UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-K
 
(Mark One)
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
OR
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from                     to                        
Commission File Number 001-33843
  
Synacor, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	 	16-1542712	
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	
 	 	
40 La Riviere Drive, Suite 300
Buffalo, New York	 	14202	
(Address of principal executive offices)	 	(Zip Code)	
(716) 853-1362
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
(Title of each class)	 	(Name of each exchange on which registered)	
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	 	The Nasdaq Global Market	
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.
(Title of Class)
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes   ☐     No     ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.     Yes   ☐     No   ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes   ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	 	☐	  	Accelerated filer	 	☒	
 	 	 	 	
Non-accelerated filer	 	☐  	  	Smaller reporting company	 	☒	
 	 	 	 	Emerging growth company	 	☐  	
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐     No   ☒
The aggregate market value of shares of common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 29, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, computed by reference to the closing sale price of $2.00 per share on The Nasdaq Global Market on June 29, 2018, was approximately $65.0 million. For purposes of this disclosure, shares of common stock held by persons who held more than 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock at such time and shares held by executive officers and directors of the registrant have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of executive officer or affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of March 8, 2019, there were 39,052,682 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Certain portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be used in connection with the registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated. That Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

 
TABLE OF CONT ENTS
 
PART I	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
Item 1.	  	Business	 	2	
Item 1A.	  	Risk Factors	 	9	
Item 1B.	  	Unresolved Staff Comments	 	28	
Item 2.	  	Properties	 	28	
Item 3.	  	Legal Proceedings	 	28	
Item 4.	  	Mine Safety Disclosures	 	28	
 	 	 	 	
PART II	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
Item 5.	  	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	 	29	
Item 6.	  	Selected Financial Data	 	30	
Item 7.	  	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	 	33	
Item 7A.	  	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	 	50	
Item 8.	  	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	 	50	
Item 9.	  	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	 	50	
Item 9A.	  	Controls and Procedures	 	51	
Item 9B.	  	Other Information	 	54	
 	 	 	 	
PART III	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
Item 10.	  	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	 	55	
Item 11.	  	Executive Compensation	 	55	
Item 12.	  	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	 	55	
Item 13.	  	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	 	55	
Item 14.	  	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	 	55	
 	 	 	 	
PART IV	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
Item 15.	  	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	 	56	
Item 16.	 	Form 10-K Summary	 	56	

 

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events or our future financial performance, are based on information currently available to us, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including statements containing the words “believes,” “can,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “objective,” “plans,” “possibly,” “potential,” “predicts,” “targets,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “would,” “should,” “could,” and similar expressions or phrases (including the negatives of such expressions or phrases). We intend all such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements in the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Trends Affecting Our Business” and “Key Initiatives” as well as statements about:
 	•	our expected future financial performance;	
 	•	our expectations regarding our operating expenses;	
 	•	our strategies and business plan;	
 	•	our ability to maintain or broaden relationships with existing customers and develop relationships with new customers;	
 	•	our success in anticipating market needs or developing new or enhanced services and products to meet those needs;	
 	•	our expectations regarding market acceptance of our services and products;	
 	•	our ability to recruit and retain qualified technical and other key personnel;	
 	•	our competitive position in our industry, as well as innovations by our competitors;	
 	•	our success in managing growth;	
 	•	our expansion in international markets;	
 	•	our ability to successfully integrate assets and personnel from our acquisitions;	
 	•	our success in identifying and managing potential acquisitions;	
 	•	our capacity to protect our confidential information and intellectual property rights;	
 	•	our need to obtain additional funding and our ability to obtain funding in the future on acceptable terms; and	
 	•	anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which we operate.	
Any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon our historical performance and our current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. All forward-looking statements involve risks, assumptions and uncertainties. Given these risks, assumptions and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The occurrence of the events described, and the achievement of the expected results, depend on many factors, some or all of which are not predictable or within our control.
Actual results may differ materially from expected results. See “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more complete discussion of these risks, assumptions and uncertainties and for other risks, assumptions and uncertainties. These risks, assumptions and uncertainties are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements.
Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could harm our results. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K might not occur, and we therefore qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Annual Report on Form 10-K speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “Synacor,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this document refer to Synacor, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
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 PAR T I
ITEM 1.	 BUSINESS	
Our Business
We enable our customers to better engage with their consumers. Our customers include video, internet and communications providers, device manufacturers, governments and enterprises. We are their trusted technology development, multiplatform services and revenue partner. Our customers use our technology platforms and services to scale their businesses and extend their subscriber relationships. We deliver managed portals, advertising solutions, email and collaboration platforms, and cloud-based identity management.
We enable our customers to provide their consumers engaging, multiscreen experiences with products that require scale, actionable data and sophisticated implementation. Through our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions, we enable our customers to earn incremental revenue by monetizing media among their consumers. At the same time, because consumers have high expectations for their online experience as a result of advances in video, mobile and social, we provide, through our recurring and fee-based revenue solutions, a suite of products and services that helps our customers successfully meet those high expectations by enabling them to deliver to their consumers access to the same digital content across all devices, including PCs, tablets, smartphones and connected TVs.
Products and Services
Our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions provide our customers with substantial revenue opportunities generated by their consumers’ engagement across devices. Managed Portals and Advertising solutions generated 61% of our revenue for 2018.
Our Managed Portals are intended to be daily destinations for consumers and are delivered across devices and under our customers’ own brand names. To help our customers increase their consumers’ engagement, we deliver relevant content, such as top news, entertainment, and long and short-form video and apps, on our Managed Portals. We have licensing and distribution agreements with a wide range of programmers and content and service providers. In addition, consumers have the ability through our portals to manage their email and messaging, pay bills, receive special promotions and perform other account management needs.
We monetize the online traffic generated by consumers through search advertising, digital advertising (including video), and syndicated content on our Managed Portals. As we monetize our customers’ online traffic on our Managed Portals, we share a portion of this revenue with our customers, resulting in a mutually beneficial partnership.
Our recurring and fee-based Revenue solutions generated 39% of our revenue for 2018 and are comprised of our Cloud-based Identity Management solutions, Email/Collaboration Services, and paid content and premium services:
Cloud ID Authentication
Consumers can watch TV on a myriad of devices, but many find the login process frustrating. Synacor Cloud ID addresses this issue by offering home-based auto-authentication and social login, which improve the consumer experience by reducing login failures.
Once a consumer is authenticated, our Search & Discovery Metadata Platform helps them find their desired content successfully and easily. We curate videos every day and have compiled more than 10 million video assets from hundreds of sources. We believe that we fill an important role for our customers as use of streaming video increases and consumers’ video content consumption preferences shift away from traditional viewing habits.
Email/Collaboration
Our Email/Collaboration Services include white-label hosting, security and migration. With the acquisition of certain assets related to the Zimbra Email/Collaboration products and services business (the “Zimbra assets” or “Zimbra”) in 2015, our software and managed service offering now supports a network of more than 1,900 channel partners (value-added resellers, or VARs, and Business Service Providers, or BSPs), and over 4,000 enterprise, government and nonprofit customers, and it powers approximately 530 million mailboxes.
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Our Strategy
Our strategy is, with operational and financial discipline, to:
 	•	increase value for existing customers by optimizing consumer experience and monetization;	
 	•	innovate on Synacor-as-a-platform for advanced services;	
 	•	win new customers in current and related verticals; and	
 	•	extend our product portfolio into emerging growth areas.	
Increasing value for existing customers by optimizing user experience and monetization
With respect to our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions, more than 95% of our customers’ consumers have upgraded to our latest-generation portal. Our portal, with its engaging user experience and responsive design for desktop and mobile web, and our mobile apps, have video threaded throughout and is designed to optimize consumer engagement and monetization. We are also decreasing the implementation time for customers to launch our latest-generation portal.
Innovating on Synacor-as-a-platform for advanced services
Our Cloud ID Authentication platform is reported as having some of the highest consumer login success rates in the industry.
In 2017, we expanded our Cloud ID relationships with content providers, service providers, OTT players, and device manufacturers. We delivered Authentication services for HBO GO, providing, for example, authentication in connection with the Game of Thrones ’ record-breaking seventh season premiere.  Additionally, Apple uses Synacor’s Authentication services to support Apple Single Sign-On . The current wave of multichannel video programming distributors, or MVPDs, launched by Apple are almost all running on Synacor’s Cloud ID Advanced Authentication platform. Our Authentication services also support three of the top five OTT players including Sling TV and PlayStation Vue, simplifying the consumer log-in experience.
Our acquisitions of the Zimbra assets in 2015 and certain assets from Technorati in 2016 resulted in innovations in our email/collaboration and digital advertising capabilities, respectively.
Winning new customers in current and related verticals
We have an established presence among broadband and pay-TV providers in the U.S. and Canada. Some of these providers use our complete suite of solutions, and others use only certain components. We view this as a growth opportunity within our existing customer base.
In 2018, Synacor added 426 new Zimbra Email and Collaboration Suite customers around the world.
Extending our product portfolio into emerging growth areas
We plan to capitalize on opportunities such as international expansion and delivery of business services. Through our acquisition of the Zimbra assets we have expanded our international customer base, and we believe this represents an opportunity to find new customers for our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions.
Technology and Operations
Technology Architecture
To route traffic through our network in the most efficient manner, we use load-balancing products. These products spread work among multiple servers and link controllers that monitor the availability and performance of multiple connections. Our technology is reliable, fault tolerant and scalable through the addition of more servers as usage grows. In 2018 and 2017, we spent $24.5 million and $27.4 million, respectively (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) on technology and development activities. The cost of these activities is generally not borne directly by our customers.
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Data Center Facilities
We currently operate and maintain six data centers in regionally diverse locations and have a network operations center that is staffed 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Our primary data centers are located in shared facilities in Allen, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Dallas, Texas; Lewis Center, Ohio; Toronto, Canada; and Watertown, Massachusetts. All systems are fully monitored for reporting continuity and fault isolation. The data centers are each in a physically secure facility using monitoring, environmental alarms, closed circuit television and redundant power sources. Our network operations center also is located in a secure facility.
Customers
Our Managed Portals and Advertising customers principally consist of high-speed internet service providers, such as AT&T, Windstream, Mediacom and CenturyLink, as well as consumer electronics manufacturers, such as Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc. (Toshiba). Contracts with these customers typically have an initial term of two to three years from the deployment of our Managed Portals and frequently provide for one or more automatic renewal terms of one to two years each. Our Managed Portals and Advertising customer contracts typically contain service level agreements that call for specific system “up times” and 24 hours per day, seven days per week support. As of December 31, 2018, we had agreements with over 50 Managed Portals and Advertising customers.
Our recurring and fee-based customers consist of high-speed internet service providers along with enterprises, government and nonprofit organizations, either directly or through resellers. Contracts with these customers typically have an initial term of one to three years and frequently provide for one or more automatic renewal terms of one to two years each. Our recurring and fee-based customer contracts also typically contain service level agreements that call for specific system “up times” and 24 hours per day, seven days per week support. As of December 31, 2018, we had agreements, both directly and indirectly through resellers, with over 120 high-speed internet service providers and over 4,000 enterprise, government and nonprofit customers.  
For 2018, revenue attributable to two of our customers exceeded 10% of our revenue each, and on a combined basis accounted for approximately 24% of our revenue, or $34.6 million.
Content and Service Providers
We license the content available in our Managed Portals, including free and paid content offerings and premium services, from numerous third-party content and service partners. These partners provide a variety of content, including news and information, entertainment, sports, music, video, games, shopping, travel, autos, careers and finance. Our relationships with content providers give consumers access to over one hundred thousand short-form videos and articles each month. To obtain this content, we enter into a variety of licensing arrangements with the content providers. These arrangements are typically one to three years in duration with payment terms that may be based on traffic, advertising revenue share, number of subscribers, flat fee payments over time, or some combination thereof. In addition to using licensed content to populate our Managed Portals, we also provide premium services and paid content that subscribers may purchase for additional fees. As of December 31, 2018, we had arrangements with over 65 content providers, such as The Associated Press, CNN, Tribune Content Agency, Gracenote, and Bankrate.
Sales and Marketing
Managed Portals and Advertising Solutions
Our sales and marketing efforts focus on five primary areas: customer acquisitions, client services, account management, marketing and advertising sales. Our customer acquisition team consists of direct sales personnel who call upon prospective customers, typically large and mid-sized high-speed internet service providers and consumer electronics manufacturers. A significant amount of time and effort is devoted to researching and analyzing the requirements and objectives of each prospective customer. Each bid is specifically customized for the prospective customer, and often requires many months of interaction and negotiation before an agreement is reached.
Once an agreement is reached, our client services team, working closely with the customer acquisition team, assumes responsibility for managing the customer relationship during the time of the initial deployment and integration period, which is usually three to six months. During this period, the customer’s technology is assessed and, if required, modifications are proposed to make it compatible with our technology. The client services team is responsible for the quality of the client deployment, customer relationship management during the time of deployment, and integration and project management associated with upgrades and enhancements.
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After deployment, our account management team takes over management of the customer relationship, analyzing the ways in which a customer could further benefit from increased use of our products and services. The account management team is responsible for ongoing customer relationship management, upgrades and enhancements to the available products and services, as well as tracking the financial elements and performance of the customer relationship.
Our marketing team works closely with our account management team to deliver marketing programs that support our customers’ sales efforts as well as their consumers’ interaction with these products and services. We assist our customers in developing marketing materials and advertising that can be accessed by consumers through different media outlets, including the internet, print, television and radio. We also assist our customers in training their customer service representatives to introduce and sell premium services and our paid content offerings to new and existing customers.
Our advertising sales team sells advertising inventory directly to advertisers, frequently through the advertising agencies representing those advertisers. These advertisers may be small companies with the advertising locally or regionally focused on the Managed Portals of one customer, or large companies with nationwide advertising on the Managed Portals of many customers. We have a team of direct advertising sales employees and independent advertising sales representatives focused on this effort and will continue to develop this team and attempt to grow the amount of advertising revenue generated with our customers. As of December 31, 2018, we had arrangements with over 100 advertising partners such as AppNexus, Comcast Spotlight, Criteo, DoubleClick, NCC Media, Mediavest, and Telaria.
Email/Collaboration
We market our Email/Collaboration product through both direct and indirect sales channels. Our regional sales and marketing teams host several events each year with partners and run various campaigns to generate sales leads. Once a lead has been identified, our internal sales representatives work closely with our regional partners on better identifying the opportunity and gathering customer requirements.
We sell to internet service providers primarily through a direct sales force consisting of regional account executives. Sales cycles can be six months or longer. We sell to prospective government, nonprofit and enterprise customers through a two-tier indirect model via over 1,900 channel partners (VARs and BSPs).  Our VARs sell on-premise licenses to end customers while our BSPs sell a cloud service to the end customer. Sales cycles can range from thirty days to six months, depending on size and scope.
Government Regulation
We generally are not regulated other than under international, federal, state and local laws applicable to the internet or e-commerce or to businesses in general. Some regulatory authorities have enacted or proposed specific laws and regulations governing the internet and online entertainment. These laws and regulations cover issues such as taxation, pricing, content, distribution, quality and delivery of services and products, electronic contracts, intellectual property rights, user privacy and information security.
Federal laws regarding the internet that could have an impact on our business include the following: the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, which is intended to reduce the liability of online service providers of third-party content, including content that may infringe copyrights or rights of others; the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, which imposes additional restrictions on the ability of online services to collect user information from minors; and the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act, which requires online service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances.
There are numerous federal, state and local laws, rules and guidelines around the world regarding privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, destruction and security of personal information and other subscriber data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent between countries or conflict with other rules. For example, the European General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) took effect in May 2018 and applies to all of our products and services used by people in Europe. The GDPR includes operational requirements for companies that receive or process personal data of residents of the European Union that are different from those previously in place in the European Union, and includes significant penalties for non-compliance. Similarly, there are a number of legislative proposals in the European Union, the United States, at both the federal and state levels, as well as other jurisdictions that could impose new obligations in areas affecting our business, such as liability for copyright infringement. In addition, some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services .
 
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Additionally, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which will go into effect on January 1, 2020, will require companies to provide new data disclosure, access and deletion rights to California consumers, afford such consumers the ability to opt-out of certain sales of person al information, and impose significant penalties for non-compliance or data breaches.  Legislators have proposed amendments to the CCPA and it remains unclear what modifications may be made to the legislation or how it will be interpreted.
The United States Department of Commerce designed the EU-US Privacy Shield and the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield with the European Commission and the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner, respectively, in order to facilitate (but do not, alone, constitute) compliance with certain of the applicable data protection requirements under the GDPR. We certified compliance with the EU-US Privacy Shield in December 2016 and the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield in June 2017, but whether Privacy-Shield certification will continue to be a valid means to transfer European data to the United States is uncertain.
We strive to comply with all applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection to the extent possible. Laws such as the GDPR, the CCPA or other user privacy or security laws could require us to incur additional expenditures for compliance, result in governmental enforcement actions, significant fines, loss of access to data transfer mechanisms or litigation, restrict our and our customers’ ability to market products to their consumers, create uncertainty in internet usage and reduce the demand for our services and products or require us to make changes to our data and security practices and our services and products, including Managed Portals.
Intellectual Property
We believe that the protection of our intellectual property is critical to our success. We rely on copyright, trademark and patent enforcement, contractual restrictions and trade secret, trade dress and domain name laws to protect our brand and other proprietary and intellectual property rights. We have entered into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and nondisclosure agreements and other agreements containing confidentiality protections with certain parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure of, our proprietary information and technology, such as trade secrets, confidential information, know-how and technical information. We have applied for patents to protect certain of our intellectual property.  In addition, we have acquired intellectual property, including patents and trademarks, through our acquisitions including Zimbra, Technorati, NimbleTV and Teknision. We have three trademark registrations in the United States for SYNACOR (U.S. Registration Numbers 5108679, 2845578 and 2811272).
We endeavor to protect our internally-developed systems and maintain our trademarks. We generally control access to and use of our proprietary software and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers and partners, and our software is protected by United States and international copyright laws.
In addition to legal protections, we believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our personnel, new product developments, frequent product enhancements and reliable product support and services are essential to establishing and maintaining a technology leadership position.
Competition
The market for internet-based services and products in which we operate is highly competitive and involves rapidly-changing technologies and customer and consumer requirements, as well as evolving industry standards and frequent product introductions. While we believe that our technology offers considerable value and flexibility to our customers by helping them to extend their consumer relationships to a wide variety of internet-based services, we face competition at four levels:
 	•	When one of our prospective or existing customers considers another supplier, including one of our partners, for elements of the services or products which we provide.	
 	•	When consumers choose to rely on other vendors for similar products and services.	
 	•	When content and service providers prefer to establish direct relationships with one or more of our customers.	
 	•	When one of our customers decides to make the significant headcount and technology investment to develop products and services in-house similar to those that we provide.	
Our technology competes primarily with high-speed internet service providers that have internal information technology staff capable of developing similar solutions in-house.
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M anaged Portals and Advertising Solutions
In addition, with respect to our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions, we compete with companies such as Facebook, Inc.; Google; Verizon Media; Hulu; Netflix; Amazon; and MSN, a division of Microsoft Corporation, or Microsoft, which have destination websites of their own or are capable of delivering content, service offerings and search or advertising models similar to ours.
We also compete with providers of paid content and services over the internet, especially companies with the capability of bundling paid content and premium services in much the same manner that we do. These companies include WatchESPN, F-Secure Corporation, Exent Technologies Ltd., Zynga Inc., MLB Advanced Media, Symantec Corporation, McAfee, Inc., Activision Blizzard, Inc. and Electronic Arts Inc. In some cases we have performed software integrations with these companies on behalf of our customers or, as in the case of F-Secure Corporation, we have partnered with them in order to offer their services more broadly to all our customers.
We believe the principal competitive factors in our markets include a company’s ability to:
 	•	reinforce the brands of our cable, satellite, telecom and consumer electronics customers;	
 	•	produce products that are flexible and easy to use;	
 	•	offer competitive fees for Managed Portal development and operation;	
 	•	generate additional revenue for our customers;	
 	•	enable our customers to be involved in designing the “look and feel” of their online presence;	
 	•	offer services and products that meet the changing needs of our customers and their consumers, including emerging technologies and standards;	
 	•	provide high-quality product support to assist the customer’s service representatives; and	
 	•	aggregate content to deliver more compelling bundled packages of paid content.	
We believe that we distinguish ourselves from potential competitors in three principal ways. First, we provide a white-label solution that, unlike the co-branded approach of most of our competitors, creates a consumer experience that reinforces our customers’ and partners’ brands. Second, we give customers control over the sign-on process and billing function for a wide range of internet services and content by integrating with their internal systems (where applicable) thereby allowing our customers to “own the consumer.” Finally, our solutions are flexible and neutral, meaning that we allow deliverables that are customized to our customers’ specific needs, as well as advanced video solutions that are either end-to-end or a la carte.
Email/Collaboration
With respect to our Email/Collaboration solutions, we compete primarily with Google and Microsoft in the enterprise and government markets, and with Open-Xchange and OpenWave in the internet service provider markets.
We believe the principal competitive factors in the email/collaboration market include a company’s ability to:
 	•	provide customers the ability to perform security and compliance audits of our source code;	
 	•	deliver anti-spam, anti-virus and encryption technologies;	
 	•	provide products and services at lowest possible total cost of ownership (TCO);	
 	•	provide local partners the ability to store data within the legal jurisdiction of the country where their customers do business;	
 	•	provide an enterprise-ready solution suitable for large-scale deployments including such enterprise features such as delegated administration, detailed logging, and performance and availability transparency;	
 	•	offer access to real-time performance and availability statistics;	
 	•	afford customers and partners the ability to rebrand their cloud collaboration experience; and	
 	•	make available to partners both integrations and extensions to the collaboration cloud environment specific to customers’ needs.	
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We believe that we distinguish ourselves from potenti al competitors in several ways. First, we offer our Email/Collaboration products and services a la carte, enabling customers to buy only the services they need, providing for a much lower TCO. Second, our Zimbra Email/Collaboration solution is a complete f eature-rich, enterprise-ready solution scalable up to 40 million mailboxes. Finally, our products are customizable and extendable and designed to meet very high standards of security.
Employees
As of December 31, 2018, we had 257 employees in the United States and 153 based internationally. Of these employees, 407 were full-time employees.  None of our employees are represented by a labor union, and we consider current employee relations to be good.
Corporate Information
Synacor’s predecessor company was originally formed as a New York corporation, and in November 2002, Synacor re-incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Our headquarters are located at 40 La Riviere Drive, Buffalo, New York 14202, and our telephone number is (716) 853-1362.
Available Information
Our internet website address is http://www.synacor.com . We provide free access to various reports that we file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, through our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been filed or furnished. These reports include, but are not limited to, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports. Our SEC reports can be accessed through the investor relations section of our website, or through http://www.sec.gov . Information on our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file or furnish with the SEC. Stockholders may request copies of these documents from:
Synacor, Inc.
Investor Relations Department
40 La Riviere Drive
Suite 300
Buffalo, New York 14202
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ITEM 1A.	 RI SK FACTORS	
Our business and financial results are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely and materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties, including the following risk factors and all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, together with any other documents we file with the SEC.
Risks Related to Our Business
A loss of any significant Managed Portals and Advertising customer could negatively affect our financial performance.
Although we have diversified our product portfolio and our customer base, we continue to derive a substantial portion of our revenue from a small number of Managed Portal customers. Revenue attributable to these customers includes the recurring and fee-based revenue earned directly from them, as well as the search and digital advertising revenue earned through our relationships with our advertising partners, such as Google, based on traffic generated from our Managed Portals. For 2017, revenue attributable to two customers each exceeded 10% of our total revenue, and on a combined basis accounted for approximately 28% of our revenue, or $39.4 million.  For 2018, revenue attributable to two customers each exceeded 10% of our total revenue, and on a combined basis accounted for approximately 24% of our revenue, or $34.6 million.
Our contracts with our Managed Portals and Advertising customers generally have an initial term of approximately two to three years from the launch of their Managed Portals and frequently provide for one or more automatic renewal terms of one to two years each. If a key contract is not renewed or is otherwise terminated, or if revenue from a significant customer declines because of competitive or other reasons, including the customer’s desire to reprioritize or deemphasize monetization of the portal, our revenue would decline and our ability to achieve or sustain profitability would be impaired. In addition to the loss of recurring and fee-based revenue, we would also lose significant revenue from the related search and digital advertising services that we provide. In addition to the decline of revenue, we may have to impair our long-lived assets, to the extent that such assets are used exclusively to support these customers, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial position.
We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from our partnership with AT&T. In May 2016 we entered into a Portal and Advertising Services Agreement (as amended, the “AT&T Agreement”) with AT&T that would automatically renew at the end of the initial term on March 28, 2019 unless AT&T were to provide a notice of non-renewal at least 180 days prior to that date. On August 24, 2018 AT&T delivered notice to us to prevent automatic renewal of the AT&T Agreement.  Since September we have been and continue to be in active renewal negotiations with AT&T. Assuming that we agree on revised terms and conditions, such agreed upon terms and conditions would be embodied in a new definitive agreement, under which we would continue to provide the portal and advertising services after the expiration of the current AT&T Agreement. If our contract with AT&T is not renewed or is otherwise terminated, or if revenue from the AT&T relationship were to decline due to competitive or other reasons, our results of operations and financial position would be adversely affected.
Our search advertising partner, Google, accounts for a significant portion of our revenue, and any loss of, or diminution in, our business relationship with Google would adversely affect our financial performance.
We rely on traffic on our Managed Portals to generate search and digital advertising revenue, a substantial portion of which is derived from text-based links to advertisers’ websites as a result of internet searches. We have a revenue-sharing relationship with Google under which we include a Google-branded search tool on our Managed Portals. When a consumer makes a search request using this tool, we deliver it to Google, and Google returns search results to us that include advertiser-sponsored links. If the consumer clicks on a sponsored link, Google receives payment from the sponsor of that link and shares a portion of that payment with us. We then typically share a portion of that payment with the applicable customer. Our Google-related search advertising revenue attributable to our customers, which consists of the portion of the payment from the sponsor that Google shares with us, accounted for approximately 13%, 14%, and 12% of our revenue in 2018, 2017, and 2016 or $19.0 million, $20.1 million, and $15.9 million respectively. Google may terminate our agreement if we experience a change in control, if we enter into an agreement providing for a change in control, if we do not maintain certain search and digital advertising revenue levels or if we fail to conform to Google’s search policies and advertising policies. Google may from time to time change its existing, or establish new, methodologies and metrics for valuing the quality of internet traffic. Any changes in these methodologies, metrics and advertising technology platforms could decrease the advertising rates that we receive and/or the amount of revenue that we generate from digital advertisements. If advertisers were to discontinue their advertising via internet searches, if Google’s revenue from search-based advertising were to decrease, if Google’s share of the search revenue were to be increased or if our agreement with Google were to be terminated for any reason or renewed on less favorable terms, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. Moreover, consumers’ increased use of search tools other than the Google-branded search tool we provide would have similar effects.
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We have a history of significant pre-tax net losses and may not be profitable in future periods.
We have reported pre-tax net income in only three years, 2009, 2011 and 2012, in amounts of $0.3 million, $3.9 million, and $5.6 million, respectively.  In all other years, we have incurred losses, and at December 31, 2018 our cumulative U.S. federal net operating loss carryforward was $36.6 million. We have previously taken cost saving measures, including reductions in workforce.   However, our expenses have increased and may increase in future periods as we implement initiatives designed to grow our business including, among other things, the ongoing costs and expenses we must incur in connection with providing Managed Portal and Advertising solutions to AT&T, acquisitions of complementary businesses (such as our acquisition of the Zimbra assets and our acquisition of assets from Technorati), the development and marketing of new services and products, licensing of content, expansion of our infrastructure and international expansion. If our revenue does not sufficiently increase to offset these expected increases in operating expenses, or if we are not able to sufficiently reduce costs in the event our revenue increases fail to materialize, we may incur significant losses and may not be profitable. For example, although our revenue has increased year over year since 2014, we have not yet returned to profitability. We may not be able to return to or maintain profitability in the future. Any failure to achieve or maintain profitability may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and impact our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards. As a result of our pre-tax cumulative losses, we have established a full valuation allowance against our net deferred income tax asset, which includes our net operating loss carryforwards.
Many individuals are using devices other than personal computers and software applications other than internet browsers to access the internet. If users of these devices and software applications do not widely adopt the applications and other solutions we develop for them, our business could be adversely affected.
The number of people who access the internet through devices other than PCs, including tablets, smartphones and connected TVs, has increased dramatically and is projected to continue to increase. Similarly, individuals are increasingly accessing the internet through apps other than internet browsers, such as those available for download through Apple Inc.’s App Store and the Android Market. Our Managed Portals include our responsive desktop and mobile web products and also our mobile native iOS and Android apps. If consumers do not use our mobile products at all or use these products less frequently than previously, our financial results could be negatively affected. Additionally, as new devices and new apps are continually being released, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in developing new versions of our apps and other solutions for use on these alternative devices and apps, and we may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support and maintenance of such apps and solutions. If users of these devices and apps do not widely adopt the apps and other solutions we develop, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Consumer tastes continually change and are unpredictable, and sales of our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions may decline if we fail to enhance our service and content offerings to achieve continued consumer acceptance.
Our business depends on aggregating and providing services and content that our customers will place on our Managed Portals, including television programming, news, entertainment, sports and other content that their consumers find engaging, and premium services and paid content that their consumers will buy. Accordingly, we must continue to invest significant resources in licensing efforts, research and development and marketing to enhance our service and content offerings, and we must make decisions about these matters well in advance of product releases to implement them in a timely manner. Our success depends, in part, on unpredictable and volatile factors beyond our control, including consumer preferences, competing content providers and websites and the availability of other news, entertainment, sports and other services and content. While we work with our customers to have their consumers’ homepages set to our Managed Portals, a consumer may easily change that setting, which would likely decrease the use of our Managed Portals. Similarly, consumers who change their device’s operating system or internet browser may no longer have our Managed Portals set as their default homepage, and unless they change it back to our Managed Portals, their usage of our Managed Portals would likely decline and our results of operations could be negatively impacted. Consumers who acquire new consumer electronics devices no longer have our Managed Portals initially set as their default homepage, and unless they change the default to our Managed Portals, their usage of our Managed Portals would likely decline and our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
If our services are not responsive to the requirements of our customers or the preferences of their consumers, or the services are not brought to market in a timely and effective manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. Even if our services and content are successfully introduced and initially adopted, a subsequent shift in the preferences of our customers or their consumers could cause a decline in the popularity of our services and content that could reduce our revenue and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our revenue growth will be adversely affected if we are unable to expand the breadth of our services and products or to introduce new services and products on a timely basis.
To retain our existing customers, attract new customers and increase revenue, we must continue to develop and introduce new services and products on a timely basis and continue to develop additional features to our existing product base. If our existing and prospective customers do not perceive that we will deliver committed enhancements to our services and products on schedule, or if they do not perceive our services and products to be of sufficient value and quality, we may lose the confidence of our existing customers and fail to increase sales to these existing customers, existing customers may be able to terminate their agreements with us, and we may not be able to attract new customers, each of which would adversely affect our operating results.
Our sales cycles and the contracting process with new customers are long and unpredictable and may require us to incur expenses before executing a customer agreement, which makes it difficult to project when, if at all, we will obtain new customers and when we will generate additional revenue and cash flows from those customers.
We market our services and products directly to high-speed internet service and communications providers, consumer electronics manufacturers, and directly and indirectly to enterprises, and governmental and nonprofit organizations. New customer relationships typically take time to obtain and finalize because of the burdensome cost of migrating from an existing solution to our platform. Due to operating procedures in many organizations, a significant time period may pass between selection of our services and products by key decision-makers and the signing of a contract. The length of time between the initial customer sales call and the realization of significant sales is difficult to predict and can range from several months to several years. As a result, it is difficult to predict when we will obtain new customers and when we will begin to generate revenue and cash flows from these potential new customers.
As part of our sales cycle for our Managed Portals and Advertising customers, we may incur significant expenses in the form of compensation and related expenses and equipment acquisition before executing a definitive agreement with a prospective customer so that we may be ready to launch shortly following execution of a definitive agreement. If conditions in the marketplace generally or with a specific prospective customer change negatively, it is possible that no definitive agreement will be executed, and we will be unable to recover any expenses incurred before a definitive agreement is executed, which would in turn have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Many of our customers are high-speed internet service providers, and consolidation within the cable and telecommunications industries could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our revenue from high-speed internet service and communications providers, including our search and digital advertising revenue generated by online consumer traffic on our Managed Portals and our revenue from our Email/Collaboration offerings, accounted for approximately 69% in 2018, approximately 63% in 2017 and approximately 63% in 2016. The cable and telecommunications industries have experienced consolidation over the past several years, and we expect that this trend will continue. As a result of consolidation, some of our customers may be acquired by companies with which we do not have existing relationships and which may have relationships with one of our competitors or may have the in-house capability to perform the services we provide. As a result, such acquisitions could cause us to lose customers and the associated revenue. Under our agreements with some of our customers, including CenturyLink, they have the right to terminate the agreement if we are acquired by one of their competitors.
Consolidation may also require us to renegotiate our agreements with our customers as a result of enhanced customer leverage. We may not be able to offset the effects of any such renegotiations, and we may not be able to attract new customers to counter any revenue declines resulting from the loss of customers or their subscribers.
We rely, to a significant degree, on indirect sales channels for the distribution of our Email/Collaboration products, and disruption within these channels could adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
We use a variety of indirect distribution methods for our offerings, including channel partners, such as cloud service providers, distributors, and value added resellers. A number of these partners in turn distribute our offerings via their own networks of channel partners with whom we have no direct relationship. These relationships allow us to offer our technologies to a much larger customer base than we would otherwise be able through our direct sales and marketing efforts.
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We rely, to a significant degree, on each of our channel partners to select, screen and maintain relationships with its distribution network and to distribute our offerings in a manner that is consistent with applicable law and regulatory requirements and our quality standards. If our channel partners or a partner in its distribution network violate applicable law or regulatory requirements or misrepresent the f unctionality of our offerings, our reputation could be damaged and we could be subject to potential liability. Furthermore, our channel partners may offer their own products and services that are competitive with our offerings or may not distribute and mar ket our offerings effectively. Our existing channel partner relationships do not, and any future channel partner relationships may not, afford us any exclusive marketing or distribution rights. In addition, if a channel partner is acquired by a competitor or its business units are reorganized or divested, our revenue derived from that partner may be adversely impacted.
Recruiting and retaining qualified channel partners and training them in the use of our technologies require significant time and resources. If we fail to devote sufficient resources to support and expand our network of channel partners, our business may be adversely affected. In addition, because we rely on channel partners for the indirect distribution of our technologies, we may have little or no contact with the ultimate end-users of our technologies, thereby making it more difficult for us to establish brand awareness, ensure proper delivery and installation of our software, support ongoing customer requirements, estimate end-user demand, respond to evolving customer needs and obtain renewals from end-users.
Most of our sales to government entities have been made indirectly through our channel partners. Government entities may have statutory, contractual, or other legal rights to terminate contracts with our channel partners for convenience or due to a default, and any such termination may adversely impact our future operating results. Governments routinely investigate and audit government contractors’ administrative processes, and any unfavorable audit could result in the government refusing to continue buying our offerings, a reduction of revenue or fines or civil or criminal liability if the audit uncovers improper or illegal activities.
If our indirect distribution channel is disrupted, we may be required to devote more resources to distribute our offerings directly and support our customers, which may not be as effective and could lead to higher costs, reduced revenue and growth that is slower than expected.
As technology continues to evolve, the use of our products by our current and prospective consumer electronics manufacturer customers may decrease and our business could be adversely affected.
The consumer electronics industry is subject to rapid change, and our contracts for Managed Portals and Advertising solutions with our consumer electronics manufacturer customers are not exclusive. As consumer electronics manufacturers continue to develop new technologies and introduce new models and devices, there can be no assurance that we will be able to develop solutions that will persuade consumer electronics manufacturers that are our customers at such time to utilize our technology for those new devices. If our current and prospective consumer electronics manufacturer customers elect not to integrate our solutions into their new products, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Moreover, updates to internet browser technology may adversely affect our business. For example, upgrades to the Windows 10 operating system default to Microsoft’s latest Edge browser and displace users’ previous browser settings including default homepages, which can lead to decreased search and digital advertising revenue. Unless consumers change their browser settings back to our Managed Portals, their usage of our Managed Portals would likely decline and our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
We invest in features and functionality designed to increase consumer engagement with our Managed Portals; however, these investments may not lead to increased revenue.
Our future growth and profitability will depend in large part on the effectiveness and efficiency of our efforts to provide a compelling consumer experience that increases consumer engagement with our Managed Portals. We have made and will continue to make substantial investments in features and functionality for our technology that are designed to drive consumer engagement. For example, we invested more than $10.0 million in start-up expenses, development expenses and capital expenditures relating to our contract with AT&T.
Not all of these activities directly generate revenue, and we cannot assure you that we will reap sufficient rewards from these investments to make them worthwhile. If the expenses that we incur in connection with these activities do not result in increased consumer engagement that in turn results in revenue increases that exceed these expenses, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
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Our services and products may become less competitive or even obsolete if we fail to respond to technological developments.
Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to modify or enhance our services and products to meet customer and consumer needs, to add functionality and to address technological advancements that would improve their performance. For example, if our smartphone and tablet products fail to capture the increased search activity on such devices or if our services and products do not adapt to the increasing video usage on the internet or to take into account evolving developments in social networking, then they could begin to appear obsolete. Similarly, if we fail to develop new ways to deliver content and services through apps other than traditional internet browsers, consumers could seek alternative means of accessing content and services.
To remain competitive, we will need to develop new services and products and adapt our existing ones to address these and other evolving technologies and standards. However, we may be unsuccessful in identifying new opportunities or in developing or marketing new services and products in a timely or cost-effective manner. In addition, our product innovations may not achieve the market penetration or price levels necessary for profitability. If we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing services and products or if we are unable to develop new services and products that keep pace with rapid technological developments or changing industry standards, our services and products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive, and our business will be harmed.
We depend on third parties for content that is critical to our business, and our business could suffer if we do not continue to obtain high-quality content at a reasonable cost.
We license the content that we aggregate on our Managed Portals from numerous third-party content providers, and our future success is highly dependent upon our ability to maintain and enter into new relationships with these and other content providers. In some cases, we are required under our contracts, including our contract with AT&T, to provide our customers’ consumers access to certain types of content.  In the future, some of our content providers may not give us access to high-quality content, may fail to adapt to changes in consumer tastes or may increase the royalties, fees or percentages that they charge us for their content, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operating results. Our rights to the content that we offer to our customers and their consumers are not exclusive, and the content providers could license their content to our competitors. Our content providers could even grant our competitors exclusive licenses. In addition, our customers are not prohibited from entering into content deals directly with our content providers. Any failure to enter into or maintain satisfactory arrangements with content providers would adversely affect our ability to provide a variety of attractive services and products to our customers. Our reputation and operating results could suffer as a result, and it may be more difficult for us to develop new relationships with potential customers.
Our Zimbra Email/Collaboration solution was developed as an open-source software product. As such, it may be relatively easy for competitors, some of which may have greater resources than we have, to compete with us.
One of the characteristics of open source software is that anyone may modify and redistribute the existing open source software and use it to compete with us. Such competition can develop without the degree of overhead and lead time required by traditional proprietary software companies. In addition, some of these competitors may make their open source software available for free download and use on an ad hoc basis or may position their open source software as a loss leader. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors or that competitive pressure and/or the availability of open source software will not result in price reductions, reduced operating margins and loss of market share, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Our revenue and operating results may fluctuate, which makes our results difficult to predict and could cause our results to fall short of expectations.
As a result of the rapidly changing nature of the markets in which we compete, our quarterly and annual revenue and operating results are likely to fluctuate from period to period. These fluctuations may be caused by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including but not limited to the various factors set forth in this “Risk Factors” section, as well as:
 	•	any failure to maintain strong relationships and favorable revenue-sharing arrangements with our Managed Portals and Advertising partners, in particular Google, including a reduction in the quantity or pricing of sponsored links that consumers click on or a reduction in the pricing of digital advertisements by advertisers;	
 	•	the timing of our investment in, or the timing of our monetization of, our products and services, such as our end-to-end video solutions portfolio or our Zimbra Email/Collaboration product;	
 	•	any failure of significant customers to renew their agreements with us;	
 	•	our ability to attract new customers;	
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 	•	our ability to increase sales of premium services and paid content to our existing customers’ cons umers;	
 	•	any development by our significant customers of the in-house capacity to replace the solutions we provide;	
 	•	the release of new product and service offerings by our competitors or our customers;	
 	•	variations in the demand for our services and products and the implementation cycles of our services and products by our customers;	
 	•	changes to internet browser technology that may render our Managed Portals less competitive;	
 	•	changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;	
 	•	changes in the prices our customers charge their consumers for email, premium services and paid content;	
 	•	service outages, other technical difficulties or security breaches;	
 	•	limitations relating to the capacity of our networks, systems and processes;	
 	•	our failure to accurately estimate or control costs, including costs related to the implementation of our solutions for new customers;	
 	•	maintaining appropriate staffing levels and capabilities relative to projected growth;	
 	•	the timing of costs related to the development or acquisition of technologies, services or businesses to support our existing customers and potential growth opportunities; and	
 	•	general economic, industry and market conditions and those conditions specific to internet usage and online businesses.	
For these reasons and because the market for our services and products is relatively new and rapidly changing, it is difficult to predict our future financial results.
Expansion into international markets, which is an important part of our strategy, but where we have limited experience, will subject us to risks associated with international operations.
We plan to continue to expand our product offerings internationally, particularly in Asia, Canada, Latin America and Europe. Although our exposure to and expertise in international markets have increased as a result of our acquisition of the Zimbra assets in September 2015, we still have limited experience in marketing and operating all of our services and products in international markets, and we may not be able to successfully develop or grow our business in these markets. Our success in these markets will be directly linked to the success of our relationships with potential customers, resellers, content partners and other third parties.
As the international markets in which we operate continue to grow, we expect that competition in these markets will intensify. Local companies may have a substantial competitive advantage because of their greater understanding of, and focus on, the local markets. Some of our domestic competitors who have substantially greater resources than we do may be able to more quickly and comprehensively develop and grow in international markets. International expansion may also require significant financial investment including, among other things, the expense of developing localized products, the costs of acquiring foreign companies and the integration of such companies with our operations, expenditure of resources in developing customer and content relationships and the increased costs of supporting remote operations.
Other risks of doing business in international markets include the increased risks and burdens of complying with different legal and regulatory standards, difficulties in managing and staffing foreign operations, recruiting and retaining talented direct sales personnel, limitations on the repatriation of funds and fluctuations of foreign exchange rates, varying levels of internet technology adoption and infrastructure and our ability to enforce contracts and our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. Additionally there are risks associated with fundamental changes to international markets, such as those that may occur as a result of the United Kingdom's potential withdrawal from the European Union ("Brexit"). Brexit may adversely affect global economic and market conditions and could contribute to volatility in the foreign exchange markets, which we may be unable to effectively manage.
In addition, our success in international expansion could be limited by barriers to international expansion such as tariffs, adverse tax consequences and technology export controls. If we cannot manage these risks effectively, the costs of doing business in some international markets may be prohibitive or our costs may increase disproportionately to our revenue. Some of our business partners also have international operations and are subject to the risks described above. Even if we are able to successfully manage the risks of international operations, our business may be adversely affected if our business partners are not able to successfully manage these risks.
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Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits U.S. companies from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices may occur with respect to our expansion into international markets. Our employees or other agents may engage in such conduct for which we might be held responsible. If our employees or other agents are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences, including adverse publicity and damage to our reputation that may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our agreements with some of our customers, content providers, and service providers require fixed payments, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
Certain of our agreements with Managed Portals and Advertising customers and content providers require us to make fixed payments to them. The aggregate amount of such fixed payments for the year ending December 31, 2018 is approximately $2.7 million. We are required to make these fixed payments regardless of the achievement of any revenue objectives or subscriber or usage levels. If we do not achieve our financial objectives, these contractual commitments would constitute a greater percentage of our revenue than originally anticipated and would adversely affect our profitability.
Our agreements with some of our customers and content providers contain penalties for non-performance, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
We have entered into service level agreements with many of our customers. These agreements generally call for specific system “up times” and 24 hours per day, seven days per week support and include penalties for non-performance. We may be unable to fulfill these commitments due to circumstances beyond our control, which could subject us to substantial penalties under those agreements, harm our reputation and result in a reduction of revenue or the loss of customers, which would in turn have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To date, we have never incurred any material penalties.
In addition, certain of our agreements with customers contain penalties for certain types of non-performance which, if not timely rectified, could result in substantial financial penalties to us.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy issues and expanding laws could impact our business models, subject us to additional expenses and expose us to increased liability.
 
