UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

	
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
						
☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022
OR 
						
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from_____ to _____         
Commission File Number: 001-37557

	
Penumbra, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

	

Delaware		05-0605598	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	

One Penumbra Place
Alameda, CA 94502
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(510) 748-3200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

	
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
									
Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered	
Common Stock, Par value $0.001 per share	PEN	The New York Stock Exchange	
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes: ☒    No:  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes:  ☒    No:  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒		Accelerated filer	☐	
Non-accelerated filer	☐		Smaller reporting company	☐	
Emerging growth company	☐				
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes:  ☐  No:  ☒
As of July 21, 2022, the registrant had 37,888,366 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page	
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	2	
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	2	
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	3	
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income	4	
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	5	
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6	
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7	
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23	
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	34	
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	36	
			
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	37	
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	37	
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	37	
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	37	
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	37	
Item 5.	Other Information	37	
Item 6.	Exhibits	38	
			
Signatures		

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
															
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021	
Assets					
Current assets:					
Cash and cash equivalents		$	58,234 			$	59,379 		
Marketable investments		146,135 			195,496 		
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $862 and $2,092 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		187,389 			133,940 		
Inventories		295,883 			263,504 		
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		30,320 			29,155 		
	
Total current assets		717,961 			681,474 		
Property and equipment, net		63,458 			58,856 		
Operating lease right-of-use assets		177,423 			131,955 		
Finance lease right-of-use assets		34,743 			36,276 		
Intangible assets, net		86,162 			90,618 		
Goodwill		165,779 			166,388 		
	
Deferred taxes		68,404 			65,698 		
Other non-current assets		13,970 			12,985 		
Total assets		$	1,327,900 			$	1,244,250 		
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity					
Current liabilities:					
Accounts payable		$	23,096 			$	13,421 		
Accrued liabilities		111,405 			99,796 		
Current operating lease liabilities		9,297 			8,267 		
Current finance lease liabilities		1,806 			1,713 		
Total current liabilities		145,604 			123,197 		
	
Non-current operating lease liabilities		183,155 			137,045 		
Non-current finance lease liabilities		25,654 			26,523 		
Other non-current liabilities		3,472 			3,558 		
Total liabilities		357,885 			290,323 		
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)					
Stockholders’ equity:					
Common stock		38 			37 		
Additional paid-in capital		937,837 			910,614 		
	
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(10,158)			(2,630)		
Retained earnings		42,298 			45,906 		

Total stockholders’ equity		970,015 			953,927 		
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	1,327,900 			$	1,244,250 		

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
2

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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
		2022		2021		2022		2021	
Revenue		$	208,344 			$	184,258 			$	412,239 			$	353,462 		
Cost of revenue		74,309 			65,572 			150,786 			123,439 		
Gross profit		134,035 			118,686 			261,453 			230,023 		
Operating expenses:									
Research and development		19,559 			17,738 			40,123 			35,814 		
Sales, general and administrative		114,615 			90,636 			225,515 			170,434 		
	
Total operating expenses		134,174 			108,374 			265,638 			206,248 		
(Loss) income from operations		(139)			10,312 			(4,185)			23,775 		
Interest (expense) income, net		(72)			299 			(119)			779 		
Other expense, net		(956)			(408)			(1,967)			(1,884)		
(Loss) income before income taxes		(1,167)			10,203 			(6,271)			22,670 		
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes		2,520 			1,904 			(2,663)			3,445 		

Consolidated net (loss) income		$	(3,687)			$	8,299 			$	(3,608)			$	19,225 		
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest		— 			(932)			— 			(1,842)		
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.		$	(3,687)			$	9,231 			$	(3,608)			$	21,067 		

	

	
	
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share:									
Basic		$	(0.10)			$	0.25 			$	(0.10)			$	0.58 		
Diluted		$	(0.10)			$	0.25 			$	(0.10)			$	0.56 		
Weighted average shares outstanding:									
Basic		37,767,519 			36,523,011 			37,707,156 			36,489,548 		
Diluted		37,767,519 			37,582,348 			37,707,156 			37,564,881 		

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income
(unaudited)
(in thousands)

		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
		2022		2021		2022		2021	
Consolidated net (loss) income		$	(3,687)			$	8,299 			$	(3,608)			$	19,225 		
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:									
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		(3,333)			863 			(4,201)			(1,832)		
Net change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax		(853)			(109)			(3,327)			(380)		
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		(4,186)			754 			(7,528)			(2,212)		
Consolidated comprehensive (loss) income		$	(7,873)			$	9,053 			$	(11,136)			$	17,013 		
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest		— 			(932)			— 			(1,842)		
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.		$	(7,873)			$	9,985 			$	(11,136)			$	18,855 		

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
																																																			
		Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Retained Earnings		Total Penumbra, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Non-Controlling Interest		Total Stockholders’ Equity	
		Shares		Amount													
Balance at December 31, 2021		37,578,483 			$	37 			$	910,614 			$	(2,630)			$	45,906 			$	953,927 			$	— 			$	953,927 		
Issuance of common stock		103,984 			1 			1,102 			— 			— 			1,103 			— 			1,103 		

Shares held for tax withholdings		(14,243)			— 			(3,181)			— 			— 			(3,181)			— 			(3,181)		
Stock-based compensation		— 			— 			10,716 			— 			— 			10,716 			— 			10,716 		

	

Other comprehensive loss		— 			— 			— 			(3,342)			— 			(3,342)			— 			(3,342)		
Net income (loss)		— 			— 			— 			— 			79 			79 			— 			79 		
Balance at March 31, 2022		37,668,224 			$	38 			$	919,251 			$	(5,972)			$	45,985 			$	959,302 			$	— 			$	959,302 		

Issuance of common stock		158,735 			— 			3,466 			— 			— 			3,466 			— 			3,466 		
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		66,098 			— 			7,998 			— 			— 			7,998 			— 			7,998 		
	
Shares held for tax withholdings		(12,950)			— 			(1,900)			— 			— 			(1,900)			— 			(1,900)		
Stock-based compensation		— 			— 			9,022 			— 			— 			9,022 			— 			9,022 		
	
Other comprehensive loss		— 			— 			— 			(4,186)			— 			(4,186)			— 			(4,186)		
Net (loss)		— 			— 			— 			— 			(3,687)			(3,687)			— 			(3,687)		
Balance at June 30, 2022		37,880,107 			$	38 			$	937,837 			$	(10,158)			$	42,298 			$	970,015 			$	— 			$	970,015 		

	

	

	

		Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Total Penumbra, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Non-Controlling Interest		Total Stockholders’ Equity	
		Shares		Amount													
Balance at December 31, 2020		36,414,732 			$	36 			$	598,299 			$	2,541 			$	40,622 			$	641,498 			$	(3,710)			$	637,788 		
Issuance of common stock		79,080 			— 			666 			— 			— 			666 			— 			666 		
	
Shares held for tax withholdings		(11,955)			— 			(3,036)			— 			— 			(3,036)			— 			(3,036)		
Stock-based compensation		— 			— 			7,093 			— 			— 			7,093 			— 			7,093 		
	
Other comprehensive loss		— 			— 			— 			(2,966)			— 			(2,966)			— 			(2,966)		
Net income (loss)		— 			— 			— 			— 			11,836 			11,836 			(910)			10,926 		
Balance at March 31, 2021		36,481,857 			$	36 			$	603,022 			$	(425)			$	52,458 			$	655,091 			$	(4,620)			$	650,471 		
Issuance of common stock		67,547 			— 			312 			— 			— 			312 			— 			312 		
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		35,221 			— 			7,354 			— 			— 			7,354 			— 			7,354 		
	
Shares held for tax withholdings		(15,023)			— 			(3,952)			— 			— 			(3,952)			— 			(3,952)		
Stock-based compensation		— 			— 			10,138 			— 			— 			10,138 			— 			10,138 		
	
Other comprehensive income		— 			— 			— 			754 			— 			754 			— 			754 		
Net income (loss)		— 			— 			— 			— 			9,231 			9,231 			(932)			8,299 		
Balance at June 30, 2021		36,569,602 			$	36 			$	616,874 			$	329 			$	61,689 			$	678,928 			$	(5,552)			$	673,376 		

	

	

	
See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)
(in thousands)

 		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 		2022		2021	
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:					
Consolidated net (loss) income		$	(3,608)			$	19,225 		
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities:					
Depreciation and amortization		11,655 			7,022 		
	
Stock-based compensation		17,679 			16,198 		

	
Inventory write-downs		1,573 			1,951 		

	

	
Deferred taxes		(2,741)			2,570 		

	
Other		(749)			1,309 		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:					
Accounts receivable		(54,299)			(22,898)		
Inventories		(36,051)			(41,543)		
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets		(2,460)			(5,843)		
Accounts payable		9,024 			(689)		
Accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities		15,658 			5,020 		
Proceeds from lease incentives		230 			— 		
Net cash used in operating activities		(44,089)			(17,678)		
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:					

