2) timely paying to the IRS the interest payable under Section 852(e)(3) of the Code resulting from such a determination. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for the four subsequent taxable years. Even as a REIT, it may be subject to certain state and local income and franchise taxes, and to U.S. federal income and excise taxes on undistributed taxable income and on certain built-in gains. The Company has elected TRS status for certain wholly-owned subsidiaries. This allows the Company to provide services at those consolidated subsidiaries that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs. Many of the foreign countries in which we have operations do not recognize REITs or do not accord REIT status under their respective tax laws to our entities that operate in their jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Company recognizes income tax expense for the U.S. federal and state income taxes incurred by the TRSs, taxes incurred in certain U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions, and interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefit liabilities, as applicable. Taxable REIT Subsidiary The Company has elected to treat certain of its wholly owned subsidiaries as TRSs. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes at regular corporate tax rates. Thus, income taxes for the Company’s TRSs are accounted for using the asset and liability method, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for (i) temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards based on enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets when it estimates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be insufficient to fully use a deduction or credit in a specific jurisdiction. In assessing the need for the recognition of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized and adjust the valuation allowance accordingly. We evaluate all significant available positive and negative evidence as part of our analysis. Negative evidence includes the existence of losses in recent years. Positive evidence includes the forecast of future taxable income by jurisdiction, tax-planning strategies that would result in the realization of deferred tax assets, reversal of existing deferred tax liabilities, and the presence of taxable income in prior carryback years. The underlying assumptions we use in forecasting future taxable income require significant judgment and take into account our recent performance. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences are deductible or creditable. The Company accrues liabilities when it believes that it is more likely than not that it will not realize the benefits of tax positions that it has taken in its tax returns or for the amount of any tax benefit that exceeds the cumulative probability threshold in accordance with ASC 740-10, Uncertain Tax Positions. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within “Income tax (expense) benefit” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries, including any other components of the outside basis difference in these subsidiaries, are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, except for Canada and Hong Kong. The Company changed its assertion for its Canadian subsidiaries in 2018 to begin repatriating its unremitted earnings to the U.S. starting in 2018. The Company is also no longer permanently reinvested with regard to its investment in Hong Kong in 2019. If our plans change in the future for any other foreign subsidiary or if we elect to repatriate the unremitted earnings of our other foreign subsidiaries in the form of distributions or otherwise, we would be subject to additional income taxes which could result in a higher effective tax rate. As disclosed in Note 18 of these financial statements, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation on December 22, 2017 which imposed a one-time inclusion for our REIT or tax for our TRS on the deemed repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings and profits. However, the Company has provided for local country withholding taxes related to the unremitted earnings to be repatriated in certain foreign jurisdictions to the U.S. TRS. With respect to the foreign subsidiaries owned directly by the REIT, any unremitted earnings would not be subject to additional U.S. level taxes because the REIT would distribute 100% of such earnings or would be subject to a participation exemption beginning in 2018. Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits The Company has defined benefit pension plans that cover certain union and nonunion employees. The Company also participates in multi-employer union defined benefit pension plans under collective bargaining agreements for certain union employees. The Company also has a post-retirement benefit plan to provide life insurance coverage to eligible retired employees. The Company also offers defined contribution plans to all of its eligible employees. Contributions to multi-employer union defined benefit pension plans are expensed as incurred, as are the Company’s contributions to the defined contribution plans. For the defined benefit pension plans and the post-retirement benefit plan, an asset or a liability is recorded in the consolidated balance sheet equal to the funded status of the plan, which represents the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation at the consolidated balance sheet date. The Company utilizes the services of a third-party actuary to assist in the assessment of the fair value of the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation at each measurement date. Certain changes in the value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation are not recognized immediately in earnings but instead are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to earnings in future periods. Foreign Currency Gains and Losses The local currency is the functional currency for the Company’s operations in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. For these operations, assets and liabilities are translated at the rates of exchange on the consolidated balance sheet date, while income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange during the period. The resulting gains or losses arising from the translation of accounts from the functional currency into U.S. dollars are included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until a partial or complete liquidation of the Company’s net investment in the foreign operation. From time to time, the Company’s foreign operations may enter into transactions that are denominated in a currency other than their functional currency. These transactions are initially recorded in the functional currency of the subsidiary based on the applicable exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. On a monthly basis, these transactions are remeasured to an equivalent amount of the functional currency based on the applicable exchange rate in effect on the remeasurement date. Any adjustment required to remeasure a transaction to the equivalent amount of functional currency is recorded in “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company entered into two intercompany loan agreements, whereby the Australia and New Zealand entities borrowed from the U.S. entity. These intercompany loan agreements were denominated in the functional currency of the respective entities. The intercompany loan receivable balances as of December 31, 2019 are AUD $153.5 million and NZD $37.5 million, and are remeasured at the end of each month to the United States Dollar (USD) with any required adjustment recorded in “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses on the remeasurement of short-term intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are recognized as a component of foreign currency gain or loss, except to the extent that the transaction is effectively hedged. For loans that are effectively hedged, the transaction gains and losses on remeasurement are recorded to “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of long-term intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are recognized as a component of “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” if a repayment of these loans is not anticipated. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Lease Accounting In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as amended, which the Company adopted using a modified retrospective transition approach effective January 1, 2019. All leases that commenced prior to our adoption of this new standard were accounted for and disclosed in accordance with our existing policies for application of ASC 840, Leases. Accordingly, prior year amounts were not recast under the new standard. Upon adoption, we elected a package of practical expedients for expired and existing contracts whereby we (1) did not reassess our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs, (2) continued to apply existing accounting policies for all land easements that existed or expire before the date of adoption, (3) did not recognize ROU assets or liabilities for leases that qualify as short-term leases for all classes of underlying assets, and (4) did not separate lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets. The Company did not elect to apply the hindsight practical expedient when determining the term for our leases. The new standard requires disclosure of additional quantitative and qualitative information for lessee and lessor arrangements which has been included above in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and in Note 13. Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This update eliminates step two of the goodwill impairment test, and specifies that goodwill impairment should be measured by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. Additionally, the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount of net assets should be disclosed. For public business entities that are SEC filers, this ASU is effective for annual and any interim impairment tests for periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is allowed for all entities as of January 1, 2017, for annual and any interim impairment tests occurring after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2019 on a prospective basis and it did not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU refines and expands hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. ASU 2017-12 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption, including adoption in an interim period, is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2017-12 on January 1, 2019 on a prospective basis and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes. This ASU permits the use of the OIS rate based upon SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for purposes of applying hedge accounting under Topic 815. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee announced that it identified the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR) as its preferred alternative to LIBOR. The Company intends to continue to use LIBOR until its extermination date in 2021, and intends to replace LIBOR with SOFR at that time. The Company adopted ASU 2018-16 on January 1, 2019 and does not believe that the transition from LIBOR to SOFR will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which more closely aligns the accounting for employee and nonemployee share-based payments. The standard will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 on a prospective basis, and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Future Adoption of Accounting Standards Fair Value Measurement - Disclosure Framework In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The ASU removes the requirement to disclose: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU requires disclosure of changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income (loss) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For public business entities, this guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. Collaborative Arrangements In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. ASU 2018-18 clarifies that certain transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement should be accounted for under ASC 606 when the counterparty is a customer and precludes an entity from presenting consideration from a transaction in a collaborative arrangement as revenue from contracts with customers if the counterparty is not a customer for that transaction. For public business entities, these amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Company believes the adoption of ASU 2018-18 will not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Credit Losses In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). This ASU introduces new guidance for the accounting for credit losses. For trade receivables, the Company will be required to use a forward-looking expected loss model rather than the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses which reflects losses that are probable. The standard will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company continues to assess the impact of adopting this standard and does not believe the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Defined Benefit Plans In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. This update amends ASC 715 to remove disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial, clarifies the specific requirements of disclosures, and adds disclosure requirements identified as relevant to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The ASU’s changes related to disclosures are part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all entities and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. The Company does not expect the provisions of ASU 2018-14 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). This ASU is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, however, early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company continues to assess the impact of adopting this standard and does not believe the adoption of ASU 2019-12 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Other Presentation Matters Reclassifications Certain immaterial, prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Consolidated Statement of Operations reflects the reclassification required in the prior period upon addition of a new caption described as “Acquisition, litigation and other”, which was previously classified within “Selling, general and administrative”. Refer to Note 8 for further detail of this caption. The Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity reflects the reclassification required in the prior period upon addition of a new caption described as “Common share issuance related to share-based payment plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes”, which was previously classified within “Share-based compensation expense (Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units)”. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows reflects the reclassification of certain immaterial amounts related to amortization from the caption previously described as “Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal expense and amortization” which is now classified within “Amortization of deferred financing costs and pension withdrawal liability”.
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| Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity-Method Investments | Equity-Method Investments During 2010, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, made total cash investments of $46.2 million in two newly-formed Hong Kong entities, China Merchants Americold Holdings Logistics Company Limited (CMAL) and China Merchants Americold Holdings Company Limited (CMAH, together with CMAL, the Joint Venture, or China JV). Through these subsidiaries, the Company acquired a 49% interest in the Joint Venture, while China Merchants Holdings International Company (CMHI) acquired the remaining 51% interest in the Joint Venture. CMHI is a Hong Kong based entity that is part of the China Merchants Group. Other affiliates of CMHI subsequently purchased 50,000 shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Shares, subsequently converted to common shares in connection with our IPO. The Joint Venture was formed with the purpose of acquiring, owning, and operating temperature-controlled warehouses, primarily in the People’s Republic of China. During 2015, the Company made an additional capital contribution of $1.3 million to the Joint Venture for general corporate purposes. In 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge totaling $6.5 million related to our investment in the Joint Venture as we determined that the recorded investment was no longer recoverable from the projected future cash flows expected to be received from the Joint Venture. The estimated fair value of this investment was determined based on active negotiations of the proceeds expected to be received from the potential sale of our investment interests to the joint venture partner. During the third quarter of 2019, the Company completed the sale of its equity interest in its China JV to an affiliate of its joint venture partner for total cash consideration of $15.0 million. The resulting gain on the sale of the China JV totaled $4.3 million and is included in “Gain from sale of partially owned entities” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The gain recorded includes $2.6 million related to cumulative foreign currency translation historically recorded through Other Comprehensive Income which stemmed from the remeasurement of the foreign denominated equity-method investment in the China JV. The following tables summarize the financial information of the Company’s China JV for the periods presented, prior to disposition. The condensed summary financial information for the Company’s China JV is as follows for the portion of the year which the Company held ownership interest in the China JV during 2019 and the full year ended December 31, 2018:
In addition to the China JV, the Company had an investment in a joint venture accounted for under the equity-method, for which a complete return of capital totaling $2.0 million was received during the first quarter of 2019, eliminating the Company’s involvement in the joint venture.
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Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
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| Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Intangible Assets The changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
The goodwill acquired in 2019 primarily related to the Cloverleaf and Lanier acquisitions in the Warehouse segment. Refer to Note 3 for additional information. Intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Additions in 2019 relate to the Cloverleaf, Lanier, MHW and PortFresh acquisitions. Refer to Notes 2 and 3 for further details of each acquisition. The following table describes the estimated amortization of intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter. In addition, the table describes the net impact on rent expense due to the amortization of below-market leases for the next five years and thereafter:
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Other Assets Other Assets |
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| Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Assets | Other Assets Other assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
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Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses |
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| Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses | Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
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Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges |
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| Acquisition, Litigation and Other Special Charges [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business Combination, Acquisition Related Cost, Litigation Expense And Other Special Charges Disclosure [Text Block] | Acquisition, Litigation and Other Charges The components of the charges included in “Acquisition, litigation and other” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
Acquisition related costs include costs associated with business transactions, whether consummated or not, such as advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other professional or consulting fees. We also include integration costs pre- and post-acquisition that reflect work being performed to facilitate merger and acquisition integration, such as work associated with information systems and other projects including spending to support future acquisitions, and primarily consist of professional services. We consider acquisition related costs to be corporate costs regardless of the segment or segments involved in the transaction. Acquisition costs for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily consisted of a $10.0 million investment advisory fee, employee retention expense, non-capitalizable legal and professional fees related to completed and potential acquisitions, and acquisition integration costs. Refer to Note 3 for further information regarding acquisitions completed in the current year. Litigation costs consist of expenses incurred in order to defend the Company from litigation charges outside of the normal course of business as well as related settlements not in the normal course of business. Litigation costs incurred in connection with matters arising from the ordinary course of business are expensed as a component of “Selling, general and administrative expense” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Strategic alternative costs consist of operating costs associated with our review of various contemplated strategic transactions prior to our initial public offering. Severance costs represent certain contractual and negotiated severance and separation costs from exited former executives, reduction in headcount due to synergies achieved through acquisitions or operational efficiencies and reduction in workforce costs associated with exiting or selling non-strategic warehouses or businesses. Equity acceleration and modification costs represent the unrecognized expense for stock awards that vest and convert to common shares in advance of the original negotiated vesting date and any other equity award changes resulting in accounting for the award as a modification. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $2.4 million of severance related to reduction in headcount as a result of the synergies created from the Cloverleaf Acquisition, $1.2 million of severance related to the departure of two former executives, $3.0 million related to a reduction in headcount within our international operations from organizational realignments, as well as $3.1 million of accelerated equity award vesting. Refer to Note 17 for further details of all equity modifications and equity acceleration. Non-offering related equity issuance expense consists of non-registration statement related legal fees associated with the selling shareholders’ secondary public offering completed during the first quarter of 2019, which consisted solely of shares sold by YF ART Holdings and Goldman Sachs and affiliates (see Note 1 for more information). The Company received no proceeds from the secondary offering. Non-offering related equity issuance expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 consisted of non-capitalizable legal and professional fees associated with the September 2018 follow-on equity issuance and non-registration statement related costs and an Australian stamp duty tax related to the Company’s IPO. Terminated site operations costs relates to repair expenses incurred to return leased sites to their original physical state at lease inception in connection with the termination of the applicable underlying lease. These terminations were part of our strategic efforts to exit or sell non-strategic warehouses as opposed to ordinary course lease expirations. In 2018, the Company was released from liability under a previously exited leased facility, for which we originally recorded in 2017 a charge of $2.1 million repair expense to return the site to its original condition. As a result, we reversed this charge in 2018. In total, $0.3 million was paid in conjunction with the exit of this facility. Repair and maintenance expenses associated with our ordinary course operations are reflected as operating expenses on our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Non-recurring public company implementation costs for the year ended December 31, 2018, represent costs associated with the implementation of financial reporting systems and processes needed to convert the organization to a public company.
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Debt of the Company |
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| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt of the Company | Debt of the Company In this Note 9, the “Company” refers only to Americold Realty Trust and not to any of its subsidiaries. The Company itself does not have any indebtedness. All debt is held directly or indirectly by the Operating Partnership. The Company guarantees the Operating Partnership’s obligations with respect to its outstanding debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, as detailed in Note 10, with the exception of the 2013 Mortgage Loans which have limited guarantees for fraud and environmental carve-outs by Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P. Debt of the Operating PartnershipA summary of outstanding indebtedness of the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):
2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility On December 4, 2018, the Company entered into the 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility to, among other things, (i) increase the revolver borrowing capacity from $450 million to $800 million, (ii) convert the credit facility (term loan and revolver) from a secured credit facility to an unsecured credit facility, and (iii) decrease the applicable interest rate margins from 2.35% to 1.45% and decrease the fee on unused borrowing capacity by five basis points. The terms of the revolver allow for the ability to draw proceeds in multiple currencies, up to $400 million. In connection with entering into the original agreement and subsequent amendments for the Term Loan A Credit Facility, we capitalized approximately $8.9 million of debt issuance costs, which we amortize as interest expense under the effective interest method. The unamortized balance of Term Loan A debt issuance costs are included in “Mortgage notes, senior unsecured notes and term loan” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2019, $2.8 million of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the revolving credit facility are included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. On September 24, 2019, the Company reduced our interest rate margins from 1.45% to 1.00% on the Term Loan A, and 1.45% to 0.90% on the Revolving Credit Facility. In addition, the Company decreased the fee on unused borrowing capacity to a flat 20 basis points regardless of the percentage of total commitment used. The Company received a favorable credit rating during the third quarter of 2019. This rating, when combined with existing ratings, allowed the Company to transition to a favorable ratings-based pricing grid. Our 2018 Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility is structured to include a borrowing base, which allows us to borrow against the lesser of our Senior Unsecured Term Loan A Facility balance outstanding, our Senior Unsecured Notes balance outstanding, $800 million in revolving credit commitments, and the value of certain owned real estate assets and ground leased assets. Our 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility contains representations, covenants and other terms customary for a publicly traded REIT. In addition, it contains certain financial covenants, as defined in the credit agreement, including:
Our 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility is fully recourse to our Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Series A, B and C Senior Unsecured Notes On November 6, 2018, the Company priced a debt private placement transaction consisting of (i) $200 million senior unsecured notes with a coupon of 4.68% due January 8, 2026 (“Series A”) and (ii) $400 million senior unsecured notes with a coupon of 4.86% due January 8, 2029 (“Series B”), (collectively referred to as the “Senior Unsecured Notes”). The transaction closed on December 4, 2018. Interest will be paid on January 8 and July 8 of each year until maturity, with the first payment occurring July 8, 2019. The notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Company and are guaranteed by the Company and the subsidiaries of the Company. The Company applied a portion of the proceeds of the private placement transaction to repay the outstanding balances of the $600 million Americold 2010 LLC Trust, Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2010, ART (2010 Mortgage Loans). The Company also used the remaining proceeds to extinguish the Australian term loan and the New Zealand term loan (ANZ Loans). See below for further detail regarding the early extinguishment of debt under Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments. On April 26, 2019, we priced a debt private placement transaction consisting of $350 million senior unsecured notes with a coupon of 4.10% due January 8, 2030 (“Series C”). The transaction closed on May 7, 2019. Interest is payable on January 8 and July 8 of each year until maturity, with the first payment occurring January 8, 2020. The initial January 8, 2020 payment will include interest accrued since May 7, 2019. The notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed by the Company and the subsidiaries of the Company. The Company applied the proceeds of the private placement transaction to repay the indebtedness outstanding under our senior unsecured revolving credit facility incurred in connection with the funding of the Cloverleaf and Lanier acquisitions, and general corporate purposes. The Senior Unsecured Notes and guarantee agreement includes a prepayment option executable at any time during the term of the loans. The prepayment can be either a partial payment, or payment in full, as long as the partial payment is at least 5% of the outstanding principal. Any prepayment in full must include a make-whole amount, which is the discounted remaining scheduled payments due to the lender. The discount rate to be used is equal to 0.50% plus the yield to maturity reported for the most recently actively traded U.S. Treasury Securities with a maturity equal to the remaining average life of the prepaid principal. The Company must give each lender at least 10 day’s written notice whenever it intends to prepay any portion of the debt. If a change in control occurs for the Company, the Company must issue an offer to prepay the remaining portion of the debt to the lenders. The prepayment amount will be 100% of the principal amount, as well as accrued and unpaid interest. The Senior Unsecured Notes require compliance with leverage ratios, secured and unsecured indebtedness ratios, and unsecured indebtedness to qualified assets ratios. In addition, the Company is required to maintain at all times a debt rating for each series of notes from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. The Senior Unsecured Notes agreement includes the following financial covenants:
As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. 2013 Mortgage Loans On May 1, 2013, we entered into a mortgage financing in an aggregate principal amount of $322.0 million, which we refer to as the 2013 Mortgage Loans. The debt consists of a senior debt note and two mezzanine notes. The components are cross-collateralized and cross-defaulted. The senior debt note requires monthly principal payments. The mezzanine notes require no principal payments until the stated maturity date in May 2023. The interest rates on the notes are fixed and range from 3.81% to 11.50% per annum. The senior debt note and the two mezzanine notes remain subject to yield maintenance provisions. We used the net proceeds of these loans to refinance certain mortgage loans, acquire two warehouses, and fund general corporate purposes. The 2013 Mortgage Loans are collateralized by 15 warehouses. The terms governing the 2013 Mortgage Loans require us to maintain certain cash amounts in accounts that are restricted as to their use for the respective warehouses. As of December 31, 2019, the amount of restricted cash associated with the 2013 Mortgage Loans was $3.2 million. Additionally, if we do not maintain certain financial thresholds, including a debt service coverage ratio of 1.10x, the cash generated will further be temporarily restricted and limited to the use for scheduled debt service and operating costs. The debt service coverage ratio as of December 31, 2019 was 1.76x. The 2013 Mortgage Loans are non-recourse to the Company, subject to customary non-recourse provisions as stipulated in the agreements. The mortgage loan also requires compliance with other financial covenants, including a debt coverage ratio and cash flow calculation, as defined. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Debt Covenants The Company’s Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities, the Senior Unsecured Notes, and 2013 Mortgage Loans require financial statement reporting, periodic requirements to report compliance with established thresholds and performance measurements, and affirmative and negative covenants that govern allowable business practices of the Company. The affirmative and negative covenants include continuation of insurance, maintenance of collateral, the maintenance of REIT status, and the Company’s ability to enter into certain types of transactions or exposures in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments During 2018, the Company completed multiple refinancing and extinguishment of debt transactions resulting in an aggregate amount of $47.6 million each of which was recorded to “Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments”. During the first quarter of 2018, simultaneous with the IPO, the Company closed on a Senior Secured Term Loan A and repaid the Term Loan B. Shortly thereafter, the Company amended the facility by repaying a portion of the Term Loan A and increasing the capacity on the revolving credit facility. The total amount recorded as a result of these transactions totaled $21.4 million, representing the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and debt discount from Term Loan B. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the 2010 Mortgage Loans were extinguished. This resulted in an $18.5 million defeasance fee, as well as a $3.4 million write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2018, the ANZ Loans were fully prepaid, which resulted in a write-off of $2.2 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and $1.8 million charge for termination of the related interest rate swaps. The aggregate maturities of indebtedness as of December 31, 2019, including amortization of principal amounts due under the mortgage notes for each of the next five years and thereafter, are as follows:
Special Purpose Entity (SPE) Separateness Each of the Company’s legal entities listed in the table below is a special purpose, bankruptcy remote entity, meaning that such entity’s assets and credit are not available to satisfy the debt and other obligations of either the Company or any of its other affiliates.
