Table of Contents

	

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549

	

FORM 10-Q

	
 	
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED June 30, 2016
OR
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from         to
Commission File Number: 000-51280

	

MORNINGSTAR, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) 

	
			
Illinois	 	36-3297908	
(State or Other Jurisdiction of	 	(I.R.S. Employer	
Incorporation or Organization)	 	Identification Number)	
 	 	 	
22 West Washington Street	 	 	
Chicago, Illinois	 	60602	
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	 	(Zip Code)	
   (312) 696-6000
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

				
Large accelerated filer    x	Accelerated filer   o	Non-accelerated filer    o	Smaller reporting company   o	
 	 	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	 	
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of July 22, 2016, there were 43,059,012 shares of the Company’s common stock, no par value, outstanding.

	

Table of Contents

MORNINGSTAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX

	
					
PART 1	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 1.	Financial Statements	3	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015	4	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015	5	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015	6	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2016	7	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015	8	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	32	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33	

PART 2	OTHER INFORMATION	34	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	34	
 	 	 	 	
 	Item 6.	Exhibits	34	
 	 	 	 	
SIGNATURE	 	35	
 	 	 	 	 	
EXHIBIT INDEX	 	 	36	

2

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PART 1.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	
		
Item 1.	Financial Statements	

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions except per share amounts)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	198.2		 	$	202.1		 	$	390.3		 	$	391.9		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expense:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of revenue	 	86.1		 	83.2		 	171.4		 	161.8		
Sales and marketing	 	25.7		 	25.1		 	48.0		 	50.5		
General and administrative	 	24.7		 	27.8		 	50.3		 	53.9		
Depreciation and amortization	 	17.3		 	16.3		 	33.9		 	31.4		
Total operating expense	 	153.8		 	152.4		 	303.6		 	297.6		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income	 	44.4		 	49.7		 	86.7		 	94.3		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Non-operating income (expense):	 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	
Interest income, net	 	0.1		 	0.1		 	0.3		 	0.3		
Gain on sale of investments, reclassified from other comprehensive income	 	0.3		 	0.5		 	0.2		 	0.4		
Other income (expense), net	 	2.6		 	—		 	3.0		 	(0.4	)	
Non-operating income, net	 	3.0		 	0.6		 	3.5		 	0.3		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities	 	47.4		 	50.3		 	90.2		 	94.6		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities	 	(0.2	)	 	0.6		 	0.3		 	1.0		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income tax expense	 	15.4		 	18.7		 	30.0		 	33.6		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Consolidated net income	 	31.8		 	32.2		 	60.5		 	62.0		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(0.2	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income attributable to Morningstar, Inc.	 	$	31.8		 	$	32.2		 	$	60.5		 	$	61.8		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.:	 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	$	0.74		 	$	0.73		 	$	1.41		 	$	1.39		
Diluted	 	$	0.73		 	$	0.72		 	$	1.40		 	$	1.39		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends declared per common share	 	$	0.22		 	$	0.19		 	$	0.44		 	$	0.38		
Dividends paid per common share	 	$	0.22		 	$	0.19		 	$	0.44		 	$	0.38		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	43.0		 	44.3		 	43.0		 	44.3		
Diluted	 	43.3		 	44.4		 	43.3		 	44.4		

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions) 	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Consolidated net income	 	$	31.8		 	$	32.2		 	$	60.5		 	$	62.0		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment	 	(12.6	)	 	8.8		 	(8.1	)	 	(11.0	)	
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period	 	—		 	(0.6	)	 	0.5		 	(0.5	)	
  Reclassification (gains) losses included in net income	 	(0.3	)	 	0.3		 	(0.2	)	 	0.3		
Other comprehensive income (loss)	 	(12.9	)	 	8.5		 	(7.8	)	 	(11.2	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Comprehensive income	 	18.9		 	40.7		 	52.7		 	50.8		
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(0.2	)	
Comprehensive income attributable to Morningstar, Inc.	 	$	18.9		 	$	40.7		 	$	52.7		 	$	50.6		

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

									
 	 	As of June 30	 	As of December 31	
(in millions except share amounts)	 	2016		 	2015		
Assets	 	 		 	 		
Current assets:	 	 		 	 		
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	202.4		 	$	207.1		
Investments	 	43.8		 	41.5		
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $1.7 and $1.8, respectively	 	137.3		 	139.3		
Other current assets	 	25.5		 	22.0		
Total current assets	 	409.0		 	409.9		
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, less accumulated depreciation and amortization of $191.0 and $169.8, respectively	 	141.3		 	134.5		
Investments in unconsolidated entities	 	50.6		 	35.6		
Goodwill	 	371.5		 	364.2		
Intangible assets, net	 	70.0		 	74.2		
Other assets	 	9.6		 	10.6		
Total assets	 	$	1,052.0		 	$	1,029.0		
 	 	 	 	 	
Liabilities and equity	 	 		 	 		
Current liabilities:	 	 		 	 		
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	 	$	40.1		 	$	39.2		
Accrued compensation	 	50.4		 	80.9		
Deferred revenue	 	154.9		 	140.7		
Short-term debt	 	75.0		 	35.0		
Other current liabilities	 	8.2		 	8.6		
Total current liabilities	 	328.6		 	304.4		
Accrued compensation	 	9.9		 	8.9		
Deferred tax liability, net	 	19.9		 	19.8		
Deferred rent	 	23.9		 	25.4		
Other long-term liabilities	 	30.3		 	29.9		
Total liabilities	 	412.6		 	388.4		
 	 	 	 	 	
Equity:	 	 		 	 		
Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity:	 	 		 	 		
Common stock, no par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, of which 43,059,012 and 43,403,076 shares were outstanding as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively	 	—		 	—		
Treasury stock at cost, 9,961,108 and 9,478,449 shares as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively	 	(657.3	)	 	(619.8	)	
Additional paid-in capital	 	578.0		 	575.5		
Retained earnings	 	780.8		 	739.2		
Accumulated other comprehensive loss:	 	 	 	 	
    Currency translation adjustment	 	(61.6	)	 	(53.5	)	
    Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments	 	(0.8	)	 	(1.1	)	
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	 	(62.4	)	 	(54.6	)	
Total Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity	 	639.1		 	640.3		
Noncontrolling interest	 	0.3		 	0.3		
Total equity	 	639.4		 	640.6		
Total liabilities and equity	 	$	1,052.0		 	$	1,029.0		

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity
For the six months ended June 30, 2016

	
																																
 	 	Morningstar, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss		 	 	 	 	
 	 	Common Stock	 	 		 	Additional
Paid-in
Capital		 	 	 			 	Non-
Controlling
Interest		 	 	
(in millions, except share amounts)	 	Shares
Outstanding		 	Par
Value		 	Treasury
Stock		 			 	Retained
Earnings		 			 			 	Total
Equity		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance as of December 31, 2015	 	43,403,076		 	$	—		 	$	(619.8	)	 	$	575.5		 	$	739.2		 	$	(54.6	)	 	$	0.3		 	$	640.6		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	60.5		 	—		 	—		 	60.5		
Other comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of income tax of $0.3	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	0.5		 	—		 	0.5		
Reclassification of adjustments for gains included in net income	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(0.2	)	 	—		 	(0.2	)	
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(8.1	)	 	—		 	(8.1	)	
Other comprehensive loss, net	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(7.8	)	 	—		 	(7.8	)	
Issuance of common stock related to option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of restricted stock units	 	153,721		 	—		 	1.3		 	(5.3	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(4.0	)	
Stock-based compensation	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	7.8		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	7.8		
Common shares repurchased	 	(497,785	)	 	—		 	(38.8	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(38.8	)	
Dividends declared	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(18.9	)	 	—		 	—		 	(18.9	)	
Balance as of June 30, 2016	 	43,059,012		 	$	—		 	$	(657.3	)	 	$	578.0		 	$	780.8		 	$	(62.4	)	 	$	0.3		 	$	639.4		
 