	
Purchases of marketable investments		— 			(32,939)		
Proceeds from sales of marketable investments		1,180 			2,000 		
Proceeds from maturities of marketable investments		44,579 			67,810 		
	
Purchases of property and equipment		(9,388)			(7,286)		

Other		— 			(150)		
Net cash provided by investing activities		36,371 			29,435 		
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:					
	
Proceeds from exercises of stock options		4,568 			978 		
Proceeds from issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan		7,998 			7,354 		
	
Payment of employee taxes related to vested stock		(5,081)			(6,988)		
Payments of finance lease obligations		(858)			(692)		

Other		(137)			(93)		
Net cash provided by financing activities		6,490 			559 		
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		83 			291 		
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(1,145)			12,607 		
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—Beginning of period		59,379 			69,670 		
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—End of period		$	58,234 			$	82,277 		
NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:					
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		$	51,191 			$	54,444 		
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease obligations		$	89 			$	520 		
	
Purchase of property and equipment funded through accounts payable and accrued liabilities		$	3,059 			$	2,236 		

	
	
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:					
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities		$	8,458 			$	3,914 		
Cash paid for income taxes		$	2,157 			$	689 		

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)

1. Organization and Description of Business
Penumbra, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. The Company designs, develops, manufactures and markets novel products and has a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need. The Company focuses on developing, manufacturing and marketing novel products for use by specialist physicians and other healthcare providers to drive improved clinical and health outcomes. The Company believes that the cost-effectiveness of our products is attractive to our customers.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2022, the condensed consolidated statements of operations, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income, and the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are unaudited. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2021 was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to state fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2022, the results of its operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the changes in comprehensive income (loss) and stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022 or for any other future annual or interim period.
The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2022, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and equity accounts; disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to marketable investments, allowances for credit losses, the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price, warranty reserve, valuation of inventories, useful lives of property and equipment, operating and financing lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities, income taxes, contingent consideration and other contingencies, among others. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other data. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Segments
The Company determined its operating segment on the same basis that it uses to evaluate its performance internally. The Company has one business activity: the design, development, manufacturing and marketing of innovative medical products, and operates as one operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker, its Chief Executive Officer, reviews its consolidated operating results for the purpose of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)

3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Marketable Investments
The Company’s marketable investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The following table presents the Company’s marketable investments as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

		June 30, 2022	
				Securities with net gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)    					
		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Allowance
 for
 Credit Loss		Fair Value	
Commercial paper		$	5,998 			$	— 			$	(23)			$	— 			$	5,975 		
U.S. treasury		14,473 			— 			(470)			— 			14,003 		
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities		8,502 			— 			(189)			— 			8,313 		
U.S. states and municipalities		30,130 			— 			(655)			— 			29,475 		
Corporate bonds		90,952 			— 			(2,583)			— 			88,369 		
	
Total		$	150,055 			$	— 			$	(3,920)			$	— 			$	146,135 		

		December 31, 2021	
				Securities with net gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)					
		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Allowance
 for
 Credit Loss		Fair Value	
Commercial paper		$	20,286 			$	— 			$	(10)			$	— 			$	20,276 		
U.S. treasury		14,464 			— 			(77)			— 			14,387 		
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities		11,553 			1 			(19)			— 			11,535 		
U.S. states and municipalities		39,436 			39 			(89)			— 			39,386 		
Corporate bonds		110,354 			49 			(491)			— 			109,912 		
	
Total		$	196,093 			$	89 			$	(686)			$	— 			$	195,496 		
As of June 30, 2022, the total amortized cost basis of the Company’s impaired available-for-sale securities exceeded its fair value by $3.9 million, which was primarily attributable to widening credit spreads and rising interest rates since purchase. The Company reviewed its impaired available-for-sale securities and concluded that the decline in fair value was not related to credit losses and that it is more likely than not that the entire amortized cost of each impaired security will be recoverable before the Company is required to sell them or when the security matures. Accordingly, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, no allowance for credit losses was recorded and instead the unrealized losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for those marketable investments that were in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months or for twelve months or more as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
																																							
		June 30, 2022	
		Less than 12 months		12 months or more		Total	
		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses	
Commercial paper		$	5,975 			$	(23)			$	— 			$	— 			$	5,975 			$	(23)		
U.S. treasury		14,003 			(470)			— 			— 			14,003 			(470)		
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities		8,313 			(189)			— 			— 			8,313 			(189)		
U.S. states and municipalities		26,953 			(577)			1,522 			(78)			28,475 			(655)		
Corporate bonds		81,263 			(2,322)			7,106 			(261)			88,369 			(2,583)		
	
Total		$	136,507 			$	(3,581)			$	8,628 			$	(339)			$	145,135 			$	(3,920)		

		December 31, 2021	
		Less than 12 months		12 months or more		Total	
		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses	
Commercial paper		$	16,977 			$	(10)			$	— 			$	— 			$	16,977 			$	(10)		
U.S. treasury		14,387 			(77)			— 			— 			14,387 			(77)		
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities		6,985 			(19)			— 			— 			6,985 			(19)		
U.S. states and municipalities		21,924 			(89)			— 			— 			21,924 			(89)		
Corporate bonds		85,513 			(491)			— 			— 			85,513 			(491)		
	
Total		$	145,786 			$	(686)			$	— 			$	— 			$	145,786 			$	(686)		
The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s marketable investments as of June 30, 2022 (in thousands):
															
		June 30, 2022	
 		Amortized Cost		Fair Value	
Due in less than one year		$	51,834 			$	51,254 		
Due in one to five years		98,221 			94,881 		
Total		$	150,055 			$	146,135 		
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The Company classifies its cash equivalents and marketable investments within Level 1 and Level 2, as it uses quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.
The Company determined the fair value of its Level 1 financial instruments, which are traded in active markets, using quoted market prices for identical instruments.
Marketable investments classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy are valued based on other observable inputs, including broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the Company relies on non-binding quotes from its investment managers, which are based on proprietary valuation models of independent pricing services. These models generally use inputs such as observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, historical pricing trends of a security as relative to its peers. To validate the fair value determination provided by its investment managers, the Company reviews the pricing movement in the context of overall market trends and trading information from its investment managers. In addition, the Company assesses the inputs and methods used in determining the fair value in order to determine the classification of securities in the fair value hierarchy.
The Company did not hold any Level 3 marketable investments as of June 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Additionally, the Company did not have any financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.
The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
																											
 		As of June 30, 2022	
 		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value	
Financial Assets									
Cash equivalents:									
	
Commercial paper		$	— 			$	4,389 			$	— 			$	4,389 		
Money market funds		14,840 			— 			— 			14,840 		

	
Marketable investments:									
Commercial paper		— 			5,975 			— 			5,975 		
U.S. treasury		14,003 			— 			— 			14,003 		
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities		— 			8,313 			— 			8,313 		
U.S. states and municipalities		— 			29,475 			— 			29,475 		
Corporate bonds		— 			88,369 			— 			88,369 		
	
Total		$	28,843 			$	136,521 			$	— 			$	165,364 		

	

 		As of December 31, 2021	
 		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value	
Financial Assets									
Cash equivalents:									
	
Money market funds		$	10,509 			$	— 			$	— 			$	10,509 		
Marketable investments:									
Commercial paper		— 			20,276 			— 			20,276 		
U.S. treasury		14,387 			— 			— 			14,387 		
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities		— 			11,535 			— 			11,535 		
U.S. states and municipalities		— 			39,386 			— 			39,386 		
Corporate bonds		— 			109,912 			— 			109,912 		

Total		$	24,896 			$	181,109 			$	— 			$	206,005 		

	

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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
4. Balance Sheet Components
Inventories
The following table shows the components of inventories as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

 		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021	
Raw materials		$	75,484 			$	68,374 		
Work in process		33,902 			18,678 		
Finished goods		186,497 			176,452 		
Inventories		$	295,883 			$	263,504 		
Accrued Liabilities
The following table shows the components of accrued liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
															
 		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021	
Payroll and employee-related cost		$	58,388 			$	60,015 		
Accrued expenses		19,900 			12,245 		

Deferred revenue		9,959 			5,671 		

	

	
Other accrued liabilities		23,158 			21,865 		
Total accrued liabilities		$	111,405 			$	99,796 		
The following table shows the changes in the Company’s estimated product warranty accrual, included in accrued liabilities, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and twelve months ended December 31, 2021, respectively (in thousands):

 		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021	
Balance at the beginning of the period		$	4,310 			$	2,896 		
Accruals of warranties issued		1,407 			2,973 		
Settlements of warranty claims		(771)			(1,559)		
Balance at the end of the period		$	4,946 			$	4,310 		