For financial reporting purposes, the assets, liabilities, results of operations, and cash flows of each legal entity in the table above are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Because each legal entity is separate and distinct from the Company and its affiliates, the creditors of each legal entity have a claim on the assets of such legal entity prior to those assets becoming available to the legal entity’s equity holders and, therefore, to the creditors of the Company or its other affiliates.
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Debt of the Operating Partnership |
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| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt of the Operating Partnership | Debt of the Company In this Note 9, the “Company” refers only to Americold Realty Trust and not to any of its subsidiaries. The Company itself does not have any indebtedness. All debt is held directly or indirectly by the Operating Partnership. The Company guarantees the Operating Partnership’s obligations with respect to its outstanding debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, as detailed in Note 10, with the exception of the 2013 Mortgage Loans which have limited guarantees for fraud and environmental carve-outs by Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P. Debt of the Operating PartnershipA summary of outstanding indebtedness of the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):
2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility On December 4, 2018, the Company entered into the 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility to, among other things, (i) increase the revolver borrowing capacity from $450 million to $800 million, (ii) convert the credit facility (term loan and revolver) from a secured credit facility to an unsecured credit facility, and (iii) decrease the applicable interest rate margins from 2.35% to 1.45% and decrease the fee on unused borrowing capacity by five basis points. The terms of the revolver allow for the ability to draw proceeds in multiple currencies, up to $400 million. In connection with entering into the original agreement and subsequent amendments for the Term Loan A Credit Facility, we capitalized approximately $8.9 million of debt issuance costs, which we amortize as interest expense under the effective interest method. The unamortized balance of Term Loan A debt issuance costs are included in “Mortgage notes, senior unsecured notes and term loan” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2019, $2.8 million of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the revolving credit facility are included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. On September 24, 2019, the Company reduced our interest rate margins from 1.45% to 1.00% on the Term Loan A, and 1.45% to 0.90% on the Revolving Credit Facility. In addition, the Company decreased the fee on unused borrowing capacity to a flat 20 basis points regardless of the percentage of total commitment used. The Company received a favorable credit rating during the third quarter of 2019. This rating, when combined with existing ratings, allowed the Company to transition to a favorable ratings-based pricing grid. Our 2018 Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility is structured to include a borrowing base, which allows us to borrow against the lesser of our Senior Unsecured Term Loan A Facility balance outstanding, our Senior Unsecured Notes balance outstanding, $800 million in revolving credit commitments, and the value of certain owned real estate assets and ground leased assets. Our 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility contains representations, covenants and other terms customary for a publicly traded REIT. In addition, it contains certain financial covenants, as defined in the credit agreement, including:
Our 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility is fully recourse to our Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Series A, B and C Senior Unsecured Notes On November 6, 2018, the Company priced a debt private placement transaction consisting of (i) $200 million senior unsecured notes with a coupon of 4.68% due January 8, 2026 (“Series A”) and (ii) $400 million senior unsecured notes with a coupon of 4.86% due January 8, 2029 (“Series B”), (collectively referred to as the “Senior Unsecured Notes”). The transaction closed on December 4, 2018. Interest will be paid on January 8 and July 8 of each year until maturity, with the first payment occurring July 8, 2019. The notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Company and are guaranteed by the Company and the subsidiaries of the Company. The Company applied a portion of the proceeds of the private placement transaction to repay the outstanding balances of the $600 million Americold 2010 LLC Trust, Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2010, ART (2010 Mortgage Loans). The Company also used the remaining proceeds to extinguish the Australian term loan and the New Zealand term loan (ANZ Loans). See below for further detail regarding the early extinguishment of debt under Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments. On April 26, 2019, we priced a debt private placement transaction consisting of $350 million senior unsecured notes with a coupon of 4.10% due January 8, 2030 (“Series C”). The transaction closed on May 7, 2019. Interest is payable on January 8 and July 8 of each year until maturity, with the first payment occurring January 8, 2020. The initial January 8, 2020 payment will include interest accrued since May 7, 2019. The notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed by the Company and the subsidiaries of the Company. The Company applied the proceeds of the private placement transaction to repay the indebtedness outstanding under our senior unsecured revolving credit facility incurred in connection with the funding of the Cloverleaf and Lanier acquisitions, and general corporate purposes. The Senior Unsecured Notes and guarantee agreement includes a prepayment option executable at any time during the term of the loans. The prepayment can be either a partial payment, or payment in full, as long as the partial payment is at least 5% of the outstanding principal. Any prepayment in full must include a make-whole amount, which is the discounted remaining scheduled payments due to the lender. The discount rate to be used is equal to 0.50% plus the yield to maturity reported for the most recently actively traded U.S. Treasury Securities with a maturity equal to the remaining average life of the prepaid principal. The Company must give each lender at least 10 day’s written notice whenever it intends to prepay any portion of the debt. If a change in control occurs for the Company, the Company must issue an offer to prepay the remaining portion of the debt to the lenders. The prepayment amount will be 100% of the principal amount, as well as accrued and unpaid interest. The Senior Unsecured Notes require compliance with leverage ratios, secured and unsecured indebtedness ratios, and unsecured indebtedness to qualified assets ratios. In addition, the Company is required to maintain at all times a debt rating for each series of notes from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. The Senior Unsecured Notes agreement includes the following financial covenants:
As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. 2013 Mortgage Loans On May 1, 2013, we entered into a mortgage financing in an aggregate principal amount of $322.0 million, which we refer to as the 2013 Mortgage Loans. The debt consists of a senior debt note and two mezzanine notes. The components are cross-collateralized and cross-defaulted. The senior debt note requires monthly principal payments. The mezzanine notes require no principal payments until the stated maturity date in May 2023. The interest rates on the notes are fixed and range from 3.81% to 11.50% per annum. The senior debt note and the two mezzanine notes remain subject to yield maintenance provisions. We used the net proceeds of these loans to refinance certain mortgage loans, acquire two warehouses, and fund general corporate purposes. The 2013 Mortgage Loans are collateralized by 15 warehouses. The terms governing the 2013 Mortgage Loans require us to maintain certain cash amounts in accounts that are restricted as to their use for the respective warehouses. As of December 31, 2019, the amount of restricted cash associated with the 2013 Mortgage Loans was $3.2 million. Additionally, if we do not maintain certain financial thresholds, including a debt service coverage ratio of 1.10x, the cash generated will further be temporarily restricted and limited to the use for scheduled debt service and operating costs. The debt service coverage ratio as of December 31, 2019 was 1.76x. The 2013 Mortgage Loans are non-recourse to the Company, subject to customary non-recourse provisions as stipulated in the agreements. The mortgage loan also requires compliance with other financial covenants, including a debt coverage ratio and cash flow calculation, as defined. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Debt Covenants The Company’s Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities, the Senior Unsecured Notes, and 2013 Mortgage Loans require financial statement reporting, periodic requirements to report compliance with established thresholds and performance measurements, and affirmative and negative covenants that govern allowable business practices of the Company. The affirmative and negative covenants include continuation of insurance, maintenance of collateral, the maintenance of REIT status, and the Company’s ability to enter into certain types of transactions or exposures in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments During 2018, the Company completed multiple refinancing and extinguishment of debt transactions resulting in an aggregate amount of $47.6 million each of which was recorded to “Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments”. During the first quarter of 2018, simultaneous with the IPO, the Company closed on a Senior Secured Term Loan A and repaid the Term Loan B. Shortly thereafter, the Company amended the facility by repaying a portion of the Term Loan A and increasing the capacity on the revolving credit facility. The total amount recorded as a result of these transactions totaled $21.4 million, representing the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and debt discount from Term Loan B. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the 2010 Mortgage Loans were extinguished. This resulted in an $18.5 million defeasance fee, as well as a $3.4 million write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2018, the ANZ Loans were fully prepaid, which resulted in a write-off of $2.2 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and $1.8 million charge for termination of the related interest rate swaps. The aggregate maturities of indebtedness as of December 31, 2019, including amortization of principal amounts due under the mortgage notes for each of the next five years and thereafter, are as follows:
Special Purpose Entity (SPE) Separateness Each of the Company’s legal entities listed in the table below is a special purpose, bankruptcy remote entity, meaning that such entity’s assets and credit are not available to satisfy the debt and other obligations of either the Company or any of its other affiliates.
For financial reporting purposes, the assets, liabilities, results of operations, and cash flows of each legal entity in the table above are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Because each legal entity is separate and distinct from the Company and its affiliates, the creditors of each legal entity have a claim on the assets of such legal entity prior to those assets becoming available to the legal entity’s equity holders and, therefore, to the creditors of the Company or its other affiliates.
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Derivative Financial Instruments |
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| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Financial Instruments | Derivative Financial Instruments The Company is subject to volatility in interest rates due to variable-rate debt. To manage this risk, the Company has entered into multiple interest rate swap agreements. The January 2019 agreement hedges $100 million of variable interest-rate debt, or 21%, of the Company’s outstanding variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2019. The August 2019 agreement hedges $225 million of variable interest-rate debt, or 47%, of the Company’s outstanding variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2019. Each agreement converts the Company’s variable-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis for the next five years, thus reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future interest expense. These agreements involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts in exchange for fixed-rate interest payments over the life of the respective agreement without an exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company’s objective for utilizing these derivative instruments is to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in cash flows due to changes in interest rates. For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that an additional $0.2 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense. The Company classifies cash inflows and outflows from derivatives within operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company is subject to volatility in foreign exchange rates due to foreign-currency denominated intercompany loans. The Company implemented cross-currency swaps to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk on these intercompany loans. These agreements effectively mitigate the Company’s exposure to fluctuations in cash flows due to foreign exchange rate risk. These agreements involve the receipt of fixed USD amounts in exchange for payment of fixed AUD and NZD amounts over the life of the respective intercompany loan. The entirety of the Company’s outstanding intercompany loans receivable balances, $153.5 million AUD and $37.5 million NZD, were hedged under the cross-currency swap agreements at December 31, 2019. For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of foreign exchange risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and subsequently reclassified in the period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings within the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transaction. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that an additional $0.1 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense. The Company classifies cash inflows and outflows from derivatives within operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company is subject to volatility in foreign currencies against its functional currency, the US dollar. Periodically, the Company uses foreign currency derivatives including currency forward contracts to manage its exposure to fluctuations in the CAD-USD exchange rate. While these derivatives are hedging the fluctuations in foreign currencies, they do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements to be classified as hedging instruments. As a result, the changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had two outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts, which were entered into in conjunction with the funding of the Nova Cold Acquisition that were not designated as hedges in a qualifying hedging relationship. The first contract was entered into in December 2019 with a notional to purchase 217.0 million CAD and sell USD maturing on January 2, 2020. The second contract was entered into simultaneously with a notional to sell 217 million CAD and purchase USD maturing on January 31, 2020. The net unrealized gain (loss) on the change in fair value of the outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts included within “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net” on the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 was less than ($0.1) million. The Company determines the fair value of these derivative instruments using a present value calculation with significant observable inputs classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Derivative asset balances are recorded on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets within “Other assets” and derivative liability balances are recorded on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets within “Accounts payable and accrued expenses”. The following table presents the fair value of the derivative financial instruments within “Other assets” and “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
The following tables present the effect of the Company’s designated derivative financial instruments on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, including the impacts to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) (in thousands):
Total interest expense recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $94.4 million, $93.3 million and $114.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net”, recorded in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations was nominal, $2.9 million and ($3.6) million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The table below presents a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company’s derivatives as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The net amounts of derivative assets or liabilities can be reconciled to the tabular disclosure of fair value. The tabular disclosure of fair value provides the location that derivative assets and liabilities are presented on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk, related to these agreements was $3.6 million. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not posted any collateral related to these agreements. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2019, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value of $3.6 million. The Company has agreements with each of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to the Company's default on the indebtedness. Refer to Note 22 for additional details regarding the impact of the Company’s derivatives on AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
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Lease Accounting (Notes) |
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| Lease Accounting | Lease Accounting Arrangements wherein we are the lessee: We have operating and finance leases for land, warehouses, offices, vehicles, and equipment with remaining lease terms ranging from 1 to 33 years. Many of our leases include one or more options to extend the lease term from 1 to 10 years that may be exercised at our sole discretion. Additionally, many of our leases for vehicles and equipment include options to purchase the underlying asset at or before expiration of the lease agreement. Rental payments are generally fixed over the term of the lease agreement with the exception of certain equipment leases for which the rental payment may vary based on usage of the asset. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of December 31, 2019, the rights and obligations with respect to leases which have been signed but have not yet commenced are not material to our financial position or results of operations. The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
(a) Includes short-term lease and variable lease costs, which are immaterial. (b) Sublease income relates to two warehouses in the U.S. and New Zealand. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, rent expense of $36.7 million and $42.3 million, respectively, was recorded pursuant to ASC 840, Leases. Other information related to leases is as follows:
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
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| Lease Accounting | Lease Accounting Arrangements wherein we are the lessee: We have operating and finance leases for land, warehouses, offices, vehicles, and equipment with remaining lease terms ranging from 1 to 33 years. Many of our leases include one or more options to extend the lease term from 1 to 10 years that may be exercised at our sole discretion. Additionally, many of our leases for vehicles and equipment include options to purchase the underlying asset at or before expiration of the lease agreement. Rental payments are generally fixed over the term of the lease agreement with the exception of certain equipment leases for which the rental payment may vary based on usage of the asset. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of December 31, 2019, the rights and obligations with respect to leases which have been signed but have not yet commenced are not material to our financial position or results of operations. The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
(a) Includes short-term lease and variable lease costs, which are immaterial. (b) Sublease income relates to two warehouses in the U.S. and New Zealand. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, rent expense of $36.7 million and $42.3 million, respectively, was recorded pursuant to ASC 840, Leases. Other information related to leases is as follows:
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
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| Lease Accounting | Lease Accounting Arrangements wherein we are the lessee: We have operating and finance leases for land, warehouses, offices, vehicles, and equipment with remaining lease terms ranging from 1 to 33 years. Many of our leases include one or more options to extend the lease term from 1 to 10 years that may be exercised at our sole discretion. Additionally, many of our leases for vehicles and equipment include options to purchase the underlying asset at or before expiration of the lease agreement. Rental payments are generally fixed over the term of the lease agreement with the exception of certain equipment leases for which the rental payment may vary based on usage of the asset. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of December 31, 2019, the rights and obligations with respect to leases which have been signed but have not yet commenced are not material to our financial position or results of operations. The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
(a) Includes short-term lease and variable lease costs, which are immaterial. (b) Sublease income relates to two warehouses in the U.S. and New Zealand. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, rent expense of $36.7 million and $42.3 million, respectively, was recorded pursuant to ASC 840, Leases. Other information related to leases is as follows:
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
Arrangements wherein we are the lessor: We receive lease income as the lessor for certain buildings and warehouses or space within a warehouse. The remaining term on existing leases ranges from 1 to 9 years. Lease income is generally fixed over the duration of the contract and each lease contract contains clauses permitting extension or termination. Lease incentives and options for purchase of the leased asset by the lessee are generally not included. The Company is party to operating leases only and currently does not have sales-type or direct financing leases. Lease income is included within “Rent, storage and warehouse services” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations as denoted in Note 27 “Revenues from Contracts with Customers”. Property, buildings and equipment underlying operating leases is included in “Land” and “Buildings and improvements” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gross value and net value of these assets was $786.4 million and $600.1 million, for Land and Buildings and improvements, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. Depreciation expense for such assets was $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Future minimum lease payments due from our customers on leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
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Sale-Leasebacks of Real Estate |
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| Sale-Leasebacks of Real Estate | Sale-Leasebacks of Real Estate The Company’s outstanding sale-leaseback financing obligations of real estate-related long-lived assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
In September 2010, the Company entered into a transaction by which it assigned to an unrelated third party its fixed price “in the money” purchase option of $18.3 million on a warehouse it was leasing in Ontario, California. The purchase option was exercised in September 2010, and the Company simultaneously entered into a new 20-year lease agreement with the new owner and received $1.0 million of consideration to use towards warehouse improvements. Under the terms of the new lease agreement, the Company will exercise control over the asset for more than 90% of the asset’s remaining useful life, and it has a purchase option within the last six months of the initial lease term at 95% of the fair market value as of the date such option is exercised. The transaction was accounted for as a financing whereby the Company recognized a long-lived asset equal to the purchase price of $18.2 million, a receivable of $1.0 million for the additional consideration, and a financing obligation of $19.2 million. During 2019 and 2018, the principal balance was amortized by nominal amounts. The long-lived asset is being depreciated on a straight-line basis over its remaining economic useful life and a proportionate amount of each periodic rental payment is being charged to interest expense on the effective-interest-rate method. In September 2007, the Company completed a sale-leaseback of 11 warehouses for gross proceeds of $170.7 million. Concurrent with the sale, the Company agreed to lease the properties for various initial terms of 10 to 20 years. The rent increases annually by 1.75%. The lease terms can be extended up to four times at the discretion of the Company, each for a five-year period. The leases are guaranteed by an unsecured indemnity from a related party and the Company had the ability to extend the lease through a period which exceeds 90.0% of the assets’ remaining useful lives. The transaction was accounted for as a financing with an amount of each periodic rental payment being charged to interest expense. The assets continue to be reflected as long-lived assets and depreciated over their remaining useful lives. In July 2013, the lease agreements for six of the 11 warehouses were amended. The amendments extended the expiration date on four of the warehouse leases to September 27, 2027, reduced the annual rent increases from 1.75% to 0.50% on five of the warehouse leases and released the guarantee by the unsecured indemnity from the related party. All of the 11 warehouses subject to the sale-leaseback transaction continue to be accounted for as a financing. As of December 31, 2019, future minimum lease payments, inclusive of certain obligations to be settled with the residual value of related long-lived assets upon expiration of the lease agreement, of the sale-leaseback financing obligations are as follows:
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Fair Value Measurements |
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| Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements The Company categorizes assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair values into one of three tiers based upon fair value hierarchy. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and revolving line of credit approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of the instruments. The Company’s mortgage notes, senior unsecured notes, and term loan are reported at their aggregate principal amount less unamortized deferred financing costs on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of these financial instruments is estimated based on the present value of the expected coupon and principal payments using a discount rate that reflects the projected performance as of each valuation date. The inputs used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s mortgage notes, senior unsecured notes, and term loan are comprised of Level 2 inputs, including senior industrial commercial real estate loan spreads, trading data on comparable unsecured industrial REIT debt, corporate industrial loan indexes, risk-free interest rates, and Level 3 inputs, such as future coupon and principal payments, and projected future cash flows. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis include derivative instruments. The fair value of interest rate swap and cross currency swap agreements, which are designated as cash flow hedges, is based on inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable (Level 2). The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is based on adjusting the spot rate utilized at the balance sheet date for translation purposes by an estimate of the forward points observed in active markets (Level 2). Additionally, the fair value of derivatives includes a credit valuation adjustment to appropriately incorporate nonperformance risk for the Company and the respective counterparty. Although the credit valuation adjustments associated with derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties, the significance of the impact on the overall valuation of our derivative positions is insignificant. The Company’s cash equivalent money market funds and restricted cash assets are valued at quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1), which the Company receives from the financial institutions that hold such investments on its behalf. The fair value hierarchy discussed above is also applicable to the Company’s pension and other post-retirement plans. The Company uses the fair value hierarchy to measure the fair value of assets held by various plans. Refer to Note 20 for the fair value of the pension plan assets. The Company recognizes transfers between levels within the hierarchy as of the beginning of the reporting period. There were no transfers between levels within the hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Company’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis include long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Additionally, the assets and liabilities recorded through acquisitions are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Refer to Note 2 for asset acquisitions and Note 3 for business combinations, and the respective purchase price allocation of the Company’s acquisitions. The Company estimates the fair values using unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value are as follows:
(1)The carrying value of mortgage notes, senior unsecured notes and term loan is disclosed in Note 10.