See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

									
 	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		
 	 	 	 	 	
Operating activities	 	 		 	 		
Consolidated net income	 	$	60.5		 	$	62.0		
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash flows from operating activities:	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	33.9		 	31.4		
Deferred income taxes	 	(0.2	)	 	1.3		
Stock-based compensation expense	 	7.8		 	8.9		
Provision for bad debt	 	0.2		 	0.4		
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities	 	(0.3	)	 	(1.0	)	
Other, net	 	(3.2	)	 	—		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:	 			 			
Accounts receivable	 	1.0		 	(8.8	)	
Other assets	 	(4.0	)	 	—		
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	 	1.6		 	2.0		
Accrued compensation	 	(28.3	)	 	(18.1	)	
Income taxes—current	 	(0.2	)	 	15.7		
Deferred revenue	 	13.6		 	19.1		
Deferred rent	 	(1.4	)	 	0.1		
Other liabilities	 	1.8		 	—		
Cash provided by operating activities	 	82.8		 	113.0		
 	 	 	 	 	
Investing activities	 	 		 	 		
Purchases of investments	 	(18.0	)	 	(14.0	)	
Proceeds from maturities and sales of investments	 	15.6		 	20.5		
Capital expenditures	 	(29.4	)	 	(27.6	)	
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	 	(15.8	)	 	—		
Purchases of equity- and cost-method investments	 	(16.4	)	 	—		
Other, net	 	0.1		 	(5.1	)	
Cash used for investing activities	 	(63.9	)	 	(26.2	)	
 	 	 	 	 	
Financing activities	 	 		 	 		
Common shares repurchased	 	(38.8	)	 	(27.7	)	
Dividends paid	 	(19.0	)	 	(16.9	)	
Proceeds from short-term debt	 	40.0		 	15.0		
Repayment of short-term debt	 	—		 	(10.0	)	
Proceeds from stock-option exercises	 	0.4		 	3.2		
Employee taxes paid from withholding of restricted stock units	 	(4.4	)	 	(4.9	)	
Other, net	 	—		 	0.1		
Cash used for financing activities	 	(21.8	)	 	(41.2	)	
 	 	 	 	 	
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	 	(1.8	)	 	(5.2	)	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	 	(4.7	)	 	40.4		
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period	 	207.1		 	185.2		
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period	 	$	202.4		 	$	225.6		
 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:	 	 		 	 		
Cash paid for income taxes	 	$	30.5		 	$	14.5		
Cash paid for interest	 	$	0.5		 	$	0.3		
Supplemental information of non-cash investing and financing activities:	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments	 	$	0.4		 	$	0.3		
Software and equipment obtained under long-term financing arrangement	 	$	3.4		 	$	1.3		
 
See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MORNINGSTAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
1 . Basis of Presentation of Interim Financial Information
 
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries (Morningstar, we, our, the company) have been prepared to conform to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In the opinion of management, the statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations, equity, and cash flows. These financial statements and notes are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 , filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016 .

The acronyms that appear in the Notes to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements refer to the following:
 
ASC: Accounting Standards Codification
ASU: Accounting Standards Update
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
 
2 . Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

We discuss our significant accounting policies in Note 2 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 , filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016 .

On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The original effective date for ASU 2014-09 would have required the Company to adopt beginning on January 1, 2017. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Deferral of the Effective Date , which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for one year and permits early adoption as early as the original effective date of ASU 2014-09. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We have not yet selected a transition method nor have we determined the effect of the standard on our ongoing financial reporting.

On March 17, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) , which provides guidance on assessing whether an entity is a principal or an agent in a revenue transaction and whether an entity reports revenue on a gross or net basis. On April 14, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing , which provides guidance on identifying performance obligations and accounting for licenses of intellectual property. On May 6, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-11, Revenue Recognition and Derivatives and Hedging - Rescission of SEC guidance because of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2014-16 pursuant to staff announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting , which rescinds the following SEC Staff Observer comments from ASC 605, Revenue Recognition , upon an entity's early adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Revenue and expense recognition for freight services in process, accounting for shipping and handling fees and costs, and accounting for consideration given by a vendor to a customer (including reseller of the vendor's products). On May 9, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients , which makes narrow-scope amendments to ASU No. 2014-09 and provides practical expedients to simplify the transition to the new standard and clarify certain aspects of the standard.

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The effective date and transition requirements for ASU No. 2016-08, ASU No. 2016-10, ASU No. 2016-11, and ASU No. 2016-12 are the same as the effective date and transition requirements of ASU No. 2014-09. We are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2016-08, ASU No. 2016-10, ASU No. 2016-11, and ASU No. 2016-12 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases , which will require lessees to recognize almost all leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2019. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition, and provides for certain practical expedients. Transition will require application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. We are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On March 15, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting , which eliminates the requirement to apply the equity method of accounting retrospectively when a reporting entity obtains significant influence over a previously held investment. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard should be applied prospectively for investments that qualify for the equity method of accounting after the effective date. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2016-07 in the quarter ended March 31, 2016. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-07 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

On March 30, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting , which includes amendments to accounting for income taxes at settlement, forfeitures, and net settlements to cover withholding taxes. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted but requires all elements of the amendments to be adopted at once rather than individually. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2016-09 in the quarter ended June 30, 2016, which requires us to reflect any adjustments as of January 1, 2016, the beginning of the annual period that includes the interim period of adoption. The primary impact of adoption was the recognition of excess tax benefits in our provision for income taxes rather than paid in capital for all periods in fiscal year 2016. Additional amendments to the accounting for income taxes and minimum statutory withholding tax requirements had no impact to retained earnings as of January 1, 2016, where the cumulative effective of these changes are required to be recorded. We have elected to continue to estimate forfeiture expected to occur to determine the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each period.

We elected to apply the presentation requirements for cash flows related to excess tax benefits retrospectively to all periods presented which resulted in an increase to both net cash provided by operating activities and net cash used for financing activities of $1.0 million and $2.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, respectively. The presentation requirements for cash flows related to employee taxes paid for withheld shares had no impact to any of the periods presented in our consolidated cash flow statements because such cash flows have historically been presented as a financing activity.

Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recognition of excess tax benefits in our provision for income taxes rather than paid in capital of $0.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. The adoption did not have a material effect on our previously reported results for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 as most of our stock options and restricted stock units vest in the second quarter.

3 . Credit Arrangements

In March 2016, we increased our single-bank revolving credit facility from $75.0 million to $100.0 million . We had an outstanding principal balance of $75.0 million at an interest rate of LIBOR plus 100 basis points as of June 30, 2016 , leaving borrowing availability of $25.0 million .

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4 . Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets

Acquisitions

On March 31, 2016, we acquired RequiSight, LLC, which does business as RightPond, a provider of business
intelligence data and analytics on defined contribution and defined benefit plans for financial services firms. We
began consolidating the financial results of RightPond in our Consolidated Financial Statements on March 31, 2016.

On May 31, 2016, we acquired InvestSoft Technology, Inc. (InvestSoft), a provider of fixed-income analytics. We began consolidating the financial results of InvestSoft in our Consolidated Financial Statements on May 31, 2016.

Goodwill
 
The following table shows the changes in our goodwill balances from December 31, 2015 to June 30, 2016 :

	
					
 	 	(in millions)		
Balance as of December 31, 2015	 	$	364.2		
Acquisitions and foreign currency translation	 	7.3		
Balance as of June 30, 2016	 	$	371.5		

We did not record any impairment losses in the first six months of 2016 or 2015 . We perform our annual impairment reviews in the fourth quarter.

Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes our intangible assets: 

																													
 	 	As of June 30, 2016	 	As of December 31, 2015	
(in millions)	 	Gross		 	Accumulated
Amortization		 	Net		 	Weighted
Average
Useful  Life
(years)	 	Gross		 	Accumulated
Amortization		 	Net		 	Weighted
Average
Useful  Life
(years)	
Intellectual property	 	$	28.4		 	$	(27.4	)	 	$	1.0		 	9	 	$	28.3		 	$	(26.7	)	 	$	1.6		 	9	
Customer-related assets	 	137.8		 	(95.9	)	 	41.9		 	12	 	137.5		 	(92.3	)	 	45.2		 	12	
Supplier relationships	 	0.2		 	(0.1	)	 	0.1		 	20	 	0.2		 	(0.1	)	 	0.1		 	20	
Technology-based assets	 	92.8		 	(67.8	)	 	25.0		 	8	 	89.5		 	(64.4	)	 	25.1		 	8	
Non-competition agreements	 	4.8		 	(2.8	)	 	2.0		 	5	 	4.6		 	(2.4	)	 	2.2		 	5	
Total intangible assets	 	$	264.0		 	$	(194.0	)	 	$	70.0		 	10	 	$	260.1		 	$	(185.9	)	 	$	74.2		 	10	
 
The following table summarizes our amortization expense related to intangible assets: 

																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Amortization expense	 	$	4.7		 	$	5.4		 	$	9.8		 	$	10.9		
 
We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their expected economic useful lives.