5. Business Combinations
Acquisition of Sixense Enterprises Inc.
Transaction Overview
On October 1, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), the Company closed the acquisition of Sixense Enterprises Inc. (“Sixense”) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated September 17, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), among the Company, Sixense, Seychelles Merger Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and a stockholders’ agent (the “Merger”). Sixense, a privately held company, specializes in enterprise use of virtual reality hardware and software and has been an integral partner on the development of the Company’s REAL Immersive System portfolio. The Merger allows the Company to streamline its efforts and collaborate more closely on its immersive healthcare offerings.
The Company and Sixense formed a joint venture, MVI Health Inc. (“MVI”), in 2017 for the purpose of exploring healthcare applications of virtual reality technology. At the time of MVI’s formation, the Company contributed cash and in-kind services to MVI and Sixense contributed an exclusive license to use its technology for healthcare applications, each for a 50% equity interest in MVI. In 2018, the Company acquired 40% of the outstanding shares of MVI from Sixense and consolidated the financial results of MVI into the accompanying consolidated financial statements, with the amounts attributable to the non-controlling interest classified separately. As of the Closing Date, the Company and Sixense owned a 90% and 10% equity interest in MVI, respectively.
As a result of the Merger, Sixense became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and the Company acquired, among other things, the remaining 10% equity interest in MVI held by Sixense.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The Company accounted for the acquired assets and liabilities assumed from Sixense in accordance with ASC 805 and for its change in ownership interest in MVI as an equity transaction in accordance with ASC 810. The carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest was adjusted to zero, and the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the equity interest acquired of $4.2 million and its carrying amount of $(6.2) million was recognized within additional paid in capital.
Fair Value of Consideration Transferred
The following table summarizes the Closing Date fair value of the consideration transferred (in thousands):

Fair value of common stock issued(1)		$	174,133 		
Fair value of replacement stock options(2)		80,693 		
Consideration for settlement of pre-existing liabilities due to Sixense(3)		(3,810)		
	
Total purchase price		$	251,016 		

	
(1) The fair value of the 661,877 shares of common stock issued as part of consideration transferred was determined based on the acquisition date closing market price of the Company’s common stock of $263.09.
(2) Per ASC 805, the replacement of stock options or other share-based payment awards in conjunction with a business combination represents a modification of share-based payment awards that must be accounted for in accordance with ASC 718. As a result of the Company’s obligation to issue replacement awards, a portion of the fair-value-based measure of replacement awards is included in measuring the purchase consideration transferred in the business combination. To determine the portion of the replacement awards that is part of the purchase consideration, the Company measured the fair value of both the replacement awards and the historical awards as of the Closing Date, in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of the replacement awards, whether vested or unvested, was included in the purchase consideration to the extent that pre-acquisition services had been rendered. The fair value of replacement stock options assumed for which pre-acquisition services were rendered of $80.7 million was allocated to the purchase consideration and $25.8 million was recognized immediately in the post-combination financial statements during the three months ended December 31, 2021, as pre-acquisition services were not rendered but the vesting of all stock options was accelerated in connection with the Merger.
(3) In the connection with the Merger, the Company effectively settled pre-existing liabilities due to or on behalf of Sixense.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Fair Value of Consideration Transferred
The preliminary allocation of the purchase price was based upon a third party valuation and the Company’s estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (generally one year from the Closing Date).
The following table presents the preliminary allocation of the purchase price for Sixense as of June 30, 2022 (in thousands):

		Acquisition-Date Fair Value		Estimated Useful Life of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets	
Tangible assets acquired and (liabilities) assumed:					
Cash and cash equivalents		$	2,919 				
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets		2,063 				
Deferred tax assets		20,678 				
Deferred tax liabilities		(19,398)				
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		(1,341)				
Intangible assets acquired:					
Developed technology		62,466 			8.75 years	
In-process research and development		20,823 				
Net assets acquired		88,210 				
Fair value of subsidiary stock indirectly acquired through the Merger		4,161 				
Total net assets acquired		92,371 				
Goodwill		158,645 				
Total purchase price		$	251,016 				
Further adjustments may be necessary as additional information related to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is assessed during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date. The Company will reflect measurement period adjustments, if any, in the period in which the adjustments are recognized with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Any adjustments required after the measurement period are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. No measurement period adjustments were recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.
The intangible assets acquired and the fair value of the privately-held subsidiary stock indirectly acquired are Level 3 fair value measurements for which fair value is derived from valuations using inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
6. Intangible Assets
Acquired Intangible Assets
The following tables present details of the Company’s acquired finite-lived intangible assets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands, except weighted-average amortization period):

As of June 30, 2022		Weighted-Average Amortization Period		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net	
Finite-lived intangible assets:									
Developed technology		8.8 years		$	62,466 			$	(5,353)			$	57,113 		
Customer relationships		15.0 years		$	6,230 			$	(2,077)			$	4,153 		
Trade secrets and processes		20.0 years		5,256 			(1,183)			4,073 		
Other		5.0 years		1,606 			(1,606)			— 		
Total intangible assets subject to amortization		9.8 years		$	75,558 			$	(10,219)			$	65,339 		
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:									
In-process research and development				$	20,823 			$	— 			$	20,823 		
Total intangible assets				$	96,381 			$	(10,219)			$	86,162 		

As of December 31, 2021		Weighted-Average
Amortization Period		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net	
Finite-lived intangible assets:									
Developed technology		8.8 years		$	62,466 			$	(1,784)			$	60,682 		
Customer relationships		15.0 years		$	6,762 			$	(2,029)			$	4,733 		
Trade secrets and processes		20.0 years		5,256 			(1,051)			4,205 		
Other		5.0 years		1,744 			(1,569)			175 		
Total intangible assets subject to amortization		9.8 years		$	76,228 			$	(6,433)			$	69,795 		
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:									
In-process research and development				20,823 			— 			20,823 		
Total intangible assets				$	97,051 			$	(6,433)			$	90,618 		
The customer relationships and intangible assets classified as “Other” subject to amortization relate to the acquisition of Crossmed S.p.A., the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary in Italy, during the third quarter of 2017. The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of these intangible assets are subject to foreign currency translation effects.
The Company reviews indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have occurred. The Company determined that there were no impairment indicators as of June 30, 2022.
The following table presents the amortization expense recorded related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

 		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 		2022		2021		2022		2021	
Cost of revenue		$	66 			$	66 			$	132 			$	131 		
	
Sales, general and administrative		1,972 			212 			3,954 			425 		
Total		$	2,038 			$	278 			$	4,086 			$	556 		
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
7. Goodwill
The following table presents the changes in goodwill during the six months ended June 30, 2022 (in thousands):
									
		Total Company	
Balance as of December 31, 2021		$	166,388 		
Foreign currency translation		(609)		
Balance as of June 30, 2022		$	165,779 		
Goodwill Impairment Review
The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have occurred. The Company determined there were no impairment indicators as of June 30, 2022.

8. Indebtedness
Credit Agreement
On April 24, 2020, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for the Company to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and was set to mature on April 23, 2021. The Company entered into an amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders during the three months ended March 31, 2021, which extended the maturity date from April 23, 2021 to February 21, 2022 and had substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes including the exclusion of certain one-time charges and expenses incurred during the fiscal quarters ended September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020 from the calculation of the financial covenants, reductions in interest rate floors applicable to revolving loans and other changes to borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a further amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from February 21, 2022 to February 17, 2023 and has substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes to the reference benchmark interest rates, applicable margins and borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement, having the overall effect of lowering the interest rates payable by the Company on amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement, and a reduction of the commitment fee payable on the average daily unused amount under the Credit Agreement to 0.25% per annum.
The Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and to not exceed a maximum leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2022, the Company was in compliance with these requirements.
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no borrowings outstanding under the amended Credit Agreement.

9. Leases
Lease Overview
As of December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2022, the Company’s contracts that contained a lease consisted of real estate, equipment and vehicle leases.
The Company leases real estate for office and warehouse space under non-cancelable operating and finance leases that expire at various dates through 2036, subject to the Company’s option to renew certain leases for an additional five to 15 years. The Company also leases other equipment and vehicles under noncancelable operating and finance leases that expire at various dates through 2026.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The following table presents the components of the Company’s lease cost, lease term and discount rate during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except years and percentages):
																											
		Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended	
		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2021		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2021	
Lease Cost									
Operating lease cost		$	5,034 			$	1,959 			$	9,916 			$	3,879 		
Finance lease cost:									
Amortization of right-of-use assets		810 			760 			1,616 			1,506 		
Interest on lease liabilities		361 			374 			723 			745 		
Variable lease cost(1)		2,568 			1,356 			4,931 			2,826 		
Total lease costs		$	8,773 			$	4,449 			$	17,186 			$	8,956 		
									
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term									
Operating leases						13.8 years		12.1 years	
Finance leases						11.8 years		12.9 years	
Weighted Average Discount Rate									
Operating leases						4.61 	%		5.33 	%	
Finance leases						5.30 	%		5.34 	%	