We are subject to laws and regulations that dictate whether, how, and under what circumstances we can transfer, process and/or receive certain data that is critical to our operations, including data shared between countries or regions in which we operate and data shared among our products and services.   In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere are often uncertain and in flux. Government regulators, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. This increased scrutiny may result in new interpretations of existing laws, thereby further impacting Synacor’s business.
 
Globally, new and emerging laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in Europe, state laws in the U.S. on privacy, data and related technologies, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), potential U.S. federal legislation regarding consumer privacy, as well as industry self-regulatory codes create new compliance obligations and expand the scope of potential liability, either jointly or severally with our customers and suppliers. For example, the CCPA may precipitate additional privacy regulation by federal, state and local governments, which may increase our compliance costs and strain our technical capabilities, and such regulations may conflict with each other making it impossible to comply with all such regulations. Ensuring compliance with such laws is an ongoing commitment which involves substantial costs, and it is possible that despite our efforts, governmental authorities or third parties will assert that our business practices fail to comply. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with privacy regulations, our privacy policies or other related obligations (including in our agreements with customers), or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personal information or other subscriber data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, significant fines, loss of access to data transfer mechanisms, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, or, in some situations, terminate their agreements with us, all of which would have an adverse effect on our business.
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System failures or capacity constraints could harm our business and financi al performance.
The provision of our services and products depends on the continuing operation of our information technology and communications systems. Any damage to or failure of our systems could result in interruptions in our service. Such interruptions could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our reputation could be damaged if people believe our systems are unreliable. Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from snow storms, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, security breaches, computer malware, computer hacking attacks, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks or other attempts to, or events that, harm our systems. Our data centers are also subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism and to potential disruptions if the operators of the facilities have financial difficulties. Although we maintain insurance to cover a variety of risks, the scope and amount of our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover our losses resulting from system failures or other disruptions to our online operations. For example, the limit on our business interruption insurance is approximately $26 million for cyber loss (and $38 million for physical loss). Any system failure or disruption and any resulting losses that are not recoverable under our insurance policies may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. To date, we have never experienced any material losses.
Not all of our data centers are on full second-site redundancy, only certain customers require this capability. We regularly back-up our systems and store the system back-ups in Atlanta, Georgia; Watertown, Massachusetts; Dallas and Allen, Texas; Lewis Center, Ohio; and Toronto, Canada. If we were forced to relocate to an alternate site and to rely on our system back-ups to restore the systems, we would experience significant delays in restoring the functionality of our platform and could experience loss of data, which could harm our business and our operating results.
Security breaches, computer viruses and computer hacking attacks could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Security breaches, computer malware and computer hacking attacks are prevalent in the technology industry. Any security breach caused by hacking, which involves efforts to gain unauthorized access to information or systems, or to cause intentional malfunctions or loss or corruption of data, software, hardware or other computer equipment, and the inadvertent transmission of computer viruses could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have previously experienced hacking attacks on our systems, and may in the future experience hacking attacks. Though it is difficult to determine what harm may directly result from any specific interruption or breach, any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security and availability of our technology infrastructure to the satisfaction of our customers and their consumers may harm our reputation and our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers.
We may not maintain acceptable website performance for our Managed Portals and Advertising customers, which may negatively impact our relationships with our customers and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A key element to our continued growth is the ability of our customers’ consumers in all geographies to access our Managed Portals and other offerings within acceptable load times. We refer to this as website performance. We may in the future experience platform disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our technology simultaneously, and denial of service or fraud or security attacks.
In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these website performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve website performance, especially during peak usage times, and as our solutions become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions are unavailable when consumers attempt to access them or do not load as quickly as they expect, consumers may seek other alternatives to obtain the information for which they are looking, and may not use our products and services as often in the future, or at all. This would negatively impact our relationships with our customers. We expect to continue to make significant investments to maintain and improve website performance. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business and operating results may be harmed.
We rely on our management team and need additional personnel to expand our business, and the loss of key officers or an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We depend on the continued contributions of our senior management and other key personnel, especially Himesh Bhise, our President and Chief Executive Officer, Steve Davi, Executive Vice President, Technology and Timothy J. Heasley, our Chief Financial Officer. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could harm our business and our
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prospects. All of our executive officers and key employees are at-will employees, which means they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time.
Our future success also depends on our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, finance, marketing and creative personnel. Further, we will need to hire personnel outside the United States to continue to pursue an international expansion strategy.  We face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous technology, marketing and media companies, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. We may be unable to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals, or we may be required to pay increased compensation in order to do so. If we were to be unable to attract and retain the qualified personnel we need to succeed, our business could suffer.
Volatility or lack of performance in the trading price of our common stock may also affect our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Many of our senior management personnel and other key employees have become, or will become, vested in a substantial amount of stock or stock options. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their options have significantly declined in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise prices of the options or if the exercise prices of the options that they hold are significantly above the trading price of our common stock. If we are unable to retain our employees, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.
If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.
Through much of our history, our business expansion had resulted from organic growth. More recently, however, we have sought to, and may continue to seek to, grow through strategic acquisitions. For example, in the first quarter of 2016, we acquired certain assets from Technorati, and in 2015, we acquired the Zimbra assets and certain assets of NimbleTV.   Our goal of returning to growth may place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. Our ability to manage our growth effectively and to integrate new technologies and acquisitions (such as the assets acquired from Technorati, Zimbra, and NimbleTV) into our existing business will require us to continue to expand our operational, financial and management information systems and to continue to retain, attract, train, motivate and manage key employees. Growth could strain our ability to:
 	•	develop and improve our operational, financial and management controls;	
 	•	enhance our reporting systems and procedures;	
 	•	recruit, train and retain highly skilled personnel;	
 	•	maintain our quality standards; and	
 	•	maintain customer and content owner satisfaction.	
Managing our growth will require significant expenditures and allocation of valuable management resources. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as it grows, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.
We may expand our business through acquisitions of, or investments in, other companies or new technologies, or joint ventures or other strategic alliances with other companies, which may divert our management’s attention or prove not to be successful.
In February 2016 we acquired substantially all of the assets of, and hired certain personnel from, Technorati; and in 2015 we acquired the Zimbra assets and hired certain related personnel and we purchased assets from, and hired the personnel of, NimbleTV. We may decide to pursue other acquisitions of, investments in, or joint ventures involving other technologies and businesses in the future. Such transactions could divert our management’s time and focus from operating our business.
Our ability as an organization to integrate acquisitions is relatively unproven. Integrating an acquired company, business or technology is risky and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, including, among other things, with respect to:
 	•	incorporating new technologies into our existing business infrastructure;	
 	•	consolidating corporate and administrative functions;	
 	•	coordinating our sales and marketing functions to incorporate the new business or technology;	
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 	•	maintaining morale, retaining and integrating key employees to support the new business or technology and managing our expansion in capacity; and	
 	•	maintaining standards, controls, procedures and policies (including effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures).	
In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we may acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our earnings based on this impairment assessment process, which could harm our operating results.
Future acquisitions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, including our common stock, or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or acquired in-process research and development expenses, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Future acquisitions may also require us to obtain additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.
We may require additional capital to grow our business, and this capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
The operation of our business and our growth strategy may require significant additional capital, especially if we were to accelerate our expansion and acquisition plans. For example, we invested more than $10.0 million in operating expenses and capital expenditures preparing to support AT&T as a customer, and an additional $4.6 million in the development of internal-use software and software for sale or license to other customers.  If the cash generated from operations and otherwise available to us is not sufficient to meet our capital requirements, we will need to seek additional capital, potentially through debt or equity financings, to fund our growth. We may not be able to raise needed capital on terms acceptable to us or at all. Financings, if available, may be on terms that are dilutive or potentially dilutive to our stockholders, and the prices at which new investors would be willing to purchase our securities may cause our existing stockholders to suffer substantial dilution. The holders of new securities may also receive rights, preferences or privileges that are senior to those of existing holders of our common stock. As with our credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank, any debt financing obtained by us in the future could contain financial or other covenants that may potentially restrict our operations, and if we do not effectively manage our business to comply with those covenants, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
While we successfully raised approximately $20.0 million in an underwritten public offering of 6,187,846 shares of our common stock in April and May of 2017, the net proceeds of that offering may not be sufficient to meet our objectives, including funding our growth plans and potential acquisitions as they may arise.
In addition, while we are in compliance at December 31, 2018 with the financial covenants contained in our credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank, our future financial performance, including our future capital expenditures, may potentially cause us to become not in compliance with those covenants, possibly restricting our ability to borrow under our credit facility.
If new or existing sources of financing are required but are insufficient or unavailable, we could be required to delay, abandon or otherwise modify our growth and operating plans to the extent of available funding, which would harm our ability to grow our business.
Our business depends, in part, on our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights.
The protection of our intellectual property is critical to our success. We rely on copyright and service mark enforcement, contractual restrictions and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary rights. We have entered into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and nondisclosure agreements with certain parties with whom we conduct business to limit access to and disclosure and distribution of our proprietary information. Additionally, we have applied for patents to protect certain of our intellectual property. We have registered several marks and filed many other trademark applications in the United States.  We have not applied for copyright protection in any jurisdiction including in the United States. However, if we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property without authorization, and, our business may suffer from the piracy of our technology and the associated loss in revenue.
 Protecting against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights is expensive, difficult and, in some cases, impossible. The steps we take may not prevent misappropriation or infringement of our property rights.  Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could be costly and divert management resources, either of which could harm
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our business. Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights than we do. Accordingly , despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.
We are not currently involved in any legal proceedings with respect to protecting our intellectual property; however, we may from time to time become a party to various legal proceedings with respect to protecting our intellectual property arising in the ordinary course of our business.
Any claims from a third party that we are infringing upon its intellectual property, whether valid or not, could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses or force us to curtail some services or products.
Companies in the internet and technology industries tend to own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have been subject to claims that the presentation of certain licensed content on our Managed Portals infringes certain patents of a third party, none of which have resulted in material direct settlement or payments by us or any determination of infringement by us, and as we face increasing competition, the possibility of further intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third party claims or rights against their use. Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle and could divert management resources and attention. An adverse determination also could prevent us from offering our services and products to others and may require that we procure substitute products or services for our customers.
In the case of any intellectual property rights claim, we may have to pay damages or stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We may have to seek a license for the technology, which may not be available to us on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. The technology also may not be available for license to us at all. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for the infringing aspects of our business, we may be forced to limit our service and product offerings and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these consequences could harm our operating results.
In addition, we typically have contractual obligations to our customers to indemnify and defend them with respect to third-party intellectual property infringement claims that arise from our customers’ use of our products or services. Such claims, whether valid or not, could harm our relationships with our customers, have resulted and could result in the future in us or our customers having to enter into licenses with the claimants and have caused and could cause us in the future to incur additional costs or experience reduced revenue. To date, neither the increase in our costs nor any reductions in our revenue resulting from such claims have been material. Such claims could also subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation as well as diverting management attention and resources. Satisfying our contractual indemnification obligations could also give rise to significant liability, and thus harm our business and our operating results.
We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings with respect to third party claims that we or our customers’ use of our products and services are infringing upon their intellectual property; however, we may from time to time become a party to various legal proceedings with respect to such claims arising in the ordinary course of our business.
Any unauthorized disclosure or theft of personal information we gather could harm our reputation and subject us to claims or litigation.
We collect, and have access to, personal information of subscribers, including names, addresses, account numbers, credit card numbers and email addresses. Unauthorized disclosure of such personal information, whether through breach of our systems by an unauthorized party, employee theft or misuse, or otherwise, could harm our business. If there were an inadvertent disclosure of personal information, or if a third party were to gain unauthorized access to the personal information we possess, our operations could be seriously disrupted and we could be subject to claims or litigation arising from damages suffered by subscribers or our customers. In addition, we could incur significant costs in complying with the multitude of state, federal and foreign laws regarding the unauthorized disclosure of personal information. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of the information we collect could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers and have an adverse impact on our business.
We collect and may access personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy and compliance costs, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could result in liability or otherwise harm our business.
 We collect, and have access to, personal information of subscribers, including names, addresses, account numbers, credit card numbers and email addresses. There are numerous federal, state and local laws, rules and guidelines around the world regarding
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privacy and the collection, storing, sharing , use, processing, disclosure, destruction and security of personal information and other subscriber data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent between countries or conflict with other rules. Ensuri ng compliance with such laws is an ongoing commitment which involves substantial costs, and it is possible that despite our efforts, governmental authorities or third parties will assert that our business practices fail to comply.
Any failure to convince advertisers of the benefits of advertising with us would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We have derived and expect to continue to derive a substantial portion of our revenue from digital advertising, including advertising on our Managed Portals. Such advertising accounted for approximately 48%, 45%, and 46% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Our ability to attract and retain advertisers and, ultimately, to generate advertising revenue depends on a number of factors, including:
 	•	increasing the numbers of consumers using our Managed Portals;	
 	•	maintaining consumer engagement on those Managed Portals;	
 	•	competing effectively for advertising spending with other online and offline advertising providers.	
If we are unable to provide high-quality advertising opportunities and convince advertisers and agencies of our value proposition, we may not be able to retain existing advertisers or attract new ones, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Migration of high-speed internet service providers’ consumers from one high-speed internet service provider to another could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Consumers may become dissatisfied with their current high-speed internet service provider and may switch to another provider. In the event that there is substantial subscriber migration from our existing customers to service providers with which we do not have relationships, the fees that we receive on a per-subscriber basis, and the related revenue, including search and digital advertising revenue, could decline.
If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.
As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to disclose any material weaknesses in such internal control. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also requires that our management report on internal control over financial reporting be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm.
During our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting: (i) ineffective control activities due to the lack of timeliness and consistency in executing business process controls, and (ii) ineffective monitoring controls to ascertain whether the components of internal control were present and functioning. We are working to remediate these material weaknesses . For more information about these material weaknesses and our remediation efforts, see Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures.” Although we plan to complete this remediation process as quickly as possible, we cannot at this time estimate how long it will take, and our efforts may not be successful in remediating these material weaknesses. As part of the remediation process, we may incur additional costs in improving our internal control over financial reporting.
Many of the internal controls we have implemented pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are process controls with respect to which a material weakness may be found regardless of whether any error has been identified in our reported financial statements. This may be confusing to investors and result in damage to our reputation, which may harm our business. Additionally, the proper design and assessment of internal controls over financial reporting are subject to varying interpretations, and as a result, application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies and as common practices evolve. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding the proper design and assessment of internal controls over financial reporting and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to internal controls.
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We must continue to monitor and assess our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to successfully remediate these material weaknesses or if we identify additional material weaknesses, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated . This could harm our operating results, cause us to fail to meet our SEC reporting obligations or Nasdaq listing requirements on a timely basis, adversely affect our reputation, cause our stock price to decline or result in inaccurate financial reporting or material misstatements in our annual or interim financial statements.
Notwithstanding the material weaknesses identified during our assessment, we have concluded, and our auditors have expressed an unqualified opinion, that the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and the consolidated results of operations and cash flows for each of the three fiscal years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited as a result of future transactions in our stock which may be outside our control.
As of December 31, 2018, we had substantial federal and state net operating loss carryforwards. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” generally occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “five-percent stockholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. For these purposes, a five-percent stockholder is generally any person or group of persons that at any time during the applicable testing period has owned 5% or more of our outstanding stock. In addition, persons who own less than 5% of the outstanding stock are grouped together as one or more “public groups,” which are also treated as five-percent stockholders. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. We may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of future transactions in our stock, some of which may be outside our control. As a result, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset United States federal and state taxable income and taxes may be subject to limitations.
Risks Related to Our Industry
The growth of the market for our services and products depends on the continued growth of the internet as a medium for content, advertising, commerce and communications.
Expansion in the sales of our services and products depends on the continued acceptance of the internet as a platform for content, advertising, commerce and communications. The acceptance of the internet as a medium for such uses could be adversely impacted by delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of internet activity, security, privacy protection, reliability, cost, ease of use, accessibility and quality of service. The performance of the internet and its acceptance as such a medium has been harmed by viruses, worms, and similar malicious programs, and the internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure. If for any reason the internet does not remain a medium for widespread content, advertising, commerce and communications, the demand for our services and products would be significantly reduced, which would harm our business.
The growth of the market for our services and products depends on the development and maintenance of the internet infrastructure.
Our business strategy depends on continued internet and high-speed internet access growth. Any downturn in the use or growth rate of the internet or high-speed internet access would be detrimental to our business. If the internet continues to experience significant growth in number of users, frequency of use and amount of data transmitted, the internet infrastructure might not be able to support the demands placed on it and the performance or reliability of the internet may be adversely affected. The success of our business therefore depends on the development and maintenance of a sound internet infrastructure. This includes maintenance of a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity and security, as well as timely development of complementary products, such as routers, for providing reliable internet access and services. Consequently, as internet usage increases, the growth of the market for our products depends upon improvements made to the internet as well as to individual customers’ networking infrastructures to alleviate overloading and congestion. In addition, any delays in the adoption of new standards and protocols required to govern increased levels of internet activity or increased governmental regulation may have a detrimental effect on the internet infrastructure.
A majority of our revenue is derived from our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions; our revenue would decline if advertisers do not continue their usage of the internet as an advertising medium.
 We have derived and expect to continue to derive a majority of our revenue from search and digital advertising, including advertising on our Managed Portals. Such search and digital advertising revenue accounted for approximately 61%, 60% and 59% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, or $87.5 million, $83.6 million, and $74.9 million respectively.
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However, the prospects for continued demand and market acceptance for internet advertising are uncertain. If advertisers do not continue to increase their usage of the internet as an advertising medium, our revenue would decline. Advertisers that have traditionally relied on other advertising media may not ad vertise on the internet. As the internet evolves, advertisers may find online advertising to be a less attractive or less effective means of promoting their services and products than traditional methods of advertising and may not continue to allocate fund s for internet advertising. Many historical predictions by industry analysts and others concerning the growth of the internet as a commercial medium have overstated the growth of the internet and you should not rely upon them. This growth may not occur or may occur more slowly than estimated.
Most of our search revenue is based on the number of paid “clicks” on sponsored links that are included in search results generated from our Managed Portals. Generally, each time a consumer clicks on a sponsored link, the search provider that provided the commercial search result receives a fee from the advertiser who paid for such sponsored link and the search provider pays us a portion of that fee. We, in turn, typically share a portion of the fee we receive with our customer. If an advertiser receives what it perceives to be a large number of clicks for which it needs to pay, but that do not result in a desired activity or an increase in sales, the advertiser may reduce or eliminate its advertisements through the search provider that provided the commercial search result to us. This reaction would lead to a loss of revenue to our search providers and consequently to lesser fees paid to us, which would have a negative effect on our financial results.
Market prices for online advertising may decrease due to competitive or other factors. In addition, if a large number of internet users use filtering software that limits or removes advertising from the users’ view, advertisers may perceive that internet advertising is not effective and may choose not to advertise on the internet.
The market for internet-based services and products in which we operate is highly competitive, and if we cannot compete effectively, our sales may decline and our business may be harmed.
Competition in the market for internet-based services and products in which we operate is intense and involves rapidly changing technologies and customer and subscriber requirements, as well as evolving industry standards and frequent product introductions. Our competitors may develop solutions that are similar or superior to our technology. Our primary competitors include high-speed internet service providers with internal information technology staff capable of developing solutions similar to our technology. Other competitors include: Google; Verizon Media; and MSN, a division of Microsoft. Advantages some of our existing and potential competitors hold over us include the following:
 	•	significantly greater revenue and financial resources;	
 	•	stronger brand and consumer recognition;	
 	•	the capacity to leverage their marketing expenditures across a broader portfolio of services and products;	
 	•	ability to offer their products at significantly lower prices or at no cost;	
 	•	more extensive proprietary intellectual property from which they can develop or aggregate content without having to pay fees or paying significantly lower fees than we do;	
 	•	pre-existing relationships with content providers that afford them access to content while blocking the access of competitors to that same content;	
 	•	pre-existing relationships with high-speed internet service providers that afford them the opportunity to convert such providers to competing services and products;	
 	•	lower labor and development costs; and	
 	•	broader global distribution and presence.	
If we are unable to compete effectively or we are not as successful as our competitors in our target markets, our sales could decline, our margins could decline and we could lose market share, any of which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Government regulation of the internet continues to evolve, and new laws and regulations could significantly harm our financial performance.
 Over time, we expect state, federal and international legislative bodies to continue to enact more stringent laws and regulations relating to the internet. The adoption or modification of laws related to the internet could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations by, among other things, increasing our costs and administrative burdens. Due to the increasing popularity and use
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of the internet, many laws and regulations relating to the internet are being debated at the international, federal and state levels, which are likely to address a variety of issues such as:
 	•	user privacy and expression;	
 	•	ability to collect and/or share necessary information that allows us to conduct business on the internet;	
 	•	export compliance;	
 	•	pricing and taxation;	
 	•	fraud;	
 	•	advertising;	
 	•	intellectual property rights;	
 	•	consumer protection;	
 	•	protection of minors;	
 	•	content regulation;	
 	•	information security; and	
 	•	quality of services and products.	
Several federal laws that could have an impact on our business have been adopted. For example, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 reduces the liability of online service providers of third-party content, including content that may infringe copyrights or rights of others, but requires strict compliance with certain provisions to qualify for the safe harbor provisions; the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act imposes additional restrictions on the ability of online services to collect user information from minors under the age of 13; and the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act requires online service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances.
It could be costly for us to comply with existing and potential laws and regulations, and they could harm our marketing efforts and our attractiveness to advertisers by, among other things, restricting our ability to collect demographic and personal information from consumers or to use or disclose that information in certain ways. If we were to violate these laws or regulations, or if it were alleged that we had, we could face private lawsuits, fines, penalties and injunctions and our business could be harmed.
Finally, the applicability to the internet and other online services of existing laws in various jurisdictions governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes, libel and personal privacy is uncertain. Any new legislation or regulation, the application of laws and regulations from jurisdictions whose laws do not currently apply to our business, or the application of existing laws and regulations to the internet and other online services could also increase our costs of doing business, discourage internet communications, reduce demand for our services and expose us to substantial liability.
Increased regulation and industry standards related to internet privacy issues may prevent us from, or may increase the cost of, providing our current products and solutions to our customers, thereby harming our business.
The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is currently in flux and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, sharing, processing, disclosure, destruction and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet have come under increased public scrutiny and, as a result, there are an increasing number of regulations and industry standards that affect our business. Regulators, including the Federal Trade Commission and regulators in the EEA and other countries, have restricted and continue to restrict our ability to use personal information and therefore may limit or inhibit our ability to operate our business. In addition, many nations and economic regions have privacy protections that are more stringent or otherwise at odds with those in the United States.
 For example, the EEA traditionally has imposed stricter obligations and provided for more onerous penalties than the United States. The European General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) took effect in May 2018 and applies to all of our products and services used by people in Europe. The GDPR includes operational requirements for companies that receive or process personal data of residents of the European Union that are different from those previously in place in the European Union, and includes significant penalties for non-compliance. Similarly, there are a number of legislative proposals in the European Union, the United States, at both the federal and state level, as well as other jurisdictions that could impose new obligations in areas affecting our business, such as liability for copyright infringement. In addition, some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services. Complying with new privacy and security requirements, whether imposed by regulation,
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contract or industry standard, will require additional expenditures and may result in a greater compliance burden for companies with employees or users in the EEA.
The United States and other countries have been looking to the GDPR as precedent for new data protection regulation.  For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which will go into effect on January 1, 2020, will require companies to provide new data disclosure, access and deletion rights to California consumers, afford such consumers the ability to opt-out of certain sales of personal information, and impose significant penalties for non-compliance or data breaches.  Legislators have proposed amendments to the CCPA and it remains unclear what modifications may be made to the legislation or how it will be interpreted.  The CCPA may precipitate additional privacy regulation by federal, state and local governments, which may increase our compliance costs and strain our technical capabilities, and it is possible that such regulations may conflict with each other.
We will incur significant expenses to comply with privacy and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards or contractual obligations. Our business, including our ability to operate and expand internationally, could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices and that require changes to these practices, our services or our privacy policies.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Concentration of ownership among our directors and officers and their respective affiliates could limit our other stockholders’ ability to influence the outcome of key corporate decisions, such as an acquisition of our company.
Our directors and executive officers and their respective affiliates, beneficially own or directly or indirectly control (including by voting proxy), as of March 8, 2019, approximately 26% of our outstanding common stock (including exercisable options). These stockholders, if they were to act together, would have the ability to influence significantly the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, these stockholders, if they act together, would have the ability to influence significantly the management and affairs of our company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership might harm the trading price of our common stock by:
 	•	delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control;	
 	•	impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us;	
 	•	preventing the election of directors who are nominated by our stockholders; or	
 	•	discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.	
Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of stockholders or others.
In June and July 2014, entities associated with JEC Capital Partners and Ratio Capital Partners indicated, through filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, that they each beneficially owned approximately 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock and in November 2018, 180 Degree Capital Corp, or 180 Degree. indicated, through filings with the SEC, that it beneficially owned approximately 7% of our outstanding shares of common stock. There can be no assurance that JEC Capital Partners, Ratio Capital Partners, 180 Degree. or another third party will not make an unsolicited takeover proposal in the future or take other action to acquire control of us or to otherwise influence our management and policies. Considering and responding to any future proposal is likely to result in significant additional costs to us, and future acquisition proposals, other stockholder actions to acquire control and the litigation that often accompanies them, if any, are likely to be costly and time-consuming and may disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees from executing our strategic plan.
Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of stockholder activism or actual or potential changes to the composition of our board of directors, may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our business or other instability, which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential customers, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. If customers choose to delay, defer or reduce their reliance on, the services we provide or do business with our competitors instead of us because of any such issues, then our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.
 On March 1, 2019, we entered into an agreement, or the 180 Degree Agreement, with 180 Degree, which beneficially owns approximately 7.3% of the outstanding of our common stock. Immediately following the execution of the 180 Degree Agreement, pursuant to resolutions previously approved by our board of directors (i) the total number of directors constituting the board of directors was increased from eight (8) to nine (9) directors in accordance with our Amended and Restated Bylaws, and (ii) Kevin M. Rendino, or the 180 Degree Designee, was appointed and elected to serve as a Class III director of Synacor with an initial term that comes up for re-election at the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders, or the 2020 Annual Meeting. The board of directors has
24