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We expect intangible amortization expense for the remainder of 2016 and subsequent years as follows:

					
 	 	(in millions)		
Remainder of 2016 (from July 1 through December 31)	 	$	8.6		
2017	 	13.8		
2018	 	11.7		
2019	 	9.2		
2020	 	5.6		
Thereafter	 	21.1		
 
Our estimates of future amortization expense for intangible assets may be affected by acquisitions, divestitures, changes in the estimated average useful life, and foreign currency translation.

5 . Income Per Share  

The following table shows how we reconcile our net income and the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted net income per share:

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions, except per share amounts)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.:	 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	
Net income attributable to Morningstar, Inc.	 	$	31.8		 	$	32.2		 	$	60.5		 	$	61.8		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding	 	43.0		 	44.3		 	43.0		 	44.3		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.	 	$	0.74		 	$	0.73		 	$	1.41		 	$	1.39		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Diluted net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income attributable to Morningstar, Inc.	 	$	31.8		 	$	32.2		 	$	60.5		 	$	61.8		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding	 	43.0		 	44.3		 	43.0		 	44.3		
Net effect of dilutive stock options, restricted stock units, and performance share awards	 	0.3		 	0.1		 	0.3		 	0.1		
Weighted average common shares outstanding for computing diluted income per share	 	43.3		 	44.4		 	43.3		 	44.4		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Diluted net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.	 	$	0.73		 	$	0.72		 	$	1.40		 	$	1.39		

The following table shows the number of weighted average restricted stock units and performance share awards excluded from our calculation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

	
													
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in thousands)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Weighted average restricted stock units	 	2		 	43		 	10		 	42		
Weighted average performance share awards	 	—		 	15		 	—		 	6		
Total	 	2		 	58		 	10		 	48		

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6 . Segment and Geographical Area Information
 
Segment Information

We report our results in a single reportable segment, which reflects how our chief operating decision maker allocates resources and evaluates our financial results.

Because we have one reportable segment, all required financial segment information can be found directly in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

The accounting policies for our single reportable segment are the same as those described in “Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 . We evaluate the performance of our reporting segment based on revenue and operating income.

Geographical Area Information

The tables below summarize our revenue and long-lived assets by geographical area:

	
																	
External revenue by geographical area	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
United States	 	$	145.3		 	$	151.2		 	$	287.1		 	$	292.1		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United Kingdom	 	15.3		 	16.0		 	30.6		 	30.8		
Continental Europe	 	15.8		 	14.4		 	31.3		 	28.7		
Australia	 	8.9		 	8.0		 	15.8		 	15.7		
Canada	 	6.9		 	7.1		 	13.5		 	14.0		
Asia	 	5.0		 	4.4		 	10.1		 	8.8		
Other	 	1.0		 	1.0		 	1.9		 	1.8		
Total International	 	52.9		 	50.9		 	103.2		 	99.8		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Consolidated revenue	 	$	198.2		 	$	202.1		 	$	390.3		 	$	391.9		

	
									
Long-lived assets by geographical area	 	 	 	 	
 	 	As of June 30	 	As of December 31	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		
United States	 	$	126.3		 	$	116.9		
 	 	 	 	 	
United Kingdom	 	7.2		 	8.6		
Continental Europe	 	2.2		 	2.2		
Australia	 	0.8		 	0.9		
Canada	 	0.6		 	0.7		
Asia	 	4.1		 	5.2		
Other	 	0.1		 	—		
Total International	 	15.0		 	17.6		
 	 	 	 	 	
Consolidated property, equipment, and capitalized software, net	 	$	141.3		 	$	134.5		

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7 . Investments and Fair Value Measurements

We classify our investments into three categories: available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, and trading securities. Our investment portfolio consists of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. We classify our investment portfolio as shown below:

	
									
 	 	As of June 30	 	As of December 31	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		
Available-for-sale	 	$	26.6		 	$	17.3		
Held-to-maturity	 	15.8		 	15.3		
Trading securities	 	1.4		 	8.9		
Total	 	$	43.8		 	$	41.5		

The following table shows the cost, unrealized gains (losses), and fair value of investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity:

	
																																	
 	 	As of June 30, 2016	 	As of December 31, 2015	
(in millions)	 	Cost		 	Unrealized
Gain		 	Unrealized
Loss		 	Fair
Value		 	Cost		 	Unrealized
Gain		 	Unrealized
Loss		 	Fair
Value		
Available-for-sale:	 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		
Equity securities and exchange-traded funds	 	$	25.8		 	$	1.1		 	$	(2.0	)	 	$	24.9		 	$	17.4		 	$	0.3		 	$	(1.6	)	 	$	16.1		
Mutual funds	 	1.7		 	—		 	—		 	1.7		 	1.3		 	—		 	(0.1	)	 	1.2		
Total	 	$	27.5		 	$	1.1		 	$	(2.0	)	 	$	26.6		 	$	18.7		 	$	0.3		 	$	(1.7	)	 	$	17.3		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Held-to-maturity:	 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		
Certificates of deposit	 	$	14.0		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	14.0		 	$	15.3		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	15.3		
Convertible note	 	1.8		 	—		 	—		 	1.8		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Total	 	$	15.8		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	15.8		 	$	15.3		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	15.3		
 
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , investments with unrealized losses for greater than a 12-month period were not material to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and were not deemed to have other than temporary declines in value.

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The table below shows the cost and fair value of investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity based on their contractual maturities as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 .

	
																	
 	 	As of June 30, 2016	 	As of December 31, 2015	
(in millions)	 	Cost		 	Fair Value		 	Cost		 	Fair Value		
Available-for-sale:	 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		
Equity securities, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds	 	$	27.5		 	$	26.6		 	$	18.7		 	$	17.3		
    Total	 	$	27.5		 	$	26.6		 	$	18.7		 	$	17.3		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Held-to-maturity:	 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		
Due in one year or less	 	$	14.0		 	$	14.0		 	$	15.3		 	$	15.3		
Due in one to three years	 	1.8		 	1.8		 	—		 	—		
Total	 	$	15.8		 	15.8		 	$	15.3		 	$	15.3		
 
The following table shows the realized gains and losses arising from sales of our investments classified as available-for-sale recorded in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income: 

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Realized gains	 	$	0.6		 	$	0.7		 	$	1.1		 	$	0.9		
Realized losses	 	(0.3	)	 	(0.2	)	 	(0.9	)	 	(0.5	)	
Realized gains, net	 	$	0.3		 	$	0.5		 	$	0.2		 	$	0.4		
 
We determine realized gains and losses using the specific identification method.

The following table shows the net unrealized gains (losses) on trading securities as recorded in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income:

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Unrealized gains (losses), net	 	$	0.1		 	$	(0.2	)	 	$	0.1		 	$	(0.3	)	

The table below shows the fair value of our assets subject to fair value measurements that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	
																	
 	 	Fair Value	 	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2016	
 	 	as of	 	Using Fair Value Hierarchy	
(in millions)	 	June 30, 2016	 	Level 1		 	Level 2		 	Level 3		
Available-for-sale investments:	 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		
Equity securities and exchange-traded funds	 	$	24.9		 	$	24.9		 	$	—		 	$	—		
Mutual funds	 	1.7		 	1.7		 	—		 	—		
Trading securities	 	1.4		 	1.4		 	—		 	—		
Cash equivalents	 	0.3		 	0.3		 	—		 	—		
Total	 	$	28.3		 	$	28.3		 	$	—		 	$	—		

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 	 	Fair Value	 	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2015	
 	 	as of	 	Using Fair Value Hierarchy	
(in millions)	 	December 31, 2015	 	Level 1		 	Level 2		 	Level 3		
Available-for-sale investments:	 	 		 	 		 	 		 	 		
Equity securities and exchange-traded funds	 	$	16.1		 	$	16.1		 	$	—		 	$	—		
Mutual funds	 	1.2		 	1.2		 	—		 	—		
Trading securities	 	8.9		 	8.9		 	—		 	—		
Cash equivalents	 	0.2		 	0.2		 	—		 	—		
Total	 	$	26.4		 	$	26.4		 	$	—		 	$	—		

Level 1:	Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.	
		