	
(1) Variable lease costs represent payments that are dependent on usage, a rate or index. Variable lease cost primarily relates to common area maintenance charges for the Company’s real estate leases.
During the third quarter of 2021, the Company signed a lease for approximately thirteen years for additional space located at 620 Roseville Parkway, Roseville, California (the “620 Roseville Parkway Lease”). Per the terms of the lease, improvements will be constructed and permanently affixed to the property in two phases. The first phase (“Phase 1”) of the 620 Roseville Parkway Lease commenced once the Phase 1 premises were made ready and available for their intended use, which occurred during the first quarter of 2022. The Company determined that the 620 Roseville Parkway Lease is a non-cancelable operating lease which will expire in 2035. Upon completion of the second phase (“Phase 2”) of improvements, the Phase 2 premises will be added to the 620 Roseville Parkway Lease. Phase 2 is not anticipated to be completed in 2022.
Additionally, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company modified existing leases for certain properties that resulted in an increase of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets in exchange for operating leases liabilities.
The following table is a schedule, by years, of maturities of the Company's operating and finance lease liabilities as of June 30, 2022 (in thousands):
															
		Operating Lease Payments		Finance Lease Payments	
2022 (excluding the six months ended June 30, 2022)		$	9,046 			$	1,591 		
2023		17,807 			3,226 		
2024		17,682 			3,242 		
2025		17,527 			3,170 		
2026		17,673 			2,803 		
Thereafter		186,197 			23,518 		
	
Total undiscounted lease payments		265,932 			37,550 		
Less imputed interest		(73,480)			(10,090)		
Present value of lease liabilities		$	192,452 			$	27,460 		

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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):
															
		Six Months Ended	
		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2021	
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:					
Operating cash flows from operating leases		$	8,458 			$	3,914 		
Financing cash flows from finance leases		$	858 			$	692 		
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:					
Operating leases		$	51,191 			$	54,444 		
Finance leases		$	89 			$	520 		

10. Commitments and Contingencies
Royalty Obligations
In March 2005, the Company entered into a license agreement that requires the Company to make minimum royalty payments to the licensor on a quarterly basis. In July 2019, the Company amended the license agreement to extend its term for an additional ten years and to increase the required minimum annual royalty payments by $0.2 million. As of both June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the amended license agreement required minimum quarterly royalty payments of $0.3 million. Unless terminated earlier, the term of the amended license agreement shall expire June 30, 2029.
In April 2012, the Company entered into an agreement that requires the Company to pay, on a quarterly basis, a 5% royalty on sales of products covered under applicable patents. The first commercial sale of covered products occurred in April 2014. Unless terminated earlier, the royalty term for each applicable product shall continue for fifteen years following the first commercial sale of such patented product, or when the applicable patent covering such product has expired, whichever is sooner.
Royalty expense included in cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, was $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.
Indemnification
The Company enters into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. In many such arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third-party with respect to the Company’s technology. The Company also agrees to indemnify many indemnified parties for product defect and similar claims. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made.
The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual.
The Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. No liability associated with any of these indemnification requirements has been recorded to date.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is subject to other claims and assessments in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently a party to any such litigation matter that, individually or in the aggregate, is expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
11. Stockholders’ Equity
Equity Incentive Plans
Stock Options
Activity of stock options under the Company’s 2005 Stock Plan, 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively, the "Plans") during the six months ended June 30, 2022 is set forth below:

		Number of Shares		Weighted-Average
Exercise Price	
Balance at December 31, 2021		1,141,814 			$	27.02 		
Granted		10,120 			197.74 		
Exercised		(187,856)			24.32 		
Canceled/Forfeited		(1,000)			22.04 		
Balance at June 30, 2022		963,078 			29.35 		
	
Restricted Stock Units
Activity of unvested restricted stock units under the Plans during the six months ended June 30, 2022 is set forth below: 

		Number of Shares		Weighted -Average
Grant Date Fair Value	
Unvested at December 31, 2021		409,482 			$	210.41 		
Granted		146,540 			187.06 		
Released/Vested		(74,863)			176.49 		
Canceled/Forfeited		(15,712)			223.95 		
Unvested at June 30, 2022		465,447 			208.05 		
As of June 30, 2022, 440,842 restricted stock units are expected to vest.
Stock-based Compensation
The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
																											
 		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 		2022		2021		2022		2021	
Cost of revenue		$	880 			$	543 			$	1,736 			$	1,341 		
Research and development		1,514 			1,188 			2,900 			2,250 		
Sales, general and administrative		6,392 			8,072 			13,043 			12,607 		
Total		$	8,786 			$	9,803 			$	17,679 			$	16,198 		
As of June 30, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost was $76.5 million related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years.
The total stock-based compensation cost capitalized in inventory was $2.0 million and $1.8 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Other comprehensive (loss) income consists of two components: unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s available-for-sale marketable investments and gains or losses from foreign currency translation adjustments. Until realized and reported as a component of consolidated net (loss) income, these comprehensive (loss) income items accumulate and are included within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. Unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s marketable investments are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income into earnings when realized upon sale, and are determined
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
based on specific identification of securities sold. Gains and losses from the translation of assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.
The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances during the period and includes information regarding the manner in which the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income into earnings affect the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income (in thousands):    
																																							
		Three Months Ended June 30, 2022		Three Months Ended June 30, 2021	
		 Marketable
Investments		 Currency Translation
Adjustments		 Total		 Marketable
Investments		 Currency Translation
Adjustments		 Total	
Balance, beginning of the period		$	(3,069)			$	(2,903)			$	(5,972)			$	376 			$	(801)			$	(425)		
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications:													
Unrealized (loss) — marketable investments		(853)			— 			(853)			(142)			— 			(142)		
Foreign currency translation (losses) gains		— 			(3,333)			(3,333)			— 			863 			863 		
Income tax effect — expense		— 			— 			— 			33 			— 			33 		
Net of tax		(853)			(3,333)			(4,186)			(109)			863 			754 		

	
	
Net current-year other comprehensive (loss) income		(853)			(3,333)			(4,186)			(109)			863 			754 		
Balance, end of the period		$	(3,922)			$	(6,236)			$	(10,158)			$	267 			$	62 			$	329 		

																																							
		Six Months Ended June 30, 2022		Six Months Ended June 30, 2021	
		Marketable
Investments		Currency Translation
Adjustments		Total		Marketable
Investments		Currency Translation
Adjustments		Total	
Balance at beginning of the period		$	(595)			$	(2,035)			$	(2,630)			$	647 			$	1,894 			$	2,541 		
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications:													
Unrealized (loss) gain — marketable investments		(3,327)			— 			(3,327)			(495)			— 			(495)		
Foreign currency translation gains (losses)		— 			(4,201)			(4,201)			— 			(1,832)			(1,832)		
Income tax effect — expense		— 			— 			— 			115 			— 			115 		
Net of tax		(3,327)			(4,201)			(7,528)			(380)			(1,832)			(2,212)		

	
	
Net current-year other comprehensive (loss) income		(3,327)			(4,201)			(7,528)			(380)			(1,832)			(2,212)		
Balance at end of the period		(3,922)			(6,236)			(10,158)			267 			62 			329 		

13. Income Taxes
The Company’s income tax expense (benefit), deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. The Company is subject to income taxes in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense.
During interim periods, the Company generally utilizes the estimated annual effective tax rate (“AETR”) method which involves the use of forecasted information. Under the AETR method, the provision is calculated by applying the estimated AETR for the full fiscal year to “ordinary” income or loss (pretax income or loss excluding unusual or infrequently occurring discrete items) for the reporting period. Jurisdictions with tax assets for which the Company believes a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded from the computation of its AETR.
The Company’s provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2022 was $2.5 million, which was primarily due to tax deficiencies (shortfalls) expenses from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction as a result of stock price fluctuation, offset by tax benefits attributable to its worldwide losses. The Company’s provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2021 was $1.9 million, which was primarily due to tax expenses attributable to its worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction.

The Company’s benefit from income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $2.7 million, which was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to its worldwide losses, offset by tax deficiencies (shortfalls) expenses from stock-based
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction as a result of stock price fluctuation. The Company’s provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $3.4 million, which was primarily due to tax expenses attributable to its worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction.

The Company’s effective tax rate was (215.9)% for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to 18.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The Company’s change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax expenses over relatively small worldwide losses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, when compared to small tax expenses over relatively large worldwide profits for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The Company’s effective tax rate was 42.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to 15.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The Company’s change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax benefits over relatively small worldwide losses for the six months ended June 30, 2022, when compared to small tax expenses over relatively large worldwide profits for the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Significant domestic deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) were generated in recent years, primarily due to excess tax benefits from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units. The Company evaluates all available positive and negative evidence, objective and subjective in nature, in each reporting period to determine if sufficient taxable income will be generated to realize the benefits of its DTAs and, if not, a valuation allowance to reduce the DTAs is recorded. As of June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company maintains a valuation allowance against its Federal Research and Development Tax Credit and California DTAs as the Company could not conclude at the required more-likely-than-not level of certainty, that the benefit of these tax attributes would be realized prior to expiration.
The Company maintains that all foreign earnings, with the exception of a portion of the earnings of its German subsidiary, are permanently reinvested outside the United States and therefore deferred taxes attributable to such are not provided for in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2022.