determined that Mr. Rendino qualifies as “independent” under the applicable independence rules of (i) the Securities and Exchange Commission and (ii) listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC.
While the 180 Degree Agreement is in effect, if the 180 Degree Designee is unable or unwilling to serve as a director or resigns as a director, subject to the terms and conditions of the 180 Degree Agreement, 180 Degree has the right to nominate a replacement director, subject to the approval of the board of directors, not to be unreasonably withheld, provided that such nominee meets certain qualification requirements under the 180 Degree Agreement.
The 180 Degree Agreement applies during a period that begins on the date of the 180 Degree Agreement and extends until 10 days prior to the deadline for the submission of stockholder nominations for directors for the 2020 Annual Meeting pursuant to our Bylaws; provided that if we offer to nominate the 180 Degree Designee for re-election at the 2020 Annual Meeting, then that period will be automatically extended until the day following the 2020 Annual Meeting. So long as the 180 Degree Designee (or a replacement) is on the board of directors, we agreed that we will recommend, support and solicit proxies for the election of the 180 Degree Designee in the same manner as the other directors recommended by the board of directors for election at the applicable annual meeting of stockholders for which the 180 Degree Designee (or a replacement) is up for re-election to the board of directors.
The 180 Degree Agreement further provides that 180 Degree will appear in person or by proxy at all annual and special stockholder meetings during the applicable period and vote all of its shares in favor of any proposal supported by a majority of the board of directors; provided that 180 Degree has the right to vote in its sole discretion with respect to any tender or exchange offer, merger, acquisition, recapitalization, restructuring, disposition, distribution, spin-off, asset sale, joint venture or other business combination involving Synacor or any of its affiliates (each of the foregoing, an “Extraordinary Transaction”).
While the 180 Degree Agreement is in effect, 180 Degree agreed not to, among other things, (i) solicit proxies regarding any matter to come before any annual or special meeting of stockholders, (ii) enter into a voting agreement or any group with stockholders other than 180 Degree affiliates and current group members, (iii) (A) nominate or recommend for nomination any person for election, (B) submit proposals for consideration or otherwise bring any business before, nor (C) engage in certain activities related to “withhold” or similar campaigns, at any annual or special meeting, (iv) seek to make, or encourage any third party in making, any offer or proposal with respect to any Extraordinary Transaction or (v) acquire beneficial ownership of any of our common or other equity securities in excess of 10.0% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock.
Each of the parties to the 180 Degree Agreement also agreed to mutual non-disparagement obligations.
Future sales of our common stock may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
Certain of our stockholders who held shares of our preferred stock before the consummation of our public offering (and who now hold shares of our common stock) may be able to sell these shares in the public market without registration under Rule 144.
In addition, the shares that are either subject to outstanding options or warrants or that may be granted in the future under our equity plans will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements.
If a substantial number of any of these additional shares described are sold, or if it is perceived that a substantial number of such shares will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
Some provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. We have a number of anti-takeover devices in place that will hinder takeover attempts, including:
 	•	our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms;	
 	•	our directors may only be removed for cause, and only with the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting interest of stockholders entitled to vote;	
 	•	only our board of directors and not our stockholders will be able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;	
 	•	only our chairman of the board, our chief executive officer or a majority of our board of directors, and not our stockholders, are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;	
 	•	our stockholders will be able to take action only at a meeting of stockholders and not by written consent;	
25

 	•	our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval; and	
 	•	advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.	
These provisions and other provisions in our charter documents could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in our control. Any delay or prevention of a change in control transaction could cause stockholders to lose a substantial premium over the then-current trading price of their shares. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and could make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing or to cause us to take other corporate actions such stockholders desire.
In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which, subject to some exceptions, prohibits “business combinations” between a Delaware corporation and an “interested stockholder,” which is generally defined as a stockholder who becomes a beneficial owner of 15% or more of a Delaware corporation’s voting stock, for a three-year period following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder. Section 203 could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests.
We have not paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.
We have not historically paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we have agreed not to pay any dividends or make any other distributions in our loan agreement with Silicon Valley Bank. We anticipate that we will retain all future earnings and cash resources for the future operation and development of our business, and as a result, we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends to holders of our capital stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination regarding the payment of any dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, bank covenants and other factors that our board may deem relevant. Consequently, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.
The trading price and volume of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.
The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile and could decline substantially within a short period of time. For example, since shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering in February 2012 at a price of $5.00 per share through the close of business on March 8, 2019, our trading price has ranged from $1.03 to $18.00. The trading price of our common stock may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including but not limited to the various factors set forth in this “Risk Factors” section, as well as:
 	•	variations in our financial performance;	
 	•	announcements of technological innovations, new services and products, strategic alliances, asset acquisitions, or significant agreements by us or by our competitors;	
 	•	announcements regarding our existing customer contracts, including, for example, the disclosures related to the agreement we entered into with AT&T in May 2016 to provide desktop and mobile portal solutions;	
 	•	changes in the estimates of our operating results or changes in recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;	
 	•	market conditions in our industry, the industries of our customers and the economy as a whole; and	
 	•	adoption or modification of laws, regulations, policies, procedures or programs applicable to our business or announcements relating to these matters.	
In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general experiences loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. Some companies that have had volatile market prices for their securities have had securities class actions filed against them. Such a suit filed against us, regardless of its merits or outcome, could cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert management’s attention.
26

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our company, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
The requirements of being a public company, including increased costs and demands upon management as a result of complying with federal securities laws and regulations applicable to public companies, may adversely affect our financial performance and our ability to attract and retain directors.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Global Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, impose additional requirements on public companies, including enhanced corporate governance practices. For example, the Nasdaq listing requirements require that listed companies satisfy certain corporate governance requirements relating to independent directors, audit committees, distribution of annual and interim reports, stockholder meetings, stockholder approvals, solicitation of proxies, conflicts of interest, stockholder voting rights and codes of business conduct. Our management team has limited experience managing a publicly-traded company or complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. In addition, most of our current directors have limited experience serving on the boards of public companies.
The requirements of these rules and regulations have increased and will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources. Our management and other personnel must devote a substantial amount of time to these requirements. In particular, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including remediating the material weaknesses described in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures.” For example, we have assigned additional personnel within our finance department to the implementation, administration and evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, and we engaged an outside public accounting firm to provide us with the services of accounting support personnel.
Moreover, the rules and regulations applicable to public companies also make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to maintain coverage. If we are unable to maintain adequate directors’ and officers’ insurance, our ability to recruit and retain qualified directors, especially those directors who may be considered independent for purposes of Nasdaq rules, and officers may be significantly curtailed.
27

ITEM 1B.	 UNRESOLVE D STAFF COMMENTS	
None.
ITEM 2.	 PROPERTIES	
Our corporate headquarters are located at 40 La Riviere Drive, Buffalo, New York 14202. We lease approximately 31,000 square feet of office space at this address pursuant to an agreement that expires November 2021.
We also maintain administrative and product development offices in New York, New York; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Westford, Massachusetts; Frisco, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Pune, India; London, United Kingdom; Tokyo, Japan; Paris, France; and Singapore. Our data centers are located in Allen, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Dallas, Texas; Lewis Center, Ohio; Toronto, Canada; and Watertown, Massachusetts.
We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed.
ITEM 3.	 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	
We are awaiting a decision of an arbitration tribunal following a binding arbitration that took place on July 30, 2018 between us and Maxit Technology Incorporated and Maxit Technology Holdings Limited, or Maxit, who were formerly our joint venture partners in China. After unsuccessful settlement discussions between the parties, on January 25, 2016, Maxit requested arbitration under the Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce. In its request for arbitration, Maxit asserted claims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligent misrepresentation, all arising out of our alleged failure to provide capital and software as required by the joint venture agreement. In its request, Maxit sought an award of money damages based on its share of the lost potential value of the joint venture, as well as a percentage of revenue from any future sales to customers originally introduced by Maxit, along with interest and legal expenses. Maxit alleges that its share of the lost potential value is approximately $15 million. Based in part on an independent appraisal, we assessed the lost potential value at only $0.6 million, for which half of this amount (based on 50/50 ownership) has been reserved in our financial statements. We contested Maxit’s claims vigorously, and while it is not possible at this time to predict the outcome of the arbitration, we continue to believe that Maxit’s claims are without merit. We anticipate a decision by the arbitration tribunal before the end of the second quarter of 2019.
We and our Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Financial Officer were named as defendants in a federal securities class action lawsuit filed April 4, 2018 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The class includes persons who purchased our shares between May 4, 2016 and March 15, 2018. The plaintiff alleged that we made materially false and misleading statements regarding our contract with AT&T and the timing of revenue to be derived therefrom, and that as a result class members suffered losses because Synacor shares traded at artificially inflated prices. The plaintiff sought an unspecified amount of damages, as well as interest, attorneys’ fees and legal expenses. The court appointed a lead plaintiff and approved plaintiff’s selection of lead counsel on July 6, 2018. On October 16, 2018 the court appointed new lead counsel and confirmed the lead plaintiff. The plaintiff filed an amended complaint on November 2, 2018, and we filed a motion to dismiss on December 17, 2018. We dispute these claims and intend to defend them vigorously. The liabilities related to this lawsuit are covered by D&O insurance after we reach our deductible.
We do not believe that the outcome of these claims will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows based on the status of proceedings at this time. However, regardless of the outcome, such proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors.  
In addition, we are, from time to time, party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. For example, third parties might allege that we are infringing their patent rights or that we are otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, including trade names and trademarks. Such third parties may resort to litigation. We accrue contingent liabilities when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.
ITEM 4.	 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	
Not applicable.
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 PART II
ITEM 5.	 MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	
Market Information
Our common stock has been listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “SYNC” since February 10, 2012. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock.
 
Holders of Record
As of March 8, 2019, there were 100 holders of record of our common stock. The number of holders of record of our common stock does not reflect the number of beneficial holders whose shares are held by depositors, brokers or other nominees.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required to be disclosed by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K regarding our equity securities authorized for issuance under our equity incentive plans is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2018 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
29

ITEM 6.	 SELECTE D FINANCIAL DATA	
You should read the following selected consolidated historical financial data below in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements, related notes and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace the financial statements and is qualified in its entirety by the financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We derived the selected consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 and as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes, which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derived the selected consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes, which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future.
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018 (5)	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015 (4)	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	(in thousands except share and per share data)	 	
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	 	$	110,245	 	 	$	106,579	 	
Costs and operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue (1)	 	 	72,547	 	 	 	70,053	 	 	 	59,146	 	 	 	54,423	 	 	 	57,939	 	
Technology and development (1)(2)	 	 	24,510	 	 	 	27,642	 	 	 	25,612	 	 	 	20,007	 	 	 	26,259	 	
Sales and marketing (2)	 	 	24,116	 	 	 	24,941	 	 	 	22,846	 	 	 	16,272	 	 	 	10,807	 	
General and administrative (1)(2)	 	 	19,454	 	 	 	17,800	 	 	 	19,695	 	 	 	15,543	 	 	 	14,249	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	9,641	 	 	 	9,820	 	 	 	9,235	 	 	 	6,901	 	 	 	5,126	 	
Gain on sale of domain	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,000	)	
Total costs and operating expenses	 	 	150,268	 	 	 	150,256	 	 	 	136,534	 	 	 	113,146	 	 	 	113,380	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(6,389	)	 	 	(10,229	)	 	 	(9,161	)	 	 	(2,901	)	 	 	(6,801	)	
Gain on sale of investment	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,987	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(338	)	 	 	(433	)	 	 	(318	)	 	 	(245	)	 	 	(218	)	
Other expense	 	 	(212	)	 	 	(2	)	 	 	(42	)	 	 	(16	)	 	 	(28	)	
Loss before income taxes	 	 	(6,939	)	 	 	(8,677	)	 	 	(9,521	)	 	 	(3,162	)	 	 	(7,047	)	
Provision for income taxes	 	 	616	 	 	 	1,100	 	 	 	1,219	 	 	 	239	 	 	 	4,821	 	
Loss in equity interest	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(73	)	 	 	(1,063	)	
Net loss	 	$	(7,555	)	 	$	(9,777	)	 	$	(10,740	)	 	$	(3,474	)	 	$	(12,931	)	
Net loss per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	$	(0.19	)	 	$	(0.27	)	 	$	(0.36	)	 	$	(0.12	)	 	$	(0.47	)	
Diluted	 	$	(0.19	)	 	$	(0.27	)	 	$	(0.36	)	 	$	(0.12	)	 	$	(0.47	)	
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss
   per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	 	38,895,301	 	 	 	36,381,299	 	 	 	30,251,685	 	 	 	28,213,838	 	 	 	27,389,793	 	
Diluted	 	 	38,895,301	 	 	 	36,381,299	 	 	 	30,251,685	 	 	 	28,213,838	 	 	 	27,389,793	 	
Other Financial Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjusted EBITDA (3)	 	$	8,464	 	 	$	2,337	 	 	$	3,179	 	 	$	7,593	 	 	$	2,180	 	
 
 	 	As of December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015 (4)	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	15,921	 	 	$	22,476	 	 	$	14,315	 	 	$	15,697	 	 	$	25,600	 	
Accounts receivable, net	 	 	25,567	 	 	 	31,696	 	 	 	27,386	 	 	 	24,341	 	 	 	20,479	 	
Property and equipment, net	 	 	18,707	 	 	 	20,505	 	 	 	14,406	 	 	 	14,377	 	 	 	15,128	 	
Total assets	 	 	91,463	 	 	 	108,780	 	 	 	93,399	 	 	 	89,026	 	 	 	66,238	 	
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations	 	 	3,695	 	 	 	5,815	 	 	 	6,996	 	 	 	7,581	 	 	 	1,383	 	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	 	51,171	 	 	 	54,345	 	 	 	39,649	 	 	 	46,104	 	 	 	42,482	 	
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Notes:
(1)	Exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately.	
(2)	Includes stock-based compensation as follows:	
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015 (4)	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Technology and development	 	$	489	 	 	$	744	 	 	$	921	 	 	$	936	 	 	$	1,621	 	
Sales and marketing	 	 	474	 	 	 	636	 	 	 	784	 	 	 	942	 	 	 	599	 	
General and administrative	 	 	841	 	 	 	1,110	 	 	 	1,066	 	 	 	1,237	 	 	 	1,375	 	
 	 	$	1,804	 	 	$	2,490	 	 	$	2,771	 	 	$	3,115	 	 	$	3,595	 	
 
(3)	We define adjusted EBITDA as net loss plus: provision for income taxes, interest expense, other expense, depreciation and amortization, asset impairments, loss in equity interest, stock-based compensation, losses on disposal of property and equipment, acquisition costs and certain one-time items such as restructuring costs and certain legal and professional services costs, and minus gains on sales of investments. Please see “Adjusted EBITDA” below for more information and for a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.	
(4)	Results for 2015 include the results of operations relating to the acquired Zimbra assets since the closing of the acquisition in September 2015.	
(5)	Results for 2018 include the impact of the adoption new accounting standard in fiscal year 2018 related to revenue recognition. Refer to Note 1, The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Item 8 of this report for additional information.	
Adjusted EBITDA
To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed within this Annual Report on Form 10-K adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure. We have provided a reconciliation below of adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
We have included adjusted EBITDA in this Annual Report on Form 10-K because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short and long-term operational plans. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating adjusted EBITDA can provide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Additionally, adjusted EBITDA is a key financial measure used by the compensation committee of our board of directors in connection with the payment of bonuses to our executive officers. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.
Our use of adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
 	•	although depreciation and asset impairments are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated or impaired may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;	
 	•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;	
 	•	adjusted EBITDA does not consider the potentially dilutive impact of equity-based compensation;	
 	•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us;	
 	•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of principal or interest payments required to service our capital leases or long-term debt borrowings (if any);	
 	•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of the cost of business acquisitions on the cash available to us;	
 	•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of non-recurring items, such as the costs associated with reductions in workforce, on the cash available to us: and	
 	•	other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate adjusted EBITDA differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.	
31

Because of these l imitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including net loss and our other GAAP results. The following table presents a reconciliation o f adjusted EBITDA to net loss for each of the periods indicated:
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	$	(7,555	)	 	$	(9,777	)	 	$	(10,740	)	 	$	(3,474	)	 	$	(12,931	)	
Provision for income taxes	 	 	616	 	 	 	1,100	 	 	 	1,219	 	 	 	239	 	 	 	4,821	 	
Interest expense	 	 	338	 	 	 	433	 	 	 	318	 	 	 	245	 	 	 	218	 	
Other expense	 	 	212	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	42	 	 	 	16	 	 	 	28	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	9,832	 	 	 	9,820	 	 	 	9,235	 	 	 	6,901	 	 	 	5,126	 	
Capitalized software impairment	 	 	552	 	 	 	256	 	 	 	334	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	1,804	 	 	 	2,490	 	 	 	2,771	 	 	 	3,115	 	 	 	3,595	 	
Gain on sale of investment	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,987	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Loss in equity interest	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	73	 	 	 	1,063	 	
Gain on sale of domain	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,000	)	
Restructuring Costs	 	 	1,111	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,260	 	
Acquisition costs	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	478	 	 	 	—	 	
Certain legal expenses*	 	 	1,400	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Certain professional services fees†	 	 	154	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Adjusted EBITDA	 	$	8,464	 	 	$	2,337	 	 	$	3,179	 	 	$	7,593	 	 	$	2,180	 	
*	“Certain legal expenses” includes legal fees and other related expenses associated with legal proceedings outside the ordinary course of our business, including the class action securities litigation, and arbitration costs related to the dissolution of a former joint venture.	
†	“Certain professional services fees” includes fees and expenses related to merger and acquisition activities.	
 
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ITEM 7.	 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	
The following discussion of our results of operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the information set forth in “Selected Financial Data” and our financial statements and the notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations, estimates and projections that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to, among other considerations, the matters discussed under “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Overview
We generate search and digital advertising revenue from consumer traffic on our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions, which we collect from our search partner, Google Inc., or Google, our advertising network providers and directly from advertisers. We typically share a portion of this Managed Portals and Advertising revenue with our customers. Growth in this portion of our business is dependent on expansion of relationships with our existing customers and new customers adopting our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions and increased engagement by their consumers with these solutions.
We also generate revenue from our recurring and fee-based revenue solutions for the use of our technology, email and messaging, premium services and paid content. We generate this revenue in the form of licensing fees including perpetual licenses, subscription licenses, maintenance and support fees and professional services. As we expand our Cloud ID, syndicated content, Email/Collaboration and other premium services offerings, we expect to generate increased recurring and fee-based revenue from our customers.
As we obtain new customers and those new customers introduce our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions to their consumers, and as new customers migrate their consumers from their existing technology to our technology over a period of time, we expect usage of our solutions and revenue from those Managed Portals and Advertising solutions to increase. Moreover, a new customer may initially launch a selection of our services and products, rather than our entire suite of offerings and subsequently broaden their service and product offerings over time. When a customer launches a new service or product, marketing and promotional activities may be required to generate awareness and interest among consumers.
Revenue attributable to our customers includes the recurring and fee-based revenue earned directly from them, as well as the Managed Portals and Advertising revenue generated through our relationships with our search and digital advertising partners (such as Google for search advertising and advertising networks, advertising agencies and advertisers for digital advertising). This revenue is attributable to our customers because it is produced from the traffic on our Managed Portals. These search and advertising partners provide us with advertisements that we then deliver with search results and other content on our Managed Portals. Since our search advertising partner, Google, and our advertising network partners generate their revenue by selling those advertisements, we create a revenue stream for these partners. In 2018, search revenue through our relationship with Google generated $19.0 million, or approximately 13% of our revenue, compared to 2017, which generated $20.1 million, or approximately 14% of our revenue. In 2018, our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions and other services revenue generated by our partnership with one customer accounted for $41.9 million, or approximately 29% of our revenue, compared to 2017, which generated $25.4 million, or approximately 18% of our revenue.
Financial Highlights
Highlights and significant developments for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018
 	•	Revenue was $143.9 million, a 3% increase over the prior year 	
 	•	Operating expenses, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, decreased 3% from the prior year to $68.1 million	
 	•	Net loss decreased 23% from the prior year to $7.6 million	
 	•	Loss per share was $0.19 compared to $0.27 for 2017	
 	•	Cash from operating activities was $2.1 million, compared to $0.3 million of cash used in operating activities in 2017	
 	•	Adjusted EBITDA increased to $8.5 million, up $6.1 million from 2017	
 The initiatives described below under “Key Initiatives” are expected to contribute to our ability to maintain and grow revenue and return to operating profitability via increases in advertising revenue, increases in customers and our consumer reach, and increases in availability of products across more devices. We expect the period in which we experience a return on future investments in each of
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these initiatives to differ. For example, more direct advertising at higher rates would be expected to have an im mediate and direct impact on profitability while expansion into international markets may require an investment that involves a longer term return.
Trends Affecting Our Business
Our customers, predominantly high-speed internet service providers that also offer television services, are facing increasing competition from companies that deliver video content over the internet, more commonly referred to as “over-the-top,” or OTT. These new competitors include a number of large and growing companies, such as Google, Netflix, Inc., or Netflix, Hulu, LLC, or Hulu, and Amazon.com Inc., or Amazon. With the increased availability of high-speed internet access and over-the-top programming, consumers’ video content consumption preferences may shift away from current viewing habits.
As a result, many of our customers and potential customers are compelled to find new ways to deliver services and content to their consumers via the internet. We expect this pressure to become even greater as more video content becomes available online. We expect to continue to benefit from this trend as customers adopt our solutions to package and deliver video programming and other related authentication services on our Managed Portals.
Another trend affecting our customers and our business is the proliferation of internet-connected devices, especially mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets and connected TVs have made it more convenient for consumers to access services and content online, including television programming. To remain competitive, our customers and potential customers must have the capability to deliver their services and products to consumers on these new devices. Our technology enables them to extend their presence beyond traditional personal computers, and we expect that some portion of our revenue growth will come from traffic on these devices.
Our business is also affected by growth in advertising on the internet, for which the proliferation of high-speed internet access and internet-connected devices will be the principal drivers. We believe we have experienced a decline in search advertising revenue due to consumers’ internet searching habits increasingly transitioning to mobile devices. However, the launch of the AT&T portal has resulted in an increase in search advertising revenue.  In addition, we believe there continue to be growth opportunities for advertising related to the video, images and text on our Managed Portals and hosted email/collaboration products. We expect our results of operations will benefit from the growth in the number of mobile internet users as our customers adopt our mobile and tablet offerings.
Key Initiatives
Our strategy is supported by four key pillars to drive our business, with operational discipline and sound financial footing as its base. We plan to:
 	•	increase value for existing customers by optimizing consumer experience and monetization;	
 	•	innovate on Synacor-as-a-platform for advanced services;	
 	•	win new customers in current and related verticals; and	
 	•	extend our product portfolio into emerging growth areas.	
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Key Business Metric s
In addition to the line items in our financial statements, we also review various metrics to evaluate our business, determine the allocation of resources and make decisions regarding business strategies. We believe disclosing these metrics are useful for investors and analysts because they provide increased transparency and a better understand of the underlying trends in our business. The following table shows our key business metrics for December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in millions)	 	
Multiplatform Unique Visitors	 	 	224.8	 	 	 	223.7	 	 	 	208.4	 	
Recurring Software Revenue	 	$	35.8	 	 	$	32.3	 	 	$	31.9	 	
 