Level 2:	Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.	
		
Level 3:	Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.	

We measure the fair value of money market funds, mutual funds, equity securities, and exchange-traded funds based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. We did not hold any securities categorized as Level 2 or Level 3 as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 .

8 . Stock-Based Compensation
 
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
 
All of our employees and our non-employee directors are eligible for awards under the Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2011 Plan), which provides for a variety of stock-based awards, including stock options, performance share awards, restricted stock units, and restricted stock.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense included in each of our operating expense categories:

																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Cost of revenue	 	$	2.0		 	$	2.1		 	$	4.0		 	$	4.1		
Sales and marketing	 	0.5		 	0.6		 	1.0		 	1.1		
General and administrative	 	1.3		 	1.9		 	2.8		 	3.7		
Total stock-based compensation expense	 	$	3.8		 	$	4.6		 	$	7.8		 	$	8.9		

As of June 30, 2016 , the total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to outstanding restricted stock units and performance share awards expected to vest was $33.5 million , which we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of 33 months.

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9 . Income Taxes

Effective Tax Rate

The following table shows our effective tax rate for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015 :

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities	 	$	47.4		 	$	50.3		 	$	90.2		 	$	94.6		
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities	 	(0.2	)	 	0.6		 	0.3		 	1.0		
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(0.2	)	
Total	 	$	47.2		 	$	50.9		 	$	90.5		 	$	95.4		
Income tax expense	 	$	15.4		 	$	18.7		 	$	30.0		 	$	33.6		
Effective tax rate	 	32.7	%	 	36.7	%	 	33.2	%	 	35.2	%	
 
Our effective tax rate in the second quarter and for the first six months of 2016 was 32.7% and 33.2% , a respective decrease of 4.0 and 2.0 percentage points compared with the same periods a year ago. During the second quarter of 2016, we adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting . Adoption of the new standard resulted in recognition of excess tax benefits in our provision for income taxes rather than paid in capital, thus decreasing our income tax expense in 2016. Also, the prior period tax expense in 2015 was higher because of changes in enacted tax rates that increased our tax expense attributable to deferred tax liabilities.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The table below provides information concerning our gross unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , as well as the effect these gross unrecognized tax benefits would have on our income tax expense, if they were recognized.

									
 	 	As of June 30	 	As of December 31	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		
Gross unrecognized tax benefits	 	$	16.1		 	$	14.5		
Gross unrecognized tax benefits that would affect income tax expense	 	$	12.1		 	$	10.5		
Decrease in income tax expense upon recognition of gross unrecognized tax benefits	 	$	10.8		 	$	9.4		

Our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets include the following liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. These amounts include interest and penalties, less any associated tax benefits.

	
									
 	 	As of June 30	 	As of December 31	
Liabilities for Unrecognized Tax Benefits (in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		
Current liability	 	$	4.6		 	$	4.2		
Non-current liability	 	7.1		 	6.0		
Total liability for unrecognized tax benefits	 	$	11.7		 	$	10.2		

Because we conduct business globally, we file income tax returns in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. We are currently under audit by federal and various state and local tax authorities in the United States, as well as tax authorities in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions. It is possible, though not likely, that the examination phase of some of these audits will conclude in 2016 . It is not possible to estimate the effect of current audits on previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits.

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We have not provided federal and state income taxes on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries because these earnings have been permanently reinvested. Approximately 79% of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance as of June 30, 2016 was held by our operations outside of the United States. We believe that our cash balances and investments in the United States, along with cash generated from our U.S. operations, will be sufficient to meet our U.S. operating and cash needs for the foreseeable future, without requiring us to repatriate earnings from these foreign subsidiaries. It is not practical to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to the undistributed earnings.
 
Certain of our non-U.S. operations have incurred net operating losses (NOLs) which may become deductible to the extent these operations become profitable. For each of our operations, we evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the tax benefits related to NOLs will be realized. As part of this evaluation, we consider evidence such as tax planning strategies, historical operating results, forecasted taxable income, and recent financial performance. In the year that certain non-U.S. operations record a loss, we do not recognize a corresponding tax benefit, thus increasing our effective tax rate. Upon determining that it is more likely than not that the NOLs will be realized, we reduce the tax valuation allowances related to these NOLs, which results in a reduction to our income tax expense and our effective tax rate in the period.

10 . Contingencies

We are involved in legal proceedings and litigation that have arisen in the normal course of our business. Although the outcome of a particular proceeding can never be predicted, we do not believe the result of any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.

11 . Share Repurchase Program
 
We have an ongoing authorization, originally approved by our board of directors in September 2010 and subsequently amended, to repurchase up to $1.0 billion in shares of our outstanding common stock. The authorization expires on December 31, 2017. We may repurchase shares from time to time at prevailing market prices on the open market or in private transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.

As of June 30, 2016 , we had repurchased a total of 9,880,917 shares for $662.3 million under this authorization, leaving approximately $337.7 million available for future repurchases.

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Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	
 
The discussion included in this section, as well as other sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, contains forward-looking statements as that term is used in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on our current expectations about future events or future financial performance. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain, and often contain words such as “may,” “could,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue.” These statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the events we discuss not to occur or to differ significantly from what we expect. For us, these risks and uncertainties include, among others:

•	liability for any losses that result from an actual or claimed breach of our fiduciary duties;	
		
•	failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation;	
		
•	failing to differentiate our products and continuously create innovative, proprietary research tools;	
		
•	failing to respond to technological change, keep pace with new technology developments, or adopt a successful technology strategy;	
		
•	liability related to our storage of personal information related to individuals as well as portfolio and account-level information;	
		
•	compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our investment advisory or credit rating operations;	
		
•	downturns in the financial sector, global financial markets, and global economy;	
		
•	the effect of market volatility on revenue from asset-based fees;	
		
•	the effect of changes in industry-wide issuance volume for commercial mortgage-backed securities;	
		
•	a prolonged outage of our database, technology-based products and services, or network facilities;	
		
•	challenges faced by our operations outside the United States, including the concentration of data and development work at our offshore facilities in China and India; and	
		
•	trends in the mutual fund industry, including the increasing popularity of passively managed investment vehicles.	

A more complete description of these risks and uncertainties can be found in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 . If any of these risks and uncertainties materialize, our actual future results may vary significantly from what we expect. We do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements as a result of new information or future events.

All dollar and percentage comparisons, which are often accompanied by words such as “increase,” “decrease,” “grew,” “declined,” “was up,” “was down,” “was flat,” or “was similar” refer to a comparison with the same period in the previous year unless otherwise stated.  

Understanding our Company
 
Our Business

Our mission is to create great products that help investors reach their financial goals. We offer an extensive line of products and services for financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and individual investors. Many of our products are sold through subscriptions or license agreements. As a result, we typically generate recurring revenue.

Industry Overview
 
Despite significant market volatility and uncertainty for part of the period, equity markets managed to close out the second quarter with positive returns. The Morningstar U.S. Market Index, a broad market benchmark, was up 2.6% for the second quarter of 2016, while the Global Ex-U.S. Index finished the quarter up 1.2%.

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U.S. mutual fund assets stood at $15.9 trillion in May 2016, based on data from the Investment Company Institute (ICI), compared with $16.3 trillion in May 2015. Based on Morningstar's estimated asset flow data, investors added about $20.9 billion to long-term open-end and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) during the second quarter of 2016, compared with $67.6 billion in the second quarter of 2015. Fund flows to U.S. equity and sector-focused funds were negative in the quarter. Continuing a long-term trend, investors continued to shift assets in favor of lower-cost, passively managed vehicles. For the trailing 12 months ending June 30, 2016, actively managed funds had net outflows of more than $300 billion, while passively managed vehicles had net inflows of nearly $375 billion.
       