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Dividends and Distributions |
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| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | Dividends and Distributions In order to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the Company is generally required to make common share distributions (other than capital gain distributions) to its shareholders at least equal to 90% of its REIT taxable income, as defined in the Code, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains. The Company’s common share dividend policy is to distribute a percentage of cash flow to ensure distribution requirements of the IRS are met while allowing the Company to retain cash to meet other needs, such as principal amortization, capital improvements and other investment activities. Common share dividends are characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes as ordinary income, qualified dividend, capital gains, non-taxable income return of capital, or a combination of the four. Common share dividends that exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits (calculated for tax purposes) constitute a return of capital rather than a dividend and generally reduce the shareholder’s basis in the common share. At the beginning of each year, we notify our shareholders of the taxability of the common share dividends paid during the preceding year. The payment of common share dividends is dependent upon our financial condition, operating results, and REIT distribution requirements and may be adjusted at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Trustees. The following tables summarize dividends declared and distributions paid to the holders of common shares and Series B Preferred Shares in 2019, 2018 and 2017:
The dividends declared and paid to holders of Series A Preferred Shares were $0.001 million and $0.016 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In 2018, in connection with the IPO, all outstanding Series A Preferred Shares were redeemed and there were no dividends for the year ended December 31, 2019. For income tax purposes, distributions to preferred and common shareholders are characterized as ordinary income, capital gains, or as a return of shareholder invested capital. The composition of the Company’s distributions per common share and per preferred share is as follows:
Allocations of Net Income and Net Losses to Partners The Operating Partnership’s net income will generally be allocated to Americold Realty Trust (the general partner) and the Operating Partnership’s limited partner, Americold Realty Operations Inc., and certain trustees of Americold Realty Trust, in accordance with the respective percentage interests in the units issued by the Operating Partnership. Net loss will generally be allocated to the general partner and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners in accordance with the respective common percentage interests in the Operating Partnership until the limited partner’s capital is reduced to zero and any remaining net loss would be allocated to the general partner. However, in some cases, losses may be disproportionately allocated to partners who have guaranteed our debt. The allocations described above are subject to special allocations relating to depreciation deductions and to compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Code, and the associated Treasury Regulations. Distributions All distributions on our units are at the discretion of Americold Realty Trusts’ Board of Trustees. We have declared and paid the following distributions to Americold Realty Trust for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
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Partner's Capital Partner's Capital |
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | Dividends and Distributions In order to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the Company is generally required to make common share distributions (other than capital gain distributions) to its shareholders at least equal to 90% of its REIT taxable income, as defined in the Code, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains. The Company’s common share dividend policy is to distribute a percentage of cash flow to ensure distribution requirements of the IRS are met while allowing the Company to retain cash to meet other needs, such as principal amortization, capital improvements and other investment activities. Common share dividends are characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes as ordinary income, qualified dividend, capital gains, non-taxable income return of capital, or a combination of the four. Common share dividends that exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits (calculated for tax purposes) constitute a return of capital rather than a dividend and generally reduce the shareholder’s basis in the common share. At the beginning of each year, we notify our shareholders of the taxability of the common share dividends paid during the preceding year. The payment of common share dividends is dependent upon our financial condition, operating results, and REIT distribution requirements and may be adjusted at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Trustees. The following tables summarize dividends declared and distributions paid to the holders of common shares and Series B Preferred Shares in 2019, 2018 and 2017:
The dividends declared and paid to holders of Series A Preferred Shares were $0.001 million and $0.016 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In 2018, in connection with the IPO, all outstanding Series A Preferred Shares were redeemed and there were no dividends for the year ended December 31, 2019. For income tax purposes, distributions to preferred and common shareholders are characterized as ordinary income, capital gains, or as a return of shareholder invested capital. The composition of the Company’s distributions per common share and per preferred share is as follows:
Allocations of Net Income and Net Losses to Partners The Operating Partnership’s net income will generally be allocated to Americold Realty Trust (the general partner) and the Operating Partnership’s limited partner, Americold Realty Operations Inc., and certain trustees of Americold Realty Trust, in accordance with the respective percentage interests in the units issued by the Operating Partnership. Net loss will generally be allocated to the general partner and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners in accordance with the respective common percentage interests in the Operating Partnership until the limited partner’s capital is reduced to zero and any remaining net loss would be allocated to the general partner. However, in some cases, losses may be disproportionately allocated to partners who have guaranteed our debt. The allocations described above are subject to special allocations relating to depreciation deductions and to compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Code, and the associated Treasury Regulations. Distributions All distributions on our units are at the discretion of Americold Realty Trusts’ Board of Trustees. We have declared and paid the following distributions to Americold Realty Trust for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
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Warrants (Notes) |
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| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | Dividends and Distributions In order to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the Company is generally required to make common share distributions (other than capital gain distributions) to its shareholders at least equal to 90% of its REIT taxable income, as defined in the Code, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains. The Company’s common share dividend policy is to distribute a percentage of cash flow to ensure distribution requirements of the IRS are met while allowing the Company to retain cash to meet other needs, such as principal amortization, capital improvements and other investment activities. Common share dividends are characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes as ordinary income, qualified dividend, capital gains, non-taxable income return of capital, or a combination of the four. Common share dividends that exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits (calculated for tax purposes) constitute a return of capital rather than a dividend and generally reduce the shareholder’s basis in the common share. At the beginning of each year, we notify our shareholders of the taxability of the common share dividends paid during the preceding year. The payment of common share dividends is dependent upon our financial condition, operating results, and REIT distribution requirements and may be adjusted at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Trustees. The following tables summarize dividends declared and distributions paid to the holders of common shares and Series B Preferred Shares in 2019, 2018 and 2017:
The dividends declared and paid to holders of Series A Preferred Shares were $0.001 million and $0.016 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In 2018, in connection with the IPO, all outstanding Series A Preferred Shares were redeemed and there were no dividends for the year ended December 31, 2019. For income tax purposes, distributions to preferred and common shareholders are characterized as ordinary income, capital gains, or as a return of shareholder invested capital. The composition of the Company’s distributions per common share and per preferred share is as follows:
Allocations of Net Income and Net Losses to Partners The Operating Partnership’s net income will generally be allocated to Americold Realty Trust (the general partner) and the Operating Partnership’s limited partner, Americold Realty Operations Inc., and certain trustees of Americold Realty Trust, in accordance with the respective percentage interests in the units issued by the Operating Partnership. Net loss will generally be allocated to the general partner and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners in accordance with the respective common percentage interests in the Operating Partnership until the limited partner’s capital is reduced to zero and any remaining net loss would be allocated to the general partner. However, in some cases, losses may be disproportionately allocated to partners who have guaranteed our debt. The allocations described above are subject to special allocations relating to depreciation deductions and to compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Code, and the associated Treasury Regulations. Distributions All distributions on our units are at the discretion of Americold Realty Trusts’ Board of Trustees. We have declared and paid the following distributions to Americold Realty Trust for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
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Share-Based Compensation |
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| Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation All share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award. The Company issues time-based, performance-based and market performance-based equity awards. Time-based and cliff vesting market performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the employees’ requisite service period, as adjusted for estimate of forfeitures. Performance-based awards are recognized ratably over the vesting period using a graded vesting attribution model upon the achievement of the performance target, as adjusted for estimate of forfeitures. The only performance-based awards issued by the Company were granted in 2016 and 2017. Aggregate share-based compensation charges were $15.9 million, $10.7 million and $2.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Approximately $12.8 million, $8.7 million and $2.4 million of these charges were considered routine share-based compensation expense, and were included as a component of “Selling, general and administrative” expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Approximately $3.1 million of share-based compensation expense was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019 due to accelerated vesting of awards outstanding to former executives and an equity award modification upon trustee resignation, and were included as a component of “Acquisition, litigation and other” expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Approximately $2.0 million of share-based compensation expense was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of modification to certain restricted stock units, and is included as a component of “Acquisition, litigation and other” expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The award modifications and awards with accelerated vesting are discussed further under the section “Modification of Restricted Stock Units and Accelerated Vesting of Awards”. As of December 31, 2019, there was $24.7 million of unrecognized share‑based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. Americold Realty Trust 2008 and 2010 Equity Incentive Plans During December 2008, the Company and the common shareholders approved the Americold Realty Trust 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (2008 Plan), whereby the Company may issue either stock options or stock appreciation rights based upon a reserved pool of 4,900,025 common shares. No additional awards may be granted under the 2008 Plan. During December 2010, the Company and the common shareholders approved the Americold Realty Trust 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (2010 Plan), whereby the Company could issue stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock bonus awards, and/or dividend equivalents with respect to the Company’s common shares, cash bonus awards, and/or performance compensation awards to certain eligible participants, as defined, based upon a reserved pool of 3,849,976 of the Company’s common shares. No additional awards may be granted under the 2010 Plan. Americold Realty Trust 2017 Equity Incentive Plan On January 4, 2018, the Company’s Board of Trustees adopted the Americold Realty Trust 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (2017 Plan), which permits the grant of various forms of equity- and cash-based awards from a reserved pool of 9,000,000 common shares of the Company. On January 17, 2018, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2017 Plan. Equity-based awards issued under the 2017 Plan have the rights to receive dividend equivalents on an accrual basis. Dividend equivalents for market performance-based awards are forfeitable in the event of termination for cause or when voluntary departure occurs during the vesting period. Otherwise, dividend equivalents are accrued at the time of declaration and paid upon the vesting of the awards. Time-based awards have the right to receive nonforfeitable dividend equivalent distributions on unvested units throughout the vesting period. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company accrued $1.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of dividend equivalents on unvested units payable to employees and non-employee trustees. Modification of Restricted Stock Units and Accelerated Vesting of Awards On January 4, 2018, the Company’s Board of Trustees approved the modification of awards to allow the grant of dividend equivalents to all participants in the 2010 Plan with respect to any and all vested restricted stock units of the Company that have not been settled or converted to shares pursuant to the 2010 Plan. On the same day, the Company’s Board of Trustees resolved that no further awards may be granted under the 2010 Plan after the approval of the 2017 Plan. As a result, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $2.0 million to reflect the change in fair value associated with the modification of the dividend equivalents rights of the outstanding equity awards under the 2010 Plan. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved the modification of an award issued in 2018 to a member of the Board of Trustees upon his resignation. This modification immediately accelerated the next vesting tranche of 100,000 restricted stock units which otherwise would not have vested until 2020 assuming the trustee continued service, under the original award agreement. As a result of this modification, the Company recognized approximately $2.9 million of share-based compensation expense during the first quarter of 2019. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2019, the Company recognized accelerated share-based compensation expense of $0.2 million upon the termination of former executives, in accordance with the terms of their original award agreements. Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock units are nontransferable until vested. Prior to the issuance of a common share, the grantees of restricted stock units are not entitled to vote the shares. Time-based restricted stock unit awards vest in equal annual increments over the vesting period. The grant date fair values for time-based restricted unit stock awards is equal to the closing market price of Americold Realty Trust common stock on the grant date. Performance-based and market performance-based restricted stock unit awards vest upon the achievement of the performance target, as well as completion of performance period. The following table summarizes restricted stock unit grants by grantee type during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
Of the restricted stock units granted for the year ended December 31, 2019, (i) 12,285 were time-based restricted stock units with a one-year vesting period issued to non-employee trustees in recognition of their efforts and oversight in the first year as a public company, (ii) 5,982 were time-based restricted stock units with a one-year vesting period issued to non-employee trustees as part of their annual compensation (iii) 261,816 were time-based graded vesting restricted stock units with various vesting periods ranging from one to three years issued to certain employees and (iv) 243,168 were market performance-based cliff vesting restricted stock units with a three-year vesting period issued to certain employees. Of the restricted stock units granted for the year ended December 31, 2018, (i) 331,250 were time-based graded vesting restricted stock units with a three-year vesting period issued to non-employee trustees in connection with the IPO, (ii) 42,188 were time-based graded vesting restricted stock units with a one-year vesting period issued to non-employee trustees as part of their annual compensation, (iii) 659,751 were time-based graded vesting restricted stock units with various vesting periods ranging from one to four years years issued to certain employees and (iv) 604,000 were market performance-based cliff vesting restricted stock units with a three-year vesting period issued to certain employees. Of the restricted stock units granted for the year ended December 31, 2017, (i) 18,348 were time-based graded vesting restricted stock units with a two-year and a three-year vesting period issued to non-employee trustees as part of their annual compensation, (ii) 69,860 were time-based graded vesting restricted stock units with a five-year vesting period issued to certain employees a (iii) 71,428 were performance-based cliff vesting restricted stock units with a five-year vesting period based upon achievement of annual Company EBITDA performance against target. The following table provides a summary of restricted stock awards activity under the 2010 and 2017 Plans as of December 31, 2019:
The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted during years 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $33.29, $17.21 and $13.13 per unit, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019 the weighted average grant date fair value of vested and converted restricted stock units was $17.34 and forfeited restricted stock units was $16.75. The weighted average grant date fair value of non-vested restricted stock units was $22.50 and $17.06 per unit as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Market Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Trustees approved the annual grant of market performance-based restricted stock units under the 2017 Plan to employees of the Company. The awards utilize relative total shareholder return (TSR) over a three-year measurement period as the market performance metric. Awards will vest based on the Company’s TSR relative to the RMZ over a three-year market performance period, or the Market Performance Period, commencing in January 1, 2019 and ending on December 31, 2021, as applicable (or, if earlier, ending on the date on which a change in control of the Company occurs), subject to continued services. Vesting with respect to the market condition is measured based on the difference between the Company’s TSR percentage and the TSR percentage of the RMZ, or the RMZ Relative Market Performance. In the event that the RMZ Relative Market Performance during the Market Performance Period is achieved at the “threshold,” “target” or “high” level as set forth below, the awards will become vested as to the market condition with respect to the percentage of RSUs, as applicable, set forth below:
If the RMZ Relative Market Performance falls between the levels specified above, the percentage of the award that will vest with respect to the market condition will be determined using straight-line linear interpolation between such levels. Market performance-based restricted units granted during 2018 utilize absolute total shareholder return (TSR) over a three-year measurement period as the market performance metric. Awards will vest based on the Company’s TSR relative to the percentage appreciation (rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent), in the value per share of stock during the performance period, over a three-year market performance period, commencing on January 18, 2018 and ending on December 31, 2020 (or, if earlier, ending on the date on which a change in control of the Company occurs), subject to continued services. In the event that the TSR upon completion of the market performance period is achieved at the “minimum,” “target” or “maximum” level as set forth below, the awards will become vested as to the market condition with respect to the percentage RSUs, as applicable, set forth below:
In the event TSR falls between 8% and 10%, TSR shall be determined using a straight line linear interpolation between 50% and 100% and in the event it falls between 10% and 12%, TSR shall be determined using a straight line linear interpolation between 100% and 150%. In the event that the Company’s TSR does not meet 50% of the Target Award (i.e., the minimum threshold listed above), the Restricted Stock Units shall be automatically forfeited and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary shall have any further obligations to the participant under the agreement. In no event will the number of RSUs that vest pursuant to the agreement exceed 150% of the Target Award. The fair values of the awards were measured using a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the probability of the market vesting condition being satisfied. The Company’s achievement of the market vesting condition is contingent on its TSR over a three-year market performance period, relative to the total stock price. Monte Carlo simulation is well-accepted for pricing market based awards, where the number of shares that will vest depends on the future stock price movements. For each simulated path, the TSR is calculated at the end of the performance period and determines the vesting percentage based on achievement of the performance target. The fair value of the RSUs is the average discounted payout across all simulation paths. Assumptions used in the valuations are summarized as follows:
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units The grant of the performance-based restricted stock unit award in April 2017 resulted in a grant date fair value of $13.43 and was measured utilizing the Black-Scholes methodology. The Company’s achievement of the performance vesting condition was contingent on the achievement of Core EBITDA. The key assumptions used in the valuation of the April 2017 award were as follows:
OP Units During the year ended December 31, 2019, upon recommendation by the Compensation Committee, the Board of Trustees approved the grant of OP units in connection with future grants made to the Board of Trustees and management of the Company at the Senior Vice President level or above. The recipient will have the option to elect their grant in the form of either restricted stock units or OP units. As a result of this election, a total of 20,190 time-based OP Units were granted to certain trustees as part of their annual compensation. The OP units will vest in one year, had an aggregate grant date fair value of $0.7 million, and had an aggregate intrinsic value of $0.7 million as of December 31, 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no OP units granted to management of the Company. Stock Options Activity The following table provides a summary of option activity for the year ended December 31, 2019:
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| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Taxes | Income Taxes As discussed in Note 2, the Company operates in compliance with REIT requirements for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, the Company must distribute at least 90 percent of its taxable income (including dividends paid to it by its TRSs). In addition, the Company must meet a number of other organizational and operational requirements. It is management’s intention to adhere to these requirements and maintain the Company’s REIT status. Most states where we operate conform to the federal rules recognizing REITs. On August 1, 2019, the Company issued OP Units of the Operating Partnership to unrelated third parties. As a result, the Operating Partnership is now a regarded partnership under federal tax law, and the Operating Partnership’s accompanying consolidated financial statements include the related provision balances for federal income taxes. Certain subsidiaries have made an election with the Company to be treated as TRSs in conjunction with the Company’s REIT election; the TRS elections permit us to engage in certain business activities in which the REIT may not engage directly. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes on the income from these activities. A provision for taxes of the TRSs and of foreign branches of the REIT is included in our consolidated financial statements. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation in the form of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) that significantly revised the U.S. tax code effective January 1, 2018 by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat 21%, imposing a mandatory one-time deemed repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings (commonly referred to as the “transition tax”), limiting deductibility of interest expense and certain executive compensation, and implementing a territorial tax system. The full impact of this change in tax law is final and the Company completed its accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA as of December 31, 2018. As a result of adopting the TCJA, a $3.8 million non-recurring tax benefit was recognized in 2018 for the refund of alternative minimum tax credits. The Company determined that no inclusion was required for the transition tax in 2018. The Company recorded an opening deferred tax liability of $9.6 million as part of its preliminary purchase price allocation on the acquisitions. This deferred tax liability primarily arose from book to tax basis differences in land, buildings and equipment and intangible assets acquired offset by certain liabilities assumed in the acquisition. Purchase accounting related to the deferred income tax assets and liabilities acquired in the acquisitions is preliminary and subject to change as additional information is obtained. The Company continues to assert that the undistributed earnings of its Argentine subsidiary are permanently reinvested. The Company changed its assertion for the earnings of its Canadian subsidiaries in 2018 due to the Company’s plans to remit cash in the future. During 2019 the Company recognized an amount of deferred tax liability related to the outside basis difference of $0.4 million in its Canadian subsidiaries. The Company plans on liquidating its Hong Kong subsidiary in 2020 and is, therefore, no longer asserting permanent reinvestment. However, the outside basis difference cannot be monetized in the US and, as a result, the associated deferred tax asset is not realizable in the near future. No additional income taxes have been provided for any additional outside basis difference inherent in the other foreign entities, as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Undistributed earnings of the Argentine subsidiary amounted to approximately $13.8 million at December 31, 2019. The global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) provisions of the TCJA impose a tax on the income of certain foreign subsidiaries in excess of a specified return on tangible assets used by the foreign companies. The Company continues to account for the GILTI inclusion as a period cost and thus has not recorded any deferred tax liability associated with GILTI. There was no taxable deemed dividend recorded for the Company for the 2019 tax year. The amount of taxable deemed dividend recorded for the Company for the 2018 tax year is $0.2 million. Also, as a result of IRS guidance issued during the third quarter of 2018, the Company now includes any GILTI as REIT qualified income. Following is a summary of the income/(loss) before income taxes in the U.S. and foreign operations:
The benefit (expense) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
Income tax benefit (expense) attributable to income (loss) before income taxes differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before income taxes. The reconciliation between the statutory rate and reported amount is as follows:
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
As of December 31, 2019, the Company has gross U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $41.8 million, of which $20.4 million was generated prior to 2018 and will expire between 2032 and 2036. These losses are subject to an annual limitation under IRC section 382 as a result of our IPO and another ownership change experienced in March of 2019; however the limitation should not impair the Company’s ability to utilize the losses. The remaining $21.4 million was generated after 2017 and is subject to new laws as set forth by the TCJA and has no expiration date, but can only be utilized to offset up to 80% of future taxable income annually. The Company has gross state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $36.1 million from its TRSs, which will expire at various times between 2020 and 2039. The Company has an Alternative Minimum Tax credit carryforward remaining in the amount of $2.2 million that can be used to offset regular tax until 2021 or any unused credit will continue to be partially refunded in 2019 and 2020 and fully refundable by 2021. Additionally, the Company has a federal Research and Experimentation Credit of approximately $0.9 million that will expire between 2036 and 2039. Annually we consider whether it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. In making this assessment, we consider recent operating results, the expected scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable benefits and tax planning strategies. In performing our quarterly valuation allowance assessment during 2019, we concluded that certain deferred tax liabilities totaling $9.6 million from acquisitions during the year would be available to offset deferred tax assets for one of our U.S. TRSs that were historically subject to a valuation allowance. These deferred tax liabilities are are expected to turn and subsequently generate taxable income in the future. The $9.6 million benefit was offset by a $6.0 million increase to the valuation allowance for additional deferred tax assets created by that TRS. Consequently, we reduced the valuation allowance by $3.6 million from $19.6 million in 2018 to $16.0 million in 2019 associated with these deferred tax assets. The following table summarizes the activity related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
*Balance would favorably affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits include exposures related to positions taken on U.S. federal, state, and foreign income tax returns as of December 31, 2019. Due to the lapse in statutes of limitations during 2019, the Company reduced its unrecognized tax benefits related to U.S. federal and state exposures to zero offset by $0.4 million for a new position taken in a foreign jurisdiction at the end of 2019. In the normal course of business, the Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future tax and interest assessments by these taxing authorities and the Company has accrued a liability when it believes it is more likely than not that the tax position claimed on tax returns will not be sustained by the taxing authorities on the technical merits of the position. Changes in the recognition of the liability are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. As of December 31, 2019, the Company is generally no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local, or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2016. However, for U.S. income tax purposes, the 2012 and 2013 tax years were open, to the extent that net operating losses were generated in those years and continue to be subject to adjustments from taxing authorities in the tax year they are utilized. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company filed a ruling request with the IRS for confirmation of a tax position for which it believes qualifies (more likely than not) for the treatment historically applied by the Company. The Company settled the positions with the IRS in December 2017 and was required to make an excise tax payment in the amount of $4.3 million including interest to resolve the matter for years prior to 2017 and paid $0.6 million in 2018 to resolve the matter for 2017. The payments, excluding interest, are included in “Total income tax benefit (expense)” in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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Variable Interest Entities |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
| Variable Interest Entities | Variable Interest Entities New Market Tax Credit On May 1, 2019, the Company assumed a financing arrangement born out of the New Markets Tax Credit (“NMTC” or “NMTC Transactions”) program. These financing arrangements were originated by Cloverleaf in 2015 to monetize state and federal tax credits related to the construction of a cold storage warehouse in Monmouth, Illinois. The NMTC program was provided for in the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 (“the Act”) and is intended to induce capital investment in qualified lower income communities. The structure of the financing arrangement is such that Cloverleaf lent money to investment funds into which tax credit investors also made capital contributions. The tax credit investors receive the benefit of the resulting tax credits in exchange for their capital contributions to the investment funds. Tax credits were generated through contribution of the investment fund’s proceeds into special purpose entities having authority from the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive tax credits in exchange for qualifying investments. These entities, known as a Community Development Entities (“CDE”), made qualifying investments in the Monmouth, Illinois cold storage facility in the form of loans payable by Cloverleaf. The loan agreements for monies lent to the investments funds and amounts payable to the CDEs extend through 2045 but contain provisions permitting dissolution in 2022. This coincides with the conclusion of the seven-year compliance period during which the tax credits may be recognized and the NMTCs are subject to 100% recapture. Based on the nature of the arrangements, we expect them to dissolve in 2022. The Company has determined that the financing arrangement with the investment funds and CDEs contains a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The ongoing activities of the investment funds - collecting and remitting interest and fees and NMTC compliance - were all considered in the initial design and are not expected to significantly affect economic performance throughout the life of the investment funds. Management considered the contractual arrangements that obligate the Company to deliver tax benefits and provide various other guarantees to the structure; the tax credit investor’s lack of a material interest in the underling economics of the project; and the fact that the Company is obligated to absorb losses of the investment funds. The Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE and consolidated the investments funds and CDEs, as VIEs, in accordance with the accounting standards for consolidation. Through NMTC Transactions, the Company effectively received net loan proceeds equal to the tax credit investor’s contributions to the investment funds. At inception of the arrangement in 2015, the benefit of contributions by tax credit investor’s totaled approximately $5.6 million. The Company is recognizing the benefit of the contributions ratably over the life of the project which these proceeds were used to fund. As of December 31, 2019, the balance of the deferred contribution liability was $4.9 million, which is included in “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is required to be in compliance with various regulations and contractual provisions that apply to the NMTC arrangement. Non-compliance with applicable requirements could result in projected tax benefits not being realized and, therefore, could require the Company to indemnify the tax credit investors for any loss or recapture of NMTCs related to the financing until such time as the obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved. The Company is in compliance with all applicable requirements and does not anticipate any credit recaptures will result in connection with this arrangement.