14. Net Income Attributable to Penumbra, Inc. Per Share
The Company computed basic net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company computed diluted net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. For the purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock units and stock sold through the Company’s employee stock purchase plan are considered common stock equivalents.
A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of the basic and diluted net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
																											
 		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 		2022		2021		2022		2021	
Numerator:									
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.		$	(3,687)			$	9,231 			$	(3,608)			$	21,067 		

	
Denominator:									
Weighted average shares used to compute net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders:									
Basic		37,767,519 			36,523,011 			37,707,156 			36,489,548 		
Potential dilutive stock-based options and awards		— 			1,059,337 			— 			1,075,333 		
	
Diluted		37,767,519 			37,582,348 			37,707,156 			37,564,881 		
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share:									
Basic		$	(0.10)			$	0.25 			$	(0.10)			$	0.58 		
Diluted		$	(0.10)			$	0.25 			$	(0.10)			$	0.56 		
For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, outstanding stock-based awards of 1,766 thousand and 28 thousand shares, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, outstanding stock-based awards of 1,878 thousand and 37 thousand shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
15. Revenues
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for goods or services. All revenue recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers.
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by geography, based on the destination to which the Company ships its products, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 	2022		2021		2022		2021	
United States	$	141,456 			$	128,402 			$	285,764 			$	248,472 		
	
International	66,888 			55,856 			126,475 			104,990 		
Total	$	208,344 			$	184,258 			$	412,239 			$	353,462 		
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by product category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 	2022		2021		2022		2021	
Vascular	$	123,543 			$	100,684 			$	246,352 			$	189,849 		
Neuro	84,801 			83,574 			165,887 			163,613 		
Total	$	208,344 			$	184,258 			$	412,239 			$	353,462 		
China Distribution and Technology Licensing Agreement
In December 2020, the Company entered into a distribution and technology licensing arrangement with its existing distribution partner in China. In addition to modifying the Company’s standard distribution agreement with its Chinese partner, the Company agreed to license the technology for certain products to its Chinese partner to permit the manufacturing and commercialization of such products in China as well as provide certain regulatory support. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company further amended the distribution agreement and entered into an additional license agreement, pursuant to which the Company agreed to license the technology for additional products to its Chinese partner on substantially the same terms as the existing license agreement. Apart from the standard distribution agreement, the Company will receive fixed payments upon transferring its distinct licensed technology and providing related regulatory support and royalty payments on the down-stream sale of the licensed products.
Performance Obligations
Delivery of products - The Company’s contracts with customers typically contain a single performance obligation, delivery of the Company’s products. Satisfaction of that performance obligation occurs when control of the promised goods transfers to the customer, which is generally upon shipment for non-consignment sale agreements and upon utilization for consignment sale agreements.
Payment terms - The Company’s payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer. The timing between fulfillment of performance obligations and when payment is due is not significant and does not give rise to financing transactions. The Company did not have any contracts with significant financing components as of June 30, 2022.
Product returns - The Company may allow customers to return products purchased at the Company’s discretion. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period in which the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using its own historic sales information, trends, industry data, and other relevant data points.
Warranties - The Company offers its standard warranty to all customers and it is not available for sale on a standalone basis. The Company’s standard warranty represents its guarantee that its products function as intended, are free from defects,
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
and comply with agreed-upon specifications and quality standards. This assurance does not constitute a service and is not a separate performance obligation.
Transaction Price
Revenue is recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration such as product returns utilizing historical return rates, rebates, discounts, and other adjustments to net revenue. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price. When determining if variable consideration should be constrained, management considers whether there are factors that could result in a significant reversal of revenue and the likelihood of a potential reversal. Variable consideration is included in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. These estimates are reassessed each reporting period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company made no material changes in estimates for variable consideration. When the Company performs shipping and handling activities after control of goods is transferred to the customer, they are considered as fulfillment activities, and costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.
Contract liabilities, net
The following information summarizes the Company’s contract assets and liabilities, net as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021	
Contract liabilities, net		$	9,646 			$	5,671 		
Contract liabilities represents amounts that the Company has already invoiced and are ultimately expected to be recognized as revenue, but for which not all revenue recognition criteria have been met and is recognized as the associated performance obligations are satisfied. Contract assets for the periods presented primarily represent the difference between the revenue that was recognized based on the relative standalone selling price of the related performance obligations satisfied and the contractual billing terms in the arrangements. Revenue recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 relating to contract liabilities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $7.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 22, 2022.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations, but these words are not the exclusive means for identifying such statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results and timing expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q represent our views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as may be required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements or the reasons that results could differ from these forward-looking statements. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview
Penumbra is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. We design, develop, manufacture and market novel products and have a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need. Our team focuses on developing, manufacturing and marketing novel products for use by specialist physicians and other healthcare providers to drive improved clinical and health outcomes. We believe that the cost-effectiveness of our products is attractive to our customers.
Since our founding in 2004, we have had a strong track record of organic product development and commercial expansion that has established the foundation of our global organization. We have successfully developed, obtained regulatory clearance or approval for, and introduced products into the neurovascular market since 2007, vascular market since 2013, neurosurgical market since 2014, and immersive healthcare market since 2020.
We expect to continue to develop and build our portfolio of products, including our thrombectomy, embolization, access and immersive healthcare technologies, while iterating on our currently available products. Generally, when we introduce a next generation product or a new product designed to replace a current product, sales of the earlier generation product or the product replaced decline. Our research and development activities are centered around the development of new products and clinical activities designed to support our regulatory submissions and demonstrate the effectiveness of our products.
To address the challenging and significant clinical needs of our key markets, we have developed products that fall into the following broad product families:
Our neuro products fall into four broad product families:
•Neuro thrombectomy - Penumbra System, including Penumbra RED, JET, ACE and the 3D Revascularization Device, Penumbra ENGINE and other components and accessories
•Neuro embolization - Penumbra SMART COIL, Penumbra Coil 400, POD400 and PAC400
•Neuro access - delivery catheters, consisting of Neuron, Neuron MAX, Select, BENCHMARK, BMX96, DDC and PX SLIM
•Neurosurgical - Artemis Neuro Evacuation Device
Our vascular products fall into two broad product families:
•Vascular thrombectomy - INDIGO System designed for mechanical thrombectomy, including aspiration catheters, separators, aspiration pump and accessories and Lightning, our next-generation aspiration system for peripheral thrombectomy
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•Peripheral embolization - RUBY Coil System, Ruby LP, LANTERN Delivery Microcatheter and the POD System (POD and POD Packing Coil)
Our immersive healthcare products fall into one broad product family:
•REAL Immersive System - portfolio of products that leverages immersive computer-based technologies to deliver engaging, immersive therapeutics to promote better health, motor function and cognition
We support healthcare providers, hospitals and clinics in more than 100 countries. In the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, 30.7% and 29.7% of our revenue, respectively, was generated from customers located outside of the United States. Our sales outside of the United States are denominated principally in the euro and Japanese yen, with some sales being denominated in other currencies. As a result, we have foreign exchange exposure but do not currently engage in hedging.
We generated revenue of $412.2 million and $353.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, an increase of $58.8 million. We generated an operating loss of $4.2 million and operating income of $23.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, which continues to spread throughout the U.S. and the world. In response, governments have issued orders restricting certain activities, and while our business falls within the category of healthcare operations, which are essential businesses permitted to continue operating during the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, disruptions to our operations as a result of the pandemic. For example, hospital resources have been diverted to fight the pandemic, and many government agencies in conjunction with healthcare systems have recommended the deferral of elective and semi-elective medical procedures during the pandemic. Some of Penumbra’s medical devices are used in certain procedures that the United States Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has indicated are “high-acuity” procedures that should not be postponed during the pandemic in its March 18, 2020 recommendations, while other Penumbra devices are used in elective procedures that physicians may consider postponing. Many of the procedures in which our vascular products are used are elective in nature, whereas procedures in which our neuro products are used, such as stroke, tend to be more emergent in nature.
The impact of COVID-19 on our business remains fluid, and we continue to actively monitor the dynamic situation. We will continue to undertake the following specific actions and strategic priorities to navigate the pandemic:
•We have made changes to how we manufacture, inspect and ship our products to prioritize the health and safety of our employees and to operate under the protocols mandated by our local and state governments. While we are committed to continue to meet demand for our essential devices, we have implemented social distancing and other measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, which have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our manufacturing capacity.
•We further strengthened our liquidity position by entering into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) on April 24, 2020, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for us to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million. This revolving line of credit provides access to capital beyond the $204.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable investments on our balance sheet as of June 30, 2022, and we believe this will allow us to both navigate the current environment and emerge in a strong liquidity position after the pandemic. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we entered into an amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from April 23, 2021 to February 21, 2022 and had substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes including the exclusion of certain one-time charges and expenses incurred during the fiscal quarters ended September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020 from the calculation of the financial covenants, reductions in interest rate floors applicable to revolving loans and other changes to borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement. In the first quarter of 2022, we entered into a further amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from February 21, 2022 to February 17, 2023 and has substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes to the reference benchmark interest rates, applicable margins and borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement, having the overall effect of lowering the interest rates payable by the Company on amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement, and a reduction of the commitment fee payable on the average daily unused amount under the Credit Agreement to 0.25% per annum. As of June 30, 2022, the Company was
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in compliance with the requirements in the amended Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2022, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
•We will continue to prioritize investments in our production capacity and flexibility, commercial channels, preparation for new product launches, and new product developments to help patients.
While we began to see positive trends in certain areas of our business in May 2020, we remain mindful of the negative impacts on business trends we experienced in April 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The general impact of COVID-19 on our business has been negative and we are unable to reliably predict the full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business due to numerous uncertainties, including the severity and duration of the pandemic, the global resurgences of cases, particularly as new variants of the virus spread, additional actions that may be taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic, the impact of the pandemic on the business of our customers, distributors and suppliers, other businesses and worldwide economies in general, our ability to have access to our customers to provide training and case support, and other factors identified in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, consolidated results of operations, and financial condition.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
There are a number of factors that have impacted, and we believe will continue to impact, our results of operations and growth. These factors include: 
•The COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken in response thereto, which have negatively affected, and we expect will continue to negatively affect, our revenues and results of operations. Due to these impacts and measures, we may experience significant and unpredictable fluctuations in demand for certain of our products as hospital customers re-prioritize the treatment of patients and distributors adjust their operations to support the current demand level.
•The rate at which we grow our salesforce and the speed at which newly hired salespeople become fully effective can impact our revenue growth or our costs incurred in anticipation of such growth.
•Our industry is intensely competitive and, in particular, we compete with a number of large, well-capitalized companies. We must continue to successfully compete in light of our competitors’ existing and future products and their resources to successfully market to the specialist physicians and other healthcare providers who use our products.
•We must continue to successfully introduce new products that gain acceptance with specialist physicians and other healthcare providers and successfully transition from existing products to new products, ensuring adequate supply. In addition, as we introduce new products and expand our production capacity, we anticipate additional personnel will be hired and trained to build our inventory of components and finished goods in advance of sales, which may cause quarterly fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition.
•Publications of clinical results by us, our competitors and other third parties can have a significant influence on whether, and the degree to which, our products are used by specialist physicians and other healthcare providers and the procedures and treatments those physicians and other healthcare providers choose to administer for a given condition.
•The specialist physicians who use our interventional products may not perform procedures during certain times of the year, such as those periods when they are at major medical conferences or are away from their practices for other reasons, the timing of which occurs irregularly during the year and from year to year.
•Most of our sales outside of the United States are denominated in the local currency of the country in which we sell our products. As a result, our revenue from international sales can be significantly impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
•The availability and levels of reimbursement within the relevant healthcare payment system for healthcare providers for procedures in which our products are used.
In addition, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience meaningful variability in our quarterly revenue, gross profit and gross margin percentage as a result of a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the impact of COVID-19, the number of available selling days, which can be impacted by holidays; the mix of products sold; the geographic mix of where products are sold; the demand for our products and the products of our competitors; the timing of or failure to
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obtain regulatory approvals or clearances for products; increased competition; the timing of customer orders; inventory write-offs due to obsolescence; costs, benefits and timing of new product introductions; costs, benefits and timing of the acquisition and integration of businesses and product lines we may acquire; the availability and cost of components and raw materials; and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Additionally, certain unique macroeconomic and geopolitical factors, including those as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, may cause instability and volatility in the global financial markets and disruptions within the healthcare industry that may negatively impact our business. We may experience quarters in which we have significant revenue growth sequentially followed by quarters of moderate or no revenue growth. Additionally, we may experience quarters in which operating expenses, in particular research and development expenses, fluctuate depending on the stage and timing of product development.