Assets in exchange-traded funds totaled $2.2 trillion in May 2016, up slightly from $2.1 trillion in May 2015, based on data from the ICI.

We believe the business environment for the financial services industry remains challenging. Low interest rates and the industrywide shift to passive investment management have continued to put pressure on spending for many asset management firms. The recent referendum by voters for the United Kingdom to exit the European Union has also added market uncertainty. In addition, new issuance volume for commercial mortgage-backed securities has declined significantly in 2016.

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Supplemental Operating Metrics

The tables below summarize our key product metrics and other supplemental data.

																								
 	 	 	As of June 30	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Our business	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Morningstar.com Premium Membership subscriptions (U.S.)	 	119,019		 	122,235		 	(2.6	)%	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Morningstar.com registered users (U.S.)	 	8,698,568		 	8,377,139		 	3.8	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Advisor Workstation clients (U.S.)	 	187		 	187		 	—	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Morningstar Office licenses (U.S.)	 	4,157		 	4,298		 	(3.3	)%	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Morningstar Direct licenses	 	12,064		 	10,839		 	11.3	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Assets under advisement and management (approximate) ($bil) (1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Workplace Solutions (Retirement)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	    Managed Accounts (2)	 	$	43.3		 	$	38.0		 	13.9	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Plan Sponsor Advice	 	32.0		 	28.8		 	11.1	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Custom Models	 	19.7		 	18.3		 	7.7	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Workplace Solutions (total)	 	$	95.0		 	$	85.1		 	11.6	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Morningstar Investment Management	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Morningstar Managed Portfolios (3)	 	$	27.5		 	$	25.6		 	7.4	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Institutional Asset Management	 	58.6		 	63.4		 	(7.6	)%	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Asset Allocation Services	 	3.5		 	3.7		 	(5.4	)%	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Manager Selection Services	 	1.3		 	2.3		 	(43.5	)%	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Morningstar Investment Management (total)	 	$	90.9		 	$	95.0		 	(4.3	)%	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Our employees (approximate)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Worldwide headcount	 	4,070		 	3,740		 	8.8	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Number of equity and credit analysts	 	205		 	185		 	10.8	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Number of manager research analysts	 	115		 	105		 	9.5	 %	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change	
Key product revenue (4)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Morningstar Data	 	$	38.2		 	$	36.4		 	5.0	 %	 	$	74.8		 	$	70.4		 	6.3	 %	
Morningstar Direct	 	$	27.3		 	$	25.1		 	8.6	 %	 	$	54.3		 	$	49.6		 	9.6	 %	
Morningstar Investment Management (5)	 	$	24.5		 	$	25.4		 	(3.7	)%	 	$	49.1		 	$	50.2		 	(2.3	)%	
Morningstar Advisor Workstation	 	$	20.6		 	$	20.4		(6)	0.9	 %	 	$	41.2		 	$	40.4		(6)	2.0	 %	
Workplace Solutions	 	$	16.7		 	$	16.6		 	0.4	 %	 	$	33.0		 	$	32.1		 	2.8	 %	

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Other Metrics	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Average assets under management and advisement ($bil)	 	$	183.2		 	$	179.8		 	1.9	 %	 	$	182.3		 	$	176.5		 	3.3	 %	
Number of commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) new-issue ratings completed	 	4		 	16		 	(75.0	)%	 	9		 	32		 	(71.9	)%	
Asset value of CMBS new-issue ratings ($bil)	 	$	2.5		 	$	14.2		 	(82.4	)%	 	$	6.4		 	$	25.3		 	(74.7	)%	

(1) The asset totals shown above (including assets we either manage directly or on which we provide consulting or subadvisory work) only include assets for which we receive basis-point fees. Some of our client contracts include services for which we receive a flat fee, but we do not include those assets in the total reported above.
 
Excluding changes related to new contracts and cancellations, changes in the value of assets under advisement can come from two primary sources: gains or losses related to overall trends in market performance, and net inflows or outflows caused when investors add to or redeem shares from these portfolios.

In the majority of our Investment Management business (except for Morningstar Managed Portfolios) it's difficult for us to quantify these cash inflows and outflows. The information we receive from most of our clients does not separately identify the effect of cash inflows and outflows on asset balances for each period. We also cannot specify the effect of market appreciation or depreciation because the majority of our clients have discretionary authority to implement their own portfolio allocations.

(2) Many factors can cause changes in assets under management and advisement for our managed retirement accounts, including employer and employee contributions, plan administrative fees, market movements, and participant loans and hardship withdrawals. The information we receive from the plan providers does not separately identify these transactions or the changes in balances caused by market movement.

(3) We revised the asset totals for Morningstar Managed Portfolios to include our Strategist series of equity portfolios and third-party platform assets, which were previously not included in the total.

(4) Key product revenue includes the effect of foreign currency translations.

(5) New product classification consisting of Morningstar Managed Portfolios, Institutional Asset Management, Asset Allocation Services, and Manager Selection Services.

(6) Revised to exclude Morningstar Office.

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Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 vs. Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
 
Consolidated Results

	
																								
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	 	
Key Metrics (in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	
Revenue	 	$	198.2		 	$	202.1		 	(1.9	)%	 	$	390.3		 	$	391.9		 	(0.4	)%	 	
Operating income	 	$	44.4		 	$	49.7		 	(10.7	)%	 	$	86.7		 	$	94.3		 	(8.0	)%	 	
Operating margin	 	22.4	%	 	24.6	%	 	(2.2	)	pp	22.2	%	 	24.1	%	 	(1.9	)	pp	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash provided by operating activities	 	$	71.4		 	$	76.9		 	(7.2	)%	 	$	82.8		 	$	113.0		 	(26.7	)%	 	
Capital expenditures	 	(15.9	)	 	(13.2	)	 	20.5	 %	 	(29.4	)	 	(27.6	)	 	6.5	 %	 	
Free cash flow	 	$	55.5		 	$	63.7		 	(12.9	)%	 	$	53.4		 	$	85.4		 	(37.5	)%	 	
___________________________________________________________________________________________
pp — percentage points

To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), we use the following non-GAAP measures:

•	consolidated revenue excluding acquisitions and the effect of foreign currency translations (organic revenue);	
		
•	consolidated international revenue excluding acquisitions and the effect of foreign currency translations (international organic revenue);	
		
•	free cash flow.	

These non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies and should not be considered an alternative to any measure of performance as promulgated under GAAP.

We define free cash flow as cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures. We present free cash flow solely as supplemental disclosure to help investors better understand how much cash is available after making capital expenditures. Our management team uses free cash flow to evaluate our business. Free cash flow is not equivalent to any measure required to be reported under GAAP.

Consolidated Revenue

	
																							
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		
Consolidated revenue	 	$	198.2		 	$	202.1		 	(1.9	)%	 	$	390.3		 	$	391.9		 	(0.4	)%	

In the second quarter of 2016 , consolidated revenue decreased 1.9% to $198.2 million . Foreign currency movements had a negative effect in the quarter, lowering revenue by approximately $1.6 million .

Revenue from Morningstar Credit Ratings (our structured credit research and ratings business) decreased $5.8 million. Negative trends in industry-wide issuance volume for commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) continued to weigh down revenue for our credit ratings business. Industry-wide issuance volume for CMBS in the first half of 2016 was down nearly 45% compared with the first half of 2015, based on data from Commercial Mortgage Alert .

Revenue also declined for our investment management products and Internet advertising sales on Morningstar.com, though to a lesser extent. While Workplace Solutions and Morningstar Managed Portfolios assets increased, we had some client losses in Institutional Asset Management, Asset Allocation Services, and Manager Selection Services.

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Negative results for these products were partially offset by increases in Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Research, and Morningstar Data.

Morningstar Research revenue increased $2.0 million due to new client wins in both equity and manager research. Because our clients have been cautious during this year's market volatility, though, we also experienced more moderate growth rates for licensed-based products such as Morningstar Data and Morningstar Direct. Morningstar Direct revenue rose $2.2 million, reflecting growth in licenses for both new and existing clients. Revenue for Morningstar Data increased $1.8 million, mainly reflecting new contracts and renewals for managed products data.

