UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
						
☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020 
or

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from  to . 
Commission File Number: 001-31924
NELNET, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nebraska	84-0748903	
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)	
				
121 South 13th Street, Suite 100			
Lincoln,	Nebraska	68508	
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)	
(402) 458-2370
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered	
Class A Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 per Share	NNI	New York Stock Exchange	
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.        Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).        Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒                                               Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐     Smaller reporting company ☐
  Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 30, 2020, there were 27,903,522 and 11,271,609 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding, respectively (excluding a total of 11,305,731 shares of Class A Common Stock held by wholly owned subsidiaries).

NELNET, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX
March 31, 2020

												
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	 	
 	Item 1.	Financial Statements	2	
 	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27	
 	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	56	
 	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	60	
 	 	 	 	
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	 	
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	61	
 	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	61	
 	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	65	
 	Item 6.	Exhibits	65	
 	 	 	 	
Signatures	 	66	

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

												
NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES	
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS	
(Dollars in thousands, except share data)	
(unaudited)	
 	As of		As of	
 	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019	
Assets:	 		 	
Loans and accrued interest receivable (net of allowance for loan losses of $208,868 and
   $61,914, respectively)	$	21,158,208 	 		21,402,868 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents:	 		 	
Cash and cash equivalents - not held at a related party	16,045 	 		13,922 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents - held at a related party	188,799 	 		119,984 	 	
Total cash and cash equivalents	204,844 	 		133,906 	 	
Investments	253,939 	 		247,099 	 	
Restricted cash	675,589 	 		650,939 	 	
Restricted cash - due to customers	219,905 	 		437,756 	 	
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $5,142 and $4,455, respectively)	63,206 	 		115,391 	 	
Goodwill	156,912 	 		156,912 	 	
Intangible assets, net	74,127 	 		81,532 	 	
Property and equipment, net	351,097 	 		348,259 	 	
Other assets	122,801 	 		134,308 	 	
	
Total assets	$	23,280,628 	 		23,708,970 	 	
Liabilities:	 		 	
Bonds and notes payable	$	20,466,730 	 		20,529,054 	 	
Accrued interest payable	43,874 	 		47,285 	 	
Other liabilities	224,319 	 		303,781 	 	
Due to customers	219,905 	 		437,756 	 	
	
Total liabilities	20,954,828 	 		21,317,876 	 	
Commitments and contingencies				
Equity:				
  Nelnet, Inc. shareholders' equity:	 		 	
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 50,000,000 shares; no shares issued or outstanding	— 	 		— 	 	
Common stock:				
Class A, $0.01 par value. Authorized 600,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 28,582,032
     shares and 28,458,495 shares, respectively	286 	 		285 	 	
Class B, convertible, $0.01 par value. Authorized 60,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding
     11,271,609 shares	113 	 		113 	 	
Additional paid-in capital	9,140 	 		5,715 	 	
Retained earnings	2,310,282 	 		2,377,627 	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings	859 	 		2,972 	 	
Total Nelnet, Inc. shareholders' equity	2,320,680 	 		2,386,712 	 	
Noncontrolling interests	5,120 	 		4,382 	 	
Total equity	2,325,800 	 		2,391,094 	 	
Total liabilities and equity	$	23,280,628 	 		23,708,970 	 	
				
Supplemental information - assets and liabilities of consolidated education and other lending variable interest entities:				
Loans and accrued interest receivable	$	21,180,424 	 		21,399,382 	 	
Restricted cash	659,624 	 		639,816 	 	
Other assets	30 	 		31 	 	
Bonds and notes payable	(20,625,388)	 		(20,742,798)	 	
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	(108,801)	 		(162,494)	 	
	
Net assets of consolidated education and other lending variable interest entities	$	1,105,889 	 		1,133,937 	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
2

												
NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES	
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS	
(Dollars in thousands, except share data)	
(unaudited)	
 	Three months ended	
 	March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Interest income:	 		 	
Loan interest	$	181,793 	 		242,333 	 	
Investment interest	7,398 	 		8,253 	 	
Total interest income	189,191 	 		250,586 	 	
Interest expense:			 	
Interest on bonds and notes payable	134,118 	 		191,770 	 	
Net interest income	55,073 	 		58,816 	 	
Less provision for loan losses	76,299 	 		7,000 	 	
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	(21,226)	 		51,816 	 	
Other income/expense:			  	 	
Loan servicing and systems revenue	112,735 	 		114,898 	 	
Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue	83,675 	 		79,159 	 	
Communications revenue	18,181 	 		14,543 	 	
Gain on sale of loans	18,206 	 		— 	 	
Other income	8,281 	 		9,067 	 	
Impairment expense	(34,087)	 		— 	 	
Derivative market value adjustments and derivative settlements, net	(16,365)	 		(11,539)	 	
Total other income/expense	190,626 	 		206,128 	 	
Cost of services:				
Cost to provide education technology, services, and payment processing services	22,806 	 		21,059 	 	
Cost to provide communications services	5,582 	 		4,759 	 	
Total cost of services	28,388 	 		25,818 	 	
Operating expenses:	  	 		  	 	
Salaries and benefits	119,878 	 		111,059 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	27,648 	 		24,213 	 	
	