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Employee Benefit Plans |
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| Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee Benefit Plans | Employee Benefit Plans Defined Benefit Pension and Post-Retirement Plans The Company has defined benefit pension plans that cover certain union and nonunion employees in the U.S. Benefits under these plans are based either on years of credited service and compensation during the years preceding retirement or on years of credited service and established monthly benefit levels. The Company also has a post-retirement plan that provides life insurance coverage to eligible retired employees (collectively, with the defined benefit plans, the U.S. Plans). The Company froze benefit accruals for the U.S. Plans for nonunion employees effective April 1, 2005, and these employees no longer earn additional pension benefits. The Company also has a defined benefit plan that covers certain employees in Australia and is referenced as superannuation (the Offshore Plan). The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for the U.S. Plans and the Offshore Plan. Actuarial information regarding these plans is as follows:
The components of net period benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
The service cost component of defined benefit pension cost and postretirement benefit cost are presented in “Selling, general and administrative” and all other components of net period benefit cost are presented in “Other (expense) income, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognizes all changes in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses at December 31 each year. Prior service costs and gains/losses are amortized based on a straight-line method over the average future service of members that are expected to receive benefits. All actuarial gains/losses are exposed to amortization over an average future service period of 6.3 years for the Retirement Income Plan, 7.4 years for the National Service-Related Pension Plan, 5.0 years for Other Post-Retirement Benefits, and 5.8 years for Superannuation as of December 31, 2019. The weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and net period benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
The estimated net loss for the defined benefit plans in the U.S. that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2020 is $1.6 million. There is no estimated prior service cost associated with this plan to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income during 2020. There is no estimated net gain for the Offshore Plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit cost during 2020. The estimated prior service cost associated with this plan to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income during 2020 is nominal. The Company determines the expected return on plan assets based on their market value as of December 31 of each year, as adjusted for a) expected employer contributions, b) expected benefit distributions, and c) estimated administrative expenses. Plan Assets The Company’s overall investment strategy is to achieve a mix of investments for long-term growth and near-term benefit payments. The Company invests in both U.S. and non-U.S. equity securities, fixed-income securities, and real estate. The allocations of the U.S. Plans’ and the Offshore Plan’s investments by fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
To develop the assumption for the long-term rate of return on assets, the Company considered the historical returns and the future expectations for returns for each asset class, as well as the target asset allocation of the U.S. Plans’ and Offshore Plan’s assets and the effect of periodic rebalancing, consistent with the Company’s investment strategies. For 2020, the Company expects to receive a long-term rate of return of 6.5% for the U.S. Plans and 5.0% for the Offshore Plan. All plans are invested to maximize the return on assets while minimizing risk by diversifying across a broad range of asset classes. The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets as of December 31, 2019, by category, are as follow:
The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets as of December 31, 2018, by category, are as follows:
The U.S. Plans’ assets are in commingled funds that are valued using net asset values. The net asset values are based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, and then divided by the number of shares outstanding. The pension assets are classified as Level 1 when the net asset values are based on a quoted price in an active market. The U.S. Plans’ assets are classified as Level 2 when the net asset value is based on a quoted price on a private market that is not active and the underlying investments are traded on an active market. The Offshore Plans are common/collective trusts and commingled trusts investments, which invest in other collective trust funds otherwise known as the underlying funds. The Company’s interests in the commingled trust funds are based on the fair values of the investments of the underlying funds and therefore are classified as Level 2. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company does not have any investments classified as Level 3. Cash Flow The Company expects to contribute to all plans an aggregate of $2.5 million in 2020. Estimated Future Benefit Payments The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future services, as appropriate, are expected to be paid for all plans as of December 31, 2019:
Multi-Employer Plans The Company contributes to a number of multi-employer benefit plans under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover union-represented employees. These plans generally provide for retirement, death, and/or termination benefits for eligible employees within the applicable collective bargaining units, based on specific eligibility/participation requirements, vesting periods, and benefit formulas. The risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following aspects:
The table below outlines the Company’s participation in multi-employer pension plans for the periods ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and sets forth the contributions into each plan. The “EIN/Pension Plan Number” column provides the Employer Identification Number (EIN) and the three-digit plan number. The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2018 and 2019 relates to the plans’ two most recent fiscal year-ends. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plans’ administrators and is certified by each plan’s actuary. Among other factors, plans certified in the red zone are generally less than 65% funded, plans certified in the orange zone are (i) less than 80% funded and (ii) have an accumulated funding deficiency or are expected to have a deficiency in any of the next six plan years, plans certified in the yellow zone are less than 80% funded, and plans certified in the green zone are at least 80% funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates whether a financial improvement plan (FIP) for yellow/orange zone plans, or a rehabilitation plan (RP) for red zone plans, is either pending or has been implemented. As of December 31, 2019, all plans that have either a FIP or RP requirement have had the respective FIP or RP implemented (see table below). The Company’s collective-bargained contributions satisfy the requirements of all implemented FIPs and RPs and do not currently require the payment of any surcharges. In addition, minimum contributions outside the agreed-upon contractual rate are not required. For the plans detailed in the following table, the expiration dates of the associated collective bargaining agreements range from February 13, 2019 to June 30, 2026. For all the plans detailed in the following table, the Company has not contributed more than 5% of the total plan contribution for 2019, 2018 and 2017. The Company contributes to multi-employer plans that cover approximately 60% of union employees. The amounts charged to expense within the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $18.0 million, $17.4 million and $17.0 million, respectively. Projected minimum contributions required for the upcoming fiscal year are approximately $17.3 million. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a charge of $9.2 million representing the present value of a liability associated with its withdrawal obligation under the New England Teamsters & Trucking Industry Multi-Employer Pension Fund (the Fund) for hourly, unionized associates at four of its domestic warehouse facilities. The Fund is significantly underfunded in accordance with Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) funding standards and, therefore, ERISA required the Fund to develop a Rehabilitation Plan. The Fund Trustees chose to create a new fund that minimizes the pension withdrawal liability. As a result, current employers participating in the Fund were given the opportunity to exit the Fund and convert to a new fund. The Company’s portion of the unfunded liability (undiscounted), estimated at $13.7 million, will be repaid in equal monthly installments of approximately $0.04 million over 30 years, interest free. The Company recognized an expense and related liability equal to the present value of the withdrawal liability upon exiting the Fund, and amortizes the difference between such present value and the estimated unfunded liability through interest expense over the repayment period.
Government-Sponsored Plans The Company contributes to certain government-sponsored plans in Australia and Argentina. The amounts charged to expense within the Consolidated Statements of Operations and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $5.8 million, $5.7 million and $5.4 million, respectively. Defined Contribution Plan The Company has defined contribution employee benefit plans, which cover all eligible employees. The plans also allow contributions by plan participants in accordance with Section 401(k) of the IRC. The Company matches a percentage of each employee’s contributions consistent with the provisions of the plans. The aggregate cost of our contributions to the 401(k) Plan charged to expense within the Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $4.2 million, $3.9 million and $3.6 million, respectively. Deferred Compensation The Company has deferred compensation and supplemental retirement plan agreements with certain of its executives. The agreements provide for certain benefits at retirement or disability and also provide for survivor benefits in the event of death of the employee. The Company contribution amounts charged to expense relative to this plan were nominal for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
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Commitments and Contingencies |
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| Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commitments and Contingencies | Commitments and Contingencies Letters of Credit As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were $23.0 million and $29.6 million, respectively, of outstanding letters of credit issued on the Company’s Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. Bonds The Company had outstanding surety bonds of $4.3 million and $2.7 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These bonds were issued primarily in connection with insurance requirements, special real estate assessments and construction obligations. The increase relates to utility bonds from the Cloverleaf Acquisition. Construction Commitments As of December 31, 2019, the Company had the following construction commitments related to its expansion of existing warehouse facilities:
Collective Bargaining Agreements As of December 31, 2019, worldwide we employed approximately 12,600 people. Currently, 49% of the Company’s labor force is covered by collective bargaining agreements, and 84 of our 178 warehouses have unionized associates that are governed by 74 different collective bargaining agreements. We are currently in negotiations for one new agreement which will bring our total to 75 agreements. During 2020, the Company will be renegotiating 19 collective bargaining agreements, covering all or parts of 26 operating warehouses worldwide. The Company does not anticipate any workplace disruptions during this renegotiation process. Legal Proceedings In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company and its legal counsel evaluate the merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims, as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought. If the assessment of a contingency suggests that a loss is probable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated, then a loss is recorded. In addition to the matters discussed below, the Company may be subject to litigation and claims arising from the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, the outcome of such matters is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Kansas Breach of Settlement Agreement Litigation This case was served against the Company in Wyandotte County, Kansas, on January 17, 2013, alleging breach of a 1994 Settlement Agreement reached with customers of our predecessor company, Americold Corporation. The plaintiffs originally brought claims in 1992 arising from a fire the previous year in an underground warehouse facility. In 1994, a settlement was reached whereby Americold Corporation agreed to the entry of a $58.7 million judgment against it and assigned its rights to proceed against its insurer to satisfy the judgment. The settlement agreement contained a standard “cooperation provision” in which Americold Corporation agreed to execute any additional documents necessary to fulfill the intent of the settlement agreement. The plaintiffs then sued Americold Corporation’s insurer to recover on the consent judgment. The case was ultimately dismissed in 2012, and the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that the 1994 consent judgment had expired and was not revivable as a matter of law. On September 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a separate claim in the district court of Wyandotte County, Kansas, alleging that the Company and one of its subsidiaries, Americold Logistics, LLC, as successors to Americold Corporation, are liable for the full amount of the judgment, based upon the allegation that the Company failed to execute a document or take action to keep the judgment alive and viable. On February 7, 2013, the Company removed the case to the U.S. federal court and ultimately filed a motion for summary judgment, which the plaintiffs vigorously opposed. On October 4, 2013, the court granted the Company’s motion and dismissed the case in full. Only one plaintiff appealed the dismissal to the U.S. Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals ordered that the case be remanded to the Kansas State Court and the judgment in favor of Americold be vacated, finding U.S. federal diversity jurisdiction did not exist over the Company. The Company petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for certiorari and oral argument occurred on January 19, 2016. On March 7, 2016, the United States Supreme Court ruled that there was no federal diversity jurisdiction. Following the decision, the United States District Court for the District of Kansas entered an Order vacating the summary judgment and remanding the case to Kansas state court. Regardless of the venue, the Company remains confident that its defenses on the merits of plaintiffs’ claims are strong under Kansas law. Following remand to Kansas state court, Plaintiffs initially petitioned the court to amend their complaint to drop their claim for damages and only seek an Order of Specific Performance requiring Americold to sign a new document reinstating the consent judgment assigned in the 1994 Settlement Agreement. Plaintiffs filed a later motion to add back the damages claim, which was granted in February 2018. Since December 31, 2018, the court granted the Company’s motions to dismiss Kraft and Safeway from the case given they did not appeal the District Court’s Order dismissing their claims and are bound by the judgment entered against them. The Kraft and Safeway plaintiffs have appealed their dismissals. The trial court has stayed the proceedings pending the appeal. In addition, the Company has sued the Chubb Group seeking the court’s declaration that Chubb owes coverage of the amounts sought by Plaintiffs and for bad faith damages for denying coverage. Given the status of the proceedings to date, a liability amount cannot be reasonably estimated. The Company believes the ultimate outcome of this matter will not have a material adverse impact on its consolidated financial statements. Preferred Freezer Services, LLC Litigation On February 11, 2019, Preferred Freezer Services, LLC (“PFS”) moved by Order to Show Cause in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, asserting breach of contract and other claims against the Company and seeking to preliminarily enjoin the Company from acting to acquire certain properties leased by PFS. In its complaint and request for preliminary injunctive relief, PFS alleged that the Company breached a confidentiality agreement entered into in connection with the Company’s participation in a bidding process for the sale of PFS by contacting PFS’s landlords and by using confidential PFS information in bidding for the properties leased by PFS. PFS’s request for a preliminary injunction was denied after oral argument on February 26, 2019. On March 1, 2019, PFS filed an application for interim injunctive relief from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, First Judicial Department. On April 2, 2019, while its application to the First Department was pending, PFS voluntarily dismissed its state court action, and First Department application, and re-filed substantially the same claims against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. In addition to an order enjoining Americold from making offers to purchase the properties leased by PFS, PFS seeks compensatory, consequential and/or punitive damages. The Company has filed a motion to require PFS to reimburse the Company for its legal fees it incurred for the state court action before PFS is allowed to proceed in the federal court action. On February 18, 2020, the Court issued an order granting, in part, Americold’s request for an award of legal fees from Preferred Freezer and lifting the stay of the proceeding. The Company denies the allegations and believes PFS’s claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend this claim. Given the status of the proceedings to date, a liability cannot be reasonably estimated. The Company believes the ultimate outcome of this matter will not have a material adverse impact on its consolidated financial statements. Jose Contreras Employment Putative Class Action On February 22, 2019, Plaintiff Jose Contreras (a former employee) filed a putative class action against the Company in the San Bernardino County Superior Court asserting that the Company: (1) failed to pay minimum wages; (2) failed to pay overtime wages; (3) failed to pay all vacation wages; (4) failed to provide meal periods; (5) failed to provide accurate wage statements; (6) failed to pay wages timely to terminated employees; and (7) violated California unfair business practices. On April 10, 2019, the Company filed an Answer and Affirmative Defenses in response to the complaint and successfully removed the case to federal court in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. On May 2, 2019, plaintiff filed a separate lawsuit for civil penalties under California’s Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”) in the San Bernardino Superior Court against the Company, Case No. CIV-DS-1913525 based on similar factual allegations that are asserted in the complaint. The Company successfully obtained a dismissal of the San Bernardino Superior Court Action. On June 18, 2019, the plaintiff amended his complaint in the pending federal court action to add a rest period violation claim and PAGA penalty claims based on similar allegations that are asserted in the complaint. Plaintiff’s counsel later dismissed plaintiff’s vacation wages claim from his first amended complaint. The Company denies the plaintiff’s claims and denies that plaintiff and the putative class members have been damaged in any respect or in any amount as a result of any act or omission by the Company. The Company also denies that this case is appropriate for class treatment and further asserts, among other grounds, that this case is unmanageable as a PAGA representative action. The Company has entered into a preliminary settlement of the case for $2.5 million. The settlement of the case is subject to court approval. Environmental Matters The Company is subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulations in each of the locations in which the Company operates. Compliance with these requirements can involve significant capital and operating costs. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in civil or criminal fines or sanctions, claims for environmental damages, remediation obligations, the revocation of environmental permits, or restrictions on the Company’s operations. The Company records accruals for environmental matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated based on current law and existing technologies. The Company adjusts these accruals periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress or as additional technical or legal information become available. The Company recorded nominal environmental liabilities in accounts payable and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. The Company believes it is in compliance with applicable environmental regulations in all material respects. Under various U.S. federal, state, and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real estate may be liable for the entire cost of investigating, removing, and/or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on such property. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the contamination. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by the environmental laws may be held responsible for the entire clean-up cost. There are no material unrecorded liabilities as of December 31, 2019. Most of the Company’s warehouses utilize ammonia as a refrigerant. Ammonia is classified as a hazardous chemical regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency, and an accident or significant release of ammonia from a warehouse could result in injuries, loss of life, and property damage. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) The Company’s warehouses located in the U.S. are subject to regulation under OSHA, which requires employers to provide employees with an environment free from hazards, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, and unsanitary conditions. The cost of complying with OSHA and similar laws enacted by states and other jurisdictions in which we operate can be substantial, and any failure to comply with these regulations could expose us to substantial penalties and potentially to liabilities to employees who may be injured at our warehouses. The Company records accruals for OSHA matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. The Company believes that it is in substantial compliance with all OSHA regulations and that no material unrecorded liabilities exist as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
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| Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income The Company reports activity in AOCI for foreign currency translation adjustments, including the translation adjustment for the investment in the China JV prior to the sale of our interest, unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedge derivatives, and minimum pension liability adjustments (net of tax). The activity in AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
(2) Amount reclassified from AOCI for the derecognition of cumulative foreign currency translation gain related to the sale of partially owned entities is recognized in Gain from sale of partially owned entities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Related-Party Transactions |
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| Related Party Transactions [Abstract] | |
| Related-Party Transactions | Related-Party Transactions Transactions with Goldman Prior to the March 2019 secondary offering, Goldman was a significant shareholder of the Company. Goldman is considered a related party as a result of their ownership for a portion of the current year, and therefore, the Company has disclosed the fees paid to Goldman for various services provided. The Company continues to use services provided by Goldman in the ordinary course of business subsequent to Goldman’s complete disposition of ownership in March 2019. Affiliates of Goldman are part of the lending group under the 2018 Senior Unsecured Credit Facility, and have a $90.0 million, or 7.1%, total commitment. Another affiliate of Goldman was one of the lending group under the ANZ Loans (with a 2.5% participation in the Australia Term Loan and 31.8% in the New Zealand Term Loan), which the Company repaid during December 2018. Goldman was also the counterparty to the interest rate swap agreements, which were terminated in December 2018 in connection with the extinguishment of the ANZ Loans. As a member of the previously described lending groups, the Company is required to pay certain fees to Goldman, which may include interest on borrowings, unused facility fees, letter of credit participation fees, and letter of credit facility fees. The Company paid interest expense and fees to Goldman totaling approximately $1.4 million, $2.3 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Interest payable to Goldman was nominal as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. The net settlements of the terminated ANZ interest rate swap agreements are not included in the figures above and totaled approximately $1.2 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, a swap termination fee was paid to Goldman in 2018 of $1.8 million in conjunction with the extinguishment of the ANZ Loans. In connection with the April 2019 follow-on offering, the May 2019 debt private placement and the Cloverleaf Acquisition, Goldman received total fees of approximately $15.2 million. In connection with the secondary offering completed in March 2019, Goldman sold their remaining common shares of the Company, totaling 8,061,228 common shares, in an underwritten public offering. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the shares sold by Goldman and its affiliates in this offering. In connection with this transaction, Goldman received an underwriting fee of approximately$2.6 million. Although Goldman was no longer a significant shareholder of the Company, Bradley Gross, a partner at Goldman Sachs, remained on the Board of Trustees through May 22, 2019. Mr. Gross did not stand for re-election to the Board of Trustees in connection with the Company’s annual meeting of shareholders. In January 2019, the Company entered into an interest rate swap with Goldman to hedge the changes in the cash flows of variable interest rate payments on our outstanding 2018 Senior Unsecured Term Loan A Facility. Net settlements under the interest rate swap commenced during the three months ended March 31, 2019. The net settlement of the swap for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $0.2 million. In December 2018, the Company entered into cross-currency swaps with Goldman to fix the cash flows of interest and principal payments on our foreign-currency denominated intercompany loans. Refer to Notes 2 and 11 for more information regarding the cross-currency swaps. These cash flows under the cross currency swaps are made semi-annually and began during the third quarter of 2019. These payments are excluded from amounts disclosed above since they represent ongoing settlements of foreign exchange forwards. Additionally, the Company periodically enters into foreign exchange spot trades with Goldman to facilitate the movement of funds between our international subsidiaries and the U.S., including the funding of the previously mentioned intercompany loans. In connection with the follow-on offering completed in September 2018, Goldman sold 9,083,280 common shares, and after giving effect to the sale owned approximately 9.9% of the Company’s common shares. In connection with the follow-on offering, Goldman received an underwriting fee of approximately $5.0 million, and received a refund of approximately $0.7 million representing the underwriting discount on the gross proceeds received by the selling shareholders. In December 2017, the Company prepaid in escrow a $0.2 million fee to Goldman for its share of the 2018 Senior Secured Credit Facilities commitment, which was related to the refinancing that occurred in tandem with the IPO. In connection with the IPO, Goldman converted its Series B Preferred Shares into 28,808,224 common shares. After giving effect to the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common shares during the IPO, and after giving effect to the sale by Goldman of 5,163,716 common shares in the IPO, Goldman owned approximately 16.7% of the Company’s common shares. In connection with the IPO, Goldman received a refund from the underwriters of approximately $1.6 million, which represents the underwriting discount on the gross proceeds received by the selling shareholders.