For the first six months of 2016 , consolidated revenue was down 0.4% to $390.3 million , compared with $391.9 million in the same period of 2015. Morningstar Credit Ratings, Morningstar Investment Management, and Internet advertising sales on Morningstar.com were the main negative contributors, partially offset by higher revenue for Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Data, and Morningstar Research.

Revenue from asset-based fees made up approximately 17% of consolidated revenue in the second quarter and first six months of 2016 , compared with approximately 15% of consolidated revenue for the same periods in 2015.

Organic revenue

To allow for more meaningful comparisons of our results in different periods, we provide information about organic revenue, which reflects our underlying business excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations. In the second quarter of 2016 , organic revenue declined 1.3% after excluding an unfavorable effect of $1.6 million from foreign currency translations and $0.3 million of incremental revenue from acquisitions.

For the first six months of 2016 , organic revenue increased 0.6% after excluding an unfavorable effect of $4.4 million from foreign currency translations and $0.5 million of incremental revenue from acquisitions.

The table below reconciles consolidated revenue with organic revenue (revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations):

	
																							
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		
Consolidated revenue	 	$	198.2		 	$	202.1		 	(1.9	)%	 	$	390.3		 	$	391.9		 	(0.4	)%	
Less: acquisitions	 	(0.3	)	 	—		 	NMF		 	(0.5	)	 	—		 	NMF		
Less: divestitures	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Unfavorable effect of foreign currency translations	 	1.6		 	—		 	NMF		 	4.4		 	—		 	NMF		
Organic revenue	 	$	199.5		 	$	202.1		 	(1.3	)%	 	$	394.2		 	$	391.9		 	0.6	 %	
___________________________________________________________________________________________
NMF - not meaningful

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Revenue by region

																							
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		
United States	 	$	145.3		 	$	151.2		 	(3.9	)%	 	$	287.1		 	$	292.1		 	(1.7	)%	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United Kingdom	 	15.3		 	16.0		 	(4.4	)%	 	30.6		 	30.8		 	(0.6	)%	
Continental Europe	 	15.8		 	14.4		 	9.7	 %	 	31.3		 	28.7		 	9.1	 %	
Australia	 	8.9		 	8.0		 	11.3	 %	 	15.8		 	15.7		 	0.6	 %	
Canada	 	6.9		 	7.1		 	(2.8	)%	 	13.5		 	14.0		 	(3.6	)%	
Asia	 	5.0		 	4.4		 	13.6	 %	 	10.1		 	8.8		 	14.8	 %	
Other	 	1.0		 	1.0		 	—	 %	 	1.9		 	1.8		 	5.6	 %	
Total International	 	52.9		 	50.9		 	3.9	 %	 	103.2		 	99.8		 	3.4	 %	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Consolidated revenue	 	$	198.2		 	$	202.1		 	(1.9	)%	 	$	390.3		 	$	391.9		 	(0.4	)%	

International revenue made up about 26% of our consolidated revenue in the first six months of 2016 and 2015. About 60% of this amount is from Continental Europe and the United Kingdom, with most of the remainder from Australia, Canada, and Asia.

Revenue from international operations increased $2.0 million , or 3.9% , in the second quarter , and international organic revenue increased 7.1% . For the first six months of 2016 , revenue from international operations was up $3.4 million , or 3.4% , and international organic revenue increased 7.8% .

The table below presents a reconciliation from international revenue to international organic revenue (international revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations):

	
																							
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		
International revenue	 	$	52.9		 	$	50.9		 	3.9	%	 	$	103.2		 	$	99.8		 	3.4	%	
Less: acquisitions	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Less: divestitures	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Unfavorable effect of foreign currency translations	 	1.6		 	—		 	NMF		 	4.4		 	—		 	NMF		
International organic revenue	 	$	54.5		 	$	50.9		 	7.1	%	 	$	107.6		 	$	99.8		 	7.8	%	

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Consolidated Operating Expense

	
																								
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	 	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	
Cost of revenue	 	$	86.1		 	$	83.2		 	3.5	 %	 	$	171.4		 	$	161.8		 	5.9	 %	 	
  % of consolidated revenue	 	43.4	%	 	41.2	%	 	2.2		pp	43.9	%	 	41.3	%	 	2.6		pp	
Sales and marketing	 	25.7		 	25.1		 	2.4	 %	 	48.0		 	50.5		 	(5.0	)%	 	
  % of consolidated revenue	 	13.0	%	 	12.4	%	 	0.6		pp	12.3	%	 	12.9	%	 	(0.6	)	pp	
General and administrative	 	24.7		 	27.8		 	(11.1	)%	 	50.3		 	53.9		 	(6.6	)%	 	
  % of consolidated revenue	 	12.5	%	 	13.8	%	 	(1.3	)	pp	12.9	%	 	13.8	%	 	(0.9	)	pp	
Depreciation and amortization	 	17.3		 	16.3		 	5.8	 %	 	33.9		 	31.4		 	7.7	 %	 	
  % of consolidated revenue	 	8.7	%	 	8.1	%	 	0.6		pp	8.7	%	 	8.0	%	 	0.7		pp	
Total operating expense	 	$	153.8		 	$	152.4		 	0.9	 %	 	$	303.6		 	$	297.6		 	2.0	 %	 	
  % of consolidated revenue	 	77.6	%	 	75.4	%	 	2.2		pp	77.8	%	 	75.9	%	 	1.9		pp	
 
Consolidated operating expense increased $1.4 million , or 0.9% , in the second quarter of 2016 and $6.0 million , or 2.0% , in the first six months of 2016 . Because of the continued strength in the U.S. dollar, foreign currency translations had a favorable effect of $1.9 million and $4.6 million on operating expense during the second quarter and first six months of 2016 , respectively.

Compensation expense (including salaries and other company-sponsored benefits) increased $5.6 million in the second quarter of 2016 and $10.6 million in the first six months of 2016 . We had approximately 4,070 employees worldwide as of June 30, 2016 , compared with 3,740 as of June 30, 2015 . This increase reflects our continued investment in our key growth initiatives and mainly includes technology, client service, sales, and analyst roles in the United States, India, and China. The growth in compensation expense was partially offset by lower bonus expense of $4.6 million in the second quarter of 2016 and $7.5 million in the first six months of 2016 . Bonus expense was lower mainly because revenue, which is a major part of our bonus funding formula, declined year over year.

Sales commission expense decreased $1.0 million in the second quarter and $2.7 million in the first six months of 2016 , reflecting declines in new sales closed.

Depreciation expense, production expense, and professional fees increased in both periods as we continue to invest in our business. We have also accelerated development of our major software platforms and therefore had an increase in capitalized software development, which reduced operating expense. For the first six months of 2016 , we capitalized $12.4 million of software development expense. In comparison, we capitalized a total of $11.4 million of software development expense in the first six months of 2015.

Cost of revenue
 
Cost of revenue is our largest category of operating expense, representing about one-half of our total operating expense. Our business relies heavily on human capital, and cost of revenue includes the compensation expense for employees who produce our products and services. We include compensation expense for approximately 80% of our employees in this category.
 
Cost of revenue increased $2.9 million in the second quarter of 2016 . Higher salary expense of $5.2 million was the largest contributor to the increase and was mainly driven by additional headcount. Higher company-sponsored benefits and production expense also contributed to the growth in this category.

Partially offsetting these increases was a $2.9 million decrease in bonus expense for the second quarter of 2016 , as well as an increase in capitalized software development. During the second quarter of 2016, we capitalized $6.7 million associated with software development activities, an increase from the second quarter of 2015 when we capitalized $5.6 million included in cost of revenue.

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For the first six months of 2016 , cost of revenue was up $9.6 million. Higher salary expense of $9.4 million was the largest contributor to the increase and was mainly driven by additional headcount. Higher production expense, software subscriptions, company-sponsored benefits, and professional fees also contributed to the growth in this category.

Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in bonus expense of $4.3 million during the first six months of 2016, as well as an increase in capitalized software development. We capitalized $12.4 million associated with software development activities in the first six months of 2016 . In comparison, we capitalized $11.4 million in the first six months of 2015 .

As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue increased by 2.2 percentage points in the second quarter and 2.6 percentage points in the first six months of 2016 .