Other expenses	43,384 	 		43,816 	 	
Total operating expenses	190,910 	 		179,088 	 	
(Loss) income before income taxes	(49,898)	 		53,038 	 	
Income tax benefit (expense)	10,133 	 		(11,391)	 	
Net (loss) income	(39,765)	 		41,647 	 	
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(767)	 		(56)	 	
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(40,532)	 		41,591 	 	
Earnings per common share:				
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc. shareholders - basic and diluted	$	(1.01)	 		1.03 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted	39,955,514 	 		40,373,295 	 	

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
3

												
NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES	
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME	
(Dollars in thousands)	
(unaudited)	
	Three months ended	
	March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Net (loss) income	$	(39,765)	 		41,647 	 	
Other comprehensive loss:				
Available-for-sale securities:				
Unrealized holding losses arising during period, net of gains	(3,015)	 		(436)	 	
Reclassification adjustment for losses recognized in net income	235 	 		— 	 	
Income tax effect	667 	 		105 	 	
Total other comprehensive loss	(2,113)	 		(331)	 	
Comprehensive (loss) income	(41,878)	 		41,316 	 	
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(767)	 		(56)	 	
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(42,645)	 		41,260 	 	

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

																																																																		
NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES	
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY	
(Dollars in thousands, except share data)	
(unaudited)	
 	Nelnet, Inc. Shareholders				
 	Preferred stock shares		Common stock shares		Preferred stock		Class A common stock		Class B common stock		Additional paid-in capital		 Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) earnings		Noncontrolling interests		Total equity	
 			Class A		Class B																	
Balance as of December 31, 2018 	 	— 	 		28,798,464 	 		11,459,641 	 		$	— 	 		288 	 		115 	 		622 	 		2,299,556 	 		3,883 	 		10,315 	 		2,314,779 	 	
Issuance of noncontrolling interests	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		26 	 		26 	 	
Net income	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		41,591 	 		— 	 		56 	 		41,647 	 	
Other comprehensive loss	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(331)	 		— 	 		(331)	 	
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(22)	 		(22)	 	
Cash dividend on Class A and Class B common stock - $0.18 per share	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(7,232)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(7,232)	 	
Issuance of common stock, net of forfeitures	— 	 		131,391 	 		— 	 		— 	 		1 	 		— 	 		2,493 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		2,494 	 	
Compensation expense for stock based awards	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		1,368 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		1,368 	 	
Repurchase of common stock	— 	 		(301,327)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(3)	 		— 	 		(3,847)	 		(12,508)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(16,358)	 	
Impact of adoption of new accounting standard	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(6,077)	 		(6,077)	 	

Balance as of March 31, 2019	— 	 		28,628,528 	 		11,459,641 	 		$	— 	 		286 	 		115 	 		636 	 		2,321,407 	 		3,552 	 		4,298 	 		2,330,294 	 	
Balance as of December 31, 2019 	 	— 	 		28,458,495 	 		11,271,609 	 		$	— 	 		285 	 		113 	 		5,715 	 		2,377,627 	 		2,972 	 		4,382 	 		2,391,094 	 	
Issuance of noncontrolling interests	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		26 	 		26 	 	
Net (loss) income	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(40,532)	 		— 	 		767 	 		(39,765)	 	
Other comprehensive loss	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(2,113)	 		— 	 		(2,113)	 	
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(55)	 		(55)	 	
Cash dividend on Class A and Class B common stock - $0.20 per share	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(7,946)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(7,946)	 	
Issuance of common stock, net of forfeitures	— 	 		148,422 	 		— 	 		— 	 		1 	 		— 	 		2,940 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		2,941 	 	
Compensation expense for stock based awards	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		1,738 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		1,738 	 	
Repurchase of common stock	— 	 		(24,885)	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(1,253)	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(1,253)	 	
Impact of adoption of new accounting standard	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(18,867)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(18,867)	 	
Balance as of March 31, 2020	— 	 		28,582,032 	 		11,271,609 	 		$	— 	 		286 	 		113 	 		9,140 	 		2,310,282 	 		859 	 		5,120 	 		2,325,800 	 	

	

	

	

	

	

	

	

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

												
NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES	
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	
(Dollars in thousands)	
(unaudited)	
 	Three months ended	
	March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(40,532)	 		41,591 	 	
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	767 	 		56 	 	
Net (loss) income	(39,765)	 		41,647 	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities:	 		 	
Depreciation and amortization, including debt discounts and loan premiums and deferred origination costs	48,763 	 		46,948 	 	
Loan discount accretion	(9,442)	 		(9,693)	 	
Provision for loan losses	76,299 	 		7,000 	 	
Derivative market value adjustments	20,602 	 		30,574 	 	
	
Proceeds from termination of derivative instruments	— 	 		2,119 	 	

Payments to clearinghouse - initial and variation margin, net	(20,386)	 		(13,974)	 	
Gain from sale of loans	(18,206)	 		— 	 	