Multiplatform Unique Visitors represents the number of customers who have visited one of our Managed Portals from either mobile or desktop sources or who have viewed an advertisement through our advertising network, at least once, computed on an average monthly basis during a particular time period. As the number of Multiplatform Unique Visitors increases, we expect that we will generate additional revenue from our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions.  
Recurring Software Revenue consists of fees recognized over time for the use of or access to software and services such as e-mail and messaging, security, Cloud ID, and other paid content.  As Recurring Software Revenue increases, we expect an increasing base of predictable revenue.
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Components of our Results of Operations
Revenue
We derive our revenue from two categories: revenue generated from search and digital advertising activities and recurring and fee-based revenue, each of which is described below. The following table shows the revenue in each category, both in amount and as a percentage of revenue, for 2018, 2017 and 2016.
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Search and digital advertising	 	$	87,461	 	 	$	83,556	 	 	$	74,889	 	
Recurring and fee-based	 	 	56,418	 	 	 	56,471	 	 	 	52,484	 	
Total revenue	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	
Percentage of revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Search and digital advertising	 	 	61	%	 	 	60	%	 	 	59	%	
Recurring and fee-based	 	 	39	 	 	 	40	 	 	 	41	 	
Total revenue	 	 	100	%	 	 	100	%	 	 	100	%	
Search and Digital Advertising Revenue
We use internet advertising to generate revenue from the traffic on our Managed Portals and Advertising solutions, categorized as search advertising and digital advertising.
 	•	In the case of search advertising, we have a revenue-sharing relationship with Google, pursuant to which we include a Google-branded search tool on our Managed Portals. When a consumer makes a search query using this tool, we deliver the query to Google and they return search results to consumers that include advertiser-sponsored links. If the consumer clicks on a sponsored link, Google receives payment from the sponsor of that link and shares a portion of that payment with us. The net payment we receive from Google is recognized as revenue.	
 	•	Digital advertising includes video, image and text advertisements delivered on one of our Managed Portals, or in the case of syndicated advertising, delivered on ad space from other publishers. Advertising inventory is filled with advertisements sourced by our direct sales force, independent advertising sales representatives and advertising network partners. Revenue is generated for us when an advertisement displays, otherwise known as an impression, or when consumers view or click an advertisement, otherwise known as an action. Digital advertising revenue is calculated on a cost per impression or cost per action basis. Revenue is recognized based on amounts received from advertising customers as the impressions are delivered or the actions occur, according to contractually-determined rates.	
Recurring and Fee-Based Revenue
Recurring and fee-Based revenue includes subscription fees and other fees that we receive from customers for the use of our proprietary technology, including the use of, or access to, email, Cloud ID, security services, games and other premium services and paid content. Revenue for services such as Cloud ID, security services, games and other premium services and paid content is recognized as the service is being offered or consumed . Based on our agreements with our customers, our fees are generally determined by multiplying a per-subscriber per-month fee by the number of subscribers using the particular services being offered or consumed. In other cases, the fee is fixed.
Revenue is also recognized from the licensing and distribution of our Email/Collaboration products and services, including perpetual licenses. Revenue from perpetual licenses is recognized upon transfer of control of the license.  Our perpetual licenses agreement generally contain an obligation to provide support to the customer. We recognize the associated support revenue ratably over the service period. Our subscription licenses generally contain an obligation to provide support to the customer as well. We recognize the revenue associated with subscription licenses in the same manner as our perpetual licenses such that revenue associated with the license is recognized upon transfer of control, and the revenue associated with support is recognized ratably over the service period. Refer to our critical accounting policy Revenue Recognition (below), for more details.
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Costs and Expenses
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consists primarily of revenue sharing, content acquisition costs, co-location facility costs, royalty costs, and product support costs. Revenue sharing consists of amounts accrued and paid to customers for the internet traffic on Managed Portals we operate on our customers’ behalf and where we are the primary obligor, resulting in the generation of search and digital advertising revenue. The revenue-sharing agreements with customers are primarily variable payments based on a percentage of the search and digital advertising revenue. Content-acquisition agreements may be based on a fixed payment schedule, on the number of subscribers per month, or a combination of both. Fixed-payment agreements are expensed on a straight-line basis over the term defined in the agreement. Agreements based on the number of subscribers are expensed on a monthly basis. Co-location facility costs consist of rent and operating costs for our data center facilities. Royalty costs consist of amounts due to other parties for the license of our email software with third party technology enabled. Product support costs consist of employee and operating costs directly related to our maintenance and professional services support.
Technology and Development
Technology and development expenses consist primarily of compensation-related expenses incurred for the research and development of, enhancements to, and maintenance and operation of our products, equipment and related infrastructure.  Technology and development expenses also include certain costs of operating data centers.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation-related expenses to our direct sales and marketing personnel, as well as costs related to advertising, industry conferences, promotional materials and other sales and marketing programs. Advertising cost is expensed as incurred.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation-related expenses for executive management, finance, accounting, human resources, professional fees and other administrative functions.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization includes depreciation and amortization of our computer hardware and software, including our capitalized internally-developed software, furniture and fixtures, intangible assets, leasehold improvements and other property, as well as depreciation on capital leased assets.
Other Expense
Other expense consists primarily of changes in valuation of contingent consideration we expect to receive, foreign exchange gains and losses, net of interest income earned.
Interest Expense
Interest expense primarily consists of interest on bank debt and capital leases.
Gain on Sale of Investment
We sold our $1.0 million investment in the preferred stock of Blazer & Flip Flops, Inc. during 2017, recognizing a gain of $2.0 million on the sale.
Provision for Income Taxes
 Income tax provision consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions, as well as any changes to deferred tax assets or liabilities, and deferred tax valuation allowances. Our income tax provision also includes amounts withheld for payment of income taxes upon payment of our invoices by our customers in certain foreign jurisdictions. Those amounts increase the amount of our foreign tax credit which would defray our U.S. tax liability if we were presently a U.S. taxpayer. However, because the deferred income tax assets relating to our federal tax attributes, including our foreign tax credits, are fully
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reserved, any such foreign tax withholdings are charged to our income tax provision. Such amounts paid may be carried forward to offset future federal income tax liabilities for a period of ten years. Finally, we record a def erred income tax provision to reflect the recognition of deferred tax liabilities relating to goodwill and certain intangible assets that cannot be predicted to reverse for book purposes during our loss carry-forward periods.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company’s critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company’s financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the following critical accounting policies and estimates addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results. See Note 1, The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions, and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information available at the time. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.
Revenue Recognition
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , which modifies how all entities recognize revenue, and consolidates revenue recognition guidance into one ASC Topic (ASC Topic 606,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers ) (“ASC 606”). We adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
The terms of our arrangements with our customers, Google and our advertising network partners are specified in written agreements. These written agreements constitute the persuasive evidence of the arrangements with our customers that are a pre-condition to the recognition of revenue. The arrangements are generally based on the number of impressions delivered or the number of actions, such as clicks, taken by users. For contracts that are based on actions taken by users, revenue is recognized when a user clicks on an ad. For contracts that are based on impressions, revenue is recognized when a user has clicked on the ad for contracts that are based on actions taken by users. Revenue is recognized from the display of impression-based ads in the contracted period in which the impressions are delivered. Impressions are generally considered delivered when an ad is displayed to a user.  Occasionally, a customer will notify us of subsequent adjustments to previously reported subscriber data. These adjustments, once accepted by us, will result in adjustments to revenue and cost of revenue. The historical occurrences of such adjustments, and the amounts involved, have not been significant.
Although transition prices used in our revenue recognition formulas are generally fixed pursuant to the written arrangements with our customers, Google and our advertising network partners, the number of subscribers or the amount of search and digital advertising revenue that are subject to our pricing arrangements are not known until the reporting period has ended. Although this data is, in most cases, available prior to the completion of our periodic financial statements, this data may need to be estimated. When made, these estimates are based upon our historical experience with the relevant party. Adjustments to these estimates have historically not been significant. The receipt of this volume data also serves to verify that we have appropriately satisfied our obligation to our customers for that reporting period. Adjustments are recorded in the period in which the data is received.
We periodically enter into multiple-element service arrangements that include license fees, support fees, and, in certain cases, other professional services. These contracts include multiple promises that we evaluate to determine if the promises are separate performance obligations. Performance obligations are identified based on services to be transferred to a customer that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct within the context of the contract. Once we determine the performance obligations, we determine the transaction price, which includes estimating the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price, if any. We then allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract based on a relative stand-alone selling price (SSP) method. The transaction price post-allocation is recognized as revenue as the related performance obligation is satisfied. Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. We use a single amount to estimate SSP for items that are not sold separately, including on-premises licenses sold with support. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs.
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Revenue Sharing
We pay our Managed Portals and Advertising customers a portion of the revenue generated from search and digital advertising. The portion paid to our customers depends on, among other things, the consumer base of the customer and their expected ability to drive consumer traffic to our Managed Portals. This revenue consists of the consideration we receive from Google and our digital advertising partners in connection with traffic supplied by the applicable customer.
Gross Versus Net Presentation of Revenue for Revenue Sharing
For the sale of third-party goods and services, we evaluate whether we are the principal, and report revenue on a gross basis, or an agent, and report revenue on a net basis. In this assessment, we consider if we obtain control of the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer, as well as other indicators such as the party primarily responsible for fulfillment, inventory risk, and discretion in establishing price.
Stock-Based Compensation
We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with the authoritative guidance on stock compensation. Under the fair value recognition provisions of this guidance, stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. As a result, we are required to estimate the amount of stock-based compensation we expect to be forfeited based on our historical experience. If actual forfeitures differ significantly from our estimates, stock-based compensation expense and our results of operations could be materially impacted. Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires judgment. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The determination of the grant date fair value of options using an option-pricing model is affected by our common stock fair value as well as assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables. These variables include the fair value of our common stock, our expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the options, stock option exercise and cancellation behaviors, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends, which are estimated as follows:
Expected Term - The expected term was estimated using the simplified method allowed under SEC guidance. As we develop more experience, our estimate of the life of awards may change.
Volatility - Expected stock price volatility for our common stock was estimated by blending our average historic price volatility with that of our industry peers based on daily price observations over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option grants. Industry peers consist of several public companies in the technology industry, some larger and some similar in size, stage of life cycle and financial leverage. We did not rely on implied volatilities of traded options in our industry peers’ common stock because the volume of activity was relatively low. We intend to continue to consistently apply this process using the same or similar public companies until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own common stock share price becomes available, enabling us to give greater weight to our own experience, or unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar to us, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be utilized in the calculation.
Risk-free Rate - The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities similar to the expected term of the options for each option group.
Dividend Yield - We have never declared or paid any cash dividends and do not presently plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Additionally, our loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank restricts our ability to pay any dividends. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Accordingly, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.
Income Taxes
We record income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.  The recorded balances of deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for changes in tax rates (such as those enacted by the United States federal government in December 2017) upon enactment of the changes.
 We provide reserves as necessary for any uncertain tax positions taken on our tax filings. First, we determine if a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit solely based on technical merits, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Second, based on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement
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we recognize any such differences as a liability. In the e vent that any unrecognized tax benefits are recognized, the effective tax rate will be affected. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will be the same as these estimates. Th ese estimates are updated quarterly based on factors such as changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, new audit activity, and effectively settled issues.
We follow specific and detailed guidelines in each tax jurisdiction regarding the recoverability of any tax assets recorded on the balance sheet and provide necessary valuation allowances as required. Future realization of deferred tax assets ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character (for example, ordinary income or capital gain) within the carryback or carryforward periods available under the tax law. We regularly review our deferred tax assets for recoverability based on historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and tax planning strategies. Our judgments regarding future profitability may change due to many factors, including future market conditions and our ability to successfully execute our business plans and/or tax planning strategies. Should there be a change in our ability to recover our deferred tax assets, our tax provision would increase or decrease in the period in which the assessment is changed.
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Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented in amount and as a percentage of revenue for those periods. The period to period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.
 
	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018 (3)	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Revenue	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	
Costs and operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue (1)	 	 	72,547	 	 	 	70,053	 	 	 	59,146	 	
Technology and development (1)(2)	 	 	24,510	 	 	 	27,642	 	 	 	25,612	 	
Sales and marketing (2)	 	 	24,116	 	 	 	24,941	 	 	 	22,846	 	
General and administrative (1)(2)	 	 	19,454	 	 	 	17,800	 	 	 	19,695	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	9,641	 	 	 	9,820	 	 	 	9,235	 	
Total costs and operating expenses	 	 	150,268	 	 	 	150,256	 	 	 	136,534	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(6,389	)	 	 	(10,229	)	 	 	(9,161	)	
Gain on sale of investment	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,987	 	 	 	—	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(338	)	 	 	(433	)	 	 	(318	)	
Other expense	 	 	(212	)	 	 	(2	)	 	 	(42	)	
Loss before income taxes	 	 	(6,939	)	 	 	(8,677	)	 	 	(9,521	)	
Provision for income taxes	 	 	616	 	 	 	1,100	 	 	 	1,219	 	
Net loss	 	$	(7,555	)	 	$	(9,777	)	 	$	(10,740	)	
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Revenue	 	 	100	%	 	 	100	%	 	 	100	%	
Costs and operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue (1)	 	 	50	 	 	 	50	 	 	 	46	 	
Technology and development (1)	 	 	17	 	 	 	19	 	 	 	20	 	
Sales and marketing	 	 	17	 	 	 	18	 	 	 	18	 	
General and administrative (1)	 	 	14	 	 	 	13	 	 	 	16	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	7	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	7	 	
Total costs and operating expenses	 	 	105	 	 	 	107	 	 	 	107	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(5	)	 	 	(7	)	 	 	(7	)	
Gain on sale of investment	 	 	—	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	—	 	
Interest expense	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other expense	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Loss before income taxes	 	 	(5	)	 	 	(6	)	 	 	(7	)	
Provision for income taxes	 	 	—	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	1	 	
Net loss	 	 	(5	)%	 	 	(7	)%	 	 	(8	)%	
 
Notes:
(1)	Exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately.	
(2)	Includes stock-based compensation as follows:	
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Technology and development	 	$	489	 	 	$	744	 	 	$	921	 	
Sales and marketing	 	 	474	 	 	 	636	 	 	 	784	 	
General and administrative	 	 	841	 	 	 	1,110	 	 	 	1,066	 	
 	 	$	1,804	 	 	$	2,490	 	 	$	2,771	 	
 
( 3)	Results for 2018 include the impact of the adoption new accounting standard in fiscal year 2018 related to revenue recognition. Refer to Note 1, The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Item 8 of this report for additional information.	
41

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
Revenue
 
	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	 	
 	 	2018 (3)	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Search and digital advertising	 	$	87,461	 	 	$	83,556	 	 	$	74,889	 	 	 	5	%	 	 	12	%	
Recurring and fee-based	 	$	56,418	 	 	 	56,471	 	 	 	52,484	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	8	%	
Total revenue	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	 	 	3	%	 	 	10	%	
Percentage of revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Search and digital advertising	 	 	61	%	 	 	60	%	 	 	59	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Recurring and fee-based	 	 	39	 	 	 	40	 	 	 	41	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total revenue	 	 	100	%	 	 	100	%	 	 	100	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2018, our revenue increased by $3.9 million, or 3%, compared to 2017. Search and digital advertising revenue increased by $3.9 million, driven by an increase in digital advertising revenue, while recurring and fee-based revenue stayed flat over the prior year.  Digital advertising revenue increased by $5.0 million, or 8%, compared to 2017, largely the result of revenue attributable to our AT&T Portal which was deployed during the second quarter of 2017 and was fully deployed (i.e. on personal computers, smartphones and tablets) at June 30, 2017. Partially offsetting the increase in digital advertising revenue was a decrease in advertising revenue attributable to other portal clients and the effects of lower digital advertising CPMs.  In addition, we saw a decrease in syndicated advertising revenue from a renewed focus on profitability.  We also saw a decrease in search revenue resulting from continued effects of lower search activity associated with the increased usage of competitor search tools on other devices, such as tablets and smartphones, generally across the consumer base. Recurring and fee-based revenue stayed flat due to an increase in professional services revenue and hosted email revenue; partially offset by decreased license email revenue due to the loss of a substantial email customer.
 
In 2017, our revenue increased by $12.7 million, or 10%, compared to 2016. Search and digital advertising revenue increased by $8.7 million, driven by increases in both search revenue and digital advertising revenue, while recurring and fee-based revenue increased by $4.0 million, or 8% over the prior year.  Search revenue increased by $4.3 million, or 27%, while digital advertising revenue increased by $4.4 million, or 7%, compared to 2016.  The increases in both search and digital advertising were largely the result of revenue attributable to our AT&T Portal which was deployed during the second quarter of 2017 and was fully deployed (i.e. on personal computers, smartphones and tablets) at June 30, 2017. Also contributing to the increase in digital advertising revenue was a $12.3 million increase in syndicated advertising revenue.  Partially offsetting the increase in search revenue resulting from the deployment of the AT&T portal were continued effects of lower search activity associated with the increased usage of competitor search tools on other devices, such as tablets and smartphones, generally across the consumer base. In addition, we believe a portion of the decrease was due to the continued residual effect of the placement of our Managed Portals on the second tab of the default Windows internet browsers.  Partially offsetting the increase in digital advertising revenue from AT&T and syndicated advertising were revenue decreases in advertising revenue attributable to other portal clients and the effects of lower digital advertising CPMs. The $4.0 million increase in recurring and fee-based revenue was the result of increased CloudID services revenue, professional services revenue and revenue from perpetual licenses of our Email/Collaboration products.  
Cost of Revenue
 
	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue	 	$	72,547	 	 	$	70,053	 	 	$	59,146	 	 	 	4	%	 	 	18	%	
Percentage of revenue	 	 	50	%	 	 	50	%	 	 	46	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2018, our cost of revenue increased by $2.5 million, or 4%, compared to 2017, and our cost of revenue stayed flat as a percentage of revenue. The increase in our cost of revenue was driven primarily by increased revenue share costs attributable to the AT&T Portal and higher IT infrastructure costs.
 
42

In 2017, our cost of revenue increased by $10.9 million, or 18%, compared to 2016, and our cost of revenue increased as a percentage of revenue from 46% in 2016 to 50% in 2017. The increase in our cost of revenue, as well as the increase in our cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue, were both driven primarily by increased revenue share costs attributable to the AT&T Portal and increased syndicated advertising costs.
Technology and Development Expenses
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Technology and development	 	$	24,510	 	 	$	27,642	 	 	$	25,612	 	 	 	(11	)%	 	 	8	%	
Percentage of revenue	 	 	17	%	 	 	19	%	 	 	20	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2018, technology and development expenses decreased by $3.1 million, or 11%, compared to 2017. The decrease was primarily due to lower headcount and decreased spending on outside professional services, partially offset by incremental costs incurred last year related to product development and support for the AT&T portal services business.
 
In 2017, technology and development expenses increased by $1.8 million, or 7%, compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to additional headcount and spending in technology and development activities in association with our AT&T portal services product launch, as well as increased spending on new product design.
 
Sales and Marketing Expenses
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sales and marketing	 	$	24,116	 	 	$	24,941	 	 	$	22,846	 	 	 	(3	)%	 	 	9	%	
Percentage of revenue	 	 	17	%	 	 	18	%	 	 	18	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2018, sales and marketing expenses decreased by $0.8 million, or 3%, compared to 2017. The decrease was primarily the result of lower professional service fees, lower travel costs and decreased tradeshow and conference expenses.
 
In 2017, sales and marketing expenses increased by $2.1 million, or 9%, compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to increased sales commissions and marketing expenses incurred in connection with the AT&T portal launch.
General and Administrative Expenses
 
	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
General and administrative	 	$	19,454	 	 	$	17,800	 	 	$	19,695	 	 	 	9	%	 	 	(10	)%	
Percentage of revenue	 	 	14	%	 	 	13	%	 	 	15	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2018, general and administrative expenses increased by $1.7 million, or 9%, compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher professional service fees, severance costs related to restructuring activities, and an increase in capitalized software impairment.
 
In 2017, general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.6 million, or 8%, compared to 2016. The decrease is due principally to lower recruiting costs and lower incentive compensation expense in 2017 as compared to 2016, offset partially by increased professional fees.
43

Depreciation and amortization
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	$	9,641	 	 	$	9,820	 	 	$	9,235	 	 	 	(2	)%	 	 	6	%	
Percentage of revenue	 	 	7	%	 	 	7	%	 	 	7	%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2018, depreciation and amortization decreased by $0.2 million, or 2%, compared to 2017, due to fully depreciated assets. Depreciation remains a consistent percentage of revenue year over year.
 
In 2017, depreciation and amortization increased by $0.6 million, or 6%, compared to 2016, primarily attributable to the increased depreciation associated with capital expenditures for new data centers and internally developed software, the most significant of which was the AT&T portal.  The capitalized costs of developing the AT&T portal, placed in service during 2017, totaled $3.0 million, of which $1.1 million was incurred in 2016.
Gain on Sale of Investment
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	2017 to 2018
% Change	 	2016 to 2017
% Change	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	
Gain on sale of investment	 	$	—	 	 	$	1,987	 	 	$	—	 	 	NM	 	NM	
Percentage of revenue	 	—	 	 	 	1	%	 	—	 	 	 	 	 	
 
In 2017, we realized a gain of $2.0 million on the sale of our $1.0 million investment in the preferred stock of Blazer & Flip Flops, Inc., or “B&FF”, a strategic investment we had made in 2013.  During 2017, B &FF was acquired by accesso Technology Group, plc, a U.K. public company, and we received, in connection with this transaction, cash consideration of $2.2 million and stock in the acquiring company valued at approximately $0.4 million. This stock was sold in September 2017 for $0.5 million.  In addition, we may receive contingent consideration of cash and stock totaling approximately $0.5 million, which was held back to secure B&FF’s indemnification obligations under the purchase and sale agreement. These amounts have been valued at approximately $0.3 million, and may be received after the 18-month indemnification period expires. The sale was unique to 2017 and no such transactions occurred in the comparative periods.
Other Expense
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Other expense	 	$	(212	)	 	$	(2	)	 	$	(42	)	
 
For each of 2018, 2017 and 2016, other expense consisted primarily of changes in valuation of contingent considerations we expect to receive, foreign currency transaction losses related to our foreign operations.
Interest Expense
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Interest expense	 	$	(338	)	 	$	(433	)	 	$	(318	)	
 
Interest expense during 2018, 2017 and 2016 primarily relates to interest on capital leases and long-term debt.  The increase in interest expense in 2017 over the prior year was a result of higher capital lease balances and higher interest rates, offset partially by the effect of having paid off our line of credit in the second quarter of 2017.
44

Provision for Income Taxes
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Provision for income taxes	 	$	616	 	 	$	1,100	 	 	$	1,219	 	
 
Our 2018 income tax provision relates to $0.8 million of foreign withholding taxes, $0.1 million of expense related to state taxes offset by a $0.3 million benefit related to the decrease in our deferred income tax liability.  Certain foreign governments require tax withholdings on remittances relating to our sales in those countries.  Such withholdings add to our foreign tax credit which is available to defray future U.S. income taxes; however because we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our U.S. net operating loss and credit carryforwards, such withholdings are recognized in deferred income tax expense.
 
Our 2017 income tax provision includes $0.7 million of foreign withholding taxes, $0.3 million of current tax relating to our foreign subsidiaries’ earnings, a $0.3 million increase in our net deferred income tax liability, and a tax benefit amounting to $0.2 million from the change in United States corporate tax rates from 35% to 21% with the December 2017 enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.  
45

Unaudited Quart erly Results of Operations and Other Data
The following tables present our unaudited quarterly results of operations and other data for the eight quarters ended December 31, 2018. This unaudited quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, the statement of operations data includes all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for these periods. This table should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes located elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for any future periods.
 
 	 	For the Three Months Ended	 	
 	 	March 31,
2017	 	 	June 30,
2017	 	 	September 30,
2017	 	 	December 31,
2017	 	 	March 31,
2018 (2)	 	 	June 30,
2018 (2)	 	 	September 30,
2018 (2)	 	 	December 31,
2018 (2)	 	
 	 	(in thousands, except per-share data)	 	
Statements of
   Operations Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	26,540	 	 	$	31,216	 	 	$	36,269	 	 	$	46,002	 	 	$	32,915	 	 	$	35,923	 	 	$	35,643	 	 	$	39,398	 	
Costs and operating
   expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue (1)	 	 	12,562	 	 	 	14,462	 	 	 	17,620	 	 	 	25,409	 	 	 	15,217	 	 	 	18,256	 	 	 	18,186	 	 	 	20,888	 	
Technology and
   development (1)	 	 	7,298	 	 	 	6,904	 	 	 	6,748	 	 	 	6,692	 	 	 	6,687	 	 	 	6,069	 	 	 	6,017	 	 	 	5,737	 	
Sales and
   marketing	 	 	6,661	 	 	 	6,185	 	 	 	6,179	 	 	 	5,916	 	 	 	5,936	 	 	 	6,904	 	 	 	5,667	 	 	 	5,609	 	
General and
   administrative
   (1)	 	 	3,964	 	 	 	4,361	 	 	 	4,495	 	 	 	4,980	 	 	 	5,017	 	 	 	4,320	 	 	 	5,279	 	 	 	4,838	 	
Depreciation and
   amortization	 	 	2,184	 	 	 	2,224	 	 	 	2,596	 	 	 	2,816	 	 	 	2,435	 	 	 	2,444	 	 	 	2,437	 	 	 	2,325	 	
Total costs and
   operating
   expenses	 	 	32,669	 	 	 	34,136	 	 	 	37,638	 	 	 	45,813	 	 	 	35,292	 	 	 	37,993	 	 	 	37,586	 	 	 	39,397	 	
(Loss) income from
   operations	 	$	(6,129	)	 	$	(2,920	)	 	$	(1,369	)	 	$	189	 	 	$	(2,377	)	 	$	(2,070	)	 	$	(1,943	)	 	$	1	 	
Net (loss) income	 	$	(6,656	)	 	$	(3,276	)	 	$	261	 	 	$	(106	)	 	$	(2,375	)	 	$	(2,584	)	 	$	(2,220	)	 	$	(376	)	
Net (loss) income
   per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	$	(0.21	)	 	$	(0.09	)	 	$	0.01	 	 	$	(0.00	)	 	$	(0.06	)	 	$	(0.07	)	 	$	(0.06	)	 	$	(0.01	)	
Diluted	 	$	(0.21	)	 	$	(0.09	)	 	$	0.01	 	 	$	(0.00	)	 	$	(0.06	)	 	$	(0.07	)	 	$	(0.06	)	 	$	(0.01	)	
 
Notes:
(1)	Exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately.	
(2)	Results for 2018 include the impact of the adoption new accounting standard in fiscal year 2018 related to revenue recognition. Refer to Note 1, The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Item 8 of this report for additional information.	
46

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary liquidity and capital resource requirements are for financing working capital, investing in capital expenditures such as computer hardware and software, supporting research and development efforts, introducing new technology, enhancing existing technology, and marketing our services and products to new and existing customers.
In April 2017, we completed an underwritten public offering (the “Offering”) of our common stock in which we sold 5,715,000 shares at a public offering price of $3.50 per share. Subsequently, in May 2017, and as part of the Offering, we completed the sale of 472,846 additional shares of our common stock at the same price upon the exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, for a total of 6,187,846 shares. The Offering resulted in total net proceeds of approximately $20.0 million after deducting underwriters’ discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The net proceeds were used for general corporate purposes and additional working capital, and, in part, were used to fully repay our bank debt. We believe the net proceeds have strengthened our balance sheet and allow us to acquire, or finance on more attractive terms, equipment and make other capital investments necessary to support additional customers and the delivery of additional services to our existing customers. In addition, we may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that we believe are complementary to our own, as such opportunities may arise.
In September 2013, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or the Lender, which was amended as of February 1, 2019 (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”) to extend the maturity to July 22, 2019. The Loan Agreement provides for a $12.0 million secured revolving line of credit. The credit facility is available for cash borrowings, subject to a formula based upon eligible accounts receivable and subject to certain financial covenants. As of December 31, 2018, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Loan Agreement, and we had $12.0 million of availability based upon the borrowing formula under the Loan Agreement.
Borrowings under the Loan Agreement bear interest, at our election, at an annual rate based on either the “prime rate” as published in The Wall Street Journal or LIBOR for the relevant period.  If our liquidity coverage ratio (the ratio of cash plus eligible accounts receivable to borrowings under the Agreement) exceeds 2.75 to 1, LIBOR-based advances bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.5% and prime rate advances bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.0%.  If our liquidity coverage ratio falls below 2.75 to 1, LIBOR-based advances bear interest at LIBOR plus 4.0% and prime rate advances bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.5%.  For LIBOR advances, interest is payable (i) on the last day of a LIBOR interest period or (ii) on the last day of each calendar quarter. For prime rate advances, interest is payable (a) on the first day of each month and (b) on each date a prime rate advance is converted into a LIBOR advance.
Our obligations to the Lender are secured by a first priority security interest in all our assets, including our intellectual property. The Loan Agreement contains customary events of default, including non-payment of principal or interest, violations of covenants, material adverse changes, cross-default, bankruptcy and material judgments. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the Lender may accelerate repayment of any outstanding balance. The Loan Agreement also contains certain financial covenants and other agreements that are customary in loan agreements of this type, including restrictions on paying dividends and making distributions to our stockholders. As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants and anticipate continuing to be so.
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $15.9 million of cash and cash equivalents. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, along with cash flows from operations and availability under our revolving credit line, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital, interest payments, capital lease payment obligations and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.  
Cash Flows
 
	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Statements of Cash Flows Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities	 	$	2,056	 	 	$	(263	)	 	$	8,429	 	
Cash flows used in investing activities	 	$	(6,256	)	 	$	(5,231	)	 	$	(8,439	)	
Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities	 	$	(2,055	)	 	$	13,695	 	 	$	(1,187	)	
 