Sales and marketing
  
Sales and marketing expense increased $0.6 million in the second quarter of 2016 , reflecting $0.6 million in additional advertising and marketing expense and $0.4 million in additional compensation expense (including salaries, bonus, and other company-sponsored benefits). Growth in these areas was partly offset by a $0.6 million decrease in commission expense.

For the first six months of 2016 , sales and marketing expense was down about $2.5 million . Lower sales commission expense of $2.0 million and lower advertising and marketing expense of $0.3 million were the primary contributors to the decrease.

As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expense increased 0.6 percentage points in the second quarter of 2016 and decreased by 0.6 percentage points in the first six months of the year.

General and administrative
 
General and administrative expense decreased $3.1 million this quarter, mainly because of a $1.4 million decline in bonus expense and a $0.6 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase of $0.7 million in professional fees in connection with higher legal and compliance costs, mainly related to Morningstar Credit Ratings.

For the first six months of 2016 , general and administrative expense was down $3.6 million . Bonus expense was $2.4 million lower during the first six months of the year. Stock-based compensation expense and salary and other compensation expense also decreased during the first half of the year. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $0.7 million in professional fees in connection with the higher legal and compliance costs mentioned above.

As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expense decreased 1.3 percentage points in the second quarter of 2016 and 0.9 percentage points in the first six months of the year.

Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation expense rose $1.7 million this quarter, mainly driven by higher capital expenditures for computer equipment and incremental capitalized software development costs from the prior year. Intangible amortization expense decreased $0.7 million .

For the first six months of 2016 , depreciation expense was up $3.6 million , largely driven by the same factors that contributed to growth in depreciation in the second quarter of 2016 . Intangible amortization expense was down $1.1 million , as certain intangible assets from some of our earlier acquisitions are now fully amortized.

We expect that amortization of intangible assets will be an ongoing cost for the remaining lives of the assets. We estimate that aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets will be approximately $ 8.6 million for the remainder of 2016 . These estimates may be affected by additional acquisitions, dispositions, changes in the estimated average useful lives, and foreign currency translation.

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As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and amortization expense increased 0.6 percentage points in the second quarter of 2016 and 0.7 percentage points in the first six months of the year.

Consolidated Operating Income

	
																								
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	 	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	
Operating income	 	$	44.4		 	$	49.7		 	(10.7	)%	 	$	86.7		 	$	94.3		 	(8.0	)%	 	
% of revenue	 	22.4	%	 	24.6	%	 	(2.2	)	pp	22.2	%	 	24.1	%	 	(1.9	)	pp	
 
Consolidated operating income decreased $5.3 million in the second quarter of 2016 , as revenue decreased $3.9 million and operating expense increased $1.4 million . Operating margin was 22.4% , down 2.2 percentage points compared with the second quarter of 2015 .

Consolidated operating income decreased $7.6 million in the first six months of 2016 as revenue decreased $1.6 million and operating expense increased $6.0 million . Operating margin was 22.2% , down 1.9 percentage points compared with the first six months of 2015.

Non-Operating Income (Expense), Equity in Net Income (Loss) of Unconsolidated Entities, and Effective Tax Rate and Income Tax Expense
 
Non-operating income (expense)

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Interest income	 	$	0.4		 	$	0.3		 	$	0.8		 	$	0.7		
Interest expense	 	(0.3	)	 	(0.2	)	 	(0.5	)	 	(0.4	)	
Gain on sale of investments, net	 	0.3		 	0.5		 	0.2		 	0.4		
Other income (expense), net	 	2.6		 	—		 	3.0		 	(0.4	)	
Non-operating income, net	 	$	3.0		 	$	0.6		 	$	3.5		 	$	0.3		
 
Interest income reflects interest from our investment portfolio. Interest expense mainly relates to the outstanding principal balance on the credit facility we established in 2014.

Other income (expense), net primarily includes foreign currency exchange gains and losses resulting from U.S. dollar denominated short-term investments held in non-U.S. jurisdictions.

Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities	 	$	(0.2	)	 	$	0.6		 	$	0.3		 	$	1.0		
 
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities primarily reflects our interest in Morningstar Japan K.K.

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Effective tax rate and income tax expense

	
																	
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	2016		 	2015		
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities	 	$	47.4		 	$	50.3		 	$	90.2		 	$	94.6		
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities	 	(0.2	)	 	0.6		 	0.3		 	1.0		
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(0.2	)	
Total	 	$	47.2		 	$	50.9		 	$	90.5		 	$	95.4		
Income tax expense	 	$	15.4		 	$	18.7		 	$	30.0		 	$	33.6		
Effective tax rate	 	32.7	%	 	36.7	%	 	33.2	%	 	35.2	%	
 
Our effective tax rate in the second quarter and for the first six months of 2016 was 32.7% and 33.2% , a respective decrease of 4.0 and 2.0 percentage points compared with the same periods a year ago. During the second quarter of 2016, we adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting . Adoption of the new standard resulted in recognition of excess tax benefits in our provision for income taxes rather than paid in capital, thus decreasing our income tax expense in 2016. Also, the prior period tax expense in 2015 was higher because of changes in enacted tax rates that increased our tax expense attributable to deferred tax liabilities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
As of June 30, 2016 , we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $246.2 million, a decrease of $2.4 million compared with $248.6 million as of December 31, 2015 . The decrease reflects $38.8 million used to repurchase common stock through our share repurchase program, $32.2 million used for acquisitions and purchases of minority investments, $29.4 million of capital expenditures, and $19.0 million of dividends paid. These items were partially offset by cash provided by operating activities and $40.0 million drawn on our credit facility.

Cash provided by operating activities is our main source of cash. In the first six months of 2016 , cash provided by operating activities was $82.8 million, reflecting $98.7 million of net income, adjusted for non-cash items and offset by $15.9 million in negative changes from our net operating assets and liabilities, which included bonus payments of $50.0 million.

In March 2016, we increased our single-bank revolving credit facility in the United States, which we intend to use for general corporate purposes, from $75.0 million to $100.0 million . We had an outstanding principal balance of $75.0 million as of June 30, 2016 , leaving borrowing availability of $25.0 million .

We believe our available cash balances and investments, along with cash generated from operations and our line of credit, will be sufficient to meet our operating and cash needs for at least the next 12 months. We invest our cash reserves in cash equivalents and investments. We maintain a conservative investment policy. We invest a portion of our investment balance (approximately $28.0 million, or 64% of our total investments balance as of June 30, 2016 ) in stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider.

Approximately 21% of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance as of June 30, 2016 was held by our operations in the United States, down from about 26% as of December 31, 2015. We do not expect to repatriate earnings from our international subsidiaries in the foreseeable future. We have not recognized deferred tax liabilities for the portion of the outside basis differences (including unremitted earnings) relating to international subsidiaries because the investment in these subsidiaries is considered permanent in duration. It is not practical to quantify the deferred tax liability associated with these outside basis differences.
 
We intend to use our cash, cash equivalents, and investments for general corporate purposes, including working capital and funding future growth.

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In May 2016, our board of directors approved a regular quarterly dividend of 22.0 cents per share payable on July 29, 2016 to shareholders of record as of July 8, 2016 . We paid a quarterly dividend of approximately $9.5 million on July 29, 2016 .

In December 2015, our board approved a $300.0 million increase to our share repurchase program, bringing the total amount authorized under the program to $1.0 billion. We may repurchase shares from time to time at prevailing market prices on the open market or in private transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate. In the first six months of 2016 , we repurchased a total of 0.5 million shares for $38.8 million . As of June 30, 2016 , we have repurchased a total of 9.9 million shares for $662.3 million . The company had approximately $337.7 million available for future repurchases as of June 30, 2016 .

We expect to continue making capital expenditures in 2016 , primarily for computer hardware and software, internally developed software, and leasehold improvements for new and existing office locations.

Consolidated Free Cash Flow
 
As described in more detail above, we define free cash flow as cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures.

	
																							
 	 	Three months ended June 30	 	Six months ended June 30	
(in millions)	 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		 	2016		 	2015		 	Change		
Cash provided by operating activities	 	$	71.4		 	$	76.9		 	(7.2	)%	 	$	82.8		 	$	113.0		 	(26.7	)%	
Capital expenditures	 	(15.9	)	 	(13.2	)	 	20.5	 %	 	(29.4	)	 	(27.6	)	 	6.5	 %	
Free cash flow	 	$	55.5		 	$	63.7		 	(12.9	)%	 	$	53.4		 	$	85.4		 	(37.5	)%	
 
We generated free cash flow of $55.5 million in the second quarter of 2016 , a decrease of $8.2 million compared with the second quarter of 2015 . The change reflects a $5.5 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities as well as a $2.7 million increase in capital expenditures.