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| Geographic Concentrations | Geographic Concentrations The following table provides geographic information for the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and total assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
Our principal operations are organized into four reportable segments: Warehouse, Third-party managed, Transportation and Other.
Our reportable segments are strategic business units separated by service offerings. Each reportable segment is managed separately and requires different operational and marketing strategies. The accounting polices used in the preparation of our reportable segments financial information are the same as those used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements. Our chief operating decision maker uses revenues and segment contribution to evaluate segment performance. We calculate segment contribution as earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and excluding corporate selling, general and administrative expense, acquisition, litigation and other expense, impairment of long-lived assets, gain or loss on sale of real estate and all components of non-operating other income and expense. Selling, general and administrative functions support all the business segments. Therefore, the related expense is not allocated to segments as the chief operating decision maker does not use it to evaluate segment performance. Segment contribution is not a measurement of financial performance under GAAP, and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. You should not consider our segment contribution as an alternative to operating income determined in accordance with GAAP. The following table presents segment revenues and contributions with a reconciliation to Income before income tax benefit (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
The following table details our long-lived assets by reportable segments, with a reconciliation to total assets reported for each of the periods presented in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Information | Geographic Concentrations The following table provides geographic information for the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and total assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
Our principal operations are organized into four reportable segments: Warehouse, Third-party managed, Transportation and Other.
Our reportable segments are strategic business units separated by service offerings. Each reportable segment is managed separately and requires different operational and marketing strategies. The accounting polices used in the preparation of our reportable segments financial information are the same as those used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements. Our chief operating decision maker uses revenues and segment contribution to evaluate segment performance. We calculate segment contribution as earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and excluding corporate selling, general and administrative expense, acquisition, litigation and other expense, impairment of long-lived assets, gain or loss on sale of real estate and all components of non-operating other income and expense. Selling, general and administrative functions support all the business segments. Therefore, the related expense is not allocated to segments as the chief operating decision maker does not use it to evaluate segment performance. Segment contribution is not a measurement of financial performance under GAAP, and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. You should not consider our segment contribution as an alternative to operating income determined in accordance with GAAP. The following table presents segment revenues and contributions with a reconciliation to Income before income tax benefit (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
The following table details our long-lived assets by reportable segments, with a reconciliation to total assets reported for each of the periods presented in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Earnings per Common Share |
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| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per Common Share | Earnings per Common Share Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the net income or loss attributable to common shareholders by the basic and diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding in the period, respectively, using the allocation method prescribed by the two-class method. The Company applies this method to compute earnings per share because it distributes non-forfeitable dividend equivalents on restricted stock units granted to certain employees and non-employee trustees who have the right to participate in the distribution of common dividends while the restricted stock units are unvested. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the weighted-average number of unvested restricted stock units that participated in the distribution of common dividends was 1,405,421, of which 629,929 restricted stock units currently have vested but will not be settled until additional criteria are met. The shares issuable upon settlement of the 2018 forward sale agreement and 2019 forward sale agreement are reflected in the diluted earnings per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of the Company’s common shares used in calculating diluted earnings per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of common shares that would be issued upon full physical settlement of the applicable forward sale agreement over the number of common shares that could be purchased by the Company in the market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). If and when the Company physically or net share settles either forward sale agreement, the delivery of common shares would result in an increase in the number of shares outstanding and dilution to earnings per share. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not settled any portion of the forward sale agreement. Prior to the IPO, holders of Series B Preferred Shares were entitled to cumulative dividends, which were added to the reported net loss whether or not declared or paid to determine the net loss attributable to common shareholders under the two-class method. A reconciliation of the basic and diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
For the year ended December 31, 2017, potential common shares under the treasury stock method and the if-converted method were antidilutive because the Company reported a net loss. Consequently, the Company did not have any adjustments in these periods between basic and diluted loss per share related to stock options, restricted stock units, warrants and convertible preferred shares in this period. The table below presents the weighted-average number of antidilutive potential common shares that are not considered in the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share:
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Revenue from Contracts with Customers |
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| Revenue from Contracts with Customers | Revenue from Contracts with Customers Disaggregated Revenue The following tables represent a disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 by segment and geographic region:
Performance Obligations Substantially all our revenue for warehouse storage and handling services, and management and incentive fees earned under third-party managed and other contracts is recognized over time as the customer benefits equally throughout the period until the contractual term expires. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using an output measure (e.g. passage of time). Revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery when the customer typically obtains control, for most accessorial services, transportation services, reimbursed costs and quarry product shipments. For arrangements containing non-cancellable contract terms, any variable consideration related to storage renewals or incremental handling charges above stated minimums are 100% constrained and not included in aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligations disclosed below, given the degree in difficulty in estimation. Payment terms are generally 0 - 30 days upon billing, which is typically monthly, either in advance or subsequent to the performance of services. The same payment terms typically apply for arrangements containing variable consideration. The Company has no material warranties or obligations for allowances, refunds or other similar obligations. At December 31, 2019, the Company had $658.2 million of remaining unsatisfied performance obligations from contracts with customers subject to a non-cancellable term and within contracts that have an original expected duration exceeding one year. These obligations also do not include variable consideration beyond the non-cancellable term, which due to the inability to quantify by estimate, is fully constrained. The Company expects to recognize approximately 26% of these remaining performance obligations as revenue in 2020, and the remaining 74% to be recognized over a weighted average period of 14.3 years through 2038. Contract Balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in accounts receivable (contract assets), and unearned revenue (contract liabilities) on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Generally, billing occurs monthly, subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. However, the Company may bill and receive advances or deposits from customers, particularly on storage and handling services, before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These assets and liabilities are reported on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the year ended December 31, 2019, were not materially impacted by any other factors. Opening and closing receivables balances related to contracts with customers accounted for under ASC 606 were $213.2 million and $192.1 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. All other trade receivable balances relate to contracts accounted for under ASC 842 or 840, for the applicable period. Opening and closing balances in unearned revenue related to contracts with customers were $16.4 million and $18.6 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Substantially all revenue that was included in the contract liability balances at the beginning of 2018 and 2017 has been recognized as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and represents revenue from the satisfaction of monthly storage and handling services with average inventory turns of approximately 30 days.
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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Trust) - Unaudited |
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Trust) - Unaudited | Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Trust) - Unaudited The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per common share amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted common shares outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted shares. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.) - Unaudited The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per unit amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted units outstanding included in the calculation of units.
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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.) - Unaudited |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.) - Unaudited | Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Trust) - Unaudited The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per common share amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted common shares outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted shares. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.) - Unaudited The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per unit amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted units outstanding included in the calculation of units.
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Subsequent Events |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |
| Subsequent Events [Abstract] | |
| Subsequent Events | Subsequent Events (Unaudited) On January 2, 2020, the Company completed the purchase of all outstanding shares of Nova Cold for cash consideration of CAD $336.8 million (USD $257.1 million). Nova Cold consists of four temperature-controlled facilities in Toronto, Calgary and Halifax. The acquisition was funded utilizing proceeds from the settlement of our April 2019 forward sale agreement combined with cash drawn on our 2018 Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have not yet completed our accounting assessment of the acquistion or completed our cost allocation or preliminary purchase price allocation, as applicable. On January 2, 2020, the Company completed the purchase of all outstanding membership interests of Newport Cold for cash consideration of $56.0 million. Newport Cold consists of a single temperature-controlled warehouse located in St. Paul, Minnesota. We have not yet completed our accounting assessment of the acquisition or completed our cost allocation or preliminary purchase price allocation, as applicable. On January 31, 2020, the Company received official notice from its customer to exercise its contractual call option to purchase land from the Company in Sydney, Australia, which was previously purchased by the Company for future development. Under the agreement with the customer, the Company will be reimbursed for its land purchase in Sydney and related costs. On February 20, 2020, the Company entered into a Share Purchase and Sale agreement to acquire a 14.99% ownership interest in Superfrio Armazéns Gerais S.A. (SuperFrio) for Brazil Real Dollars 117.8 million, or approximately USD $26.4 million. Superfrio is a Brazilian based company that provides temperature-controlled storage and logistics services including: storage, warehouse services and transportation.
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Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation |
Schedule III – Footnotes
(5) Includes real estate impairments recorded in 2019 for the Gateway, GA (Atlanta) site. (6) The following table summarizes the Company’s real estate activity and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31:
The total real estate facilities amounts in the table above include $76.8 million, $80.3 million, and $90.5 million of assets under sale-leaseback agreements accounted for as a financing as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company does not hold title in these assets under sale-leaseback agreements. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has no facilities classified as held for sale. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company sold an idle facility, which was written down earlier in 2019 resulting in an impairment charge of $2.9 million. During the second quarter of 2018, the Company sold a facility resulting in an $8.4 million gain on sale of real estate. In preparation of the warehouse disposal, the Company transferred most of its customers inventory to other owned warehouses within the same region. In February 2019, the Company acquired one facility and adjacent land in connection with the PortFresh Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $35.0 million. In May 2019, the Company acquired 21 facilities in connection with the Cloverleaf Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $891.3 million. Additionally, in May 2019, the Company acquired two facilities in connection with the Lanier Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of 60.0 million. In November 2019, the Company acquired two facilities in connection with the MHW Acquisition, with total property, buildings and equipment of $49.4 million. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company disposed of an idle facility, previously classified as held for sale, for a $0.9 million loss on sale of real estate, and purchased a portion of a facility that was previously operated under a lease agreement with a purchase price of $13.8 million. During the year ending December 31, 2017, the Company acquired a new facility for a total cost of $31.9 million, which included $3.9 million of intangible assets associated with an in-place lease and an above-market lease. In addition, the Company disposed of two idle and one operational facilities with a net book value of $9.2 million for an aggregate amount of $9.2 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company held for sale an idle facility of the Warehouse segment with a carrying amount of $2.6 million, which is included in “Property, plant, and equipment – net” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation | Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and include all of the accounts of Americold Realty Trust and Subsidiaries and the Operating Partnership and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The notes to the consolidated financial statements of Americold Realty Trust and the Operating Partnership have been combined to provide the following benefits:
There are a few differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, which are reflected in these consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. We believe it is important to understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership in the context of how we operate as an interrelated consolidated company. Americold Realty Trust’s only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. As a result, Americold Realty Trust generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing public securities from time to time and guaranteeing certain unsecured debt of the Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates. Americold Realty Trust itself has not issued any indebtedness but guarantees the unsecured debt of the Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, as disclosed in these notes. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all the assets of the Company. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for net proceeds from public equity issuances by Americold Realty Trust, which are generally contributed to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units, the Operating Partnership generally generates the capital required by the Company’s business primarily through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s or its affiliates’ direct or indirect incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of partnership units. The presentation of shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of Americold Realty Trust and those of the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2019 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the general partner, Americold Realty Trust held a 99% interest in partnership units, and the limited partner, Americold Realty Operations, Inc. held a 1% interest in partnership units. The general partnership interests held by Americold Realty Trust in the Operating Partnership are presented as general partner’s capital within partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and as common stock, additional paid-in capital and accumulated dividends in excess of earnings within shareholders’ equity in Americold Realty Trust’s consolidated financial statements. The limited partnership interests held by Americold Realty Operations, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of ART, in the Operating Partnership are presented as limited partners’ capital within partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and within equity in Americold Realty Trust’s consolidated financial statements. The differences in the presentations between shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital result from the differences in the equity presented at the Americold Realty Trust and the Operating Partnership levels. To help investors understand the significant differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, these consolidated financial statements present the following notes to the consolidated financial statements for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership: •Debt of the Company and Debt of the Operating Partnership •Partners’ Capital •Selected Quarterly Financial Information In the sections that combine disclosure of Americold Realty Trust and the Operating Partnership, these notes refer to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that enters into contracts and joint ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the business is one enterprise and the Company generally operates the business through the Operating Partnership.
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| Estimates | Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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| Property, Plant and Equipment | Property, Buildings and Equipment Property, buildings and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets or, if less, the term of the underlying lease. Depreciation begins in the month an asset is placed into service. Useful lives range from 5 to 43 years for buildings and building improvements and 3 to 12 years for machinery and equipment. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded depreciation expense of $153.9 million, $116.0 million and $115.1 million, respectively. Depletion on the limestone quarry is computed by the units-of-production method based on estimated recoverable units. The Company periodically reviews the appropriateness of the estimated useful lives of its long-lived assets. Costs of normal maintenance and repairs and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. When non-real estate assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed, and any resulting gain or loss is included in “Other expense, net” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Gains or losses from the sale of real estate assets are reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations as an operating expense. Costs incurred to develop software for internal use and purchased software are capitalized and included in “Machinery and equipment” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Capitalized software is amortized over the estimated life of the software which ranges from 3 to 10 years. Amortization of previously capitalized amounts was $6.4 million, $5.2 million and $5.0 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in “Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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| Arrangements wherein we are the lessee | Arrangements wherein we are the lessee: At the inception of a contract, we determine if the contract is or contains a lease. Leases are classified as either financing or operating based upon criteria within ASC 842, Leases, and a right-of-use (ROU) asset and liability are established for leases with an initial term greater than 12 months. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, and not expected to renew beyond 12 months, are not recorded on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term, as adjusted for prepayments, incentives and initial direct costs. ROU assets are subsequently measured at the value of the remeasured lease liability, adjusted for the remaining balance of the following, as applicable: lease incentives, cumulative prepaid or accrued rent and unamortized initial direct costs. When available, we use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, we must estimate our incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on information available at lease commencement. We generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. The depreciable lives of assets are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Depreciation expense on assets acquired under financing leases is included in “Depreciation, depletion and amortization” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense on assets acquired under operating leases is included within cost of operations for the respective segment the asset pertains to, or within “Selling, general and administrative” for corporate assets on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. As with other long-lived assets, ROU assets are reviewed for impairment when events or change in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Operating leases are included in “Operating lease right-of-use assets”, “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” and “Operating lease obligations” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Financing lease assets are included in “Financing leases-net”, “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” and “Financing lease obligations” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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| Arrangements wherein we are the lessor | Arrangements wherein we are the lessor: Each new lease contract is evaluated for classification as a sales-type lease, direct financing or operating lease. A lease is a sales-type lease if any one of five criteria are met, as outlined in ASC 842 each of which indicate the lease, in effect, transfers control of the underlying asset to the lessee. If none of those five criteria are met, but two additional criteria are both met, indicating we have transferred substantially all the risks and benefits of the underlying asset to the lessee and a third party, the lease is a direct financing lease. All leases that are not sales-type or direct financing leases are operating leases. We do not currently have any sales-type or direct financing leases. For operating leases wherein we are the lessor, we assess the probability of payments at commencement of the lease contract and subsequently recognize lease income, including variable payments based on an index or rate, over the lease term on a straight-line basis. We continue to measure and disclose the underlying assets subject to operating leases based on our policies for application of ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. For all asset classes we have elected to not separate the lease and non-lease components which generally relate to taxes and common area maintenance. Additionally, we elected a practical expedient to present all funds collected from lessees for sales and other similar taxes net of the related sales tax expense. Our lease contracts are structured in a manner to reduce risks associated with the residual value of leased assets.
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| Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances (such as decreases in operating income and declines in occupancy) indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. A comparison is made of the expected future operating cash flows of the long-lived assets on an undiscounted basis to their carrying amounts. If the carrying amounts of the long-lived assets exceed the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value of the long-lived assets, which the Company calculates based on projections of future cash flows and appraisals with significant unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determined that individual warehouse properties constitute the lowest level of independent cash flows for purposes of considering possible impairment. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded charges of $13.5 million, $0.7 million and $9.5 million, respectively, as “Impairment of long-lived assets” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the first quarter of 2019, management and the Company’s Board of Trustees formally approved the “Atlanta Major Market Strategy” plan which included the partial redevelopment of an existing warehouse facility. The partial redevelopment required the demolition of approximately 75% of the current warehouse, which was unused. The Company expects the remainder of the site to continue operating as normal during the construction period. As a result of this initiative, the Company impaired the carrying value of the portion of the warehouse no longer in use, resulting in a charge of $9.6 million of Warehouse segment assets. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2019 the Company recorded an impairment charge of $2.9 million of Warehouse segment assets related to a domestic idle warehouse facility in anticipation of a potential future sale of the asset. The estimated fair value of this asset was determined based on ongoing negotiations with prospective buyers. The sale of this property was completed during the second quarter of 2019. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company recorded impairment charges of $0.9 million of Transportation segment assets related to the discontinued use of internally developed software and other personal property assets due to the loss of a significant customer relationship within our foreign operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.7 million of Warehouse segment assets related to an idle domestic warehouse facility in anticipation of a future sale of the asset, which was subsequently completed during the fourth quarter of 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $9.5 million of impairment associated with the planned disposal of certain facilities, with a net book value in excess of their estimated fair value based on third-party appraisals or purchase offers. All 2017 long-lived asset impairments related to the Warehouse segment.