47

Cash Provided (Used) by Operating Activities
Operating activities provided $2.1 million of cash in 2018. Cash flow from operating activities resulted from our net loss, adjusted for non-cash items, and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. We had a net loss of $7.6 million which included non-cash depreciation and amortization of $9.8 million, non-cash stock-based compensation of $1.8 million, non-cash benefit to our provision for deferred income taxes of $0.2 million, and an impairment of capitalized software of $0.6 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities used $2.5 million of cash, primarily due to a decrease in our accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities of $5.8 million, and deferred revenue by $3.9 million and offset partially by decreases accounts receivable of $6.0 million. The decrease in our accounts payable was primarily a result of our efforts to reduce operating costs and the timing of payments. The decrease in our deferred revenue was largely a result of the adoption of ASC 606.
Operating activities used $0.3 million of cash in 2017. Cash flow from operating activities resulted from our net loss, adjusted for non-cash items, and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. We had a net loss of $9.8 million, which included non-cash depreciation and amortization of $9.8 million, non-cash stock-based compensation of $2.5 million, gain on sale of our investment of $2.0 million, a loss of the disposal of property and equipment of $0.2 million, an impairment of capitalized software of $0.3 million, and non-cash deferred income tax benefit of $0.1 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities used $1.3 million of cash, primarily due to an increase in our accounts receivable of $4.1 million, offset partially by increases in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities totaling $3.3 million and a decrease in deferred revenue totaling $0.8 million.  The increase in our accounts receivable was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue in 2017 as compared to the prior year. The increase in our accounts payable and accrued expenses was primarily the result of increased payables for revenue share cost of revenue and syndicated advertising costs and the timing of such payments.  The decrease in deferred revenue was principally the result of the conversion of a subscription and support contract to a perpetual license, offset in part by cash advances from other customers.
Operating activities provided $8.2 million of cash in 2016. The positive cash flow from operating activities primarily resulted from our net loss, adjusted for non-cash items, and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. We had a net loss of $10.7 million, which included non-cash depreciation and amortization of $9.2 million, non-cash stock-based compensation of $2.8 million, and non-cash deferred income tax provision of $0.1 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities provided $6.3 million of cash, primarily due to an increase in our accounts payable and other current liabilities totaling $9.1million and an increase in deferred revenue totaling $1.5 million, offset partially by increases in our accounts receivable of $2.2 million and prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.0 million.  The increase in our accounts receivable was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue in 2016 as compared to the prior year. The increase in our accounts payable and accrued expenses of $9.1 million was primarily the result of increased payables for syndicated advertising costs and timing of such payments.  The increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets was principally the result of required prepayments of development costs and salable enhancements relating to our Zimbra Email/Collaboration product.
Cash Used by Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have consisted of purchases of property and equipment, and payments for acquisitions. Purchases of property and equipment may vary from period to period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations and internal-use software development. We expect to continue to make significant investments in property and equipment and development of software in 2019 and thereafter.
Cash used by investing activities totaled $6.3 million in 2018.  Cash expenditures for purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to the build-out of our data centers and the development of both internal use software and software for sale or license.
Cash used by investing activities totaled $5.2 million in 2017.  Cash expenditures for purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to the build-out of our data centers and the development of both internal use software and software for sale or license, totaled $7.9 million.  We received total cash proceeds of $2.6 million for the sale of B&FF.
Cash used by investing activities in 2016 was $8.4 million, of which $5.9 million was expended for purchases of property and equipment (primarily related to the build-out of our data centers and internal-use software development), of which $1.9 million relates specifically to preparation for the early 2017 deployment under our portal services contract with AT&T.  Cash used in investing activities also included the cash outlay for the acquisition of Technorati, which totaled $2.5 million in 2016.
Cash (Used) Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash used by financing activities totaled $2.1 million in 2018.  We repaid $2.4 million of our capital lease obligations. Partially offsetting the cash used was $0.4 million received from the exercise of stock options.
48

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $13.7 million in 2017.  We received net proceeds totaling $20.0 million from our public stock offering, and $2.2 million from the exercise of common stock options.  We fully repaid our $5.0 milli on bank financing balance, and made payments totaling $1.9 million on our capital lease obligations.  In addition, we paid $1.3 million of contingent consideration payments relating to our 2015 acquisition of Zimbra and our 2016 acquisition of assets from Technorati.
Net cash used by financing activities totaled $1.2 million in 2016.  We received $1.6 million from the exercise of stock options, and we repaid $1.7 million of our capital lease obligations.  In addition, we paid $0.9 million of contingent consideration relating to our 2015 acquisition of Zimbra.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2018, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC, that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, revenue, or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that is material to investors.
Contractual Obligations
We lease office space and data center space under operating lease agreements and certain equipment under capital lease agreements. We are also obligated to make fixed payments under various contracts with vendors and customers, principally for revenue-sharing and content arrangements. These fixed payments are reflected in the table below as “contract commitments.”
The following table sets forth our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
Impact of Applicable Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 	 	Payments Due by Period	 	
 	 	2019	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2022	 	 	2023	 	 	2024	 	 	Total	 	
Operating lease obligations	 	$	5,276	 	 	$	3,101	 	 	$	1,594	 	 	$	782	 	 	$	250	 	 	$	33	 	 	$	11,003	 	
Capital lease obligations	 	 	3,025	 	 	 	1,558	 	 	 	107	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	4,690	 	
Contract commitments	 	 	1,353	 	 	 	753	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,106	 	
Total	 	$	9,654	 	 	$	5,412	 	 	$	1,701	 	 	$	782	 	 	$	250	 	 	$	33	 	 	$	17,799	 	
In the normal course of business, we evaluate pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), or other authoritative bodies to determine the potential impact they may have on our consolidated financial statements.  Refer to Note 1, The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Item 8 of this report for additional information about these recently issued accounting standards and their potential impact on our consolidated results of operations.
49

ITEM 7A.	 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITAT IVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	
We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These primarily include interest rate, inflation and foreign currency exchange risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash and money market funds. We currently have no investments of any type. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates is limited because nearly all of our cash and cash equivalents have a short-term maturity and are used primarily for working capital purposes.
We have a bank line of credit for $12 million with no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2018.  Any borrowings under the line of credit bear interest at a variable annual rate, at our election, based on either the “prime rate” as published in The Wall Street Journal or LIBOR for the relevant period. If our liquidity coverage ratio (the ratio of cash plus eligible accounts receivable to bank borrowings under the related loan agreement) exceeds 2.75 to 1, LIBOR-based advances bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.5% and prime rate advances bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.0%. If our liquidity coverage ratio falls below 2.75 to 1, LIBOR-based advances bear interest at LIBOR plus 4.0% and prime rate advances bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.5%. This arrangement, if we were to have borrowings under the line of credit, would subject us to interest rate risk. Refer to Note 4, Long-Term Debt of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Item 8 of this report for additional information about our outstanding debt.
Inflation Risk
We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We are also subject to foreign currency exchange risk relating to our operations in Canada, Europe, India, Japan and Singapore. Our expenses at these locations are denominated in the local currencies and our results of operations are influenced by changes in the exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and these local currencies, principally the Canadian Dollar, Euro, British Pound Sterling, Yen, Rupee and Singapore Dollar. In addition, certain of our accounts receivable are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the Euro, British Pound Sterling, and Japanese Yen. A 10% increase or decrease in the applicable currency exchange rates could result in an increase or decrease in our currency exchange (loss) gain of approximately $0.2 million, calculated based on our foreign currency-denominated accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018. We have in the past, and we may in the future, enter into contracts to minimize the foreign currency exchange risk with respect to significant foreign currency denominated accounts receivable balances. We continue to evaluate our foreign currency rate exposures and may take additional steps to mitigate these exposures.
ITEM 8.	 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	
Our financial statements are submitted on pages F-1 through F-24 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 9.	 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	
None.
50

ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	
 
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
During our evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as further described below. As a result, we concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective. Notwithstanding these material weaknesses, we have concluded that the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and the consolidated results of operations and cash flows for each of the three fiscal years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that our management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based upon the framework in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on that evaluation, management concluded that, while the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have not been misstated as a result of the material weaknesses described below, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2018.
A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
We have identified two material weaknesses: (i) ineffective control activities due to the lack of timeliness and consistency in executing business process controls, and (ii) ineffective monitoring controls to ascertain whether the components of internal control were present and functioning.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This report, which appears herein, contains an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
Remediation Efforts to Address the Material Weaknesses
 Management is committed to the remediation of the material weaknesses described above, as well as the continued improvement of our internal control over financial reporting. We have completed certain actions in our remediation plan that allowed us to remediate the prior year material weakness surrounding “an ineffective control environment due to a lack of sufficient qualified accounting personnel with an appropriate level of knowledge and experience with generally accepted accounting principles”.   We believe that the accounting professionals that we have hired have provided us with the additional technical accounting experience necessary to ensure the timely preparation of our interim and annual financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
51

During 2018, we developed a remediation plan and executed the following steps towards such plan to remediate the material wea knesses identified as of December 31, 2017, two of which remain as of December 31, 2018. As we continue our evaluation and improve our internal control over financial reporting, management may modify the actions described below or identify and take additio nal measures to address control deficiencies. Until the remediation efforts described below, including any additional measures management identifies as necessary, are complete and operate for a sufficient period of time, the material weaknesses described a bove will continue to exist.  
 	1.	We hired 4 new senior accounting professionals who possess the requisite skills and relevant experience to augment our staff to help us improve our controls and procedures pertaining to financial reporting and to assist in making other improvements to our internal controls:	
 	•	Chief Financial Officer, who is a Certified Public Accountant (“CPA”) and has significant experience in managing the accounting and finance functions for public companies that are subject to internal control over financial reporting requirements	
 	•	Senior Director of Accounting, who is a CPA and has previous experience in working for other public companies that have had internal control over financial reporting requirements and who also worked for one of the Big 4 accounting firms	
 	•	External Reporting & Technical Accounting Manager, who is a CPA and worked for one of the Big 4 accounting firms	
 	•	Manager of Financial Operations, who is a CPA and worked for one of the Big 4 accounting firms	
 	2.	We reorganized our accounting staff to delineate distinct roles and responsibilities for external financial reporting including the application of generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).	
 	3.	We have implemented a more structured analysis and review process of the application of generally accepted accounting principles and complex accounting matters.	
 	4.	We continue to expand and enhance the written documentation of our internal controls, including assigning more specific responsibilities to particular personnel and imposing shorter timelines for executing their control-related tasks.	
 	5.	We are in the process of establishing more defined steps to monitor the on-going timeliness and consistency of the execution of control activities.	
We believe these measures will remediate the remaining two material weaknesses identified. While we have completed certain of these measures as of the date of this report, we have not completed and tested all of the planned corrective processes, enhancements, procedures and related evaluations that we believe are necessary to determine whether the remaining two material weaknesses have been fully remediated as of December 31, 2018. We believe the corrective actions and controls need to be in operation for a sufficient period of time for management to conclude that the material weaknesses related to: (i) ineffective control activities due to the lack of timeliness and consistency in executing business process controls, and (ii) ineffective monitoring controls to ascertain whether the components of internal control were present and functioning are fully remediated. As we continue to evaluate and work to remediate the control deficiencies that gave rise to the material weaknesses, we may determine that additional measures or time are required to address the control deficiencies or that we need to modify or otherwise adjust the remediation measures described above. We will continue to assess the effectiveness of our remediation efforts in connection with our evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting.
Accordingly, we will continue to monitor the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.  We have and will continue to perform additional procedures prescribed by management, including the use of manual mitigating control procedures and employing any additional tools and resources deemed necessary, to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are fairly stated in all material respects. We continue to prioritize remediation efforts in 2019 and are committed to confirming that any new or enhanced processes and controls that were put in place as part of the remediation are fully operational and consistently applied for a sufficient period of time in order to provide us with adequate assurance of a sustainable and reliable control environment.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except as noted above in the section “Remediation Efforts to Address the Material Weaknesses”, there were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
52

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Synacor, Inc.
 
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Synacor, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses identified below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO .
 
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 of the Company and our report dated, March 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
 
Basis for Opinion
 
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
53

Material Weaknesses
 
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management's assessment: (i) ineffective control activities due to the lack of timeliness and consistency in executing business process controls, and (ii) ineffective monitoring controls to ascertain whether the components of internal control were present and functioning. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, of the Company, and this report does not affect our report on such financial statements.
 
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Williamsville, New York
March 14, 2019
ITEM 9B.	 OTHER INFORMATION	
None.
 
54

 PART III
ITEM 10.	 DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in our proxy statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Our board of directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and a Code of Ethics applicable to all officers, directors and employees, which is available on our website (http://www.synacor.com) under “Investors—Corporate Governance.” We will provide a copy of these documents to any person, without charge, upon request, by writing to us at Synacor, Inc., Investor Relations Department, 40 La Riviere Drive, Suite 300, Buffalo, New York 14202. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Business Conduct or Code of Ethics by posting such information on our website at the address and the location specified above.
ITEM 11.	 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in our proxy statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 12.	 SECURITY OWNERSHI  P OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in our proxy statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 13.	 CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in our proxy statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 14.	 PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in our proxy statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
55

 PART IV
ITEM 15.	 EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
1. Financial Statements: See Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Part II, Item 8.
2. Financial Statement Schedules: Financial Statement Schedules have been omitted either because they are not required or because the information required is included in the notes to the financial statements.
3. Exhibits:   See the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 
ITEM 16.	 FORM 10‑K SUMMARY	
Not applicable.
 
EXHIBITS
The following exhibits are incorporated by reference herein or filed here within:
 
Exhibit No.	 	Description	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Date of
Filing	 	Exhibit
Number	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.1	 	Fifth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	3.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.2	 	Amended and Restated Bylaws	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	3.4	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.3	 	Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock	 	8-K	 	001-33843	 	7/15/2014	 	3.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.1	 	Form of Indemnification Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers and certain key employees	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.1 *	 	2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.2 *	 	Amendment No. 1 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.3 *	 	Amendment No. 2 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.4 *	 	Amendment No. 3 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.4	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.5 *	 	Amendment No. 4 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.5	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.6 *	 	Amendment No. 5 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.6	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.7 *	 	Amendment No. 6 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.3.7	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.8 *	 	Amendment No. 7 to 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/18/2012	 	10.3.8	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.9 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement under 2006 Stock Plan with Jordan Levy	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.3.9	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.10 *	 	Form of Director Stock Option Agreement under 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.3.14	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.11 *	 	Form of Director Stock Option Agreement under 2006 Stock Plan	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.3.15	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2.12 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement with Himesh Bhise under 2006 Stock Plan	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2017	 	10.2.13	 	 	
56

Exhibit No.	 	Description	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Date of
Filing	 	Exhibit
Number	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.1 *	 	Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	DEF 14A	 	001-33843	 	4/7/2017	 	App A	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.2 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.4.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.3 *	 	Form of Stock Unit Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.4.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.4 *	 	Form of Early Exercise Stock Option Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/26/2013	 	10.4.5	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.5 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement with William J. Stuart under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/26/2013	 	10.4.7	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.6 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement with Himesh Bhise under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2017	 	10.3.7	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3.7 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement with William J. Stuart under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2017	 	10.3.8	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.4.1 *	 	Letter Agreement dated August 3, 2011 with William J. Stuart	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.8	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.4.2 *	 	Change of Control Severance Agreement with William J. Stuart	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/26/2014	 	10.8.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.4.3 *	 	Letter Agreement dated August 26, 2013 with William J. Stuart	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/26/2014	 	10.8.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.4.4 *	 	Separation agreement dated August 16, 2018 with William J. Stuart	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
`	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.5 *	 	2007 Management Cash Incentive Plan	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	5/15/2012	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.6.1 †	 	Second Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement between Qwest Corporation and Synacor, Inc. dated June 1, 2017	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	5/15/2017	 	10.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.6.2	 	Letter Amendment to that certain Second Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement between Qwest Corporation and Synacor, Inc. dated June 1, 2017.	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	5/10/2018	 	10.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.6.3 †	 	Amendment #1 to Second Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and Qwest Corporation, effective as of March 1,2018.	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/9/2018	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.7 †	 	Google Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and Google Inc., effective as of June 1, 2018	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/9/2018	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.1	 	Sublease dated March 3, 2006 between Ludlow Technical Products Corporation and Synacor, Inc.	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.14.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.2	 	First Amendment to Sublease dated September 25, 2006	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.14.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.3	 	Second Amendment to Sublease dated February 27, 2007	 	S-1	 	333-178049	 	11/18/2011	 	10.14.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
57

Exhibit No.	 	Description	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Date of
Filing	 	Exhibit
Number	 	 	
10.8.4	 	Third Amendment to Sublease dated June 30, 2010	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.11.4	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.5	 	Fourth Amendment to Sublease dated May 21, 2013	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.11.5	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.6	 	Fifth Amendment to Sublease dated July 10, 2013	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.11.6	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.7	 	Sixth Amendment to Sublease dated February 8, 2016	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.11.7	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.8	 	Seventh Amendment to Sublease dated February 17, 2017	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/16/2018	 	10.8.8	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.9	 	Eighth Amendment to Sublease dated August 29, 2017	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/16/2018	 	10.8.9	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8.10	 	Ninth Amendment to Sublease dated October 3, 2017	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/16/2018	 	10.8.10	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.9.1 *	 	Letter Agreement dated March 1, 2008 with Jordan Levy	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.15.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.9.2 *	 	Letter Agreement dated June 23, 2009 with Jordan Levy	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.15.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.10 *	 	Form of Common Stock Repurchase Agreement	 	S-1/A	 	333-178049	 	1/30/2012	 	10.16	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.11.1 *	 	Special Purpose Recruitment Plan	 	DEF 14A	 	001-33843	 	4/5/2013	 	App. A	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.11.2 *	 	Form of Stock Option Agreement (Early Exercise) under Special Purpose Recruitment Plan	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/13/2013	 	10.5	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.1	 	Loan and Security Agreement between Silicon Valley Bank and Synacor, Inc. dated September 27, 2013	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/14/2013	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.2	 	First Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement between Silicon Valley Bank and Synacor, Inc. dated October 28, 2014	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/12/2015	 	10.20.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.3	 	Joinder to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., and NTV Internet Holdings, LLC dated April 13, 2015	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.16.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.4	 	Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated September 25, 2015	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/17/2015	 	10.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.5	 	Joinder to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated September 25, 2015	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.16.5	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.6	 	Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated October 28, 2015	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/22/2016	 	10.16.6	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
58

Exhibit No.	 	Description	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Date of
Filing	 	Exhibit
Number	 	 	
10.12.7	 	Consent and Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated February 25, 2016	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	5/16/2016	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.8	 	Consent and Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated November 8, 2016	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/14/2016	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.9	 	Consent and Sixth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated March 30, 2017	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	5/15/2017	 	10.4	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.10	 	Seventh Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated June 30, 2017	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/14/2017	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.11	 	Eight Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated September 30, 2018	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12.12	 	Ninth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among Silicon Valley Bank, Synacor, Inc., NTV Internet Holdings, LLC and SYNC Holdings, LLC dated February 1, 2018	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.13.1*	 	Employment Letter Agreement with Himesh Bhise dated July 31, 2014	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/14/2014	 	10.1.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.13.2*	 	Stock Option Agreement with Himesh Bhise granted on August 4, 2014	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/14/2014	 	10.1.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.1 †	 	Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. made as of April 1, 2016.	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/15/2016	 	10.1.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.2 †	 	First Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of May 4, 2016.	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/15/2016	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.3 †	 	Second Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of December 7, 2016	 	10-K/A	 	001-33843	 	6/5/2017	 	10.16.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.4 †	 	Third Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of March 10, 2017	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	5/15/2017	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.5	 	Fourth Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of July 10, 2017	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/14/2017	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
59

Exhibit No.	 	Description	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Date of
Filing	 	Exhibit
Number	 	 	
10.14.6 †	 	Statement of Work #1 to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of July 10, 2017	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/14/2017	 	10.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.7 †	 	Fifth Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of November 20, 2017	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/16/2018	 	10.14.7	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.8 †	 	Sixth Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc. effective as of December 8, 2017	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/16/2018	 	10.14.8	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14.9 †
 	 	Seventh Amendment to Portal and Advertising Services Agreement effective as of August 23, 2018 between Synacor Inc. and AT&T Services, Inc.	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	11/9/2018	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.15
 	 	Lease dated August 31, 2017 between D&S Capital Real Estate III, LLC and Synacor, Inc.	 	10-K	 	001-33843	 	3/16/2018	 	10.15	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.16*
 	 	Letter Agreement with Timothy J. Heasley dated August 1, 2018	 	8-K
 	 	001-33843
 	 	8/1/2018
 	 	10.1

10.17.1*	 	Letter Agreement with Steven Davi dated October 25, 2012	 	10-Q
 	 	001-33843
 	 	8/9/2018
 	 	10.3.1

10.17.2*	 	Change of Control Severance Agreement with Steven Davi	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/9/2018	 	10.3.2	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.17.3*	 	Letter Agreement with Steven Davi dated April 26, 2018	 	10-Q	 	001-33843	 	8/9/2018	 	10.3.3	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.18	 	Agreement between Synacor, Inc. and 180 Degree Capital Corp. dated March 1, 2019	 	8-K	 	001-33843	 	3/5/2019	 	10.1	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
21.1	 	List of subsidiaries	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
23.1	 	Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
24.1	 	Power of Attorney (contained in the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.1	 	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.2	 	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
32.1 ‡	 	Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.INS	 	XBRL Instance Document	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.SCH	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.CAL	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
60

Exhibit No.	 	Description	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Date of
Filing	 	Exhibit
Number	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.LAB	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.PRE	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.DEF	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 
Notes:
*	Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.	
†	Confidential treatment has been granted for portions of this document. The omitted portions have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.	
‡	This certification is not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that Synacor, Inc. specifically incorporates it by reference.	
61

 SIGNA TURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

SYNACOR, INC.	
 	
/s/ HIMESH BHISE	
Himesh Bhise	
President and Chief Executive Officer	
(Principal Executive Officer)	
 
Date: March 14, 2019
 POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Himesh Bhise and Timothy Heasley, and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
 
Signature	 	Title	 	Date	
 	 	 	
/s/ HIMESH BHISE	  	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	 	March 14, 2019	
Himesh Bhise	 		 		
 	 	 	
/s/ TIMOTHY HEASLEY 	  	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	 	March 14, 2019	
Timothy J. Heasley	 		 		
 	 	 	
/s/ ELISABETH B. DONOHUE	 	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Elisabeth B. Donohue	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ MARWAN FAWAZ	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Marwan Fawaz	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ GARY L. GINSBERG	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Gary L. Ginsberg	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ ANDREW KAU	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Andrew Kau	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ JORDAN LEVY	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Jordan Levy	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ MICHAEL J. MONTGOMERY	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Michael J. Montgomery	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ SCOTT MURPHY	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Scott Murphy	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ KEVIN RENDINO	  	Director	 	March 14, 2019	
Kevin Rendino	 	 	 	 	

 
62

INDEX TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
 	 	Page	
Financial Statements	  	 	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	  	F-2	
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	  	F-3	
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	  	F-4	
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	  	F-5	
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December  31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	  	F-6	
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	  	F-7	
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	  	F-8	
 
F-1

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGIST ERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Synacor, Inc.
 
Opinion on the Financial Statements
 
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Synacor, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 14, 2019, expressed an adverse opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting because of material weaknesses.
 
Basis for Opinion
 
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Williamsville, New York
March 14, 2019
 
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.
F-2

SYNACOR, INC.
 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017
(In thousands except for share and per share data)
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
ASSETS	 	
CURRENT ASSETS:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	 	15,921	 	 	$	22,476	 	
Accounts receivable—net of allowance of $225 and $99	 	 	25,567	 	 	 	31,696	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	 	 	3,779	 	 	 	4,516	 	
Total current assets	 	 	45,267	 	 	 	58,688	 	
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT—Net	 	 	18,707	 	 	 	20,505	 	
GOODWILL	 	 	15,941	 	 	 	15,955	 	
INTANGIBLE ASSETS	 	 	10,553	 	 	 	12,695	 	
OTHER ASSETS	 	 	995	 	 	 	937	 	
TOTAL ASSETS	 	$	91,463	 	 	$	108,780	 	
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	
CURRENT LIABILITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	 	 	19,174	 	 	$	25,931	 	
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	 	 	7,849	 	 	 	7,075	 	
Current portion of deferred revenue	 	 	6,672	 	 	 	11,605	 	
Current portion of capital lease obligations	 	 	2,328	 	 	 	2,444	 	
Total current liabilities	 	 	36,023	 	 	 	47,055	 	
LONG-TERM PORTION OF CAPITAL LEASE OBLIGATIONS	 	 	1,367	 	 	 	3,371	 	
DEFERRED REVENUE	 	 	2,214	 	 	 	3,682	 	
DEFERRED INCOME TAXES	 	 	231	 	 	 	264	 	
OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES	 	 	457	 	 	 	63	 	
Total liabilities	 	 	40,292	 	 	 	54,435	 	
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 7)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value—10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and
   outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Common stock, $0.01 par value—100,000,000 shares authorized; 39,880,054 shares
   issued and 39,027,572 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018; 39,625,980 shares
   issued and  38,763,760 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017	 	 	399	 	 	 	396	 	
Treasury stock—at cost, 852,482 shares at December 31, 2018 and 842,220 shares at
   December 31, 2017	 	 	(1,899	)	 	 	(1,881	)	
Additional paid-in capital	 	 	144,739	 	 	 	142,486	 	
Accumulated deficit	 	 	(91,726	)	 	 	(86,627	)	
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	 	 	(342	)	 	 	(29	)	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	 	51,171	 	 	 	54,345	 	
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	$	91,463	 	 	$	108,780	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3

SYNACOR, INC.
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016
(In thousands except for share and per share data)
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
REVENUE	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	
COSTS AND OPERATING EXPENSES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization
   shown separately below)	 	 	72,547	 	 	 	70,053	 	 	 	59,146	 	
Technology and development (exclusive of depreciation and amortization
   shown separately below)	 	 	24,510	 	 	 	27,642	 	 	 	25,612	 	
Sales and marketing	 	 	24,116	 	 	 	24,941	 	 	 	22,846	 	
General and administrative (exclusive of depreciation and amortization
   shown separately below)	 	 	19,454	 	 	 	17,800	 	 	 	19,695	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	9,641	 	 	 	9,820	 	 	 	9,235	 	
Total costs and operating expenses	 	 	150,268	 	 	 	150,256	 	 	 	136,534	 	
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS	 	 	(6,389	)	 	 	(10,229	)	 	 	(9,161	)	
GAIN ON SALE OF INVESTMENT	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,987	 	 	 	—	 	
INTEREST EXPENSE	 	 	(338	)	 	 	(433	)	 	 	(318	)	
OTHER EXPENSE, net	 	 	(212	)	 	 	(2	)	 	 	(42	)	
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES	 	 	(6,939	)	 	 	(8,677	)	 	 	(9,521	)	
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	 	 	616	 	 	 	1,100	 	 	 	1,219	 	
NET LOSS	 	$	(7,555	)	 	$	(9,777	)	 	$	(10,740	)	
NET LOSS PER SHARE:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	$	(0.19	)	 	$	(0.27	)	 	$	(0.36	)	
Diluted	 	$	(0.19	)	 	$	(0.27	)	 	$	(0.36	)	
WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES USED TO COMPUTE NET LOSS PER
   SHARE:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	 	38,895,301	 	 	 	36,381,299	 	 	 	30,251,685	 	
Diluted	 	 	38,895,301	 	 	 	36,381,299	 	 	 	30,251,685	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4

SYNACOR, INC.
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016
(In thousands)
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Net loss	 	$	(7,555	)	 	$	(9,777	)	 	$	(10,740	)	
Other comprehensive loss:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	(313	)	 	 	(12	)	 	 	(19	)	
Comprehensive loss	 	$	(7,868	)	 	$	(9,789	)	 	$	(10,759	)	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5

 SYNACOR , INC.
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016
(In thousands except for share data)
 
 	 	Common Stock	 	 	Treasury Stock	 	 	Additional
Paid-in	 	 	Accumulated	 	 	Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Shares	 	 	Amount	 	 	Shares	 	 	Amount	 	 	Capital	 	 	Deficit	 	 	Income (Loss)	 	 	Total	 	
BALANCE—January 1, 2016	 	 	30,636,327	 	 	 	306	 	 	 	(653,048	)	 	 	(1,332	)	 	 	113,238	 	 	 	(66,110	)	 	 	2	 	 	 	46,104	 	
Exercise of common stock options	 	 	751,481	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,552	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,560	 	
Stock-based compensation cost	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,957	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,957	 	
Vesting of restricted stock units	 	 	238,827	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2	 	
Treasury stock withheld to cover
   tax liability	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(92,439	)	 	 	(215	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(215	)	
Net loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(10,740	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(10,740	)	
Other comprehensive loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(19	)	 	 	(19	)	
BALANCE—December 31, 2016	 	 	31,626,635	 	 	$	316	 	 	 	(745,487	)	 	 	(1,547	)	 	 	117,747	 	 	 	(76,850	)	 	 	(17	)	 	 	39,649	 	
Issuance of common stock upon
   stock offering, net of
   offering costs	 	 	6,187,846	 	 	 	62	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	19,984	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	20,046	 	
Exercise of common stock options	 	 	969,223	 	 	 	9	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,140	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,149	 	
Stock-based compensation cost	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,624	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,624	 	
Vesting of restricted stock units	 	 	242,276	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Release of stock holdback
   (Note 2)	 	 	600,000	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(6	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Treasury stock withheld to cover
   tax liability	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(96,733	)	 	 	(334	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(334	)	
Net loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(9,777	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(9,777	)	
Other comprehensive loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(12	)	 	 	(12	)	
BALANCE—December 31, 2017	 	 	39,625,980	 	 	$	396	 	 	 	(842,220	)	 	$	(1,881	)	 	$	142,486	 	 	$	(86,627	)	 	$	(29	)	 	$	54,345	 	
Impact of the adoption of new
   accounting pronouncements	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,456	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,456	 	
Exercise of common stock options	 	 	226,081	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	383	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	385	 	
Stock-based compensation cost	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,871	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,871	 	
Vesting of restricted stock units	 	 	27,993	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Treasury stock withheld to cover
   tax liability	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(10,262	)	 	 	(18	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(18	)	
Net loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(7,555	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(7,555	)	
Other comprehensive loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(313	)	 	 	(313	)	
BALANCE—December 31, 2018	 	 	39,880,054	 	 	$	399	 	 	 	(852,482	)	 	$	(1,899	)	 	$	144,739	 	 	$	(91,726	)	 	$	(342	)	 	$	51,171	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6

SYNACOR, INC.
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016
(In thousands)
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	$	(7,555	)	 	$	(9,777	)	 	$	(10,740	)	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash and cash equivalents
   provided by (used in) operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	9,832	 	 	 	9,820	 	 	 	9,235	 	
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	 	 	—	 	 	 	203	 	 	 	—	 	
Capitalized software impairment	 	 	552	 	 	 	256	 	 	 	334	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	1,804	 	 	 	2,490	 	 	 	2,771	 	
Gain on sale of investment	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,987	)	 	 	—	 	
Provision for deferred income taxes	 	 	(248	)	 	 	137	 	 	 	143	 	
Change in allowance for doubtful accounts	 	 	126	 	 	 	(164	)	 	 	—	 	
Increase in estimated value of contingent consideration	 	 	—	 	 	 	107	 	 	 	—	 	
Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of
   acquisitions:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	 	 	6,002	 	 	 	(4,146	)	 	 	(2,080	)	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	 	 	737	 	 	 	346	 	 	 	(1,572	)	
Other long-term assets	 	 	142	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	(314	)	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities	 	 	(5,785	)	 	 	3,261	 	 	 	9,286	 	
Deferred revenue	 	 	(3,945	)	 	 	(779	)	 	 	1,546	 	
Other long-term liabilities	 	 	394	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	(360	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	 	 	2,056	 	 	 	(263	)	 	 	8,249	 	
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceed from the sale of investment	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,645	 	 	 	—	 	
Purchases of property and equipment	 	 	(6,256	)	 	 	(7,876	)	 	 	(5,939	)	
Acquisition net of cash acquired	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,500	)	
Net cash used in investing activities	 	 	(6,256	)	 	 	(5,231	)	 	 	(8,439	)	
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from offering of common stock, net of underwriting costs	 	 	—	 	 	 	20,258	 	 	 	—	 	
Payments of public offering issuance costs	 	 	—	 	 	 	(212	)	 	 	—	 	
Repayments of bank financing	 	 	—	 	 	 	(5,000	)	 	 	—	 	
Principal payments on capital lease obligations	 	 	(2,422	)	 	 	(1,866	)	 	 	(1,672	)	
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	 	 	385	 	 	 	2,149	 	 	 	1,560	 	
Purchase of shares to satisfy minimum tax withholdings	 	 	(18	)	 	 	(334	)	 	 	(215	)	
Deferred acquisition payments	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,300	)	 	 	(860	)	
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	 	 	(2,055	)	 	 	13,695	 	 	 	(1,187	)	
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	 	 	(300	)	 	 	(40	)	 	 	(5	)	
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	 	 	(6,555	)	 	 	8,161	 	 	 	(1,382	)	
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—Beginning of year	 	 	22,476	 	 	 	14,315	 	 	 	15,697	 	
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—End of year	 	$	15,921	 	 	$	22,476	 	 	$	14,315	 	
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid for interest	 	$	337	 	 	$	416	 	 	$	318	 	
Cash paid for income taxes	 	$	812	 	 	$	908	 	 	$	737	 	
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND
   FINANCING TRANSACTIONS:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, equipment and service contracts financed under capital lease
   obligations	 	$	357	 	 	$	5,832	 	 	$	982	 	
Liability for estimated additional contingent consideration	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	567	 	
Accrued property and equipment expenditures	 	$	277	 	 	$	529	 	 	$	227	 	
Stock-based compensation capitalized to property and equipment	 	$	67	 	 	$	134	 	 	$	186	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7