In the first six months of 2016 , we generated free cash flow of $53.4 million , a decrease of $32.0 million compared with free cash flow of $85.4 million in the same period of 2015. The decrease reflects a $30.2 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities as well as a $1.8 million increase in capital expenditures.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
We discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 , as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 26, 2016 . We also discuss our significant accounting policies in Note 2 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report.

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Rule 10b5-1 Sales Plans
 
Our directors and executive officers may exercise stock options or purchase or sell shares of our common stock in the market from time to time. We encourage them to make these transactions through plans that comply with Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1(c). Morningstar will not receive any proceeds, other than proceeds from the exercise of stock options, related to these transactions. The following table, which we are providing on a voluntary basis, shows the Rule 10b5-1 sales plans entered into by our directors and executive officers that were in effect as of July 15, 2016:

																
Name and Position	 	Date of
Plan	 	Plan Termination Date	 	Number of
Shares
to be
Sold under
the Plan		 	Timing of Sales under the Plan	 	Number of Shares Sold under the Plan through July 15, 2016		 	Projected
Beneficial
Ownership (1)		
Steve Kaplan Director	 	4/28/2016	 	12/31/2016	 	6,000		 	Shares to be sold under the plan on specified dates	 	—		 	46,818		
David Williams Head of Design	 	8/21/2015	 	8/30/2016	 	5,000		 	Shares to be sold under the plan if the stock reaches specified prices	 	3,000		 	42,527		

During the second quarter of 2016, the previously disclosed Rule 10b5-1 sales plans for Bevin Desmond, Bevin Desmond's spouse, Gail Landis, and Paul Sturm completed in accordance with their terms. In July 2016, Jack Noonan terminated his previously disclosed Rule 10b5-1 sales plan.
______________________________
(1) This column reflects an estimate of the number of shares each identified director and executive officer will beneficially own following the sale of all shares under the Rule 10b5-1 sales plan. This information reflects the beneficial ownership of our common stock on  June 30, 2016 , and includes shares of our common stock subject to options that were then exercisable or that will have become exercisable by August 29, 2016 and restricted stock units that will vest by August 29, 2016. The estimates do not reflect any changes to beneficial ownership that may have occurred since  June 30, 2016 . Each director and executive officer identified in the table may amend or terminate his or her Rule 10b5-1 sales plan and may adopt additional Rule 10b5-1 plans in the future.

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Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	
 
Our investment portfolio is actively managed and may suffer losses from fluctuating interest rates, market prices, or adverse security selection. These accounts may consist of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. As of June 30, 2016 , our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance was $246.2 million. Based on our estimates, a 100 basis-point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio.

We are subject to risk from fluctuations in foreign currencies from our operations outside of the United States. To date, we have not engaged in currency hedging, and we do not currently have any positions in derivative instruments to hedge our currency risk.

The table below shows our exposure to foreign currency denominated revenue and operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 :

	
																	
 	 	Six months ended June 30, 2016	
(in millions, except foreign currency rates)	 	Euro	 	British Pound	 	Australian Dollar	 	Other Foreign Currencies	
Currency rate in U.S. dollars as of June 30, 2016	 	1.1105		 	1.3393		 	0.7443		 	—		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Percentage of revenue	 	5.3	%	 	7.7	%	 	4.4	%	 	9.3	 %	
Percentage of operating income (loss)	 	8.6	%	 	0.6	%	 	4.4	%	 	(7.6	)%	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on revenue	 	$	(1.2	)	 	$	(2.4	)	 	$	(0.9	)	 	$	(1.9	)	
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on operating income (loss)	 	$	(0.4	)	 	$	—		 	$	(0.2	)	 	$	0.5		

The table below shows our net investment exposure to foreign currencies as of June 30, 2016 :

																	
 	 	As of June 30, 2016	
(in millions)	 	Euro	 	British Pound	 	Australian Dollar	 	Other Foreign Currencies	
Assets, net of unconsolidated entities	 	$	82.2		 	$	126.3		 	$	70.4		 	$	145.4		
Liabilities	 	33.1		 	37.2		 	49.1		 	53.3		
Net currency position	 	$	49.1		 	$	89.1		 	$	21.3		 	$	92.1		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on equity	 	$	(4.9	)	 	$	(8.9	)	 	$	(2.1	)	 	$	(9.2	)	

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Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	

(a)	Evaluation and Disclosure Controls and Procedures	
 
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of June 30, 2016 . Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported as and when required and is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)	Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	
 
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART 2.	OTHER INFORMATION	

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	
 
We incorporate by reference the information regarding legal proceedings set forth in Note 10 , Contingencies, of the Notes to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
 
Item 1A. Risk Factors
 
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A—Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 .

		
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	
 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities*
 
The following table presents information related to repurchases of common stock we made during the three months ended June 30, 2016 :

	
															
Period:	 	Total number
of shares
purchased		 	Average
price paid
per share		 	Total number
of shares
purchased as
part of publicly
announced
programs (1)		 	Approximate
dollar value of
shares that
may yet be
purchased
under the
programs (1)		
Cumulative through March 31, 2016	 	9,880,917		 	$	67.00		 	9,880,917		 	$	337,736,737		
April 1, 2016 - April 30, 2016	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	$	337,736,737		
May 1, 2016 - May 31, 2016	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	$	337,736,737		
June 1, 2016 - June 30, 2016	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	$	337,736,737		
Total	 	9,880,917		 	$	67.00		 	9,880,917		 			
  _________________________________________________
* Subject to applicable law, we may repurchase shares at prevailing market prices directly on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.

(1)	We have an ongoing authorization, originally approved by our board of directors in September 2010, and subsequently amended, to repurchase up to $1.0 billion in shares of our outstanding common stock. The authorization expires on December 31, 2017.	

Item 6.	Exhibits	
 
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit Index included herewith.

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SIGNATURE
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	
				
 	 	MORNINGSTAR, INC.	
 	 	 	
Date: July 29, 2016	By:	/s/ Stéphane Biehler
	
 	 	Stéphane Biehler	
 	 	Chief Financial Officer	

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EXHIBIT INDEX

	
			
Exhibit No	 	Description of Exhibit	
31.1	 	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended	
 	 	 	
31.2	 	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended	
 	 	 	
32.1	 	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	
 	 	 	
32.2	 	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	
 	 	 	
101	 	The following financial information from Morningstar Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 29, 2016 formatted in XBRL: (i) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (iii) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity, (v) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	

36

EXHIBIT 31.1
 
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
 
I, Joe Mansueto, certify that:
 
1.       I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Morningstar, Inc.;
 
2.       Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3.       Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4.       The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
a.      designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
b.       designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
c.       evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
d.      disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5.       The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
a.      all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
b.      any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

	
				
Date: July 29, 2016	 	/s/ Joe Mansueto	
 	 	Joe Mansueto	
 	 	Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer	

EXHIBIT 31.2
 
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
 
I, Stéphane Biehler, certify that:
 
1.        I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Morningstar, Inc.;
 
2.       Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3.       Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4.       The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
a.      designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
b.      designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
c.       evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
d.       disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5.       The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
a.       all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
b.       any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

	
				
Date: July 29, 2016	 	/s/ Stéphane Biehler	
 	 	Stéphane Biehler	
 	 	Chief Financial Officer	

EXHIBIT 32.1
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
Joe Mansueto, as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar, Inc. (the Company), certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.	the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2016 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and	

2.	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	

	
				
/s/ Joe Mansueto	
Joe Mansueto	 	
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer	
 	
Date: July 29, 2016	 	

EXHIBIT 32.2
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
Stéphane Biehler, as Chief Financial Officer of Morningstar, Inc. (the Company), certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.	the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2016 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and	

2.	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	

	
				
/s/ Stéphane Biehler	 	
Stéphane Biehler	 	
Chief Financial Officer	 	
 	 	
Date: July 29, 2016