Components of Results of Operations
Revenue. We sell our interventional products directly to hospitals and other healthcare providers and through distributors for use in procedures performed by specialist physicians to treat patients in two key markets: neuro and vascular disease. We sell our products through purchase orders, and we do not have long term purchase commitments from our customers. Revenue from product sales is recognized either on the date of shipment or the date of receipt by the customer, but is deferred for certain transactions when control has not yet transferred. With respect to products that we consign to hospitals, which primarily consist of coils, we recognize revenue at the time hospitals utilize products in a procedure. Revenue also includes shipping and handling costs that we charge to customers.
Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of the cost of raw materials and components, personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, inbound freight charges, receiving costs, inspection and testing costs, warehousing costs, royalty expense, shipping and handling costs, and other labor and overhead costs incurred in the manufacturing of products. In addition, we record write-downs or write-offs of inventory in the event that a portion of our inventory becomes excess or obsolete.
We manufacture substantially all of our products in our manufacturing facilities in Alameda and Roseville, California.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development (“R&D”). R&D expenses primarily consist of product development, clinical and regulatory expenses, materials, depreciation and other costs associated with the development of our products. R&D expenses also include salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel and consultants. We generally expense R&D costs as they are incurred, with the exception of certain costs incurred for the development of computer software for internal use related to our REAL Immersive System offerings. We capitalize certain costs when it is determined that it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended, and the preliminary project stage is completed. Capitalized internal use software development costs are included in property and equipment, net within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Sales, General and Administrative (“SG&A”). SG&A expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel and consultants engaged in sales, marketing, finance, legal, compliance, administrative, facilities, information technology and human resource activities. Our SG&A expenses also include marketing trials, medical education, training, commissions, generally based on sales, to direct sales representatives, amortization of acquired intangible assets and acquisition-related costs.
(Benefit from) Provision For Income Taxes
We are taxed at the rates applicable within each jurisdiction in which we operate. The composite income tax rate, tax provisions, deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) and deferred tax liabilities will vary according to the jurisdiction in which profits arise. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by management and the respective governmental taxing authorities, and require us to exercise judgment in determining our income tax provision, our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities and the potential valuation allowance recorded against our net DTAs. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized. A valuation allowance is established when it is more likely than not that the future realization of all or some of the DTAs will not be achieved.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the components of our condensed consolidated statements of operations in dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented:
																																																
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,	
 	2022		2021		2022		2021	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)		(in thousands, except for percentages)	
Revenue	$	208,344 			100.0 	%		$	184,258 			100.0 	%		$	412,239 			100.0 	%		$	353,462 			100.0 	%	
Cost of revenue	74,309 			35.7 			65,572 			35.6 			150,786 			36.6 			123,439 			34.9 		
Gross profit	134,035 			64.3 			118,686 			64.4 			261,453 			63.4 			230,023 			65.1 		
Operating expenses:																
Research and development	19,559 			9.4 			17,738 			9.6 			40,123 			9.7 			35,814 			10.1 		
Sales, general and administrative	114,615 			55.0 			90,636 			49.2 			225,515 			54.7 			170,434 			48.2 		
	
Total operating expenses	134,174 			64.4 			108,374 			58.8 			265,638 			64.4 			206,248 			58.4 		
(Loss) income from operations	(139)			(0.1)			10,312 			5.6 			(4,185)			(1.0)			23,775 			6.7 		
Interest (expense) income, net	(72)			0.0 			299 			0.2 			(119)			— 			779 			0.2 		
Other expense, net	(956)			(0.5)			(408)			(0.2)			(1,967)			(0.5)			(1,884)			(0.5)		
(Loss) income before income taxes	(1,167)			(0.6)			10,203 			5.5 			(6,271)			(1.5)			22,670 			6.4 		
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	2,520 			1.2 			1,904 			1.0 			(2,663)			(0.6)			3,445 			1.0 		

Consolidated net (loss) income	$	(3,687)			(1.8)	%		$	8,299 			4.5 	%		$	(3,608)			(0.9)	%		$	19,225 			5.4 	%	
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	— 			— 			(932)			(0.5)			— 			— 			(1,842)			(0.5)		
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.	$	(3,687)			(1.8)	%		$	9,231 			5.0 	%		$	(3,608)			(0.9)	%		$	21,067 			6.0 	%	

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Revenue
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
Vascular	$	123,543 			$	100,684 			$	22,859 			22.7 	%	
Neuro	84,801 			83,574 			1,227 			1.5 	%	
Total	$	208,344 			$	184,258 			$	24,086 			13.1 	%	
Revenue increased $24.1 million, or 13.1%, to $208.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $184.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. Overall revenue growth is primarily due to an increase in sales of new and existing products within our vascular and neuro businesses.
Revenue from our vascular products increased $22.9 million, or 22.7%, to $123.5 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $100.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. This increase was primarily attributable to increased revenue in China and the United States, sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products. The increase in product sales was driven by sales of our vascular thrombectomy products and peripheral embolization products, which globally increased by 30.3% and 11.8%, respectively in the three months ended June 30, 2022. Prices for our vascular products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue from our neuro products increased $1.2 million, or 1.5%, to $84.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $83.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. This increase in revenue was primarily attributable to sales of new products. The increase in sales of new products was driven by an increase in sales of our neuro access products, which globally increased by 14.1%, partially offset by a decrease in sales of our neuro embolization products and neuro thrombectomy products, which decreased by 22.9% and 0.6%, respectively in the three months ended June 30, 2022. Prices for our neuro products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
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Revenue by Geographic Area
The following table presents revenue by geographic area, based on our customers’ shipping destinations, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