SYNACOR, INC.
 NOTES TO THE C  ONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017, AND
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016
1. THE COMPANY AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Synacor, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Synacor”), is the trusted technology development, multiplatform services and revenue partner for video, internet and communications providers, device manufacturers, governments and enterprises. Synacor enables its customers to provide their consumers engaging, multiscreen experiences and advertising to their consumers that require scale, actionable data and sophisticated implementation.
Basis of Presentation —The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Foreign Currency — The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the period.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash — The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents that are contractually restricted from operating use are classified as restricted cash and cash equivalents. The Company had no restricted cash as of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Accounts Receivable —The Company records accounts receivable at the invoiced amount and does not charge interest on past due invoices. An allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained to reserve for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable. The Company reviews its accounts receivable from customers that are past due to identify specific accounts with known disputes or collectability issues. In determining the amount of the reserve, the Company makes judgments about the creditworthiness of customers based on ongoing credit evaluations.
Property and Equipment —Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
 
Leasehold improvements	 	3–10 years	
Computer hardware	 	5 years	
Computer software	 	3 years	
Furniture and fixtures	 	7 years	
Other	 	3–5 years	
 
Computer hardware under capital leases and leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the assets.
Long-Lived Assets —The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets, exclusive of goodwill, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. For purposes of evaluating and measuring impairment, the Company groups a long-lived asset or assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered impaired, the impairment is measured and recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. There have been no material impairments to long-lived assets in any of the years presented, with the exception of software development costs included within property and equipment. See  Software Development Costs  below for further details.
F-8

Other Intangible Assets —Other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, trademarks, purchased technology. Definite-lived intangible a ssets are amortized on a s traight-line basis. The Company reviews its definite-lived intangible assets for impairment when impairment indicators exist. T he Company uses undiscounted cash flow to determine whether impairment exists and measures any impairment losses using discounted cash flow.
The components and original estimated economic lives of our amortizable intangible assets were as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
 
 	 	Original
Estimated
Economic Life	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
 	 	 	 	(Dollars in thousands)	 	
Gross amortizable intangible assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Customer relationships	 	10 years	 	$	14,780	 	 	$	14,780	 	
Trademark	 	5 years	 	 	300	 	 	 	300	 	
Developed technology	 	5 years	 	 	2,330	 	 	 	2,330	 	
Total gross amortizable intangible assets	 	 	 	 	17,410	 	 	 	17,410	 	
Accumulated amortization:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Customer relationships	 	 	 	 	(5,193	)	 	 	(3,577	)	
Trademark	 	 	 	 	(197	)	 	 	(137	)	
Developed technology	 	 	 	 	(1,467	)	 	 	(1,001	)	
Total accumulated amortization	 	 	 	 	(6,857	)	 	 	(4,715	)	
Amortizable intangible assets, net	 	 	 	$	10,553	 	 	$	12,695	 	
 
Amortization of intangible assets (in thousands) was $2,142 in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and $2,072 in the year ended December 31, 2016. Future amortization expense of amortizable intangible assets will be as follows: $2,142 in the year ending December 31, 2019, $2,031 in the year ending December 31, 2020, $1,411 in the year ending December 31, 2021, $1,340 in the year ending December 31, 2022, and $1,340 in the year ending December 31, 2023.
Goodwill —Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment on an annual basis and more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. The Company has determined it is a single reporting unit, and estimates its fair value using a market approach. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, a goodwill impairment charge is required.  This charge would be recognized in the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. The Company conducts its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1st. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company determined goodwill was not impaired.
The change in goodwill is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
 	 	Years Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
Balance, beginning of year	 	$	15,955	 	 	$	15,943	 	
Foreign currency revaluation	 	 	(14	)	 	 	12	 	
Balance, end of year	 	$	15,941	 	 	$	15,955	 	
 
Revenue Recognition — On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) , which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 605,  Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) , using the modified retrospective transition method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with Topic 605.
The effect of ASC 606 and Subtopic ASC 340-40 on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 was that revenue, loss from operations, and net loss each would have been $0.7 million lower under ASC 605. The impact of the adoption was not material to the other lines in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
 The effects of ASC 606 and Subtopic ASC 340-40 on our consolidated Balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 were an impact to deferred revenue, and accumulated deficit. Total deferred revenue as of December 31, 2018 would have been higher under ASC
F-9

605 by $ 3 . 2 million, of which, $ 2 . 6 million would have been classified as current. The cumulative impact of adoption was a net decrease to accumulated deficit of $ 2.5  million as of January 1, 2018, with the impact primaril y related to revenue from subscription license. Generally, under ASC 605, subscription licenses revenue was recognized over the subscription term of the contracts. Under ASC 606, generally we determine that the license and the maintenance and support are d istinct performance obligation. The obligation for the license is s atisfied in full upon delivery of the license and commencement of the license period , such that revenue for such contracts are be recognized upon delivery rather than ratably over the term of the subscription. The maintenance and support continue to be recognized over the over the subscription term.
 
For contracts that were modified prior to January 1, 2018, we have reflected the aggregate effect of all modifications prior to the date of initial adoption in order to identify the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, determine the transaction price, and allocate the transaction price to satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations.
 
The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company generates all of its revenue from contracts with customers.
 
Revenue excludes sales and usage-based taxes where it has been determined that we are acting as a pass-through agent.
 
 Search & Digital Advertising
 
The Company uses internet advertising to generate revenue from the traffic on its Managed Portals and Advertising solutions, categorized as search advertising and digital advertising. For search advertising, the Company has a revenue-sharing relationship with Google, pursuant to which the Company includes a Google-branded search tool on its Managed Portals. For revenue earned under this relationship the Company evaluates whether it is the principal (i.e., report revenues on a gross basis) or agent (i.e., report revenues on a net basis).   When a Google consumer makes a search query using this tool, the Company delivers the query to Google and they return search results to consumers that include advertiser-sponsored links. If the consumer clicks on a sponsored link, Google receives payment from the sponsor of that link and shares a portion of that payment with the Company. The payment received from Google is recognized as revenue. Digital advertising includes video, image and text advertisements delivered on its Managed Portals. Advertising inventory is filled with advertisements sourced by the Company’s direct sales force and advertising network partners. Revenue is generated when an advertisement displays, otherwise known as an impression, or when consumers view or click an advertisement, otherwise known as an action. Digital advertising revenue is on a cost per impression or cost per action basis. Digital advertising also includes advertising fees received for the placement of syndicated digital advertisements with other digital advertising publishers, for which the Company acquires and pay for the space (inventory) on a cost per impression or cost per action basis. Revenue is recognized based on amounts received from advertising customers as the impressions are delivered or the actions occur, according to contractually-determined rates.
 
Recurring and Fee-Based
 
Recurring and fee-based revenue includes subscription fees and other fees that are received from customers for the use of the Company’s proprietary technology, including the use of, or access to, email, Cloud ID, security services, games and other premium services and paid content. Monthly subscriber levels typically form the basis for generating recurring and fee-based revenue. This revenue is typically determined by multiplying a per-subscriber per-month fee by the number of subscribers using the particular services being offered or consumed, except in the case of software licenses and support, which are based on a fixed fee. Revenue earned as subscription fees and maintenance and support fees is recognized from customers as its obligation to deliver the service is satisfied, which is when the service is delivered. Revenue is also recognized from the licensing and distribution of the Company’s Email/Collaboration products and services, including licenses of intellectual property. Software license revenue is recognized up front upon delivery of the licensed product and the utility that enables the customer to access authorization keys, provided that a signed contract has been received. The Company typically sells term-based software licenses that expire, which are referred to as subscription licenses, but also sell perpetual licenses for its Email products. The software is delivered before related services are provided and is functional without professional services, updates, and technical support.
 
 Many of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling prices of software licenses are typically estimated using the residual approach. Standalone selling prices of services are typically estimated based on observable transactions when these services are sold on a standalone basis. The Company usually expects payment within 30 to 90 days from the invoice date (fulfillment of performance obligations or per contract terms). None of the Company’s contracts as of December 31, 2018 contained a
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significant financing component. Differences between the amount of revenue recognized and the amount invoiced, collected from, or paid to its customers are recognized as deferred revenue.
Disaggregation of revenue
 
The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 reportable types and timing of revenue recognition (in thousands):
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31, 2018	 	
 	 	Timing of Revenue Recognition	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Products transferred
at a point in time	 	 	Products and services
transferred over time	 	 	Total	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Search and Digital Advertising	 	$	87,461	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	87,461	 	
Recurring and Fee-Based	 	 	13,226	 	 	 	43,192	 	 	$	56,418	 	
Total revenue	 	$	100,687	 	 	$	43,192	 	 	$	143,879	 	
 
As noted above, prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method.  The following table shows the revenue in each reportable type for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Search and Digital Advertising	 	$	87,461	 	 	$	83,556	 	 	$	74,889	 	
Recurring and Fee-Based	 	 	56,418	 	 	 	56,471	 	 	 	52,484	 	
Total revenue	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	
 
Refer to Note 6 – Information about Segment and Geographic Areas for further information, including revenue disaggregated by geographic area.
Remaining Performance Obligations
 
Deferred revenue is recorded when cash payments are received or due in advance of revenue recognition from software licenses, professional services, and maintenance agreements. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of billings to customers. The changes in deferred revenue, inclusive of both current and long-term, are as follows (in thousands):
 
Beginning balance - January 1, 2018	$	15,287	 	
Record the cumulative effect of ASC 606 implementation	 	(2,456	)	
Recognition of deferred revenue	 	(13,972	)	
Deferral of revenue	 	10,027	 	
Ending Balance - December 31, 2018	$	8,886	 	
 
The majority of the deferred revenue balance above relates to the maintenance and support contracts for Email software licenses. These are recognized straight-line over the life of the contract, with the majority of the balance being recognized within the next twelve months. 
Practical Expedients
The Company generally expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within sales and marketing expenses.
The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.
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Cost of Revenue —Cost of revenue consists primarily of revenue sharing, content acquisition costs, co-location facility costs, royalty costs and product support costs. Revenue sharing consists of amounts accrued and paid to customers for the internet traffic on Managed P ortals where the Company is the primary obligor, resulting in the generation of search and digital advertising revenue. The revenue-sharing agreements with customers are primarily variable payments based on a percentage of the search and digital advertisin g revenue.
Content-acquisition agreements may be based on a fixed payment schedule, on the number of subscribers per month, or a combination of both. Fixed-payment agreements are expensed on a straight-line basis over the term defined in the agreement. Agreements based on the number of subscribers are expensed on a monthly basis. Co-location facility costs consist of rent and operating costs for the Company’s data center facilities. Royalty costs consist of amounts due to third parties for the license of their applications or technology sold with or embedded in our email software. Product support costs consist of employee and operating costs directly related to the Company’s maintenance and professional services support.
Concentrations of Risk — As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had concentrations equal to or exceeding 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable as follows:
 
 	 	Accounts Receivable	 	
 	 	December 31, 2018	 	 	December 31, 2017	 	
Google advertising affiliate	 	*	 	 	 	16	%	
Google search	 	*	 	 	 	7	%	
Advertising Customer A	 	*	 	 	 	12	%	
Advertising Customer B	 	 	15	%	 	*	 	
* - Less than 10%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company had concentrations equal to or exceeding 10% of the Company’s revenue as follows: 
 
 	 	Revenue	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Google advertising affiliate	 	 	11	%	 	 	21	%	 	 	12	%	
Google search	 	 	13	%	 	 	15	%	 	 	12	%	
 
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the following customers received revenue-share payments equal to or exceeding 10% of the Company’s cost of revenue.
 
 	 	Cost of Revenue	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Customer A	 	 	30	%	 	 	20	%	 	*	 	
Customer B	 	*	 	 	 	12	%	 	 	22	%	
* - Less than 10%	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash primarily in checking and money market accounts with high credit quality financial institutions, which, at times, have exceeded federally insured limits of $0.25 million. Although the Company maintains balances that exceed the federally insured limit, it has not experienced any losses related to these balances and believes credit risk to be minimal.
 Software Development Costs —The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred for the development of internal use software, as well as the costs of developing software for sale or license to customers.  Internal use software includes the Company’s proprietary portal software and related applications, CloudID authentication software, and various applications used in the management of the Company’s portals. Software for sale or license to customers includes the Company’s proprietary Email/Collaboration offerings. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage for internal software programs are expensed as incurred. External and internal costs incurred during the application development stage (subsequent to the achievement of technological feasibility on software to be sold or licensed) of new software development as well as for upgrades and enhancements for software programs that result in additional functionality are capitalized. Software development costs capitalized for sale or license to customers are amortized over the estimated useful life of the applicable software. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company incurred a total of $5.3 million, $6.5 million and $4.5
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m illion of combined internal and external costs related to the application development stage. Of this amount, $ 1.5 millio n , $ 2. 8 million and $0 .8 were incurred for the development of software for sale or license in 2018, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Amortization of software capitalized for internal use was $2.9 million, $5.1 million, $3.1 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016 respectively and inclu ded in d epreciation and a mortization in the consolidated statement of operations. Amortization of software for sale or license in 2018 was $0.2 million and was included in cost of revenue. Amortization of software for sale or license was not material in 2017 or 2016. Internal and external training and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. I mpairment charges r elated to software were $0.6 million in 2 018 , $0.3 million in 2017 and $0.3 million in 2016 related as a result of circumstances that indicated that the carrying values of the assets were not fully recoverable . The Company utilizes the discounted cash flow method to determine the fair value of the capitalized software assets. Impa irment charges are included in g eneral and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of o perations .
Technology and Development —Technology and development expenses consist primarily of compensation-related expenses incurred for the research and development of, enhancements to, and maintenance and operation of the Company’s products, equipment and related infrastructure.
Sales and Marketing —Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation-related expenses to the Company’s direct sales and marketing personnel, as well as costs related to advertising, industry conferences, promotional materials, and other sales and marketing programs. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.  Advertising costs totaled $0.4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
General and Administrative —General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation related expenses for executive management, finance, accounting, human resources, professional fees and other administrative functions.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share —Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is calculated in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 260, Earnings per Share , using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted EPS assumes the conversion, exercise or issuance of all potential common stock equivalents unless the effect is to reduce a loss or increase the income per share. For purposes of this calculation, stock options, warrants and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are considered to be potential common shares and are only included in the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share when their effect is dilutive.
Stock-Based Compensation —The Company records compensation costs related to stock-based awards in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation . Under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC 718, the Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award. Compensation cost is recognized ratably over the requisite service period of the award. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted. The amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized during a period is based on the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. The Company estimates pre-vesting forfeitures at the time of grant by analyzing historical data and revises those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The total expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those awards that ultimately vest.
Income Taxes — Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss (“NOL”) and credit carryforwards using enacted income tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established to the extent necessary to reduce deferred income tax assets to amounts that more likely than not will be realized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax benefits that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be measured as the largest amount of tax benefits, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. It is the Company’s policy to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions was insignificant.
Reduction In Workforce  — In the third quarter of fiscal year 2018, management approved a cost reduction plan. The plan involved a reduction in the Company’s workforce by approximately 25 employees. The pre-tax severance charge and outplacement services resulting from the reduction in workforce, combined with the Company’s separation from its former Chief Financial Officer, amounted to $1.1 million. Of the $1.1 million in costs, $0.4 million was recorded to both sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses and $0.3 million was recorded to technology and development in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.
 Accounting Estimates —The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the financial statements and the accompanying
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notes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from estimated amounts.
Fair Value Measurements —Fair value measurement standards apply to certain financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximates their carrying value due to their short-term nature. The carrying amounts of the Company’s capital leases approximate fair value of these obligations based upon management’s best estimates of interest rates that would be available for similar debt obligations at December 31, 2018 and 2017.
The provisions of FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures , establishes a framework for measuring the fair value in accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. and establishes a hierarchy that categorizes and prioritizes the sources to be used to estimate fair value as follows:
Level 1 —Level 1 inputs are defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.
Level 2 —Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).
Level 3 —Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s determination of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These inputs are developed based on the best information available, including the Company’s own data.
Applicable Recent Accounting Pronouncements — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02), as amended, which generally requires lessees to recognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets on the balance sheet and to provide enhanced disclosures surrounding the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leasing arrangements. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11,  Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements,  which provides an additional, optional transition method with which to adopt the new leases standard. This additional transition method allows for a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption, rather than in the earliest period presented in the financial statements, as originally required by ASU 2016-02. The Company will adopt the standard using the additional transition method introduced by ASU 2018-11. The Company will elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allows the Company to carryforward its historical lease classification, its assessment on whether a contract is or contains a lease, and its initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the new standard. The Company will also elect to combine lease and non-lease components and to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off the balance sheet and recognize the associated lease payments in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company expects to record additional right-of-use assets and additional lease liabilities in the range of $9.0 million to $11.0 million on our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact to the Company's consolidated statements of operations or the consolidated statement of cash flows.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15,  Customer’s Accounting For Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract  (“ASU 2018-15”), which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in a cloud computing arrangement with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred for an internal-use software license. Adoption of this guidance is required for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. Entities are permitted to choose to adopt the new guidance (1) prospectively for eligible costs incurred on or after the date this guidance is first applied or (2) retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact of this new accounting standard on its financial statements.
In August 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532 , Disclosure Update and Simplification . This final rule amends certain disclosure requirements that are redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expand the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders’ equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders’ equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. This final rule is effective for the Company for all filings made on or after November 5, 2018. The SEC staff clarified that the first presentation of the changes in shareholders’ equity may be included in the first Form 10-Q for the quarter that begins after the effective date of the amendments. The adoption of the final rule did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company will change its presentation of shareholder's equity in the first quarter of 2019.
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Recently Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued Topic 606, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605. We adopted Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. See  Revenue Recognition  above for further details.
The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed above were assessed and determined to be either not applicable, or had or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.
2. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT—NET
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, property and equipment-net consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
Computer equipment	 	$	27,294	 	 	$	28,845	 	
Computer software	 	 	27,422	 	 	 	23,690	 	
Furniture and fixtures	 	 	1,618	 	 	 	1,497	 	
Leasehold improvements	 	 	1,256	 	 	 	1,215	 	
Work in process	 	 	4,584	 	 	 	3,758	 	
Other	 	 	179	 	 	 	159	 	
 	 	 	62,353	 	 	 	59,164	 	
Less accumulated depreciation	 	 	(43,646	)	 	 	(38,659	)	
Total property and equipment—net	 	$	18,707	 	 	$	20,505	 	
 
Property and equipment includes computer equipment held under capital leases of $8.4 million and $11.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Accumulated depreciation of computer equipment and software held under capital leases amounted to $5.0 million and $5.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Depreciation expense was $7.5 million, $7.6 million, and $7.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.  Impairments of internally-developed software of $0.6 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively were charged to general and administrative expense.
3. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
Accrued compensation	 	$	5,801	 	 	$	4,361	 	
Accrued content fees and other cost of revenue	 	 	342	 	 	 	655	 	
Accrued taxes	 	 	206	 	 	 	426	 	
Other	 	 	1,500	 	 	 	1,633	 	
Total	 	$	7,849	 	 	$	7,075	 	
 
Included in accrued compensation are accrued severance costs. In 2018, the Company initiated a cost reduction program to drive overall efficiency while adding capacity and streamlining the organization. These action resulted in workforce reductions, office consolidations and consolidating operations. Severance costs charged to sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses were each $0.4 million, and $0.3 million was charged to technology and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands).
 
 	 	December 31, 2018	 	
Balance at January 1, 2018	 	$	21	 	
Charged to expense	 	 	1,111	 	
Cash payments	 	 	(858	)	
Balance at December 31, 2018	 	$	274	 	
 
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4 . LONG-TERM DEBT
In September 2013, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement, with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), which was amended as of September 2018 (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”). The Loan Agreement provides for a $12.0 million secured revolving line of credit with a stated maturity of January 23, 2019. The credit facility is available for cash borrowings, subject to a formula based upon eligible accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2018, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Loan Agreement, and subject to the operation of the borrowing formula, $12.0 million was available for draw under the Loan Agreement.
On February 1, 2019, the Company entered into the Ninth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, which extended the maturity date of the agreement to July 22, 2019, and modified the borrowing formula.
Borrowings under the Loan Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s election, at an annual rate based on either the “prime rate” as published in The Wall Street Journal or LIBOR for the relevant period.  If the Company’s liquidity coverage ratio (the ratio of cash plus eligible accounts receivable to borrowings under the Agreement) exceeds 2.75 to 1, LIBOR-based advances bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.5% and prime rate advances bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.0%.  If the Company’s liquidity coverage ratio falls below 2.75 to 1, LIBOR-based advances bear interest at LIBOR plus 4.0% and prime rate advances bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.5%.  For LIBOR advances, interest is payable (i) on the last day of a LIBOR interest period or (ii) on the last day of each calendar quarter. For prime rate advances, interest is payable (a) on the first day of each month and (b) on each date a prime rate advance is converted into a LIBOR advance.
The Company’s obligations to SVB are secured by a first priority security interest in all our assets, including our intellectual property. The Loan Agreement contains customary events of default, including non-payment of principal or interest, violations of covenants, material adverse changes, cross-default, bankruptcy and material judgments. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, SVB may accelerate repayment of any outstanding balance. The Loan Agreement also contains certain financial covenants and other agreements that are customary in loan agreements of this type, including restrictions on paying dividends and making distributions to our stockholders. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants.
5. INCOME TAXES
Income (loss) before income tax expense was attributable to the following jurisdictions (in thousands):
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
United States	 	$	(8,064	)	 	$	(9,593	)	 	$	(10,194	)	
Foreign	 	 	1,125	 	 	 	916	 	 	 	673	 	
Total	 	$	(6,939	)	 	$	(8,677	)	 	$	(9,521	)	
 
The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Current:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States Federal	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
State	 	 	42	 	 	 	30	 	 	 	40	 	
Foreign	 	 	822	 	 	 	933	 	 	 	1,036	 	
Total current provision for income taxes	 	 	864	 	 	 	963	 	 	 	1,076	 	
Deferred:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States Federal	 	 	(310	)	 	 	74	 	 	 	95	 	
State	 	 	62	 	 	 	63	 	 	 	48	 	
Net deferred provision for income taxes	 	 	(248	)	 	 	137	 	 	 	143	 	
Total provision for income taxes	 	$	616	 	 	$	1,100	 	 	$	1,219	 	
 
F-16

The income tax effects of significant temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred income tax assets and lia bilities as of December  31, 2 018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
Deferred income tax assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock and other compensation expense	 	$	2,118	 	 	$	3,345	 	
Net operating losses	 	 	9,310	 	 	 	7,059	 	
Research and development credits	 	 	1,676	 	 	 	1,676	 	
Other federal, state and foreign carryforwards	 	 	1,858	 	 	 	1,151	 	
Intangible assets	 	 	1,045	 	 	 	570	 	
Other	 	 	694	 	 	 	408	 	
Gross deferred tax assets	 	 	16,701	 	 	 	14,209	 	
Valuation allowances	 	 	(11,984	)	 	 	(13,301	)	
 	 	 	4,717	 	 	 	908	 	
Deferred income tax liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed assets	 	 	(3,492	)	 	 	(16	)	
Intangible assets and other	 	 	(829	)	 	 	(529	)	
Gross deferred tax liabilities	 	 	(4,321	)	 	 	(545	)	
Subtotal	 	 	396	 	 	 	363	 	
Less unrecognized tax benefit liability related to deferred   items	 	 	(627	)	 	 	(627	)	
Net deferred tax liabilities	 	$	(231	)	 	$	(264	)	
 
There have been no additions or reductions to the unrecognized tax benefit of $0.6 million in any of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The unrecognized tax benefits at the end of 2018, 2017 and 2016 were primarily related to research and development carryforwards.
If the $0.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018 were recognized, approximately $0.6 million would decrease the effective tax rate in the period in which each of the benefits is recognized. The Company does not expect any material changes to its unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, penalties and interest were insignificant.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as many U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2005 to 2018 remain open to examination by the major jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to tax. Fiscal years outside the normal statute of limitation remain open to audit by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in those early years which have been carried forward and may be audited in subsequent years when utilized.
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 differs from the expected income tax benefit calculated using the statutory U.S. Federal income tax rate as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Federal income tax (benefit) expense at statutory rate	 	$	(1,457	)	 	 	21	%	 	$	(2,950	)	 	 	34	%	 	$	(3,237	)	 	 	34	%	
State and local taxes—net of federal benefit	 	 	82	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	64	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	75	 	 	 	(1	)	
Foreign taxes	 	 	620	 	 	 	(9	)	 	 	466	 	 	 	(6	)	 	 	1,036	 	 	 	(11	)	
Impact of United States federal tax rate change	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	4,965	 	 	 	(57	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Impact of United States federal tax rate change - valuation allowance	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(5,205	)	 	 	60	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Valuation allowance	 	 	1,250	 	 	 	(18	)	 	 	3,596	 	 	 	(41	)	 	 	3,299	 	 	 	(34	)	
Permanent differences	 	 	164	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	(103	)	 	 	1	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	—	 	
Other	 	 	(43	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	267	 	 	 	(3	)	 	 	43	 	 	 	(1	)	
Total	 	$	616	 	 	 	(9	)%	 	$	1,100	 	 	 	(13	)%	 	$	1,219	 	 	 	(13	)%	
 
 On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act included significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system including the following: the tax rate on corporations was reduced from 35% to 21%; a limitation on the deduction of interest expense was enacted; eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax ("AMT") and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; certain tangible property acquired after September 27, 2017 will
F-17

qualify for 100% expensing; gain from the sale of a partnership interest by a foreign person will be su bject to U.S. tax to the extent that the partnership is engaged in a trade or business; a special deduction for qualified business income from pass-through entities was added; U.S. federal income taxes on foreign earnings was eliminated (subject to several important exceptions), and new provisions designed to tax currently global intangible low-taxed income and a new base erosion anti-abuse tax were added.
 
As a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate income rate from 35% to 21% under the Tax Act, the Company revalued its deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017, recording a net reduction of both the Company’s deferred income tax liability at December 31, 2017 and income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2017 in the amount of $0.2 million. The net benefit for 2017 consisted of the release of the valuation allowance on the Company's AMT credit carryforward, which will be refunded on or before 2021. The one-time transition tax liability of foreign subsidiaries, calculated based on earning and profits (“E&P”) that were previously deferred from U. S. income taxes had a net effect of zero due to Company’s NOLs.  As of December 31, 2018, the Company had completed its accounting for all of the tax effects of the enactment of the Act, including the effects on its existing deferred tax balances and the one-time transition tax. The Company has not recognized any material adjustment to the provisional tax expense estimate previously recorded related to the Tax Act.
 
No additional U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes have been provided for any additional outside basis differences inherent in the Company’s foreign entities as the Company does not have any material unremitted earnings of the subsidiaries outside of the United States.
 
At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company has federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $36.6 million and $26.8 million, respectively, including approximately $2.2 million of NOL carryforwards created by windfall tax benefits relating to stock compensation expense. The NOLs generated prior to December 31, 2017, will begin to expire in 2028. The Company has weighed all the available evidence both positive and negative and has determined that the Company more likely than not will not be able to generate sufficient taxable income in the future to be able to utilize the entire NOL in future periods. Therefore, a full valuation allowance has been recorded against the net deferred income tax asset as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.  The deferred income tax provision is primarily due to the recognition of deferred tax liabilities relating to indefinite-lived goodwill that cannot be predicted to reverse for book purposes during the Company’s loss carry-forward periods.
 