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| Impairment of Inventory | In 2017, the Company evaluated the limestone inventory held at its Quarry operations, and determined that approximately $2.1 million of that inventory was not of saleable quality. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment charge for that amount, which is included as a component of “Cost of operations related to other revenues” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. Also during 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge totaling $6.5 million related to its investments in two joint ventures in China accounted for under the equity method. It was determined that the recorded investments were no longer recoverable from the projected future cash flows expected to be received from the ventures. The estimated fair value of each investment was determined based on an assessment of the proceeds expected to be received from the potential sale of the Company’s investment interests to the joint venture partner. The impairment charge is included in “Impairment of partially owned entities” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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| Impairment of Equity Method Investments | Also during 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge totaling $6.5 million related to its investments in two joint ventures in China accounted for under the equity method. It was determined that the recorded investments were no longer recoverable from the projected future cash flows expected to be received from the ventures. The estimated fair value of each investment was determined based on an assessment of the proceeds expected to be received from the potential sale of the Company’s investment interests to the joint venture partner. The impairment charge is included in “Impairment of partially owned entities” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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| Purchase Accounting | Asset Acquisitions We acquired PortFresh in an asset acquisition on February 1, 2019 for $35.2 million, net of cash. The cost incurred in connection with this asset acquisition was allocated primarily to $35.0 million of property, buildings and equipment, $0.4 million of an assembled workforce intangible asset and $0.6 million of other assets and liabilities, net. Additionally, we acquired MHW in an asset acquisition on November 19, 2019 for $50.1 million. The cost incurred in connection with this asset acquisition was allocated primarily to $49.4 million of property, buildings and equipment, $0.5 million of an assembled workforce intangible asset and $0.1 million of other assets and liabilities, net. Additionally, the purchase agreement included a call option to purchase land from the holder of the ground lease at for $4.1 million, which was exercised in January 2020. A right-of-use asset and related obligation were recorded for leases for approximately $4.5 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Bridge Loan Commitment Fees During the second quarter of 2019, we incurred costs of approximately $2.7 million related to unused bridge loan commitment fees in connection with the potential funding need to complete the Cloverleaf Acquisition which ultimately was not utilized. These costs are classified as a component of interest expense within the caption titled “Bridge loan commitment fees” and are presented within “Other expense” on the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations. CombinationsFor business combinations, the excess of purchase price over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. In an asset acquisition where we have determined that the cost incurred differs from the fair value of the net assets acquired, we assess whether we have appropriately determined the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired and we also confirm that all identifiable assets have been appropriately identified and recognized. After completing this assessment, we allocate the difference on a relative fair value basis to all assets acquired except for financial assets (as defined in ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing), deferred taxes, and assets defined as “current” (as defined in ASC 210, Balance Sheet). Whether the acquired business is being accounted for as a business combination or an asset acquisition, the determination of fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques. The Company estimates the fair values using observable inputs classified as Level 2 and unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Significant judgment is involved specifically in determining the estimated fair value of the acquired land and buildings and improvements and intangible assets. For intangible assets, we typically use the excess earnings method. Significant estimates used in valuing intangible assets acquired in a business combination include, but are not limited to, revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, operating costs and margins, capital expenditures, tax rates, long-term growth rates and discount rates. For land and buildings and improvements, we used a combination of methods including the cost approach to value buildings and improvements and the sales comparison approach to value the underlying land. Significant estimates used in valuing land and buildings and improvements acquired in a business combination include, but are not limited to estimates of indirect costs and entrepreneurial profit, which were added to the replacement cost of the acquired assets in order to estimate their fair value in the market. On May 1, 2019, the Company completed the acquisitions of Cloverleaf and Lanier, both of which are accounted for as business combinations. Refer to Note 3 for the disclosures related to these acquisitions.
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| Bridge Loan Commitment Fees and Deferred Financing Costs | Deferred Financing Costs Direct financing costs are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related agreements as a component of “Interest expense” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company amortizes such costs based on the effective interest rate or on a straight-line basis. The Company uses the latter approach when the periodic amortization approximates the amounts calculated under the effective-interest rate method. Deferred financing costs related to revolving line of credits are classified as other assets, whereas deferred financing costs related to long-term debt are offset against “Mortgages notes, senior unsecured notes and term loan”, as applicable in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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| Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits, and short-term liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company held $34.1 million and $37.3 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents in bank accounts of its foreign subsidiaries.
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| Restricted Cash | Restricted Cash Restricted cash relates to cash on deposit and cash restricted for the payment of certain property repairs or obligations related to warehouse properties collateralized by mortgage notes, cash on deposit for certain workers’ compensation programs and cash collateralization of certain outstanding letters of credit, and payment of costs to administer and service the New Market Tax Credit (“NMTC”) entity. Refer to Note 19 for further details of the New Market Tax Credit.
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| Accounts Receivable | Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The Company periodically evaluates the collectability of amounts due from customers and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated amounts uncollectable from customers. Management exercises judgment in establishing these allowances and considers the balance outstanding, payment history, and current credit status in developing these estimates. Specific accounts are written off against the allowance when management determines the account is uncollectable. The following table provides a summary of activity of the allowance for doubtful accounts:
The Company records interest on delinquent billings within “Interest income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, offset by a bad debt provision equal to the amount of interest charged until collected.
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| Indefinite-Lived Asset | Indefinite-Lived Asset The trade name asset, with a carrying amount of $15.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, relates to “Americold” and has an indefinite life; thus, it is not amortized. The Company evaluates the carrying value of its trade name each year as of October 1, and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the trade name below its carrying amount. There were no impairments to the Company’s trade name for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
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| Finite-Lived Assets | Finite-Lived Assets Customer relationship assets are the Company’s largest finite-lived assets amortized over 6 to 25 years using a straight-line or accelerated amortization method dependent on the estimated benefits, which reflects the pattern in which economic benefits of intangible assets are expected to be realized by the Company. Customer relationship amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $7.9 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The weighted-average remaining life of the customer relationship assets is 24.2 years as of December 31, 2019. The Company reviews these intangible assets for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. There were no impairments to customer relationship assets for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Leasehold Interests - Below Market Leases, Above Market Leases and In-place Lease In reference to certain temperature-controlled warehouses where the Company is the lessee in an acquired business, below-market and above-market leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease terms in a manner that adjusts lease expense to the market rate in effect as of the acquisition date. In reference to certain temperature-controlled warehouses where the Company has a tenant lease assigned through an acquisition, the resulting intangible asset is amortized over the remaining term of the tenant lease and recorded to amortization expense. There were no impairments to leasehold interests for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017.
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| Goodwill | Goodwill The Company evaluates the carrying value of goodwill each year as of October 1 and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. When evaluating whether goodwill is impaired, the Company compares the fair value of its reporting units to its carrying amounts, including goodwill. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units based upon a combination of the net present value of future cash flows and a market-based approach. Future cash flows are estimated based upon certain economic assumptions. The estimates of future cash flows are subject, but not limited to the following significant assumptions: revenue growth rates, operating costs and margins, capital expenditures, tax rates, long-term growth rates and discount rates, which are affected by expectations about future market and economic conditions. The assumptions are based on risk-adjusted growth rates and discount factors accommodating multiple viewpoints that consider the full range of variability contemplated in the current and potential future economic situations. The market-based multiples approach assesses the financial performance and market values of other market-participant companies. If the estimated fair value of each of the reporting units exceeds the corresponding carrying value, no impairment of goodwill exists. If a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be calculated by comparing the implied fair value of goodwill to the reporting unit’s carrying amount. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amount assigned for fair value to its other assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. There were no goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
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| Revenue Recognition | Project costs that are clearly associated with the development of properties are capitalized as incurred. Project costs include all costs directly associated with the development of a property, including construction costs, interest, and costs of personnel working on the project. Costs that do not clearly relate to the projects under development are not capitalized and are charged to expense as incurred. Capitalization of costs begins when the activities necessary to get the development project ready for its intended use commence, which include costs incurred before the beginning of construction. Capitalization of costs ceases when the development project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Determining when a development project commences and when it is substantially complete and ready for its intended use involves a degree of judgment. We generally consider a development project to be substantially complete and ready for its intended use upon receipt of a certificate of occupancy. If and when development of a property is suspended pursuant to a formal change in the planned use of the property, we will evaluate whether the accumulated costs exceed the estimated value of the project and write off the amount of any such excess accumulated costs. For a development project that is suspended for reasons other than a formal change in the planned use of such property, the accumulated project costs are written off. Capitalized costs are allocated to the specific components of a project that are benefited. During each of the years ended 2019, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized interest of approximately $3.3 million, $3.2 million, and $1.1 million, respectively. During the years ended 2019, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized amounts relating to compensation and travel expense of employees direct and incremental to development of properties of approximately $0.5 million, $0.6 million, and $0.2 million, respectively. Revenue Recognition Revenues for the Company include rent, storage and warehouse services (collectively, Warehouse Revenue), third-party managed services for locations or logistics services managed on behalf of customers (Third-Party Managed Revenue), transportation services (Transportation Revenue), and revenue from the sale of quarry products (Other Revenue). Warehouse Revenue The Company’s customer arrangements generally include rent, storage and service elements that are priced separately. Revenues from storage and handling are recognized over the period consistent with the transfer of the service to the customer. Multiple contracts with a single counterparty are accounted for as separate arrangements. Third-Party Managed Revenue The Company provides management services for which the contract compensation arrangement includes: reimbursement of operating costs, fixed management fee, and contingent performance-based fees (Managed Services). Managed Services fixed fees are recognized as revenue as the management services are performed ratably over the service period. Managed Services performance-based fees are recognized ratably over the service period based on the likelihood of achieving performance targets. Cost reimbursements related to Managed Services arrangements are recognized as revenue as the services are performed and costs are incurred. Managed Services fees and related cost reimbursements are presented on a gross basis as the Company is the principal in the arrangement. Multiple contracts with a single counterparty are accounted for as separate arrangements. Transportation Revenue The Company records transportation revenue and expenses upon delivery of the product. Since the Company is the principal in the arrangement of transportation services for its customers, revenues and expenses are presented on a gross basis. Other Revenue Other revenue primarily includes the sale of limestone produced by the Company’s quarry business. Revenues from the sale of limestone are recognized upon delivery to customers. Contracts with Multiple Service Lines When considering contracts containing more than one service to a customer, a contract’s transaction price is pre-defined or allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as the performance obligation is satisfied, either over time as work progresses, or at a point in time. For contracts with multiple service lines or distinct performance obligations, the Company evaluates and allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin approach, under which the Company forecasts expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then adds an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service.
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| Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company operates in a manner intended to enable it to continue to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856-860 of the Code. Under those sections, a REIT that distributes at least 100% of its REIT taxable income, as defined in the Code, as a dividend to its shareholders each year and that meets certain other conditions will not be taxed on that portion of its taxable income that is distributed to its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Through cash dividends, the Company, for tax purposes, has distributed an amount equal to or greater than its REIT taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. For all periods presented, the Company has met all the requirements to qualify as a REIT. Thus, no provision for federal income taxes was made for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, except as needed for the Company’s U.S. Taxable REIT Subsidiaries (TRSs), for the Company’s foreign entities, and a REIT excise tax payment in 2018 disclosed in Note 18 of these financial statements. To qualify as a REIT, an entity cannot have at the end of any taxable year any undistributed earnings and profits that are attributable to a non-REIT taxable year (undistributed E&P). The Company believes that it has no undistributed E&P as of December 31, 2019. However, to the extent there is a determination (within the meaning of Section 852(e)(1)) of the Code that the Company has undistributed earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) accumulated (or acquired from another entity) from any taxable year in which the Company (or any other entity that converts to a Qualified REIT Subsidiary (QRS) that was acquired during the year) was not a REIT or a QRS, the Company will take all necessary steps to permit the Company to avoid the loss of its REIT status, including, but not limited to: 1) within the 90-day period beginning on the date of the determination, making one or more qualified designated distributions (within the meaning of the Section 852(e)(2)) of the Code in an amount not less than such undistributed earnings and profits over the interest payable under section 852(e)(3) of the Code; and 2) timely paying to the IRS the interest payable under Section 852(e)(3) of the Code resulting from such a determination. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for the four subsequent taxable years. Even as a REIT, it may be subject to certain state and local income and franchise taxes, and to U.S. federal income and excise taxes on undistributed taxable income and on certain built-in gains. The Company has elected TRS status for certain wholly-owned subsidiaries. This allows the Company to provide services at those consolidated subsidiaries that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs. Many of the foreign countries in which we have operations do not recognize REITs or do not accord REIT status under their respective tax laws to our entities that operate in their jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Company recognizes income tax expense for the U.S. federal and state income taxes incurred by the TRSs, taxes incurred in certain U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions, and interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefit liabilities, as applicable. Taxable REIT Subsidiary The Company has elected to treat certain of its wholly owned subsidiaries as TRSs. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes at regular corporate tax rates. Thus, income taxes for the Company’s TRSs are accounted for using the asset and liability method, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for (i) temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards based on enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets when it estimates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be insufficient to fully use a deduction or credit in a specific jurisdiction. In assessing the need for the recognition of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized and adjust the valuation allowance accordingly. We evaluate all significant available positive and negative evidence as part of our analysis. Negative evidence includes the existence of losses in recent years. Positive evidence includes the forecast of future taxable income by jurisdiction, tax-planning strategies that would result in the realization of deferred tax assets, reversal of existing deferred tax liabilities, and the presence of taxable income in prior carryback years. The underlying assumptions we use in forecasting future taxable income require significant judgment and take into account our recent performance. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences are deductible or creditable. The Company accrues liabilities when it believes that it is more likely than not that it will not realize the benefits of tax positions that it has taken in its tax returns or for the amount of any tax benefit that exceeds the cumulative probability threshold in accordance with ASC 740-10, Uncertain Tax Positions. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within “Income tax (expense) benefit” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries, including any other components of the outside basis difference in these subsidiaries, are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, except for Canada and Hong Kong. The Company changed its assertion for its Canadian subsidiaries in 2018 to begin repatriating its unremitted earnings to the U.S. starting in 2018. The Company is also no longer permanently reinvested with regard to its investment in Hong Kong in 2019. If our plans change in the future for any other foreign subsidiary or if we elect to repatriate the unremitted earnings of our other foreign subsidiaries in the form of distributions or otherwise, we would be subject to additional income taxes which could result in a higher effective tax rate. As disclosed in Note 18 of these financial statements, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation on December 22, 2017 which imposed a one-time inclusion for our REIT or tax for our TRS on the deemed repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings and profits. However, the Company has provided for local country withholding taxes related to the unremitted earnings to be repatriated in certain foreign jurisdictions to the U.S. TRS. With respect to the foreign subsidiaries owned directly by the REIT, any unremitted earnings would not be subject to additional U.S. level taxes because the REIT would distribute 100% of such earnings or would be subject to a participation exemption beginning in 2018.
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| Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits | Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits The Company has defined benefit pension plans that cover certain union and nonunion employees. The Company also participates in multi-employer union defined benefit pension plans under collective bargaining agreements for certain union employees. The Company also has a post-retirement benefit plan to provide life insurance coverage to eligible retired employees. The Company also offers defined contribution plans to all of its eligible employees. Contributions to multi-employer union defined benefit pension plans are expensed as incurred, as are the Company’s contributions to the defined contribution plans. For the defined benefit pension plans and the post-retirement benefit plan, an asset or a liability is recorded in the consolidated balance sheet equal to the funded status of the plan, which represents the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation at the consolidated balance sheet date. The Company utilizes the services of a third-party actuary to assist in the assessment of the fair value of the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation at each measurement date. Certain changes in the value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation are not recognized immediately in earnings but instead are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to earnings in future periods.
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| Foreign Currency Gain and Losses | Foreign Currency Gains and Losses The local currency is the functional currency for the Company’s operations in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. For these operations, assets and liabilities are translated at the rates of exchange on the consolidated balance sheet date, while income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange during the period. The resulting gains or losses arising from the translation of accounts from the functional currency into U.S. dollars are included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until a partial or complete liquidation of the Company’s net investment in the foreign operation. From time to time, the Company’s foreign operations may enter into transactions that are denominated in a currency other than their functional currency. These transactions are initially recorded in the functional currency of the subsidiary based on the applicable exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. On a monthly basis, these transactions are remeasured to an equivalent amount of the functional currency based on the applicable exchange rate in effect on the remeasurement date. Any adjustment required to remeasure a transaction to the equivalent amount of functional currency is recorded in “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company entered into two intercompany loan agreements, whereby the Australia and New Zealand entities borrowed from the U.S. entity. These intercompany loan agreements were denominated in the functional currency of the respective entities. The intercompany loan receivable balances as of December 31, 2019 are AUD $153.5 million and NZD $37.5 million, and are remeasured at the end of each month to the United States Dollar (USD) with any required adjustment recorded in “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses on the remeasurement of short-term intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are recognized as a component of foreign currency gain or loss, except to the extent that the transaction is effectively hedged. For loans that are effectively hedged, the transaction gains and losses on remeasurement are recorded to “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of long-term intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are recognized as a component of “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” if a repayment of these loans is not anticipated.
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| Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Future Adoption of Accounting Standards | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Lease Accounting In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as amended, which the Company adopted using a modified retrospective transition approach effective January 1, 2019. All leases that commenced prior to our adoption of this new standard were accounted for and disclosed in accordance with our existing policies for application of ASC 840, Leases. Accordingly, prior year amounts were not recast under the new standard. Upon adoption, we elected a package of practical expedients for expired and existing contracts whereby we (1) did not reassess our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs, (2) continued to apply existing accounting policies for all land easements that existed or expire before the date of adoption, (3) did not recognize ROU assets or liabilities for leases that qualify as short-term leases for all classes of underlying assets, and (4) did not separate lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets. The Company did not elect to apply the hindsight practical expedient when determining the term for our leases. The new standard requires disclosure of additional quantitative and qualitative information for lessee and lessor arrangements which has been included above in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and in Note 13. Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This update eliminates step two of the goodwill impairment test, and specifies that goodwill impairment should be measured by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. Additionally, the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount of net assets should be disclosed. For public business entities that are SEC filers, this ASU is effective for annual and any interim impairment tests for periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is allowed for all entities as of January 1, 2017, for annual and any interim impairment tests occurring after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2019 on a prospective basis and it did not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU refines and expands hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. ASU 2017-12 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption, including adoption in an interim period, is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2017-12 on January 1, 2019 on a prospective basis and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes. This ASU permits the use of the OIS rate based upon SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for purposes of applying hedge accounting under Topic 815. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee announced that it identified the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR) as its preferred alternative to LIBOR. The Company intends to continue to use LIBOR until its extermination date in 2021, and intends to replace LIBOR with SOFR at that time. The Company adopted ASU 2018-16 on January 1, 2019 and does not believe that the transition from LIBOR to SOFR will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which more closely aligns the accounting for employee and nonemployee share-based payments. The standard will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 on a prospective basis, and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Future Adoption of Accounting Standards Fair Value Measurement - Disclosure Framework In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The ASU removes the requirement to disclose: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU requires disclosure of changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income (loss) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For public business entities, this guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. Collaborative Arrangements In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. ASU 2018-18 clarifies that certain transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement should be accounted for under ASC 606 when the counterparty is a customer and precludes an entity from presenting consideration from a transaction in a collaborative arrangement as revenue from contracts with customers if the counterparty is not a customer for that transaction. For public business entities, these amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Company believes the adoption of ASU 2018-18 will not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Credit Losses In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). This ASU introduces new guidance for the accounting for credit losses. For trade receivables, the Company will be required to use a forward-looking expected loss model rather than the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses which reflects losses that are probable. The standard will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company continues to assess the impact of adopting this standard and does not believe the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Defined Benefit Plans In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. This update amends ASC 715 to remove disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial, clarifies the specific requirements of disclosures, and adds disclosure requirements identified as relevant to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The ASU’s changes related to disclosures are part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all entities and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. The Company does not expect the provisions of ASU 2018-14 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). This ASU is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, however, early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company continues to assess the impact of adopting this standard and does not believe the adoption of ASU 2019-12 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
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| Reclassifications | Reclassifications Certain immaterial, prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Consolidated Statement of Operations reflects the reclassification required in the prior period upon addition of a new caption described as “Acquisition, litigation and other”, which was previously classified within “Selling, general and administrative”. Refer to Note 8 for further detail of this caption. The Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity reflects the reclassification required in the prior period upon addition of a new caption described as “Common share issuance related to share-based payment plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes”, which was previously classified within “Share-based compensation expense (Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units)”. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows reflects the reclassification of certain immaterial amounts related to amortization from the caption previously described as “Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal expense and amortization” which is now classified within “Amortization of deferred financing costs and pension withdrawal liability”.
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Business Combination Business Combinations (Tables) |
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| Business Combinations [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed | The Company completed the acquisition of privately-held Cloverleaf on May 1, 2019. A summary of the preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for total cash consideration of $1.24 billion, as well as adjustments made during 2019 (referred to as “measurement period adjustments”), is as follows (in thousands):
(1) The measurement period adjustments recorded in 2019 did not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. (2) The measurement period adjustments were primarily due to refinements to third party appraisals and carrying amounts of certain assets and liabilities, as well as adjustments to certain tax accounts based on, among other things, adjustments to deferred tax liabilities. The net impact of the measurement period adjustments results in a net increase to goodwill.
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| Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information | The accompanying unaudited pro forma consolidated financial statements exclude the results of the Lanier acquisition, which was deemed immaterial. These statements are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not purport to represent what the actual Consolidated Statements of Operations of the Company or the Operating Partnership would have been had the Cloverleaf Acquisition occurred on the dates assumed, nor are they necessarily indicative of what the results of operations would be for any future periods. Americold Realty Trust and Subsidiaries
Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P. and Subsidiaries
(1) Pro forma net income available to common shareholders was adjusted to exclude $26.6 million of acquisition related costs incurred by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2019, and to include these charges in pro forma net income for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2)Adjusted to give effect to the issuance of approximately 42.1 million common shares in connection with the Cloverleaf Acquisition.