 		Three Months Ended June 30,		Change	
		2022		2021		$		%	
 		(in thousands, except for percentages)	
United States		$	141,456 			67.9 	%		$	128,402 			69.7 	%		$	13,054 			10.2 	%	
	
International		66,888 			32.1 	%		55,856 			30.3 	%		11,032 			19.8 	%	
Total		$	208,344 			100.0 	%		$	184,258 			100.0 	%		$	24,086 			13.1 	%	
Revenue from product sales in international markets increased $11.0 million, or 19.8%, to $66.9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $55.9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. Revenue from international sales represented 32.1% and 30.3% of our total revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Gross Margin
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
Cost of revenue	$	74,309 			$	65,572 			$	8,737 			13.3 	%	
Gross profit	$	134,035 			$	118,686 			$	15,349 			12.9 	%	
Gross margin %	64.3 	%		64.4 	%					
Gross margin remained relatively flat, decreasing by 0.1 percentage points to 64.3% in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from 64.4% in the three months ended June 30, 2021. Gross margin is impacted by our ability to scale production capacity to support our expanding portfolio of products, which enabled us to navigate through some macroeconomic factors such as labor shortage, inflation and supply chain headwinds in the three months ended June 30, 2022, as well as our continued investments in COVID-19 related safety measures. We may see continued productivity improvements to offset higher inflation and supply chain pressures resulting in expansion of our gross margin in the future.
Research and Development (“R&D”)
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
R&D	$	19,559 			$	17,738 			$	1,821 			10.3 	%	
R&D as a percentage of revenue	9.4 	%		9.6 	%					
R&D expenses increased by $1.8 million, or 10.3%, to $19.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $17.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $3.8 million increase in personnel-related expenses driven by an increase in headcount and a $0.6 million increase in infrastructure costs to support our growth, partially offset by a $2.6 million decrease in product development and testing costs.
We have continued to make investments, and plan to continue to make investments, in the development of our products. As part of our ongoing investment in the development of our products, we are anticipating future payments related to research and development milestones. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of clinical trials and product development, which may include additional personnel-related expenses in conjunction with the launch of new products.
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Sales, General and Administrative (“SG&A”)
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
SG&A	$	114,615 			$	90,636 			$	23,979 			26.5 	%	
SG&A as a percentage of revenue	55.0 	%		49.2 	%					
SG&A expenses increased by $24.0 million, or 26.5%, to $114.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $90.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $8.7 million increase in personnel-related expenses driven by an increase in headcount and related expenses to support our growth, a $4.6 million increase in infrastructure costs, a $3.1 million increase in travel and other in-person related expenses, a $2.5 million increase in information technology expenses and other professional services primarily associated with our Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system implementation, a $2.5 million increase in costs related to marketing events, and a $1.8 million amortization expense of finite lived intangible assets acquired in connection with the Sixense acquisition.
As we continue to invest in our growth, we have expanded and may continue to expand our sales, marketing, and general and administrative teams through the hiring of additional employees in critical roles that support our strategic initiatives. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of investments in infrastructure to support the business.
Provision for Income Taxes
																								
 	Three Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
Provision for income taxes	$	2,520 			$	1,904 			$	616 			32.4 	%	
Effective tax rate	(215.9)	%		18.7 	%					
Our provision for income taxes was $2.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, which was primarily due to tax deficiencies (shortfalls) expenses from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction as a result of stock price fluctuation, offset by tax benefits attributable to our worldwide losses. Our provision for income taxes was $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, which was primarily due to tax expenses attributable to our worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. The effective tax rate was (215.9)% for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to 18.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Our change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax expenses over relatively small worldwide losses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, when compared to small tax expenses over relatively large worldwide profits for the three months ended June 30, 2021.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Revenue
																								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
Vascular	$	246,352 			$	189,849 			$	56,503 			29.8 	%	
Neuro	165,887 			163,613 			2,274 			1.4 	%	
Total	$	412,239 			$	353,462 			$	58,777 			16.6 	%	
Revenue increased $58.8 million, or 16.6%, to $412.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $353.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. Overall revenue growth is primarily due to an increase in sales of new and existing products within our vascular and neuro businesses.
Revenue from our vascular products increased $56.5 million, or 29.8%, to $246.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $189.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. This increase was driven by sales of our vascular thrombectomy products and peripheral embolization products, which globally increased by 36.5% and 19.5%, respectively, in the six months ended June 30, 2022. These increases were primarily due to higher sales volume as a result of sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products. Prices for our vascular products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
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Revenue from our neuro products increased $2.3 million, or 1.4%, to $165.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $163.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. This increase in revenue from our neuro products was primarily attributable to increased revenue in China and the United States, sales of new products, and further market penetration of our existing products. This increase was driven by an increase in sales of our neuro access products which globally increased by 7.6%, partially offset by a decrease in sales of our neuro embolization and neuro thrombectomy products of 15.0% and 0.9%, respectively, in the six months ended June 30, 2022. Prices for our neuro products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue by Geographic Area
The following table presents revenue by geographic area, based on our customer’s shipping destination, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:
																																							
 		Six Months Ended June 30,		Change	
		2022		2021		$		%	
 		(in thousands, except for percentages)	
United States		$	285,764 			69.3 	%		$	248,472 			70.3 	%		$	37,292 			15.0 	%	
	
International		126,475 			30.7 	%		104,990 			29.7 	%		21,485 			20.5 	%	
Total		$	412,239 			100.0 	%		$	353,462 			100.0 	%		$	58,777 			16.6 	%	
Revenue from sales in international markets increased $21.5 million, or 20.5%, to $126.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $105.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. Revenue from international sales represented 30.7% and 29.7% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Gross Margin
																								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
Cost of revenue	$	150,786 			$	123,439 			$	27,347 			22.2 	%	
Gross profit	$	261,453 			$	230,023 			$	31,430 			13.7 	%	
Gross margin %	63.4 	%		65.1 	%					
Gross margin decreased 1.7 percentage points to 63.4% in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from 65.1% in the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher labor and logistics costs as a result of manufacturing transfer activities and higher labor absenteeism due to the Omicron variant during the three months ended March 31, 2022. Gross margin is impacted by our ability to scale production capacity to support our expanding portfolio of products as well as our continued investments in COVID-19 related safety measures. We may see continued productivity improvements to offset higher inflation and supply chain pressures resulting in expansion of our gross margin in the future.
Research and Development (“R&D”)
																								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
R&D	$	40,123 			$	35,814 			$	4,309 			12.0 	%	
R&D as a percentage of revenue	9.7 	%		10.1 	%					
R&D expenses increased by $4.3 million, or 12.0%, to $40.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $35.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $8.0 million increase in personnel-related expenses driven by an increase in headcount and a $1.3 million increase in infrastructure costs to support our growth, partially offset by a $5.4 million decrease in product development and testing costs.
We have continued to make investments, and plan to continue to make investments, in the development of our products. As part of our ongoing investment in the development of our products, we are anticipating future payments related to research and development milestones. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of clinical trials and product development, which may include additional personnel-related expenses in conjunction with the launch of new products.
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Sales, General and Administrative (SG&A)
																								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
SG&A	$	225,515 			$	170,434 			$	55,081 			32.3 	%	
SG&A as a percentage of revenue	54.7 	%		48.2 	%					
SG&A expenses increased by $55.1 million, or 32.3%, to $225.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $170.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $23.3 million increase in personnel-related expense driven by an increase in headcount and related expenses to support our growth, a $7.9 million increase in travel and other in-person expenses, a $7.7 million increase in infrastructure costs, a $6.9 million increase in cost related to marketing events, a $4.2 million increase in information technology expenses and other professional services primarily associated with our ERP system implementation, and a $3.5 million amortization expense of finite lived intangible assets acquired in connection with the Sixense acquisition.
As we continue to invest in our growth, we have expanded and may continue to expand our sales, marketing, and general and administrative teams through the hiring of additional employees in critical roles that support our strategic initiatives. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of investments in infrastructure to support the business.
(Benefit from) Provision For Income Taxes
																								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,		Change	
 	2022		2021		$		%	
 	(in thousands, except for percentages)	
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes	$	(2,663)			$	3,445 			$	(6,108)			(177.3)	%	
Effective tax rate	42.5 	%		15.2 	%					
Our benefit from income taxes was $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to our worldwide losses, offset by tax deficiencies (shortfalls) expenses from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction as a result of stock price fluctuation. Our provision for income taxes was $3.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, which was primarily due to tax expenses attributable to our worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. The effective tax rate was 42.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to 15.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2021. Our change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax benefits over relatively small worldwide losses for the six months ended June 30, 2022, when compared to small tax expenses over relatively large worldwide profits for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Prospectively, our effective tax rate will likely be driven by (1) permanent differences in taxable income for tax and financial reporting purposes, (2) tax expense or benefit attributable to our worldwide financial results, and (3) discrete tax adjustments such as excess tax expenses or benefits related to stock-based compensation. Our income tax provision can be volatile as the amount of excess tax expenses or benefits can fluctuate from period to period due to the price of our stock, the volume of share-based grants exercised or vested, and the fair value assigned to equity awards under U.S. GAAP. In addition, changes in tax law or our interpretation thereof, and changes to our valuation allowance could result in fluctuations in our effective tax rate.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of June 30, 2022, we had $572.4 million in working capital, which included $58.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $146.1 million in marketable investments. As of June 30, 2022, we held approximately 26.0% of our cash and cash equivalents in foreign entities.
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In addition to our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment balances, our principal source of liquidity is our accounts receivable. In order to further strengthen our liquidity position and financial flexibility during the COVID-19 pandemic, on April 24, 2020 we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for us to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and was set to mature on April 23, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we entered into an amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from April 23, 2021 to February 21, 2022 and had substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes including the exclusion of certain one-time charges and expenses incurred during the fiscal quarters ended September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020 from the calculation of the financial covenants, reductions in interest rate floors applicable to revolving loans and other changes to borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a further amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from February 21, 2022 to February 17, 2023 and has substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes to the reference benchmark interest rates, applicable margins and borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement, having the overall effect of lowering the interest rates payable by the Company on amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement, and a reduction of the commitment fee payable on the average daily unused amount under the Credit Agreement to 0.25% per annum. See Note “8. Indebtedness” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.
We believe our sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our principal liquidity requirements are to fund our operations, expand manufacturing operations which includes, but is not limited to, maintaining sufficient levels of inventory to meet the anticipated demand of our customers, fund research and development activities and fund our capital expenditures. We may also lease or purchase additional facilities to facilitate our growth. We expect to continue to make investments as we launch new products, expand our manufacturing operations and information technology infrastructures and further expand into international markets. We may, however, require or elect to secure additional financing as we continue to execute our business strategy. If we require or elect to raise additional funds, we may do so through equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, could result in dilution to our stockholders, could result in changes to our capital structure, and could require us to agree to covenants that limit our operating flexibility.
While we have strengthened our liquidity position, we cannot reliably estimate the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our cash flow from operations in the third quarter and beyond.
The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, marketable investments and selected working capital data as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