Utilization of certain NOLs and credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to ownership change limitations set forth in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and comparable state income tax laws. Any future annual limitation may result in the expiration of NOLs and credit carryforwards before utilization. A prior ownership change and certain acquisitions resulted in the Company having NOLs subject to insignificant annual limitations. Additionally, for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the Tax Act limits the NOL deduction to 80% of taxable income, repeals carryback of all NOLs arising in a tax year ended after 2017, and permits indefinite carryforward for all such NOLs. NOL’s arising in a tax year ended in or before 2017 can offset 100% of taxable income, are available for carryback, and expire 20 years after they arise.
F-18

6 . INFORMATION ABOUT SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
Operating segments are components of the Company in which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The chief operating decision maker for the Company is the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer reviews operating results and financial information presented on a total Company basis, accompanied by information about revenue by major service line for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it has a single reporting segment and operating unit structure.
The following table sets forth revenue and long-lived tangible assets by geographic area (in thousands):
 
 	 	Years Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States	 	$	119,912	 	 	$	118,764	 	 	$	110,071	 	
International	 	 	23,967	 	 	 	21,263	 	 	 	17,302	 	
Total revenue	 	$	143,879	 	 	$	140,027	 	 	$	127,373	 	
 
 	 	As of December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	
Long-lived tangible assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States	 	$	18,217	 	 	$	19,775	 	
International	 	 	490	 	 	 	730	 	
Total long-lived tangible assets	 	$	18,707	 	 	$	20,505	 	
 
F-19

7 . COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Lease Commitments —The Company leases office space and data center space under operating lease agreements and certain equipment under capital lease agreements with interest rates ranging from 4% to 7%.
Rent expense for operating leases was approximately $4.6 million, $3.5 million and $3.1 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Lease commitments over the next five years as of December 31, 2018 can be summarized as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ending December 31,	 	Operating Lease
Commitments	 	
2019	 	$	5,276	 	
2020	 	 	3,101	 	
2021	 	 	1,594	 	
2022	 	 	782	 	
2023	 	 	250	 	
2024	 	 	33	 	
Total lease commitments	 	$	11,036	 	
 
Years Ending December 31,	 	Capital Lease
Commitments	 	
2019	 	$	3,025	 	
2020	 	 	1,558	 	
2021	 	 	107	 	
Total minimum capital lease commitments	 	 	4,690	 	
Less-amount representing interest	 	 	(995	)	
Total capital lease obligations	 	 	3,695	 	
Less-current portion of capital lease obligations	 	 	(2,328	)	
Long-term portion of capital lease obligations	 	 	1,367	 	
 
Contract Commitments —The Company is obligated to make payments under various contracts with vendors and other business partners, principally for revenue-share arrangements. Contract commitments as of December 31, 2018 can be summarized as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ending December 31,	 	Contract
Commitments	 	
2019	 	$	1,353	 	
2020	 	 	753	 	
Total contract commitments	 	$	2,106	 	
 
Litigation — The Company is awaiting a decision of an arbitration tribunal following a binding arbitration that took place on July 30, 2018 between the Company and Maxit Technology   Incorporated and Maxit Technology Holdings Limited, or Maxit, who were formerly the Company’s joint venture partners in China. After unsuccessful settlement discussions between the parties, on January 25, 2016, Maxit requested arbitration under the Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce. In its request for arbitration, Maxit asserted claims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligent misrepresentation, all arising out of the Company’s alleged failure to provide capital and software as required by the joint venture agreement. In its request, Maxit sought an award of money damages based on its share of the lost potential value of the joint venture, as well as a percentage of revenue from any future sales to customers originally introduced by Maxit, interest and legal expenses. Maxit alleges that its share of the lost potential value is approximately $15 million. Based in part on an independent appraisal, the Company assessed the lost potential value at only $0.6 million, for which half of this amount (based on 50/50 ownership) has been reserved in its financial statements. The Company contested Maxit’s claims vigorously, and while it is not possible at this time to predict the outcome of the arbitration, the Company continues to believe that Maxit’s claims are without merit. The Company anticipates a decision by the arbitration tribunal before the end of the second quarter of 2019.
 The Company and   its Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Financial Officer were named as defendants in a federal securities class action lawsuit filed April 4, 2018 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The class
F-20

includes persons who purchased the Company’s shares between May 4, 2016 and March 15, 2018. The plaintiff alleged that the Company made materially false and misleading statements regarding its contract with AT&T and the timing of revenue to be derived therefrom, and that as a result class members suffered losses because Synacor shares traded at artificially inflated prices. The plaintiff sought an unspecified amount of damages, as well as inter est, attorneys’ fees and legal expenses. The court appointed a lead plaintiff and approved plaintiff’s selection of lead counsel on July 6, 2018. On October 16, 2018 the court appointed new lead counsel and confirmed the lead plaintiff. The plaintiff filed an amended complaint on November 2, 2018 , and the Company filed a motion to dismiss on December 17, 2018 . The Company disputes these claims and intends to defend them vigorously. The liabilities related to this lawsuit are covered by D&O insurance after the Company reaches its deductible.
In addition, the Company is, from time to time, party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. It does not believe that the outcome of these claims will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows based on the status of proceedings at this time. However, regardless of the outcome, such proceedings can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors.  
8. EQUITY
Stock Offering — In April 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering (the “Offering”) of its common stock in which it sold 5,715,000 shares at a price of $3.50 per share.  Subsequently, in May 2017, and as part of the Offering, the Company completed the sale of 472,846 additional shares of its common stock at the same price upon the exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, for a total of 6,187,846 shares.  The Offering resulted in total net proceeds of $20.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions totaling $1.4 million and other offering expenses totaling $0.2 million.
Stock Repurchases —In February 2014, the board of directors approved a Stock Repurchase Program, which authorizes a repurchase of up to $5.0 million worth of the Company’s outstanding common stock. The Stock Repurchase Program has no expiration date, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice.  There were no repurchases under this program in 2018, 2017 or 2016.  The Company has repurchased $0.6 million of its outstanding stock under this authorization to date.
Withhold to Cover —During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, certain employees, in lieu of paying withholding taxes on the vesting of certain shares of restricted stock awards, authorized the withholding of shares of the Company’s common stock to satisfy their minimum statutory tax withholding requirements related to such vesting. These shares were recorded as treasury stock using the cost method at the per share closing price on the date of vesting.
Warrants —Warrants to purchase 600,000 shares of common stock were issued as a component of the consideration transferred for an acquisition that occurred in 2015. These warrants expired unexercised as of August 2018.   
F-21

9 . STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The fair value of options granted to employees is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. This valuation model for stock-based compensation expense requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the fair value of the Company’s common stock, the expected term (the period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding), the volatility of the Company’s common stock, a risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The Company also estimates forfeitures of unvested stock options. To the extent actual forfeitures differ from the estimates, the difference will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. No compensation cost is recorded for options that do not vest. Volatility is based on the blended average historic price volatility for Synacor Inc. and its industry peers based on daily price observations over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option grants. Industry peers consist of several public companies in the technology industry, some larger and some similar in size, at a similar stage of life cycle and having similar financial leverage. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option. The Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero, as it does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Expected forfeitures are based on the Company’s historical experience.
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of options granted (excluding replacement options in conjunction with modifications described below) during the periods presented:
 
 	 	Years Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Volatility	 	 	49	%	 	 	49	%	 	 	49	%	
Expected dividend yield	 	 	—	%	 	 	—	%	 	 	—	%	
Risk-free rate	 	 	2.8	%	 	 	2.0	%	 	 	1.4	%	
Expected term (in years)	 	 	6.25	 	 	 	6.25	 	 	 	6.25	 	
 
The Company recorded $1.8 million, $2.5 million, and $2.8 million of stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Expense related to stock option grants of non-qualified stock options (“NSOs”) results in a temporary tax difference, which gives rise to a deferred income tax asset.
Total stock-based compensation expense included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, is as follows (in thousands):
 
 	 	Years Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Technology and development	 	$	489	 	 	 	744	 	 	$	921	 	
Sales and marketing	 	 	474	 	 	 	636	 	 	 	784	 	
General and administrative	 	 	841	 	 	 	1,110	 	 	 	1,066	 	
Total stock-based compensation expense	 	$	1,804	 	 	$	2,490	 	 	$	2,771	 	
 
Equity Incentive Plans —The Company has two stock option plans (the 2006 Stock Plan and the Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan), which, as of December 31, 2018, authorize the Company to grant up to 14.3 million stock options (ISOs and NSOs), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, RSUs and performance cash awards. The ISOs and NSOs will be granted at a price per share not less than the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. Options granted to date generally vest over a four-year period with 25% vesting at the end of one year and the remaining 75% vesting monthly thereafter. Options granted generally are exercisable up to 10 years. RSUs generally vest over a three year period with one-sixth vesting at the end of each six-month period.
Special Purpose Recruitment Plan —During 2013, our shareholders approved the Special Purpose Recruitment Plan from which equity compensation awards are granted to newly-hired employees. One million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance and have all been granted under this plan.
F-22

Stock Option Activity —A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:
 
 	 	Number of
Stock Options	 	 	Weighted Average
Exercise Price	 	 	Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)	 	 	Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in years)	 	
Outstanding—January 1, 2018	 	 	8,478,213	 	 	$	2.60	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Granted	 	 	1,164,400	 	 	 	2.02	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Exercised	 	 	(226,081	)	 	 	1.57	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Forfeited	 	 	(779,803	)	 	 	2.40	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Expired	 	 	(967,636	)	 	 	2.97	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outstanding—December 31, 2018	 	 	7,669,093	 	 	$	2.51	 	 	$	15	 	 	 	6.35	 	
Expected to vest—December 31, 2018	 	 	7,501,495	 	 	$	2.51	 	 	$	15	 	 	 	6.29	 	
Vested and exercisable—December 31, 2018	 	 	5,529,421	 	 	$	2.55	 	 	$	12	 	 	 	5.50	 	
 
Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The Company’s closing stock price as reported on the Nasdaq as of December 31, 2018 was $1.48. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.0 million, $1.1 million, and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted was $1.02 per share, $1.13 per share, and $0.95 per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, total unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested stock options was approximately $2.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years.
RSU Activity —A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:
 
 	 	Number of
RSUs	 	 	Weighted Average
Fair Value	 	
Unvested—January 1, 2018	 	 	51,683	 	 	$	3.62	 	
Granted	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Vested	 	 	(27,993	)	 	$	3.62	 	
Forfeited	 	 	(12,344	)	 	$	3.64	 	
Unvested—December 31, 2018	 	 	11,346	 	 	$	3.60	 	
Unvested expected to vest —December 31, 2018	 	 	11,346	 	 	$	3.60	 	
 
As of December 31, 2018, total unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to RSUs was not material.
10. NET LOSS PER COMMON SHARE DATA
Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, warrants, and to a lesser extent, shares issuable upon the release of RSUs. The dilutive effect of these potential common shares is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method.
The following equivalent shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would have been antidilutive for the periods presented:
 
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2018	 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Antidilutive Equity Awards:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options and RSUs	 	 	8,435,086	 	 	 	8,529,896	 	 	 	9,076,063	 	
Warrants	 	 	400,000	 	 	 	480,000	 	 	 	480,000	 	
F-23

 
11. SALE OF INVESTMENT
In July 2013, the Company made a $1.0 million strategic investment in the form of a convertible promissory note (the “note”) in Blazer and Flip Flops, Inc. (“B&FF”), doing business as “The Experience Engine”, a privately-held Delaware corporation. The Company desired to gain access to the expertise of B&FF’s principals in integrating its customers’ systems with their customers’ devices, including smartphones and tablets. In March 2015, the note was converted into preferred stock of B&FF and was subsequently accounted for as a cost method investment.
 
In August 2017, B&FF was acquired by accesso Technology Group, plc, a U.K. public company, and the Company received, in connection with the sale of its investment in B&FF, cash consideration of $2.2 million and stock in the acquiring company valued at approximately $0.4 million. This stock was sold in September 2017 for $0.5 million.  The Company recorded a gain on sale of investment of $2.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. In addition, the Company stands to receive contingent consideration of cash and stock totaling $0.4 million, which was held back to secure B&FF’s indemnification obligations under the purchase and sale agreement. These amounts have been valued at $0.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and may be received after the 18-month indemnification period expires.
 
12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN
The Company sponsors a 401(k) profit sharing plan that covers substantially all employees. Under the plan, eligible employees are permitted to contribute a portion of gross compensation not to exceed standard limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company maintains the right to match employee contributions, and contributed $0.2 million and $0.3 million for 2018 and 2017 respectively.  No matching contributions were made during the year ended December 31, 2016.   
******
F-24

Exhibit 10.4.4
 
Synacor, Inc.
August 16, 2018
William J. Stuart
16422 Carrara Way, #301
Naples, FL 34110
Dear Bill:
This letter (the “Agreement”) confirms the agreement between you and Synacor, Inc. (the “Company”) regarding the termination of your employment with the Company.
1. Termination Date .  Your employment will be terminated, on August 17, 2018 (the “Termination Date”).  Your termination will be recorded as a position elimination due to organizational restructuring in all Human Resources files and systems.
2. Effective Date and Rescission .  You have twenty-one (21) days after you received this Agreement to review, sign and return to me.  You are advised to consult an attorney of your own choosing (at your own expense) before signing this Agreement.  Furthermore, you have up to seven days after you signed this Agreement to revoke it.  If you wish to revoke this Agreement after signing it, you may do so by delivering a letter of revocation to me.  If you do not revoke this Agreement, the eighth day after the date you signed it will be the “Effective Date.”  Because of the seven-day revocation period, no part of this Agreement will become effective or enforceable until the Effective Date.  
3. Salary and Vacation Pay .  The Company will pay all of your salary earned through the Termination Date and your unused PTO Balance as per the Company policy (less all applicable withholding taxes and other deductions).
4. Severance Pay .  Pursuant to the Severance Pay terms set forth in your offer of employment, delivered and signed on August 3, 2011, and later amended on August 26, 2013, commencing with the Company’s first regular payroll date following the Effective Date, the Company will continue paying you an amount equal to your current base salary (less all applicable local, state and federal withholdings) for a period of twelve (12) months.  The maximum aggregate amount of these severance payments is equal to $347,214.96 less applicable withholdings.  If you breach any provision of this Agreement, you understand that no unpaid severance payments will be made; however, in such event, this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.
 5. Benefits Continuation. Your employee benefits other than group health insurance coverage will terminate effective on the Termination Date. Your group health insurance coverage will terminate at the end of the month in which your Termination Date occurs. Following the Termination Date, whether you sign this Agreement or not, you may elect to continue your

William J. Stuart
pg. 2
group health insurance coverage, pursuant to a federal law known as COBRA. You will receive, under separate cover, information regarding continuing benefits pursuant to COBRA. In order to continue coverage, you must timely file the required elected form. Upon signature of this agreement, the Company will pay the monthly premium under COBRA for you and, if applicable, your dependents, during the time period of your severance pay or until such time as you begin to receive comparable benefits from a subsequent e mployer (whichever is shorter) . Furthermore, in addition to the agreed upon payment of the monthly premium under COBRA, outlined within your severance agreement, the C ompany agrees to extend payments of the premium for an additional seven ( 7 ) months, through March 31, 2020 . In consideration for this additional seven ( 7 ) months, you agree to be available upon reasonable notice to consult and assist the Company, at its expense, with matters related to pending litigation and CFO transition, on up to a total of seven ( 7 ) business days or any reasonable portion thereof between the Termination Date and March 31, 2020. To continue health insurance via COBRA after the severance period and the extended 7-month period as noted above you will be responsible for the COBRA premiums.  
6. Release of All Claims .  In consideration for receiving the severance payments described in Sections 4, and 5 above, you waive, release and promise never to assert any claims or causes of action, whether or not now known, against the Company or its predecessors, successors or past or present subsidiaries, parent or affiliates (collectively, including the Company, the “Entities”) or the Entities’ stockholders, directors, officers, employees, consultants, attorneys, agents, assigns and employee benefit plans with respect to any matter, including (without limitation) any matter related to your employment with the Company or the termination of that employment, including (without limitation) claims to attorneys’ fees or costs, claims of wrongful discharge, constructive discharge, emotional distress, harassment, retaliation, discrimination, violation of public policy, estoppel, personal injury, defamation, slander, libel, invasion of privacy, fraud, breach of contract or breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, any tort claim and any claims of discrimination or harassment based on sex, age, race, national origin, sexual orientation, disability or any other basis, including but not limited to claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Family Medical Leave Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), the New York State Human Rights Law, the New York Executive Law, the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules, the New York Judiciary Law, the New York Labor Law, the New York Civil Rights Law, the New York Administrative Code, and all other laws and regulations relating to employment and any and all liabilities, claims, demands, contracts, debts, obligations and causes of action of every nature, kind and description, in law, equity, or otherwise, whether or not now known or ascertained, which heretofore do or may exist; provided, however, that nothing in this general release shall be construed to include a release of claims that (a) arise from the Company’s obligations under this Agreement and (b) relate to the Company’s obligation to defend and indemnify you under the  Company’s certificate of incorporation and by-laws, the Indemnification  Agreement you entered into with the Company as of March 22, 2018 effective as of your first day of employment with the Company, Delaware law and any applicable directors and officers liability insurance policy. You represent you have not assigned to any third party and you have not filed with any agency or court any claim released by this Agreement. However, this release covers only those claims that arose prior to the execution of this Agreement and only those claims that are waivable under applicable law.  Execution of this Agreement does not bar any claim that arises hereafter, including (without limitation) a claim for breach of this Agreement.  
GDSVF&H

William J. Stuart
pg. 3
7. Exceptions.   You understand that nothing contained in this Agreement limits your ability to file a charge or complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Labor, the National Labor Relations Board, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other federal, state or local governmental agency or commission (“Government Agencies”). You further understand that this Agreement does not limit your ability to communicate with any Government Agencies or otherwise participate in any investigation or proceeding that may be conducted by any Government Agency, including providing documents or other information, without notice to the Company. This Agreement does not limit your right to receive an award for information provided to any Government Agencies.  However, you understand and agree that you shall not be entitled to, and shall not seek nor permit anyone to seek on your behalf, any personal, equitable or monetary relief for any claims or causes of action released by you in this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by law.
8. Waiver Of All Known and Unknown Claims .  You understand that you are releasing potentially unknown claims, and that you have limited knowledge with respect to some of the claims being released.  You acknowledge that there is a risk that, after signing this Agreement, you may learn information that might have affected your decision to enter into this Agreement.  You assume this risk and all other risks of any mistake in entering into this Agreement.  You agree that this Agreement is fairly and knowingly made.
9. No Admission .  Nothing contained in this Agreement will constitute or be treated as an admission by you or the Company of liability, any wrongdoing or any violation of law.
10. Other Agreements .  At all times in the future, you will remain bound by your Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement with the Company, which you signed on upon hire with the Company and a copy of which is attached as Exhibit A (the “PIIA”).  Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, this Agreement renders null and void all prior agreements (whether oral or written and whether express or implied) between you and the Company and constitutes the entire agreement between you and the Company regarding the subject matter of this Agreement, including any other versions of this Agreement that may have been provided to you before the date hereof; provided that for the avoidance of doubt, this Agreement does not render null and void the Indemnification Agreement you entered into with the Company as of March 22, 2018 effective as of your first day of employment with the Company.  This Agreement may be modified only in a written document signed by you and a duly authorized officer of the Company.
11. Litigation Cooperation.    You agree to cooperate fully with the Company in the defense or prosecution of any claims or actions which already have been brought or which may be brought in the future against or on behalf of the Company which relate to events or occurrences that you were involved in or which you gained knowledge of during your employment with the Company. Your full cooperation in connection with such claims or actions shall include, without implication of limitation, being available to meet with counsel to prepare for discovery or trial and to testify truthfully as a witness when reasonably requested by the Company at reasonable times designated by the Company. You agree that you will not voluntarily disclose any information to any person or party that is adverse to the Company and that you will maintain the confidences and privileges of the Company. The Company agrees to reimburse you for any reasonable out-of-pocket expenses that you incur in connection with such cooperation, subject to reasonable documentation. The Company will attempt, in good faith, to exercise its rights under this Section 11 so as not to unreasonably interfere with your ability to engage in gainful employment.
GDSVF&H

William J. Stuart
pg. 4
12. Company Property .  You represent that you have returned to the Company all property that belongs to the Company, including (without limitation) your Company-issued laptop, cell phone, fob, keys, parking pass and copies of documents that belong to the Company and files stored on your computer(s) that contain information belonging to the Company.
13. Confidentiality of Agreement .  You agree that you will not discuss your employment by the Company or circumstances of your departure with any person (other than information that is publicly available in connection with the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission) unless (i) required to do so by a court of law, by any governmental agency having supervisory authority over the business of the Company or by any administrative or legislative body (including a committee thereof) with jurisdiction to order you to divulge, disclose or make accessible such confidential information; provided that you shall give prompt written notice to the Company of such requirement, disclose no more information than is so required, and reasonably cooperate with any attempts by the Company to obtain a protective order or similar treatment and  (ii) to your spouse, attorney and/or personal tax and financial advisors as reasonably necessary or appropriate to assist in your tax, financial and other personal planning (each an “Exempt Person”), provided, however, that any disclosure or use of confidential information by an Exempt Person shall be deemed to be a breach of this Section 13 by you.
14. No Disparagement .  You agree that you will never make any negative or disparaging statements (orally or in writing) about the Company or its stockholders, directors, officers, employees, products, services or business practices, except as required by law. Likewise, the Company’s directors and officers will reciprocate the same terms of no disparagement.
15. Severability .  If any term of this Agreement is held to be invalid, void or unenforceable, the remainder of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect and will in no way be affected, and the parties will use their best efforts to find an alternate way to achieve the same result.
16. Choice of Law .  This Agreement will be construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York (other than its choice-of-law provisions).
17. Execution .  This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which will be considered an original, but all of which together will constitute one agreement.  Execution of a facsimile copy will have the same force and effect as execution of an original, and a facsimile signature will be deemed an original and valid signature.
GDSVF&H

William J. Stuart
pg. 5
Please indicate your agreement with the above terms by signing below.

Very truly yours,	
 	
Synacor, Inc.	

 	
By:	Erin Johnson	
Title:	Vice President Human Resources	
I agree to the terms of this Agreement, and I am voluntarily signing this release of all claims.  I acknowledge that I have read and understand this Agreement, and I understand that I cannot pursue any of the claims and rights that I have waived in this Agreement at any time in the future.

Signature of William J. Stuart	
 	 	
Dated:	 	
 
EXHIBIT A: Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement
GDSVF&H

 
Exhibit 10.12.12
 
NINTH A MENDMENT
TO
LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT
 
This Ninth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (this “ Amendment ”) is entered into this 1 st day of February, 2019 by and among: (a) SILICON VALLEY BANK (“ Bank ”) and (b) (i) SYNACOR, INC. , a Delaware corporation (“ Synacor ”), (ii) NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC , a Delaware limited liability company (“ NTV ”), and (iii) SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC , a Delaware limited liability company (“ Sync ”, and together with Synacor and NTV , individually and collectively, jointly and severally, the “ Borrower ”).
Recitals
A. Bank and Borrower have entered into that certain Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 27, 2013 (the “ Loan and Security Agreement ”), as amended by that certain First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of October 28, 2014, by and among Borrower and Bank, as amended by that certain Joinder to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of April 13, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as amended by that certain Joinder to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as amended by that certain Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of October 28, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Consent and Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of February 25, 2016, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of November 8, 2016, by and among Borrower and Bank, and as further amended by that certain Sixth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of March 30, 2017, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Seventh Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Eighth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2018, by and among Borrower and Bank (the “ Eighth Amendment ”) (as amended, and as the same may from time to time be further amended, modified, supplemented, restated or amended and restated, the “ Loan Agreement ”).  
B. Bank has extended credit to Borrower for the purposes permitted in the Loan Agreement.  
C. Borrower has requested that Ba nk amend the Loan Agreement to (i) extend the Revolving Line Maturity Date, (ii) decrease the Borrowing Base, and (iii) make certain other revisions thereto as set forth herein.
D. Bank has agreed to so amend certain provisions of the Loan Agreement, but only to the extent, in accordance with the terms, subject to the conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties set forth below.

 
 
Agreement
Now, Therefore, in consideration of the foregoing recitals and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which is hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1. Definitions.   Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meanings given to them in the Loan Agreement.
2. Amendments to Loan Agreement.
2.1 Section 13 ( Definitions ).  The following terms and their respective definitions set forth in Section 13.1 are amended in their entirety and replaced with the following:
“ Borrowing Base ” is seventy-five percent (75%) of Eligible Accounts, as determined by Bank from Borrower’s most recent Borrowing Base Certificate; provided, however, that Bank has the right to decrease the foregoing percentage in its good faith business judgment to mitigate the impact of events, conditions, contingencies, or risks which may adversely affect the Collateral or its value.
 
“ Testing Quarter ” is each fiscal quarter in which, as of the last day of such fiscal quarter, the sum of (a) Borrower’s unrestricted and unencumbered cash (i) at Bank or (ii) held at other financial institutions in accounts that are subject to a Control Agreement, plus (b) the Availability Amount as of such date was less than Twenty Million Dollars ($20,000,000.00).
 
2.2 Section 13 ( Definitions ).  Effective as of January 23, 2019, the following term and its respective definition set forth in 13.1 is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following:
“ Revolving Line Maturity Date ” is July 22, 2019.
 
2.3 Exhibit D ( Borrowing Base Certificate ).  The Borrowing Base Certificate appearing as Exhibit D to the Loan Agreement is amended in its entirety and replaced with the Borrowing Base Certificate in the form of Schedule 1 attached hereto.
2.4 Exhibit E ( Compliance Certificate ).  The Compliance Certificate appearing as Exhibit E to the Loan Agreement is amended in its entirety and replaced with the Compliance Certificate in the form of Schedule 2 attached hereto.

 
3. Limitation of Amendment .
3.1 The amendment set forth in Section 2 above is effective for the purposes set forth herein and shall be limited precisely as written and shall not be deemed to (a) be a consent to any amendment, waiver or modification of any other term or condition of any Loan Document, or (b) otherwise prejudice any right or remedy which Bank may now have or may have in the future under or in connection with any Loan Document.
3.2 This Amendment shall be construed in connection with and as part of the Loan Documents and all terms, conditions, representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in the Loan Documents, except as herein amended, are hereby ratified and confirmed and shall remain in full force and effect.
4. Representations and Warranties.   To induce Bank to enter into this Amendment, Borrower hereby represents and warrants to Bank as follows:
4.1 Immediately after giving effect to this Amendment (a) the representations and warranties contained in the Loan Documents are true, accurate and complete in all material respects as of the date hereof (except to the extent such representations and warranties relate to an earlier date, in which case they are true and correct as of such date), and (b) no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing;
4.2 Borrower has the power and authority to execute and deliver this Amendment and to perform its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment;
4.3 The organizational documents of Borrower delivered to Bank on the Effective Date remain true, accurate and complete and have not been amended, supplemented or restated and are and continue to be in full force and effect;
4.4 The execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment and the performance by Borrower of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, have been duly authorized;
4.5 The execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment and the performance by Borrower of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, do not and will not contravene (a) any law or regulation binding on or affecting Borrower, (b) any contractual restriction with a Person binding on Borrower, (c) any order, judgment or decree of any court or other governmental or public body or authority, or subdivision thereof, binding on Borrower, or (d) the organizational documents of Borrower;
4.6 The execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment and the performance by Borrower of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, do not require any order, consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration with, or exemption by any governmental or public body or authority, or subdivision thereof, binding on Borrower, except as already has been obtained or made; and

 
4.7 This Amendment has been duly executed and delivered by Borrower and is the binding obligation of Borrower, enforceable against Borrower in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, liquidation, moratorium or other similar laws of general application and equitable principles relating to or affecting creditors’ rights.
5. Ratification of Intellectual Property Security Agreement . Synacor hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and conditions of a certain Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of September 27, 2013, between Synacor and Bank, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, by and between Synacor and Bank, and as further amended by that certain Second Amendment to Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of April 29, 2016, by and between Synacor and Bank (as amended, the “ Synacor IPSA ”) and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the Synacor IPSA (a) contains an accurate and complete listing of all Intellectual Property Collateral, as defined in the Synacor IPSA, as of the date of this Amendment (except as set forth on Schedule 1 to the Eighth Amendment), and (b) shall remain in full force and effect.  NTV hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and conditions of a certain Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of April 13, 2015, between NTV and Bank (the “ NTV IPSA ”) and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the NTV IPSA (a) contains an accurate and complete listing of all Intellectual Property Collateral, as defined in the NTV IPSA (except as set forth on Schedule 1 to the Eighth Amendment), and (b) shall remain in full force and effect.  Sync hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and conditions of a certain Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, between Sync and Bank (the “ Sync IPSA ”) and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the Sync IPSA (a) contains an accurate and complete listing of all Intellectual Property Collateral, as defined in the Sync IPSA, and (b) shall remain in full force and effect.
6. Ratification of Perfection Certificate .  Synacor hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and disclosures contained in a certain Perfection Certificate of Synacor dated as of October 3, 3018 (the “ Synacor Perfection Certificate ”), and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the disclosures and information Synacor provided to Bank in the Synacor Perfection Certificate have not changed, as of the date hereof. NTV hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and disclosures contained in a certain Perfection Certificate of NTV dated as of October 3, 2018, (the “ NTV Perfection Certificate ”), and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the disclosures and information NTV provided to Bank in the NTV Perfection Certificate have not changed, as of the date hereof. Sync hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and disclosures contained in a certain Perfection Certificate of Sync dated as of October 3, 2018 (the “ Sync Perfection Certificate ”), and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the disclosures and information Sync provided to Bank in the Sync Perfection Certificate have not changed, as of the date hereof. Synacor, Sync and NTV each hereby agree that all references in the Loan Agreement to the “Perfection Certificate” shall hereinafter be deemed to reference collectively the Synacor Perfection Certificate, NTV Perfection Certificate, and the Sync Perfection Certificate, as defined herein.

 
7. Integration .  This Amendment and the Loan Documents represent the entire agreement about this subject matter and supersede prior negotiations or agreements.  All prior agreements, understandings, representations, warranties, and negotiations between the parties about the subject matter of this Amendment and the Loan Documents merge into this Amendment and the Loan Documents .
8. Counterparts.   This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts and all of such counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument.
9. Effectiveness .  This Amendment shall be deemed effective upon (a) the due execution and delivery to Bank of this Amendment by each party hereto, and (b) Borrower’s payment to Bank of (i) a fully-earned, non-refundable amendment fee in an amount equal to Thirty Thousand Dollars ($30,000.00), and (ii) Bank’s legal fees and expenses incurred in connection with this Amendment.
 
[Signature Page below]

 
In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed and delivered as of the date first written above.
 
BANK	 	BORROWER	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
SILICON VALLEY BANK	 	SYNACOR, INC.	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Michelle Gallipeau	 	By:	 	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	
Name:	 	Michelle Gallipeau	 	Name:	 	Timothy J. Heasley	
Title:	 	Vice President	 	Title:	 	CFO	

 	 	 	 	NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	By:	 	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	Name:	 	Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	Title:	 	Manager	

 	 	 	 	SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	By:	 	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	Name:	 	Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	Title:	 	Manager	

 

 
Schedule 1
EXHIBIT D - BORROWING BASE CERTIFICATE
 
Borrower: SYNACOR, INC., NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC and SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC
Lender:Silicon Valley Bank
Commitment Amount: up to $12,000,000.00

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE	 	 	
Accounts Receivable (invoiced) Book Value as of ____________________	$	 	
Additions (Please explain on next page)	$	 	
Less:  Intercompany / Employee / Non-Trade Accounts	$	 	
NET TRADE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE	$	 	
 	 	 	
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE DEDUCTIONS (without duplication)	 	 	
90 Days Past Invoice Date	$	 	
Credit Balances over 90 Days	$	 	
Balance of 50% over 90 Day Accounts (Cross-Age or Current Affected)	$	 	
Foreign Account Debtor Accounts (except for Accounts owing from an Account Debtor organized in a European Union member state or Australia)	$	 	
Foreign Invoiced and/or Collected Accounts	$	 	
Contra / Customer Deposit Accounts	$	 	
U.S. Government Accounts	$	 	
Promotion or Demo Accounts; Guaranteed Sale or Consignment Sale Accounts	$	 	
Accounts with Memo or Pre-Billings	$	 	
Contract Accounts; Accounts with Progress / Milestone Billings	$	 	
Accounts for Retainage Billings	$	 	
Trust / Bonded Accounts	$	 	
Bill and Hold Accounts	$	 	
Unbilled Accounts	$	 	
Non-Trade Accounts (If not already deducted above)	$	 	
Accounts with Extended Term Invoices (Net 90+)	$	 	
Chargebacks Accounts / Debit Memos	$	 	
Product Returns / Exchanges	$	 	
Disputed Accounts; Insolvent Account Debtor Accounts	$	 	
Deferred Revenue, if applicable / Other (Please explain on next page)	$	 	
Concentration Limits	$	 	
TOTAL ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE DEDUCTIONS	$	 	
 	 	 	
Eligible Accounts (#4 minus #26)	$	 	
ELIGIBLE AMOUNT OF ACCOUNTS (75% of #27)	$	 	
 	 	 	
BALANCES	 	 	
Maximum Loan Amount	$	12,000,000	
Total Funds Available Lesser of #29 or (#28)	$	 	
Present balance owing on Line of Credit	$	 	
RESERVE POSITION (#29 minus #30 and #31)	$	 	
 
[Continued on following page.]

 
Explanatory comments from previous page:
 
The undersigned represents and warrants that this is true, complete and correct, and that the information in this Borrowing Base Certificate complies with the representations and warranties in the Loan and Security Agreement between the undersigned and Silicon Valley Bank.
 