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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables) |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Activity in Real Estate Facilities | Activity in real estate facilities during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is as follows:
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| Restricted Cash Balances | Restricted cash balances as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
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| Summary of Activity of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | The following table provides a summary of activity of the allowance for doubtful accounts:
|
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Equity-Method Investments (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joint ventures between CMAL and CMAH | The condensed summary financial information for the Company’s China JV is as follows for the portion of the year which the Company held ownership interest in the China JV during 2019 and the full year ended December 31, 2018:
|
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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Changes in Goodwill | The changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
|
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| Schedule of Intangible Assets Not Subject to Amortization | Intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization | Intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
|
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| Schedule of Estimated Amortization of Intangible Assets | The following table describes the estimated amortization of intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter. In addition, the table describes the net impact on rent expense due to the amortization of below-market leases for the next five years and thereafter:
|
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Other Assets (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Other Assets | Other assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
|
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Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payables and Accruals [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Accounts payable and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
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Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition, Litigation and Other Special Charges [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Business Combination, Acquisition Related Cost, Litigation Expense And Other Special Charges [Table Text Block] | The components of the charges included in “Acquisition, litigation and other” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
|
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Debt of the Operating Partnership (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of outstanding borrowings | A summary of outstanding indebtedness of the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):
(1) L = one-month LIBOR
|
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| Schedule of aggregate maturities of total indebtedness | The aggregate maturities of indebtedness as of December 31, 2019, including amortization of principal amounts due under the mortgage notes for each of the next five years and thereafter, are as follows:
|
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| Schedule of special purpose separateness | Each of the Company’s legal entities listed in the table below is a special purpose, bankruptcy remote entity, meaning that such entity’s assets and credit are not available to satisfy the debt and other obligations of either the Company or any of its other affiliates.
|
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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Derivative Results | The following table presents the fair value of the derivative financial instruments within “Other assets” and “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
The following tables present the effect of the Company’s designated derivative financial instruments on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, including the impacts to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) (in thousands):
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| Schedule of Gross Presentation, Effects of Offsetting and a Net Presentation of Derivatives | The table below presents a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company’s derivatives as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The net amounts of derivative assets or liabilities can be reconciled to the tabular disclosure of fair value. The tabular disclosure of fair value provides the location that derivative assets and liabilities are presented on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):
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Lease Accounting (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leases [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lease, Cost | The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
(a) Includes short-term lease and variable lease costs, which are immaterial. (b) Sublease income relates to two warehouses in the U.S. and New Zealand. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, rent expense of $36.7 million and $42.3 million, respectively, was recorded pursuant to ASC 840, Leases. Other information related to leases is as follows:
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| Finance Lease, Liability, Maturity | Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
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| Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Maturity | Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
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| Lessor, Operating Lease, Payments to be Received, Maturity | Future minimum lease payments due from our customers on leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
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Sale-Leasebacks of Real Estate (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leases [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of outstanding sale-leaseback financing obligations | The Company’s outstanding sale-leaseback financing obligations of real estate-related long-lived assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
As of December 31, 2019, future minimum lease payments, inclusive of certain obligations to be settled with the residual value of related long-lived assets upon expiration of the lease agreement, of the sale-leaseback financing obligations are as follows:
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Fair Value Measurements (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value | The Company’s assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value are as follows:
(1)The carrying value of mortgage notes, senior unsecured notes and term loan is disclosed in Note 10.
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Dividends and Distributions (Tables) |
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| Equity [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of dividends declared and distributions paid | The following tables summarize dividends declared and distributions paid to the holders of common shares and Series B Preferred Shares in 2019, 2018 and 2017:
(b) Paid in equal quarterly amounts along with the participating dividend.
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| Schedule of distribution type | The composition of the Company’s distributions per common share and per preferred share is as follows:
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Partner's Capital (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Distributions | We have declared and paid the following distributions to Americold Realty Trust for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
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Share-Based Compensation (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of restricted stock units activity | The following table provides a summary of restricted stock awards activity under the 2010 and 2017 Plans as of December 31, 2019:
(1) For certain vested restricted stock units, common share issuance is contingent upon the first to occur of: (1) termination of service; (2) change in control; (3) death; or (4) disability, as defined in the 2010 Plan. Of these vested restricted stock units, 568,753 belong to a member of the Board of Trustees who has resigned and common shares shall not be issued until the first to occur: (1) change in control; or (2) April 13, 2022. Holders of these certain vested restricted stock units are entitled to receive dividend equivalents, but are not entitled to vote the shares until common shares are issued. The weighted average grant date fair value of these units is $9.29 per unit. During 2019, an additional 16,324 of these restricted stock units vested. Of the total restricted stock units vested, but not yet released, 613,605 time-based restricted stock units vested prior to January 1, 2019. The following table summarizes restricted stock unit grants by grantee type during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
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| Schedule of market performance-based restricted stock units thresholds | In the event that the RMZ Relative Market Performance during the Market Performance Period is achieved at the “threshold,” “target” or “high” level as set forth below, the awards will become vested as to the market condition with respect to the percentage of RSUs, as applicable, set forth below:
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| Schedule of performance-based restricted stock unit valuation assumptions | The key assumptions used in the valuation of the April 2017 award were as follows:
(1) Dividends are assumed to be reinvested and therefore not applicable.
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| Schedule of stock option activity | The following table provides a summary of option activity for the year ended December 31, 2019:
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Income Taxes Income Taxes (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign | Following is a summary of the income/(loss) before income taxes in the U.S. and foreign operations:
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| Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | The benefit (expense) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
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| Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation | The reconciliation between the statutory rate and reported amount is as follows:
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| Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
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| Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward | The following table summarizes the activity related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
*Balance would favorably affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized.
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Employee Benefit Plans (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in Projected Benefit Obligations, Fair Value of Plan Assets, and Funded Status of Plan | Actuarial information regarding these plans is as follows:
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| Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Costs | The components of net period benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
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| Schedule of Assumptions Used | The weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and net period benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
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| Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets | The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets as of December 31, 2019, by category, are as follow:
The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets as of December 31, 2018, by category, are as follows:
(6) Includes funds in a separate account held by a regulated investment company that invest primarily in commercial real estate and includes mortgage loans which are backed by the associated properties. The Company can call the investment in these assets with no restrictions. The allocations of the U.S. Plans’ and the Offshore Plan’s investments by fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
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| Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments | The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future services, as appropriate, are expected to be paid for all plans as of December 31, 2019:
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| Schedule of Multiemployer Plans |
(4) The status information is for the plans’ year end at June 30, 2019 and 2018.
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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction Commitments | As of December 31, 2019, the Company had the following construction commitments related to its expansion of existing warehouse facilities:
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | The activity in AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
(2) Amount reclassified from AOCI for the derecognition of cumulative foreign currency translation gain related to the sale of partially owned entities is recognized in Gain from sale of partially owned entities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Geographic Concentrations (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue and Assets by Geographic Concentrations | The following table provides geographic information for the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and total assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
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Segment Information (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Segment Reporting Information | The following table presents segment revenues and contributions with a reconciliation to Income before income tax benefit (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
The following table details our long-lived assets by reportable segments, with a reconciliation to total assets reported for each of the periods presented in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Earning per Common Share (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of weighted average number of common shares outstanding | A reconciliation of the basic and diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
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| Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings (loss) per share | The table below presents the weighted-average number of antidilutive potential common shares that are not considered in the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share:
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Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disaggregation of Revenue | The following tables represent a disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 by segment and geographic region:
(2) Revenues are within the scope of Topic 842 and 840, Leases, for the applicable period.
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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Trust) - Unaudited (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly Financial Data | The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per common share amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted common shares outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted shares. The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per unit amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted units outstanding included in the calculation of units.
|
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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.) - Unaudited (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly Financial Data | The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per common share amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted common shares outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted shares. The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
(a) Quarterly earnings per unit amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted units outstanding included in the calculation of units.
|
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Business Combination - Acquisition of Cloverleaf, Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
May 01, 2019
USD ($)
expansion_opportunity
|
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2018
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2017
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2016
USD ($)
|
|
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Goodwill | $ 318,483 | $ 186,095 | $ 188,169 | $ 186,805 | |
| Cloverleaf | |||||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Goodwill | $ 107,643 | 125,940 | |||
| Number of expansion opportunities | expansion_opportunity | 3 | ||||
| Deferred tax liability for intangibles | $ 1,900 | ||||
| Revenue since acquisition date | 9,000 | ||||
| Net income since acquistion date | 152,800 | ||||
| Customer Relationships | Cloverleaf | |||||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Acquired identifiable intangibles | 241,738 | $ 250,346 | |||
| Acquired identifiable intangibles, weighted average useful life | 25 years | ||||
| Trademarks and Trade Names | Cloverleaf | |||||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Acquired identifiable intangibles | $ 1,623 | $ 1,623 | |||
| Acquired identifiable intangibles, weighted average useful life | 1 year 6 months |
Business Combination - Pro Forma Financial Information (Details) - Cloverleaf - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
May 01, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||
| Total revenue | $ 1,859,265 | $ 1,829,048 | |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $ 52,026 | $ (3,232) | |
| Net income per share, diluted (in dollars per share) | $ 0.27 | $ (0.02) | |
| Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | |||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||
| Total revenue | $ 1,859,265 | $ 1,829,048 | |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $ 52,026 | $ (3,232) | |
| Net income per share, diluted (in dollars per share) | $ 0.27 | $ (0.02) | |
| Common Stock | Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | |||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||
| Total revenue | $ 42,100 | ||
| Acquisition-related Costs | Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | |||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||
| Net income available to common shareholders | $ 26,600 | ||
Business Combination - Acquisition of Lanier, Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
May 01, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
Dec. 31, 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Goodwill | $ 318,483 | $ 186,095 | $ 188,169 | $ 186,805 | |
| Lanier Cold Storage | |||||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Aggregate cash consideration | $ 81,900 | ||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 60,000 | ||||
| Goodwill | 6,400 | ||||
| Lanier Cold Storage | Customer relationships | |||||
| Business Acquisition [Line Items] | |||||
| Acquired identifiable intangibles | $ 16,300 | ||||
| Acquired identifiable intangibles, weighted average useful life | 25 years |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Restricted Cash Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items] | ||
| Total restricted cash | $ 6,310 | $ 6,019 |
| 2013 mortgage notes’ escrow accounts | 2013 Mortgage Loans | Mortgage Loans | ||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items] | ||
| Total restricted cash | 877 | 974 |
| 2013 mortgage notes’ cash managed accounts | 2013 Mortgage Loans | Mortgage Loans | ||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items] | ||
| Total restricted cash | 2,343 | 2,410 |
| Cash on deposit for workers’ compensation program in Australia | ||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items] | ||
| Total restricted cash | 2,525 | 2,635 |
| New market tax credit reserve accounts | ||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items] | ||
| Total restricted cash | $ 565 | $ 0 |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward] | |||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ 5,706 | $ 5,309 | $ 4,072 |
| Charged to expense/against revenue | 3,608 | 1,969 | 2,510 |
| Amounts written off, net of recoveries | (2,387) | (1,572) | (1,273) |
| Balance at end of year | $ 6,927 | $ 5,706 | $ 5,309 |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Changes in Carrying Value of Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | |||
| Beginning balance | $ 186,095 | $ 188,169 | $ 186,805 |
| Goodwill acquired | 132,371 | ||
| Impact of foreign currency translation | 17 | (2,074) | 1,364 |
| Ending balance | 318,483 | 186,095 | 188,169 |
| Warehouse | |||
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | |||
| Beginning balance | 170,896 | 172,554 | 171,582 |
| Goodwill acquired | 130,919 | ||
| Impact of foreign currency translation | 9 | (1,658) | 972 |
| Ending balance | 301,824 | 170,896 | 172,554 |
| Third-party managed | |||
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | |||
| Beginning balance | 2,890 | 3,064 | 3,056 |
| Goodwill acquired | 0 | ||
| Impact of foreign currency translation | (8) | (174) | 8 |
| Ending balance | 2,882 | 2,890 | 3,064 |
| Transportation | |||
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | |||
| Beginning balance | 12,309 | 12,551 | 12,167 |
| Goodwill acquired | 1,452 | ||
| Impact of foreign currency translation | 16 | (242) | 384 |
| Ending balance | $ 13,777 | $ 12,309 | $ 12,551 |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Estimated Amortization of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items] | ||
| Total | $ 269,682 | $ 9,980 |
| Estimated Amortization of Customer Relationships, In-Place Lease, Assembled Workforce, Trade names and Trademarks Intangible Assets | ||
| Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items] | ||
| 2020 | 13,110 | |
| 2021 | 12,119 | |
| 2022 | 11,902 | |
| 2023 | 11,543 | |
| 2024 | 10,976 | |
| Thereafter | 206,617 | |
| Total | 266,267 | |
| Estimated Net Decrease to Lease Revenue Related to Amortization of Above-Market Leases | ||
| Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items] | ||
| 2020 | 22 | |
| 2021 | 22 | |
| 2022 | 22 | |
| 2023 | 17 | |
| 2024 | 0 | |
| Thereafter | 0 | |
| Total | 83 | 105 |
| Estimated Net Increase to Lease Expense Related to Amortization of Below-Market Leases | ||
| Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items] | ||
| 2020 | 151 | |
| 2021 | 151 | |
| 2022 | 151 | |
| 2023 | 106 | |
| 2024 | 102 | |
| Thereafter | 2,671 | |
| Total | $ 3,332 | $ 3,482 |
Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Various insurance and workers’ compensation receivables | $ 12,143 | $ 9,595 |
| Prepaid accounts | 11,345 | 12,532 |
| Inventory and supplies | 9,371 | 7,875 |
| Fair value of derivatives | 6,886 | 2,283 |
| Marketable securities - (Deferred compensation plan) | 4,895 | 3,072 |
| Other receivables | 7,528 | 8,770 |
| Utility, workers’ compensation escrow and lease deposits | 4,222 | 1,726 |
| Deferred financing costs | 2,767 | 5,437 |
| Income taxes receivable | 885 | 6,978 |
| Deferred registration statement costs | 912 | 0 |
| Deferred tax assets | 418 | 391 |
| Other assets | $ 61,372 | $ 58,659 |
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Payables and Accruals [Abstract] | ||
| Trade payables | $ 109,222 | $ 85,038 |
| Accrued workers’ compensation liabilities | 30,642 | 30,585 |
| Accrued payroll | 17,104 | 12,238 |
| Accrued bonus | 20,729 | 17,335 |
| Accrued vacation and long service leave | 16,403 | 14,988 |
| Accrued health benefits | 13,020 | 10,987 |
| Accrued property taxes | 20,370 | 14,376 |
| Accrued utilities | 7,854 | 6,274 |
| New market tax credit deferred contribution liability | 4,882 | 0 |
| Income taxes payable | 997 | 290 |
| Dividends payable | 39,753 | 28,540 |
| Accrued interest | 24,872 | 4,843 |
| Other accrued expenses | 45,115 | 27,586 |
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ 350,963 | $ 253,080 |
Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges - Components of Charges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Acquisition, Litigation and Other Special Charges [Abstract] | |||
| Acquisition related costs | $ 24,284 | $ 671 | $ 0 |
| Litigation | 4,553 | 0 | 0 |
| Strategic alternative costs | 0 | 0 | 8,136 |
| Other: | |||
| Severance, equity award modifications and acceleration | 9,789 | 2,053 | 516 |
| Non-offering related equity issuance expenses | 1,356 | 1,813 | 0 |
| Terminated site operations costs | 632 | (1,804) | 2,677 |
| Non-recurring public company implementation costs | 0 | 1,202 | 0 |
| Total other | 11,777 | 3,264 | 3,193 |
| Total acquisition, litigation and other | $ 40,614 | $ 3,935 | $ 11,329 |
Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges Acquisitions, Litigation, and Other Charges - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | 24 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
employee
|
Dec. 31, 2018
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2017
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2018
USD ($)
|
|
| Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||||
| Investment advisory fee | $ 10,000 | |||
| Organizational transformation costs | 3,000 | |||
| Stock-based compensation charges due to accelerated vesting | 3,100 | |||
| Terminated site operations costs | 632 | $ (1,804) | $ 2,677 | |
| Cloverleaf | ||||
| Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||||
| Severance | 2,400 | |||
| Former Executives | ||||
| Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||||
| Severance | $ 1,200 | |||
| Number of executives departed | employee | 2 | |||
| Previously Exited Leased Facility | ||||
| Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||||
| Terminated site operations costs | $ 2,100 | $ 300 | ||
Debt of the Operating Partnership - Schedule of Aggregate Maturities of Total Indebtedness (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Less unamortized discount and deferred financing costs | $ (12,996) | $ (13,943) |
| Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| 2020 | 6,750 | |
| 2021 | 7,035 | |
| 2022 | 7,312 | |
| 2023 | 737,346 | |
| 2024 | 0 | |
| Thereafter | 950,000 | |
| Aggregate principal amount of debt | 1,708,443 | |
| Less unamortized discount and deferred financing costs | (12,996) | (13,943) |
| Total indebtedness, net of unamortized deferred financing costs | 1,695,447 | |
| 2018 Senior Unsecured Term Loan A Facility | Mortgage Notes and Term Loans | Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Aggregate principal amount of debt | 1,708,443 | 1,364,957 |
| Total indebtedness, net of unamortized deferred financing costs | $ 1,695,447 | $ 1,351,014 |
Derivative Financial Instruments - Fair Value Amounts of Derivative Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Derivative Assets | $ 6,855 | $ 2,283 |
| Derivative Liabilities | 6,094 | 0 |
| Designated derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Derivative Assets | 1,376 | 2,283 |
| Derivative Liabilities | 0 | 0 |
| Designated derivatives | Interest rate contracts | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Derivative Assets | 2,933 | 0 |
| Derivative Liabilities | 3,505 | 0 |
| Undesignated derivatives | Foreign exchange forwards | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Derivative Assets | 2,546 | 0 |
| Derivative Liabilities | $ 2,589 | $ 0 |
Lease Accounting - Lessee Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | |||
| Rent expense | $ 36.7 | $ 42.3 | |
| Minimum | |||
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | |||
| Remaining lease term | 1 year | ||
| Extended lease term | 1 year | ||
| Maximum | |||
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | |||
| Remaining lease term | 33 years | ||
| Extended lease term | 10 years | ||
Sale-Leasebacks of Real Estate (Details) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
warehouse
|
Dec. 31, 2018
USD ($)
|
Jul. 31, 2013
warehouse
|
Sep. 30, 2010
USD ($)
|
Sep. 30, 2007
warehouse
|
|
| Sale Leaseback Transaction [Line Items] | |||||
| Total sale-leaseback financing obligations | $ 115,759 | $ 118,920 | |||
| 1 warehouse – 2010 | |||||
| Sale Leaseback Transaction [Line Items] | |||||
| Number of warehouses | warehouse | 1 | ||||
| Interest Rate as of December 31, 2019 | 10.34% | ||||
| Total sale-leaseback financing obligations | $ 18,994 | 19,265 | $ 18,200 | ||
| 11 warehouses – 2007 | |||||
| Sale Leaseback Transaction [Line Items] | |||||
| Number of warehouses | warehouse | 11 | 11 | 11 | ||
| Total sale-leaseback financing obligations | $ 96,765 | $ 99,655 | |||
| 11 warehouses – 2007 | Minimum | |||||
| Sale Leaseback Transaction [Line Items] | |||||
| Interest Rate as of December 31, 2019 | 7.00% | ||||
| 11 warehouses – 2007 | Maximum | |||||
| Sale Leaseback Transaction [Line Items] | |||||
| Interest Rate as of December 31, 2019 | 19.59% |
Lease Accounting - Lessee, Lease Expenses (Details) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
warehouse
| |
| Leases [Abstract] | |
| Operating lease cost | $ 29,205 |
| Financing lease cost: | |
| Depreciation | 11,252 |
| Interest on lease liabilities | 2,941 |
| Sublease income | (499) |
| Net lease expense | $ 42,899 |
| Number of properties subleased | warehouse | 2 |
Lease Accounting - Lessee, Other Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | |||
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ (24,992) | ||
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | (2,941) | ||
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | (13,339) | ||
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | |||
| Operating leases | 12,492 | $ 0 | $ 0 |
| Finance leases | $ 30,416 | $ 13,290 | $ 18,614 |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | |||
| Operating leases | 6 years 1 month 6 days | ||
| Finance leases | 4 years 4 months 24 days | ||
| Weighted-average discount rate | |||
| Operating leases | 4.10% | ||
| Finance leases | 5.50% | ||
Sale-Leasebacks of Real Estate - Future Minimum Lease Payments (Details) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | |
| 2020 | $ 18,534 |
| 2021 | 17,217 |
| 2022 | 11,987 |
| 2023 | 8,538 |
| 2024 | 4,827 |
| Thereafter | 5,386 |
| Total future minimum lease payments | 66,489 |
| Interest portion | (8,249) |
| Total future minimum lease payments less interest | 58,240 |
| Warehouses Under Sale Leaseback Transactions | |
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | |
| 2020 | 17,087 |
| 2021 | 17,351 |
| 2022 | 17,619 |
| 2023 | 17,892 |
| 2024 | 18,170 |
| Thereafter | 115,090 |
| Total future minimum lease payments | 203,209 |
| Interest portion | (87,450) |
| Total future minimum lease payments less interest | $ 115,759 |
Lease Accounting - Lessor, Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | ||||
| Depreciation | $ 153.9 | $ 116.0 | $ 115.1 | |
| Minimum | ||||
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | ||||
| Remaining term | 1 year | 1 year | ||
| Maximum | ||||
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | ||||
| Remaining term | 9 years | 9 years | ||
| Equipment Leased to Other Party | ||||
| Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items] | ||||
| Land and buildings and improvements, gross value | $ 786.4 | $ 786.4 | ||
| Land and buildings and improvements, net value | 600.1 | $ 600.1 | ||
| Depreciation | $ 23.1 | |||
Lease Accounting - Future Minimum Payments to be Received (Details) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Leases [Abstract] | |
| 2020 | $ 16,736 |
| 2021 | 13,223 |
| 2022 | 11,244 |
| 2023 | 9,782 |
| 2024 | 7,274 |
| Thereafter | 18,920 |
| Total | $ 77,179 |
Dividends and Distributions - Distribution Type (Details) |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Common Shares | |||
| Ordinary income | 83.00% | 66.00% | 85.00% |
| Capital gains | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Return of capital | 17.00% | 34.00% | 15.00% |
| Total | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Preferred Shares | |||
| Ordinary income | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
| Capital gains | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| Return of capital | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| Total | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
Partner's Capital (Details) - Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
1 Months Ended | 2 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | 13 Months Ended | 14 Months Ended | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
Jan. 31, 2020 |
Oct. 31, 2019 |
Jul. 31, 2019 |
Apr. 30, 2019 |
Jan. 31, 2019 |
Oct. 31, 2018 |
Jul. 31, 2018 |
Apr. 30, 2018 |
Oct. 31, 2017 |
Jul. 31, 2017 |
Apr. 30, 2017 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
Jan. 31, 2019 |
Jan. 31, 2020 |
|
| Incentive Distribution Made to Managing Member or General Partner [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||||
| Distributions Declared | $ 3,242 | $ 38,795 | $ 38,764 | $ 30,235 | $ 28,218 | $ 28,072 | $ 27,250 | $ 20,145 | $ 106,927 | |||||||
| Distributions Paid | $ 3,242 | $ 12,172 | $ 38,632 | $ 38,605 | $ 30,108 | $ 28,098 | $ 27,986 | $ 27,160 | $ 20,086 | $ 12,162 | $ 12,171 | $ 12,161 | $ 48,666 | $ 78,474 | ||
| Subsequent Event | ||||||||||||||||
| Incentive Distribution Made to Managing Member or General Partner [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||||
| Distributions Declared | $ 38,796 | $ 146,590 | ||||||||||||||
| Distributions Paid | $ 0 | $ 135,443 | ||||||||||||||
Warrants (Details) |
Jan. 23, 2018
$ / shares
shares
|
|---|---|
| Equity [Abstract] | |
| Number of common shares to be purchased by warrants (in shares) | 18,574,619 |
| Exercise price of warrants (in USD per share) | $ / shares | $ 9.81 |
| Shares issued for warrant exercise (in shares) | 6,426,818 |
Share-Based Compensation - Performance Thresholds (Details) - Market-Based Restricted Stock Units |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | ||
| RMS relative market performance, high level | 75.00% | |
| RMS relative market performance, target level | 55.00% | |
| RMS relative market performance, threshold level | 30.00% | |
| TSR, maximum | 12.00% | |
| TSR, target | 10.00% | |
| TSR, minimum | 8.00% | |
| Market performance percentage, maximum | 200.00% | 150.00% |
| Market performance percentage, target | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Market performance percentage, minimum | 50.00% | 50.00% |
| Market performance percentage, below threshold | 0.00% |
Share-based Compensation - Restricted Stock Units Valuation Assumptions (Details) |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Apr. 10, 2017 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|
| Market-Based Restricted Stock Units | |||
| Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
| Expected Stock Price Volatility | 22.00% | ||
| Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units | |||
| Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
| Expected Stock Price Volatility | 30.00% | ||
| Risk-Free Interest Rate | 1.63% | ||
| Dividend Yield | 2.00% | ||
| Minimum | Market-Based Restricted Stock Units | |||
| Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
| Expected Stock Price Volatility | 25.00% | ||
| Risk-Free Interest Rate | 2.40% | 2.34% | |
| Maximum | Market-Based Restricted Stock Units | |||
| Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
| Expected Stock Price Volatility | 30.00% | ||
| Risk-Free Interest Rate | 2.43% | 2.85% | |
Share-Based Compensation - Summary of Option Activity (Details) - $ / shares |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|
| Shares (In thousands) | ||
| Outstanding (in shares) | 2,355,787 | |
| Granted (in shares) | 0 | |
| Exercised (in shares) | (1,342,289) | |
| Forfeited or expired (in shares) | (219,000) | |
| Outstanding (in shares) | 794,498 | 2,355,787 |
| Weighted-Average Exercise Price | ||
| Outstanding (in USD per share) | $ 9.81 | |
| Granted (in USD per share) | 0 | |
| Exercised (in USD per share) | 9.81 | |
| Forfeited or expired (in USD per share) | 9.81 | |
| Outstanding (in USD per share) | $ 9.81 | $ 9.81 |
| Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) | ||
| Outstanding | 5 years 9 months 18 days | 5 years 4 months 24 days |
| Exercisable | ||
| Shares (in shares) | 301,500 | |
| Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in USD per share) | $ 9.81 | |
| Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) | 5 years 1 month 6 days | |
Income Taxes - Income/(loss) before income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |||
| U.S. | $ 33,417 | $ 37,060 | $ (11,212) |
| Foreign | 9,588 | 7,306 | 19,997 |
| Income before income tax benefit (expense) | $ 43,005 | $ 44,366 | $ 8,785 |
Income Taxes - Schedule of Compnents of Income Tax Benefit (Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Current | |||
| U.S. federal | $ (20) | $ 4,424 | $ (4,848) |
| State | (670) | (353) | (644) |
| Foreign | (4,854) | (3,604) | (7,559) |
| Total current portion | (5,544) | 467 | (13,051) |
| Deferred | |||
| U.S. federal | 7,701 | 2,094 | 2,277 |
| State | 2,217 | 494 | (72) |
| Foreign | 783 | 564 | 1,453 |
| Total deferred portion | 10,701 | 3,152 | 3,658 |
| Total income tax benefit (expense) | $ 5,157 | $ 3,619 | $ (9,393) |
Income Taxes - Reconciliation Schedule (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |||
| Income taxes at statutory rates | $ (9,031) | $ (9,317) | $ (2,987) |
| Earnings (loss) from REIT - not subject to tax | 9,526 | 9,015 | (425) |
| State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit | (542) | (187) | (445) |
| Provision to return | 2 | 360 | (205) |
| Rate and permanent differences on non-U.S. earnings | (971) | (1,228) | 668 |
| Change in valuation allowance | 2,761 | (2,227) | 2,950 |
| Non-deductible expenses | 3,462 | 4,021 | (2,345) |
| Change in uncertain tax positions | (367) | 347 | 94 |
| Effect of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | 0 | 3,797 | (3,113) |
| REIT excise tax | 0 | 0 | (4,772) |
| Other | 317 | (962) | 1,187 |
| Total income tax benefit (expense) | $ 5,157 | $ 3,619 | $ (9,393) |
Income Taxes - Temporary Difference (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Deferred tax assets: | ||
| Net operating loss and credits carryforwards | $ 11,806 | $ 14,062 |
| Accrued expenses | 26,911 | 25,889 |
| Share-based compensation | 4,618 | 4,709 |
| Lease obligations | 9,674 | 0 |
| Other assets | 4,420 | 241 |
| Total gross deferred tax assets | 57,429 | 44,901 |
| Less: valuation allowance | (16,043) | (19,627) |
| Total net deferred tax assets | 41,386 | 25,274 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: | ||
| Intangible assets and goodwill | (8,739) | (5,628) |
| Property, buildings and equipment | (38,358) | (35,672) |
| Lease right-of-use assets | (9,674) | 0 |
| Other liabilities | (1,316) | (1,144) |
| Total gross deferred tax liabilities | (58,087) | (42,444) |
| Net deferred tax liability | $ (16,701) | $ (17,170) |
Variable Interest Entities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable Interest Entity [Line Items] | |||
| Original benefit of contribution by tax credit investors | $ (4,882) | $ 0 | |
| Cloverleaf | |||
| Variable Interest Entity [Line Items] | |||
| Original benefit of contribution by tax credit investors | $ 5,600 | ||
| Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | |||
| Variable Interest Entity [Line Items] | |||
| Contribution liability | $ 4,900 |
Employee Benefit Plans - Estimated Future Benefit Payments (Details) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |
| 2020 | $ 7,796 |
| 2021 | 5,090 |
| 2022 | 5,034 |
| 2023 | 4,862 |
| 2024 | 4,867 |
| Thereafter | 22,846 |
| Estimated future benefit payments | $ 50,495 |
Commitments and Contingencies - Construction Commitments (Details) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Construction Commitment [Line Items] | |
| Total construction commitments | $ 57,974 |
| Q1 2020 | Columbus, OH | |
| Construction Commitment [Line Items] | |
| Total construction commitments | 241 |
| Q2 2020 | Savannah, GA | |
| Construction Commitment [Line Items] | |
| Total construction commitments | 13,692 |
| Q2 2021 | Atlanta, GA | |
| Construction Commitment [Line Items] | |
| Total construction commitments | $ 44,041 |
Geographic Concentrations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Sep. 30, 2019 |
Jun. 30, 2019 |
Mar. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Sep. 30, 2018 |
Jun. 30, 2018 |
Mar. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Total Revenues | $ 485,984 | $ 466,182 | $ 438,460 | $ 393,079 | $ 415,817 | $ 402,010 | $ 394,667 | $ 391,141 | $ 1,783,705 | $ 1,603,635 | $ 1,543,587 |
| Total Assets | 4,170,683 | 2,532,428 | 4,170,683 | 2,532,428 | |||||||
| U.S. | |||||||||||
| Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 1,509,401 | 1,313,811 | 1,253,879 | ||||||||
| Total Assets | 3,812,761 | 2,242,078 | 3,812,761 | 2,242,078 | |||||||
| Australia | |||||||||||
| Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 216,741 | 227,374 | 219,738 | ||||||||
| Total Assets | 274,288 | 226,666 | 274,288 | 226,666 | |||||||
| New Zealand | |||||||||||
| Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 30,047 | 32,363 | 33,289 | ||||||||
| Total Assets | 67,046 | 51,419 | 67,046 | 51,419 | |||||||
| Argentina | |||||||||||
| Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 9,647 | 11,752 | 18,319 | ||||||||
| Total Assets | 7,794 | 7,154 | 7,794 | 7,154 | |||||||
| Canada | |||||||||||
| Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 17,869 | 18,335 | $ 18,362 | ||||||||
| Total Assets | $ 8,794 | $ 5,111 | $ 8,794 | $ 5,111 | |||||||
Segment Information - Additional Information (Details) |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2019
segment
| |
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |
| Number of reportable segments | 4 |
Segment Information - Revenues with a Reconciliation to Income (Loss) before Income Tax and Gain (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Sep. 30, 2019 |
Jun. 30, 2019 |
Mar. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Sep. 30, 2018 |
Jun. 30, 2018 |
Mar. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Segment revenues: | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | $ 485,984 | $ 466,182 | $ 438,460 | $ 393,079 | $ 415,817 | $ 402,010 | $ 394,667 | $ 391,141 | $ 1,783,705 | $ 1,603,635 | $ 1,543,587 |
| Segment contribution: | |||||||||||
| Operating income | $ 46,579 | $ 39,385 | 29,085 | $ 16,417 | 51,171 | $ 43,553 | 49,304 | $ 35,932 | 131,466 | 179,960 | 136,989 |
| Reconciling items: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion and amortization | (163,348) | (117,653) | (116,741) | ||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expense | (129,310) | (110,825) | (99,616) | ||||||||
| Acquisition, litigation and other | (40,614) | (3,935) | (11,329) | ||||||||
| Impairment of long-lived assets | $ (2,900) | (13,485) | (747) | (9,473) | |||||||
| (Loss) gain from sale of real estate, net | $ (900) | $ 8,400 | (34) | 7,471 | 43 | ||||||
| Interest expense | (94,408) | (93,312) | (114,898) | ||||||||
| Interest income | 6,286 | 3,996 | 1,074 | ||||||||
| Bridge loan commitment fees | (2,665) | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments | 0 | (47,559) | (986) | ||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net | 10 | 2,882 | (3,591) | ||||||||
| Other expense, net | (1,870) | (532) | (1,944) | ||||||||
| Loss from partially owned entities | (111) | (1,069) | (1,363) | ||||||||
| Gain from sale of partially owned entities | 4,297 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Impairment of partially owned entities | 0 | 0 | (6,496) | ||||||||
| Income before income tax benefit (expense) | 43,005 | 44,366 | 8,785 | ||||||||
| Operating Segments | |||||||||||
| Segment revenues: | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | 1,783,705 | 1,603,635 | 1,543,587 | ||||||||
| Segment contribution: | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 478,257 | 405,649 | 374,105 | ||||||||
| Operating Segments | Warehouse | |||||||||||
| Segment revenues: | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | 1,377,217 | 1,176,912 | 1,145,662 | ||||||||
| Segment contribution: | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 447,591 | 374,534 | 348,328 | ||||||||
| Operating Segments | Third-party managed | |||||||||||
| Segment revenues: | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | 252,939 | 259,034 | 242,189 | ||||||||
| Segment contribution: | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 11,761 | 14,760 | 12,825 | ||||||||
| Operating Segments | Transportation | |||||||||||
| Segment revenues: | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | 144,844 | 158,790 | 146,070 | ||||||||
| Segment contribution: | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 18,067 | 15,735 | 12,950 | ||||||||
| Operating Segments | Other | |||||||||||
| Segment revenues: | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | 8,705 | 8,899 | 9,666 | ||||||||
| Segment contribution: | |||||||||||
| Operating income | $ 838 | $ 620 | $ 2 | ||||||||
Earnings per Common Share Earnings Per Common Share - Narrative (Details) - shares |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items] | |||
| Weighted-average number of unvested restricted stock units that participated in the distribution of common dividends (in shares) | 1,660,000 | 2,662,000 | 0 |
| Restricted Stock Units | |||
| Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items] | |||
| Weighted-average number of unvested restricted stock units that participated in the distribution of common dividends (in shares) | 1,405,421 | ||
| Weighted-average number of unvested restricted stock units that participated in the distribution of common dividends, unsettled (in shares) | 629,929 | ||
Earnings per Common Share - Reconciliation of Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding (Details) - shares shares in Thousands |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic (in shares) | 179,598 | 141,415 | 70,022 |
| Dilutive effect of share-based awards (in shares) | 1,660 | 2,662 | 0 |
| Equity forward contract (in shares) | 2,692 | 261 | 0 |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted (in shares) | 183,950 | 144,338 | 70,022 |
Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Performance Obligations, Narrative (Details) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
| |
| Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items] | |
| Variable consideration, percentage constrained | 100.00% |
| Unsatisfied performance obligation | $ 658.2 |
| Minimum | |
| Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items] | |
| Payment terms | 0 days |
| Maximum | |
| Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items] | |
| Payment terms | 30 days |
Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Performance Obligations, Expected Timing of Recognition, Narrative (Details) |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
|---|---|
| Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2019-10-01 | |
| Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items] | |
| Performance obligation, percentage of revenue | 26.00% |
| Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-01-01 | |
| Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items] | |
| Performance obligation, percentage of revenue | 74.00% |
| Performance obligation, period for recognition | 14 years 3 months 18 days |
Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Contract Balances, Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract] | ||
| Receivables from contracts with customers | $ 213,200 | $ 192,100 |
| Unearned revenue | $ 16,423 | $ 18,625 |
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Trust) - Unaudited (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Sep. 30, 2019 |
Jun. 30, 2019 |
Mar. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Sep. 30, 2018 |
Jun. 30, 2018 |
Mar. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | $ 485,984 | $ 466,182 | $ 438,460 | $ 393,079 | $ 415,817 | $ 402,010 | $ 394,667 | $ 391,141 | $ 1,783,705 | $ 1,603,635 | $ 1,543,587 |
| Total operating expenses | 439,405 | 426,797 | 409,375 | 376,662 | 364,646 | 358,457 | 345,363 | 355,209 | 1,652,239 | 1,423,675 | 1,406,598 |
| Operating income | 46,579 | 39,385 | 29,085 | 16,417 | 51,171 | 43,553 | 49,304 | 35,932 | 131,466 | 179,960 | 136,989 |
| Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders | $ 20,809 | $ 27,091 | $ 4,891 | $ (4,629) | $ 2,678 | $ 24,540 | $ 29,406 | $ (10,457) | $ 48,162 | $ 46,167 | $ (29,927) |
| Net income (loss) per common share | |||||||||||
| Basic (in USD per share) | $ 0.11 | $ 0.14 | $ 0.03 | $ (0.03) | $ 0.02 | $ 0.17 | $ 0.20 | $ (0.08) | $ 0.26 | $ 0.31 | $ (0.43) |
| Diluted (in USD per share) | $ 0.10 | $ 0.14 | $ 0.03 | $ (0.03) | $ 0.02 | $ 0.17 | $ 0.20 | $ (0.08) | $ 0.26 | $ 0.31 | $ (0.43) |
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.) - Unaudited (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Sep. 30, 2019 |
Jun. 30, 2019 |
Mar. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Sep. 30, 2018 |
Jun. 30, 2018 |
Mar. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Dec. 31, 2018 |
Dec. 31, 2017 |
|
| Interim Period, Costs Not Allocable [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | $ 485,984 | $ 466,182 | $ 438,460 | $ 393,079 | $ 415,817 | $ 402,010 | $ 394,667 | $ 391,141 | $ 1,783,705 | $ 1,603,635 | $ 1,543,587 |
| Total operating expenses | 439,405 | 426,797 | 409,375 | 376,662 | 364,646 | 358,457 | 345,363 | 355,209 | 1,652,239 | 1,423,675 | 1,406,598 |
| Operating income | 46,579 | 39,385 | 29,085 | 16,417 | 51,171 | 43,553 | 49,304 | 35,932 | 131,466 | 179,960 | 136,989 |
| Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders | 20,809 | 27,091 | 4,891 | (4,629) | 2,678 | 24,540 | 29,406 | (10,457) | 48,162 | 46,167 | (29,927) |
| Americold Realty Operating Partnership, L.P.. | |||||||||||
| Interim Period, Costs Not Allocable [Line Items] | |||||||||||
| Revenues: | 485,984 | 466,182 | 438,460 | 393,079 | 415,817 | 402,010 | 394,667 | 391,141 | 1,783,705 | 1,603,635 | 1,543,587 |
| Total operating expenses | 439,405 | 426,797 | 409,375 | 376,662 | 364,646 | 358,457 | 345,363 | 355,209 | 1,652,239 | 1,423,675 | 1,406,598 |
| Operating income | 46,579 | 39,385 | 29,085 | 16,417 | 51,171 | 43,553 | 49,304 | 35,932 | $ 131,466 | $ 179,960 | $ 136,989 |
| Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders | $ 20,809 | $ 27,091 | $ 4,891 | $ (4,629) | $ 2,678 | $ 24,540 | $ 29,406 | $ (10,457) | |||
| Net income (loss) per common share | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per unit (in USD per share) | $ 0.11 | $ 0.14 | $ 0.03 | $ (0.03) | $ 0.02 | $ 0.17 | $ 0.21 | $ (0.08) | |||
Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent Event R$ in Millions, $ in Millions, $ in Millions |
2 Months Ended | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Feb. 20, 2020
USD ($)
|
Feb. 20, 2020
BRL (R$)
|
Jan. 02, 2020
USD ($)
facility
|
Jan. 02, 2020
CAD ($)
facility
|
Jan. 31, 2020
CAD ($)
|
|
| Nova Cold Logistics | |||||
| Subsequent Event [Line Items] | |||||
| Consideration | $ 257.1 | $ 336.8 | $ 336.8 | ||
| Number of facilities acquired | facility | 4 | 4 | |||
| Newport Cold | |||||
| Subsequent Event [Line Items] | |||||
| Consideration | $ | $ 56.0 | ||||
| Superfrio Logistica Frigorificada | |||||
| Subsequent Event [Line Items] | |||||
| Ownership acquired | 14.99% | ||||
| Payments to acquire joint venture | $ 26.4 | R$ 117.8 | |||
| Additional funding commitment (up to) | R$ | R$ 127.4 | ||||