 	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021	
 	(in thousands)	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	58,234 			$	59,379 		
Marketable investments	146,135 			195,496 		
Accounts receivable, net	187,389 			133,940 		
Accounts payable	23,096 			13,421 		
Accrued liabilities	111,405 			99,796 		
Working capital(1)	572,357 			558,277 		

	
(1)Working capital consists of total current assets less total current liabilities.
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The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our beginning balance of cash and cash equivalents, net cash flows provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities and our ending balance of cash and cash equivalents:

 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
 	2022		2021	
 	(in thousands)	
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	$	59,379 			$	69,670 		
Net cash used in operating activities	(44,089)			(17,678)		
Net cash provided by investing activities	36,371 			29,435 		
Net cash provided by financing activities	6,490 			559 		
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	58,234 			82,277 		
Net Cash Used In Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities consists primarily of consolidated net income adjusted for certain non-cash items (including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, inventory write-downs, and changes in deferred tax balances), and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities.
Net cash used in operating activities was $44.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and consisted of consolidated net loss of $3.6 million and non-cash items of $27.4 million, offset by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $67.9 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in accounts receivable of $54.3 million due to timing of receipt of payment, an increase in inventories of $36.1 million to support our growth, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets of $2.5 million. This was partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities of $15.7 million, an increase in accounts payable of $9.0 million, and proceeds of $0.2 million received related to lease incentives from operating leases.
Net cash used in operating activities was $17.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and consisted of consolidated net income of $19.2 million and non-cash items of $29.1 million, offset by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $66.0 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in inventories of $41.5 million to support our growth, an increase in accounts receivable of $22.9 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets of $5.8 million. This was partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities of $5.0 million.
Net Cash Provided By Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities relates primarily to proceeds from maturities of marketable investments, net of purchases, and capital expenditures.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $36.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and primarily consisted of proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable investments of $45.8 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $9.4 million.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $29.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and primarily consisted of proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable investments, net purchases, of $36.9 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $7.3 million.
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities primarily relates to payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock units, payments towards the reduction of our finance lease obligations, and proceeds from exercises of stock options and issuance of common stock.
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Net cash provided by financing activities was $6.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and primarily consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $8.0 million and proceeds from exercises of stock options of $4.6 million. This was partially offset by $5.1 million of payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock units and $0.9 million in payments towards finance leases.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and primarily consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $7.4 million and proceeds from exercises of stock options of $1.0 million. This was partially offset by $7.0 million of payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and restricted stock units and $0.7 million in payments towards finance leases.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company entered into new leases and modified existing leases for certain properties. See Note “9. Leases” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding our future lease obligations.
There have been no other material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments as of June 30, 2022 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have prepared our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as revenue and expenses recorded during the reporting periods. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could therefore differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies from those described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For information with respect to recently issued accounting standards and the impact of these standards on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note “2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to various market risks, which may result in potential losses arising from adverse changes in market rates, such as interest rates and foreign exchange rates. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes and do not believe we are exposed to material market risk with respect to our cash and cash equivalents and/or our marketable investments.
Interest Rate Risk. We had cash and cash equivalents of $58.2 million as of June 30, 2022, which consisted of funds held in money market funds, commercial paper, and general checking and savings accounts. In addition, we had marketable investments of $146.1 million, which consisted primarily of commercial paper, corporate bonds, U.S. agency and government sponsored securities, and U.S. states and municipalities. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs. Under the policy, we invest in highly rated securities, while limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer other than the U.S. government. We do not invest in financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. We utilize external investment managers who adhere to the guidelines of our investment policy. The revolving loans under our Credit Agreement bear interest at: (1) the adjusted EURIBOR rate, plus an applicable rate, for euro currency revolving borrowing; or (2) an alternate base rate, daily simple SOFR, or adjusted term SOFR rate, as applicable, plus an applicable rate, for revolving borrowing in U.S. dollars. As of June 30, 2022, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material impact on the value of our cash and cash equivalents or marketable investments.
Foreign Exchange Risk Management. We operate in countries other than the United States, and, therefore, we are exposed to foreign currency risks. We bill most sales outside of the United States in local currencies, primarily euro and Japanese yen, with some sales being denominated in other currencies. We expect that the percentage of our sales denominated
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in foreign currencies may increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to expand into international markets. When sales or expenses are not denominated in U.S. dollars, a fluctuation in exchange rates could affect our net income. We do not believe our net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. would be materially impacted by an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates. We do not currently hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; however, we may choose to hedge our exposure in the future.
While our gross margin for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily impacted by higher labor and logistics costs as a result of manufacturing transfer activities and higher labor absenteeism due to the Omicron variant during the three months ended March 31, 2022, changes in prices did not have a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented on our consolidated financial statements.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation as of June 30, 2022 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” which are defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective at June 30, 2022.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, we began a multi-stage implementation of a new Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system, which will replace our existing core financial systems. The ERP system is designed to accurately maintain the Company’s financial records, enhance the flow of financial information, improve data management, and provide timely information to our management team. Accordingly, we continue to rely upon a combination of our existing and new ERP systems for financial statement reporting purposes. Except for the implementation of the new ERP system and related controls, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that occurred during the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected. Accordingly, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system are met and, as set forth above, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system were met.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
For information with respect to Legal Proceedings, see Note “10. Commitments and Contingencies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
There have been no material changes to our risk factors reported in, or new factors identified since the filing of, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed with the SEC on February 22, 2022.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.
None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.
None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS. 
																																	
Exhibit Number		Description		Form		File No.		Exhibit(s)		Filing Date	

31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.									
31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.									
32.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.									
101*		The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) includes: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.									
104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as iXBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101).									
* Filed herewith.    
** Furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

 		PENUMBRA, INC.	
Date: August 4, 2022		 	
 	By:	/s/ Maggie Yuen	
 		Maggie Yuen	
 		Chief Financial Officer	
		(Principal Financial Officer)	

39

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Adam Elsesser, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Penumbra, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 4, 2022

/s/ Adam Elsesser	
Adam Elsesser	
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President	

Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Maggie Yuen, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Penumbra, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 4, 2022

/s/ Maggie Yuen	
Maggie Yuen	
   Chief Financial Officer	

Exhibit 32.1
PENUMBRA, INC.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Penumbra, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), Adam Elsesser, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company, and Maggie Yuen, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, do each hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
•The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
•The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company at the dates and for the periods presented.

 Date: August 4, 2022
			
/s/ Adam Elsesser	
Adam Elsesser	
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President	
	
/s/ Maggie Yuen	
Maggie Yuen	
   Chief Financial Officer