COMMENTS:	 	 	BANK USE ONLY	 	
 	 	 	 	Received by:	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	authorized signer	 	
 	 	 	 	Date:	 	 	
By:	 	 	 	Verified:	 	 	
 	Authorized Signer	 	 	 	authorized signer	 	
Date:	 	 	 	Date:	 	 	
 	 	 	 	Compliance Status:	Yes	No	 	

 

Schedule 2
EXHIBIT E
COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE
 
TO:	SILICON VALLEY BANK	Date:	 	
FROM:	SYNACOR, INC., NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS,	 	 	
 	LLC and SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC	 	 	
 
The undersigned authorized officer of SYNACOR, INC., NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC and SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC (“Borrower”) certifies that under the terms and conditions of the Loan and Security Agreement between Borrower and Bank (as amended, the “Agreement”):
(1) Borrower is in complete compliance for the period ending _______________ with all required covenants except as noted below; (2) there are no Events of Default; (3) all representations and warranties in the Agreement are true and correct in all material respects on this date except as noted below; provided, however, that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that already are qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof; and provided, further that those representations and warranties expressly referring to a specific date shall be true, accurate and complete in all material respects as of such date; (4) Borrower, and each of its Subsidiaries, has timely filed all required tax returns and reports, and Borrower has timely paid all foreign, federal, state and local taxes, assessments, deposits and contributions owed by Borrower except as otherwise permitted pursuant to the terms of Section 5.9 of the Agreement; and (5) no Liens have been levied or claims made against Borrower relating to unpaid employee payroll or benefits of which Borrower has not previously provided written notification to Bank.  
Attached are the required documents supporting the certification.  The undersigned certifies that these are prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied from one period to the next except as explained in an accompanying letter or footnotes.  The undersigned acknowledges that no borrowings may be requested at any time or date of determination that Borrower is not in compliance with any of the terms of the Agreement, and that compliance is determined not just at the date this certificate is delivered.  Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given them in the Agreement.

 
 
Please indicate compliance status by circling Yes/No under “Complies” column.	
 	
Reporting Covenants	Required	Complies	
 	 	 	
Monthly financial statements and Compliance Certificate	Monthly within 45 days	Yes   No	
Annual financial statement (CPA Audited), if not otherwise publicly available	FYE within 120 days	Yes   No	
Borrowing Base Certificate and A/R & A/P Agings	Monthly within 45 days	Yes   No	
Board approved projections	FYE within 45 days and as amended/updated	Yes   No	
 	
The following Intellectual Property was registered (or a registration application submitted) after the Effective Date (if no registrations, state “None”)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

 
Financial Covenants	Required	Actual	Complies	
 	 	 	 	
Maintain at all times:	 	 	 	
Liquidity Coverage (tested on a monthly basis)	*	_____:1.0	Yes   No	
Cash at SVB or subject to Control Agreement plus
Availability Amount	$20,000,000	$_______	Yes   No (if no,
complete below)	
Trailing 6 Month Free Cash Flow (tested on a quarterly basis)
when minimum cash at SVB or subject to Control Agreement
and availability is less than $20,000,000	**	$_______	Yes   No	
 
*See Section 6.7(c) of the Agreement.
**See Section 6.7(d) of the Agreement.

The following financial covenant analyses and information set forth in Schedule 1 attached hereto are true and accurate as of the date of this Certificate.
Other Matters
 
Have there been any amendments of or other changes to the capitalization table of Borrower and to the Operating Documents of Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries?  If yes, provide copies of any such amendments or changes with this Compliance Certificate.	Yes	No	

 

Performance Pricing*	Applies	
Liquidity Coverage Ratio > 2.75 to 1.0	Prime + 1.0% or LIBOR plus 3.50%	Yes   No	
Liquidity Coverage Ratio < 2.75 to 1.0	Prime + 1.50% or LIBOR plus 4.0%	Yes   No	
 
The following are the exceptions with respect to the certification above:  (If no exceptions exist, state “No exceptions to note.”)

SYNACOR, INC.	 	BANK USE ONLY	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	Received by:	 	 	
By:	 	 	 	 	 	authorized signer	
Name:	 	 	 	Date:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	Verified:	 	 	
NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC	 	 	 	authorized signer	
 	 	 	 	Date:	 	 	
By:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Name:	 	 	 	Compliance Status:            Yes       No       	
Title:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
By:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Name:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Title:	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

Schedule 1 to Compliance Certificate
Financial Covenants of Borrower
In the event of a conflict between this Schedule and the Loan Agreement, the terms of the Loan Agreement shall govern.
Dated: ____________________
I. Liquidity Coverage Ratio (Section 6.7(c)) (tested monthly)
Required: (a) for the period commencing on October 31, 2016, and continuing through and including January 31, 2017, 2:0 to 1.0, (b) for the period commencing on February 1, 2017 and continuing through and including April 30, 2017, 1.50 to 1.0, and (c) on May 31, 2017, and at all times thereafter, 2.0 to 1.0
Actual: ___ to 1.0

A.	The aggregate amount of unrestricted cash and Cash Equivalents held at such time by Borrower in Deposit Accounts or Securities Accounts in the name of Borrower maintained with Bank or subject to Control Agreements in favor of Bank
 	$_______
 	
B.	Aggregate outstanding Eligible Accounts (as set forth in Borrowing Base Certificate)	$_______
 	
C.	Line A plus line B	$_______
 	
D.	Aggregate value of all outstanding obligations and liabilities of Borrower to Bank	$_______
 	
E.	Liquidity Coverage Ratio (Line C divided by Line D)	___:1.0	
 
Is Line E equal to or greater than the applicable ratio above?
  No, not in compliance   Yes, in compliance
II. Free Cash Flow (Section 6.7(d)) (tested quarterly)
To be competed for fiscal quarter in which, as of the last day of such fiscal quarter, the sum of (a) Borrower’s unrestricted and unencumbered cash (i) at Bank or (ii) held at other financial institutions in accounts that are subject to a Control Agreement, plus (b) the Availability Amount as of such date was less than Twenty Million Dollars ($20,000,000.00).

 
Required:(a) for the six-month period ending on December 31, 2016, ($4,750,000), (b) for the six-month period ending on March 31, 2017, ($7,500,000), (c) for the six-month period ending on June 30, 2017, ($9,000,000), (d) for the six-month period ending on September 30, 2017, ($2,000,000), (e) for the six-month period ending on December 31, 2017, $1,250,000, and (f) for the six-month period ending on March 31, 2018, and each subsequent six-month period thereafter ending on the last day of a fiscal quarter of Borrower, $1,000,000
Actual: $________________

A.	Net Income	$________
 	
B.	Interest Expense
 	$_________	
C.	To the extent deducted in the calculation of Net Income, depreciation and amortization expense	$_________

D.	Income tax expense	$_________
 	
E.	Stock compensation	$_________
 	
F.	Non-cash items and one-time expenses approved by Bank, in its sole discretion
 	$_________	
G.	EBITDA (Sum of lines A through F)	 
$_________	
H.	Capital Expenditures	$_________
 	
I.	Capitalized Software Expenses	$_________
 	
J.	Cash Taxes	$_________
 	
K.	Free Cash Flow (line G minus line H minus line I minus line J)	$_________

Is line K equal to or greater than the applicable amount above?

 	No, not in compliance	 	 	Yes, in compliance	 	N/A [not quarter-end]	 	

 2443843.2

Exhibit 10.12.11
 
EIGHTH A MENDMENT
TO
LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT
 
This Eighth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (this “ Amendment ”) is entered into this 25 th day of September, by and among: (a) SILICON VALLEY BANK (“ Bank ”) and (b) (i) SYNACOR, INC. , a Delaware corporation (“ Synacor ”), (ii) NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC , a Delaware limited liability company (“ NTV ”), and (iii) SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC , a Delaware limited liability company (“ Sync ”, and together with Synacor and NTV , individually and collectively, jointly and severally, the “ Borrower ”).
Recitals
A. Bank and Borrower have entered into that certain Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 27, 2013 (the “ Loan and Security Agreement ”), as amended by that certain First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of October 28, 2014, by and among Borrower and Bank, as amended by that certain Joinder to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of April 13, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as amended by that certain Joinder to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as amended by that certain Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of October 28, 2015, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Consent and Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of February 25, 2016, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of November 8, 2016, by and among Borrower and Bank, and as further amended by that certain Sixth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of March 30, 2017, by and among Borrower and Bank, as further amended by that certain Seventh Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among Borrower and Bank (as amended, and as the same may from time to time be further amended, modified, supplemented, restated or amended and restated, the “ Loan Agreement ”).  
B. Bank has extended credit to Borrower for the purposes permitted in the Loan Agreement.  
C. Borrower has requested that Ba nk amend the Loan Agreement to (i) extend the Revolving Line Maturity Date and (ii) make certain other revisions thereto as set forth herein.
D. Bank has agreed to so amend certain provisions of the Loan Agreement, but only to the extent, in accordance with the terms, subject to the conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties set forth below.

Agreement
Now, Therefore, in consideration of the foregoing recitals and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which is hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1. Definitions.   Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meanings given to them in the Loan Agreement.
2. Amendments to Loan Agreement.
2.1          Section 6.2 (Financial Statements, Reports, Certificates) .  Section 6.2 is hereby amended by (i) deleting the “and” at the end of subsection (h), (ii) deleting the “.” at the end of subsection (i) and inserting in lieu thereof “; and”, and (iii) inserting the following new subsection (j):
“            (j)            Beneficial Ownership Information .  Prompt written notice of any changes to the beneficial ownership information set out in Section 14 of the Perfection Certificate.  Borrower understands and acknowledges that Bank relies on such true, accurate and up-to-date beneficial ownership information to meet Bank’s regulatory obligations to obtain, verify and record information about the beneficial owners of its legal entity customers.”
 
2.2          Section 13 ( Definitions ).  The following terms and their respective definitions set forth in Section 13.1 are amended in their entirety and replaced with the following:
“ Revolving Line Maturity Date ” is January 23, 2019.
 
“ Testing Quarter ” is each fiscal quarter in which, as of the last day of such fiscal quarter, the sum of (a) Borrower’s unrestricted and unencumbered cash (i) at Bank or (ii) held at other financial institutions in accounts that are subject to a Control Agreement, plus (b) the Availability Amount as of such date was less than Twenty-Four Million Dollars ($24,000,000.00).
 
2.3         Exhibit E ( Compliance Certificate ).  The Compliance Certificate appearing as Exhibit E to the Loan Agreement is amended in its entirety and replaced with the Compliance Certificate in the form of Schedule 2 attached hereto.
3. Limitation of Amendments.
3.1           The amendments set forth in Section 2 above are effective for the purposes set forth herein and shall be limited precisely as written and shall not be deemed to (a) be a consent to any amendment, waiver or modification of any other term or condition of any Loan Document, or (b) otherwise prejudice any right or remedy which Bank may now have or may have in the future under or in connection with any Loan Document.

3.2            This Amendment shall be construed in connection with and as part of the Loan Documents and all terms, conditions, representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in the Loan Documents, except as herein amended, are hereby ratified and confirmed and shall remain in full force and effect.
4. Representations and Warranties.   To induce Bank to enter into this Amendment, Borrower hereby represents and warrants to Bank as follows:
4.1          Immediately after giving effect to this Amendment (a) the representations and warranties contained in the Loan Documents are true, accurate and complete in all material respects as of the date hereof (except to the extent such representations and warranties relate to an earlier date, in which case they are true and correct as of such date), and (b) no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing;
4.2           Borrower has the power and authority to execute and deliver this Amendment and to perform its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment;
4.3           The organizational documents of Borrower delivered to Bank on the Effective Date remain true, accurate and complete and have not been amended, supplemented or restated and are and continue to be in full force and effect;
4.4           The execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment and the performance by Borrower of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, have been duly authorized;
4.5           The execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment and the performance by Borrower of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, do not and will not contravene (a) any law or regulation binding on or affecting Borrower, (b) any contractual restriction with a Person binding on Borrower, (c) any order, judgment or decree of any court or other governmental or public body or authority, or subdivision thereof, binding on Borrower, or (d) the organizational documents of Borrower;
4.6           The execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment and the performance by Borrower of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, do not require any order, consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration with, or exemption by any governmental or public body or authority, or subdivision thereof, binding on Borrower, except as already has been obtained or made; and
4.7           This Amendment has been duly executed and delivered by Borrower and is the binding obligation of Borrower, enforceable against Borrower in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, liquidation, moratorium or other similar laws of general application and equitable principles relating to or affecting creditors’ rights.

5. Ratification of Intellectual Property Security Agreement . Synacor hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and conditions of a certain Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of September 27, 2013, between Synacor and Bank, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, by and between Synacor and Bank, and as further amended by that certain Second Amendment to Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of April 29, 2016, by and between Synacor and Bank (as amended, the “ Synacor IPSA ”) and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the Synacor IPSA (a) contains an accurate and complete listing of all Intellectual Property Collateral, as defined in the Synacor IPSA , as of the date of this Amendment, and (b) shall remain in full force and effect.   NTV hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and conditions of a certain Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of April 13, 2015, between NTV and Bank (the “ NTV IPSA ”) and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the NTV IPSA (a) contains an accurate and complete listing of all Intellectual Property Collateral, as defined in the NTV IPSA , and (b) shall remain in full force and effect.   Sync hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and conditions of a certain Intellectual Property Security Agreement dated as of September 25, 2015, between Sync and Bank (the “ Sync IPSA ”) and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the Sync IPSA (a) contains an accurate and complete listing of all Intellectual Property Collateral, as defined in the Sync IPSA , and (b) shall remain in full force and effect.
6. Ratification of Perfection Certificate .  Synacor hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and disclosures contained in a certain Perfection Certificate of Synacor dated as of September 25, 2015, as amended as set forth on Schedule 1 attached hereto (the “ Synacor Perfection Certificate ”), and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the disclosures and information Synacor provided to Bank in the Perfection Certificate have not changed, as of the date hereof. NTV hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and disclosures contained in a certain Perfection Certificate of NTV dated as of April 13, 2015, as amended as set forth on Schedule 1 attached hereto (the “ NTV Perfection Certificate ”), and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the disclosures and information NTV provided to Bank in the Perfection Certificate have not changed, as of the date hereof. Sync hereby ratifies, confirms and reaffirms, all and singular, the terms and disclosures contained in a certain Perfection Certificate of Sync dated as of September 25, 2015, as amended as set forth on Schedule 1 attached hereto (the “ Sync Perfection Certificate ”), and acknowledges, confirms and agrees that the disclosures and information Sync provided to Bank in the Perfection Certificate have not changed, as of the date hereof. Synacor, Sync and NTV each hereby agree that all references in the Loan Agreement to the “Perfection Certificate” shall hereinafter be deemed to reference collectively the Synacor Perfection Certificate, NTV Perfection Certificate, and the Sync Perfection Certificate, as defined herein.
7. Integration .  This Amendment and the Loan Documents represent the entire agreement about this subject matter and supersede prior negotiations or agreements.  All prior agreements, understandings, representations, warranties, and negotiations between the parties about the subject matter of this Amendment and the Loan Documents merge into this Amendment and the Loan Documents.
8. Counterparts.   This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts and all of such counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument.

9. Effectiveness .   This Amendment shall be deemed effective upon (a) the due execution and delivery to Bank of this Amendment by each party hereto, and (b) Borrower’s payment to Bank of (i) a fully-earned, non-refundable amendment f ee in an amount equal to Twenty Thousand Dollars ($2 0 ,000.00), and (ii) Bank’s legal fees and expenses incurred in connection with this Amendment. .

In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed and delivered as of the date first written above.
 
BANK	 	BORROWER	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
SILICON VALLEY BANK	 	SYNACOR, INC.	 	

By:  	/s/ Chris Morrison	 	By:  	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Name: 	Chris Morrison	 	Name: 	Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Title:  	Vice President	 	Title:  	CFO, Secretary and Treasurer	 	

 	 	 	NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC	 	

 	 	 	By:  	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Name: 	Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Title:  	Manager	 	

 	 	 	SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC	 	

 	 	 	By:  	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Name: 	Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Title:  	Manager	 	
 
The undersigned hereby certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge, that the information set out in the Perfection Certificate is true, complete and correct.

 	 	 	Date:  	9/25/2018	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	SYNACOR, INC.	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	By:	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	Name:	Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	Title:  	CFO, Secretary and Treasurer	 	
 	 	 	Email:	 	 	

 	 	 	Phone:	 	 	

The undersigned hereby certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge, that the information set out in the Perfection Certificate is true, complete and correct.
 
 	 	 	Date:  	9/25/2018	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	By:	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	Name:	Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	Title:	Manager	 	
 	 	 	Email:	 	 	
 	 	 	Phone:	 	 	
 
The undersigned hereby certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge, that the information set out in the Perfection Certificate is true, complete and correct.
 
 	 	 	Date:  	9/25/2018	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	By:	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	Name:	Timothy J. Heasley	 	
 	 	 	Title:	Manager	 	
 	 	 	Email:	 	 	
 	 	 	Phone:	 	 	

 

Schedule 1
 
Synacor, Inc.
 
Amendments to Perfection Certificate
 
 	1.	The Perfection Certificate is amended by inserting the following text to appear as new Section 14 thereof, immediately following Section 13 thereof:	
14. BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP INFORMATION
a. Is the Company any of the following:
(i)           a public company or an issuer of securities that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or that is required to file reports under Section 15(d) of that Act;
(ii)           an investment company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
(iii)           an investment adviser registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; or
(iv)           a pooled investment vehicle operated or advised by a regulated financial institution (including an SEC-registered investment adviser)?
 Yes                ☐    No                ☐
If yes, no further information is required for Sections 14(b), 14(c) or 14(d) below.  If no, continue to Section 14(b).
b. Is the Company a pooled investment vehicle that is not operated or advised by a regulated financial institution?
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, skip to Section 14(d) below.  If no, continue to Section 14(c).
c. Does any individual , directly or indirectly (for example, if applicable, through such individual’s equity interests in the Company’s parent entity), through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, own 25% or more of the equity interests of the Company:
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, complete the following information.  If no, continue to Section 14(d) below.

							
							
 	Name	Date of birth	Residential address	For US Persons, Social Security Number:
(non-US persons should provide SSN if available)	For Non-US Persons: Type of ID, ID number, country of issuance, expiration date	Percentage of ownership
(if indirect ownership, explain structure)	
1	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
d. Identify one individual with significant responsibility for managing the Company, i.e., an executive officer or senior manager (e.g., Chief Executive Officer, President, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Chief Operating Officer, Managing Member or General Partner) or any other individual who regularly performs similar functions.  If appropriate, an individual listed in Section 9(c) above may also be listed here.

 	Name	Date of birth	Residential address	For US Persons, Social Security Number:
(non-US persons should provide SSN if available)	For Non-US Persons: Type of ID, ID number, country of issuance, expiration date	
1	 	 	 	 	 	

Schedule 1
 
NTV Internet Holdings, LLC
 
Amendments to Perfection Certificate
 
1.	The Perfection Certificate is amended by inserting the following text to appear as new Section 14 thereof, immediately following Section 13 thereof:	
14. BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP INFORMATION
a. Is the Company any of the following:
(v)          a public company or an issuer of securities that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or that is required to file reports under Section 15(d) of that Act;
(vi)          an investment company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
(vii)          an investment adviser registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; or
(viii)          a pooled investment vehicle operated or advised by a regulated financial institution (including an SEC-registered investment adviser)?
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, no further information is required for Sections 14(b), 14(c) or 14(d) below.  If no, continue to Section 14(b).
b. Is the Company a pooled investment vehicle that is not operated or advised by a regulated financial institution?
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, skip to Section 14(d) below.  If no, continue to Section 14(c).
c. Does any individual , directly or indirectly (for example, if applicable, through such individual’s equity interests in the Company’s parent entity), through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, own 25% or more of the equity interests of the Company:
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, complete the following information.  If no, continue to Section 14(d) below.

							
							
 	Name	Date of birth	Residential address	For US Persons, Social Security Number:
(non-US persons should provide SSN if available)	For Non-US Persons: Type of ID, ID number, country of issuance, expiration date	Percentage of ownership
(if indirect ownership, explain structure)	
1	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
d. Identify one individual with significant responsibility for managing the Company, i.e., an executive officer or senior manager (e.g., Chief Executive Officer, President, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Chief Operating Officer, Managing Member or General Partner) or any other individual who regularly performs similar functions.  If appropriate, an individual listed in Section 9(c) above may also be listed here.

 	Name	Date of birth	Residential address	For US Persons, Social Security Number:
(non-US persons should provide SSN if available)	For Non-US Persons: Type of ID, ID number, country of issuance, expiration date	
1	 	 	 	 	 	

Schedule 1
 
Sync Holdings, LLC
 
Amendments to Perfection Certificate
 
1.	The Perfection Certificate is amended by inserting the following text to appear as new Section 14 thereof, immediately following Section 13 thereof:	
14. BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP INFORMATION
a. Is the Company any of the following:
(ix)          a public company or an issuer of securities that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or that is required to file reports under Section 15(d) of that Act;
(x)          an investment company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
(xi)          an investment adviser registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; or
(xii)          a pooled investment vehicle operated or advised by a regulated financial institution (including an SEC-registered investment adviser)?
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, no further information is required for Sections 14(b), 14(c) or 14(d) below.  If no, continue to Section 14(b).
b. Is the Company a pooled investment vehicle that is not operated or advised by a regulated financial institution?
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, skip to Section 14(d) below.  If no, continue to Section 14(c).
c. Does any individual , directly or indirectly (for example, if applicable, through such individual’s equity interests in the Company’s parent entity), through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, own 25% or more of the equity interests of the Company:
Yes               ☐    No               ☐
If yes, complete the following information.  If no, continue to Section 14(d) below.

							
							
 	Name	Date of birth	Residential address	For US Persons, Social Security Number:
(non-US persons should provide SSN if available)	For Non-US Persons: Type of ID, ID number, country of issuance, expiration date	Percentage of ownership
(if indirect ownership, explain structure)	
1	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
d. Identify one individual with significant responsibility for managing the Company, i.e., an executive officer or senior manager (e.g., Chief Executive Officer, President, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Chief Operating Officer, Managing Member or General Partner) or any other individual who regularly performs similar functions.  If appropriate, an individual listed in Section 9(c) above may also be listed here.

 	Name	Date of birth	Residential address	For US Persons, Social Security Number:
(non-US persons should provide SSN if available)	For Non-US Persons: Type of ID, ID number, country of issuance, expiration date	
1	 	 	 	 	 	

 
Schedule 2
 
EXHIBIT E
COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE
 
TO:	 	SILICON VALLEY BANK	 	Date:                                                                    	
 	 	 	 	 	
FROM:	 	SYNACOR, INC., NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC and SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC		
 
The undersigned authorized officer of SYNACOR, INC., NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC and SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC (“Borrower”) certifies that under the terms and conditions of the Loan and Security Agreement between Borrower and Bank (as amended, the “Agreement”):
(1) Borrower is in complete compliance for the period ending _______________ with all required covenants except as noted below; (2) there are no Events of Default; (3) all representations and warranties in the Agreement are true and correct in all material respects on this date except as noted below; provided, however, that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that already are qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof; and provided, further that those representations and warranties expressly referring to a specific date shall be true, accurate and complete in all material respects as of such date; (4) Borrower, and each of its Subsidiaries, has timely filed all required tax returns and reports, and Borrower has timely paid all foreign, federal, state and local taxes, assessments, deposits and contributions owed by Borrower except as otherwise permitted pursuant to the terms of Section 5.9 of the Agreement; and (5) no Liens have been levied or claims made against Borrower relating to unpaid employee payroll or benefits of which Borrower has not previously provided written notification to Bank.  
Attached are the required documents supporting the certification.  The undersigned certifies that these are prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied from one period to the next except as explained in an accompanying letter or footnotes.  The undersigned acknowledges that no borrowings may be requested at any time or date of determination that Borrower is not in compliance with any of the terms of the Agreement, and that compliance is determined not just at the date this certificate is delivered.  Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given them in the Agreement.

Please indicate compliance status by circling Yes/No under “Complies” column.	
 	
Reporting Covenants	Required	Complies	
 	 	 	
Monthly financial statements and Compliance Certificate	Monthly within 45 days	Yes   No	
Annual financial statement (CPA Audited), if not otherwise publicly available	FYE within 120 days	Yes   No	
Borrowing Base Certificate and A/R & A/P Agings	Monthly within 45 days	Yes   No	
 	 	 	
The following Intellectual Property was registered (or a registration application submitted) after the Effective Date (if no registrations, state “None”)

  	 	 	

Financial Covenants	Required	Actual	Complies	
 	 	 	 	
Maintain at all times:	 	 	 	
Liquidity Coverage (tested on a monthly basis)	*	_____:1.0	Yes   No	
Cash at SVB or subject to Control Agreement plus
Availability Amount	$24,000,000	$                	Yes   No (if no,
complete below)	
Trailing 6 Month Free Cash Flow (tested on a quarterly basis) when minimum cash at SVB or subject to Control Agreement and availability is less than $24,000,000	**	$                 	Yes   No	
 
*See Section 6.7(c) of the Agreement.
**See Section 6.7(d) of the Agreement.

The following financial covenant analyses and information set forth in Schedule 1 attached hereto are true and accurate as of the date of this Certificate.
Other Matters
 
Have there been any amendments of or other changes to the capitalization table of Borrower and to the Operating Documents of Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries?  If yes, provide copies of any such amendments or changes with this Compliance Certificate.	Yes	No	

			
Performance Pricing*	Applies	
Liquidity Coverage Ratio > 2.75 to 1.0	Prime + 1.0% or LIBOR plus 3.50%	Yes   No	

			
Liquidity Coverage Ratio < 2.75 to 1.0	Prime + 1.50% or LIBOR plus 4.0%	Yes   No	

The following are the exceptions with respect to the certification above:  (If no exceptions exist, state “No exceptions to note.”)
 
SYNACOR, INC.	 	BANK USE ONLY	

By:	 	 	Received by:	AUTHORIZED SIGNER	
Name:	 	 	Date:	 	
Title:	 	 	Verified:	AUTHORIZED SIGNER	
 	 	 	Date:	 	
 	 	 	Compliance Status:	Yes     No	
NTV INTERNET HOLDINGS, LLC	 	 	 	

By:	 	 	 	 	
Name:	 	 	 	 	
Title:	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
SYNC HOLDINGS, LLC	 	 	 	

By:	 	 	 	 	
Name:	 	 	 	 	
Title:	 	 	 	 	

Schedule 1 to Compliance Certificate
Financial Covenants of Borrower
In the event of a conflict between this Schedule and the Loan Agreement, the terms of the Loan Agreement shall govern.
Dated: ____________________
I. Liquidity Coverage Ratio (Section 6.7(c)) (tested monthly)
Required: (a) for the period commencing on October 31, 2016, and continuing through and including January 31, 2017, 2:0 to 1.0, (b) for the period commencing on February 1, 2017 and continuing through and including April 30, 2017, 1.50 to 1.0, and (c) on May 31, 2017, and at all times thereafter, 2.0 to 1.0
Actual: ___ to 1.0

A.	The aggregate amount of unrestricted cash and Cash Equivalents held at such time by Borrower in Deposit Accounts or Securities Accounts in the name of Borrower maintained with Bank or subject to Control Agreements in favor of Bank
 	$                  
 	
B.	Aggregate outstanding Eligible Accounts (as set forth in Borrowing Base Certificate)	$                  
 	
C.	Line A plus line B	$                  
 	
D.	Aggregate value of all outstanding obligations and liabilities of Borrower to Bank	$                  
 	
E.	Liquidity Coverage Ratio (Line C divided by Line D)	___:1.0	
 
Is Line E equal to or greater than the applicable ratio above?
              No, not in compliance             Yes, in compliance
II. Free Cash Flow (Section 6.7(d)) (tested quarterly)
To be competed for fiscal quarter in which, as of the last day of such fiscal quarter, the sum of (a) Borrower’s unrestricted and unencumbered cash (i) at Bank or (ii) held at other financial institutions in accounts that are subject to a Control Agreement, plus (b) the Availability Amount as of such date was less than Twenty-Four Million Dollars ($24,000,000.00).

Required: (a) for the six-month period ending on December 31, 2016, ($4,750,000), (b) for the six-month period ending on March 31, 2017, ($7,500,000), (c) for the six-month period ending on June 30, 2017, ($9,000,000), (d) for the six-month period ending on September 30, 2017, ($2,000,000), (e) for the six-month period ending on December 31, 2017, $1,250,000, and (f) for the six-month period ending on March 31, 2018, and each subsequent six-month period thereafter ending on the last day of a fiscal quarter of Borrower, $1,000,000
Actual: $                            

A.	Net Income	$                  
 	
B.	Interest Expense
 	$                  
 	
C.	To the extent deducted in the calculation of Net Income, depreciation and amortization expense	$                  
 	
D.	Income tax expense	$                  
 	
E.	Stock compensation	$                  
 	
F.	Non-cash items and one-time expenses approved by Bank, in its sole discretion
 	$                  
 	
G.	EBITDA (Sum of lines A through F)	$               
 	
H.	Capital Expenditures	$                  
 	
I.	Capitalized Software Expenses	$                  
 	
J.	Cash Taxes	$                  
 	
K.	Free Cash Flow (line G minus line H minus line I minus line J)	$                  

Is line G equal to or greater than the applicable amount above?

            No, not in compliance	            Yes, in compliance	            N/A [not quarter-end]	

 
Exhibit 21.1
Synacor, Inc.
List of Subsidiaries
 
Name	 	  	Jurisdiction	
 	 	 	 	
NTV Internet Holdings, LLC	 	  	Delaware	
 	 	 	 	
Synacor Canada, Inc.	 	  	Canada	
 	 	 	 	
Synacor China, Ltd.	 	  	Cayman Islands	
 	 	 	 	
Sync Holdings, LLC	 	  	Delaware	
 	 	 	 	
Zimbra Software, LLC	 	  	Texas	
 	 	 	 	
Synacor Europe Limited	 	  	United Kingdom	
 	 	 	 	
Zimbra Technology India Private Limited	 	  	India	
 	 	 	 	
Zimbra Japan G.K.	 	  	Japan	
 	 	 	 	
Zimbra Singapore Pte Ltd	 	  	Singapore	

Exhibit 23.1
 
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement Nos. 333-179608, 333-188691, 333-194847, 333-198579, 333-202852, 333-210393, 333-216906, and 333-223953 on Form S-8, and Registration Statement No. 333-214600 on Form S-3 of our reports dated March 14, 2019, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Synacor, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”), and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (which report expresses an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting because of material weaknesses), appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Synacor, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2018.
 
/s/   Deloitte & Touche LLP
Williamsville, New York
March 14, 2019

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Himesh Bhise, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Synacor, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: March 14, 2019	 	 	 	By:	 	/s/ HIMESH BHISE	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Himesh Bhise	
 	 	 	 	 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 	 	 	 	 	 	(Principal Executive Officer)	

 
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Timothy J. Heasley , certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Synacor, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: March 14, 2019	 	 	 	By:	 	/s/ TIMOTHY J. HEASLEY	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Chief Financial Officer	
 	 	 	 	 	 	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	

 
Exhibit 32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,
as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Himesh Bhise, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of Synacor, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in such Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Synacor, Inc.
 
Date: March 14, 2019	 	 	 	/s/ Himesh Bhise	
 	 	 	 	Himesh Bhise	
 	 	 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 	 	 	 	(Principal Executive Officer)	
 
I, Timothy J. Heasley , certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of Synacor, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in such Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Synacor, Inc.
 
Date: March 14, 2019	 	 	 	/s/ Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	Timothy J. Heasley	
 	 	 	 	Chief Financial Officer	
 	 	 	 	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	
 
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been provided to Synacor, Inc. and will be retained by Synacor, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. This certification “accompanies” the Form 10-K to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-K), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.