Loss from investments, net	4,046 	 		1,151 	 	
Deferred income tax benefit	(26,000)	 		(2,807)	 	
Non-cash compensation expense	1,857 	 		1,476 	 	
Impairment expense	34,087 	 		— 	 	
	
Increase in accrued interest receivable	(33,167)	 		(36,722)	 	
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable	52,185 	 		(16,571)	 	
Decrease (increase) in other assets, net	31,363 	 		(33,440)	 	
(Increase) decrease in the carrying amount of ROU asset, net	(1,000)	 		1,096 	 	
(Decrease) increase in accrued interest payable	(3,411)	 		479 	 	
Decrease in other liabilities	(42,047)	 		(3,678)	 	
Decrease in the carrying amount of lease liability, net	(2,382)	 		(2,063)	 	
Decrease in due to customers	(217,851)	 		(153,207)	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	(144,455)	 		(139,665)	 	
Cash flows from investing activities:	 		 	
Purchases of loans	(409,404)	 		(317,922)	 	
Purchases of loans from a related party	(41,217)	 		(26,709)	 	
Net proceeds from loan repayments, claims, and capitalized interest	517,347 	 		769,996 	 	
Proceeds from sale of loans	90,461 	 		— 	 	
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(29,658)	 		— 	 	
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities	22,197 	 		— 	 	
Proceeds from beneficial interest in loan securitizations	11,264 	 		— 	 	
Purchases of other investments	(32,892)	 		(15,970)	 	
Proceeds from other investments	3,135 	 		1,719 	 	
Purchases of property and equipment	(25,561)	 		(24,813)	 	

	
Net cash provided by investing activities	105,672 	 		386,301 	 	
Cash flows from financing activities:	  	 		  	 	
Payments on bonds and notes payable	(1,263,204)	 		(932,007)	 	
Proceeds from issuance of bonds and notes payable	1,193,388 	 		570,532 	 	
Payments of debt issuance costs	(4,854)	 		(2,776)	 	

Dividends paid	(7,946)	 		(7,232)	 	
Repurchases of common stock	(1,253)	 		(16,358)	 	
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	411 	 		461 	 	

Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(22)	 		(22)	 	
Net cash used in financing activities	(83,480)	 		(387,402)	 	
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(122,263)	 		(140,766)	 	
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period	1,222,601 	 		1,192,391 	 	
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	1,100,338 	 		1,051,625 	 	

6

												
NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES	
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)	
(Dollars in thousands)	
(unaudited)	
	Three months ended	
	March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:				
Cash disbursements made for interest	$	125,184 	 		176,876 	 	
Cash disbursements made (refunds and credits received) for income taxes, net	$	80 	 		(9)	 	
Cash disbursements made for operating leases	$	2,702 	 		2,376 	 	
Noncash operating, investing, and financing activity:				
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations	$	1,411 	 		3,233 	 	
Receipt of beneficial interest in consumer loan securitization	$	38,490 	 		— 	 	
Distribution to noncontrolling interest	$	33 	 		— 	 	
Supplemental disclosures of noncash activities regarding the adoption of the new accounting standard for measurement of credit losses on financial instruments on January 1, 2020 are contained in note 1.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the amounts reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

	As of		As of		As of		As of	
	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018	
Total cash and cash equivalents	$	204,844 	 		133,906 	 		74,881 	 		121,347 	 	
Restricted cash	675,589 	 		650,939 	 		760,273 	 		701,366 	 	
Restricted cash - due to customers	219,905 	 		437,756 	 		216,471 	 		369,678 	 	
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	1,100,338 	 		1,222,601 	 		1,051,625 	 		1,192,391 	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

7

NELNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
(unaudited)

1.  Basis of Financial Reporting
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Nelnet, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2020 and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 and, in the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of results of operations for the interim periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2020. The unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the "2019 Annual Report").
Reclassifications
Amounts previously reported in the line item "accrued interest receivable" in the Company's consolidated balance sheet have been reclassified to "loans and accrued interest receivable" and "investments" to conform to the current period presentation.
Accounting Standard Adopted in 2020
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") methodology. Since its original issuance in 2016, the FASB has issued several updates to the original ASU.
The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired, including, for the Company, loans receivable, accounts receivable, and held-to-maturity beneficial interests in loan securitizations. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities. For available-for-sale debt securities where fair value is less than amortized cost, credit-related impairment, if any, is recognized through an allowance for credit losses and adjusted each period for changes in credit risk.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326 (recognizing estimated credit losses expected to occur over the asset's remaining life) while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP (recognizing estimated credit losses using an incurred loss model); therefore, the comparative information for 2019 is not comparable to the information presented for 2020. Adoption of the new guidance primarily impacted the allowance for loan losses related to the Company's loan portfolio. Upon adoption, the Company recorded an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $91.0 million, which included a reclassification of the non-accretable discount balance and premiums related to loans purchased with evidence of credit deterioration, and decreased retained earnings, net of tax, by $18.9 million. The following table illustrates the impact of the adoption of ASC 326.

8

																					
		Balances at
December 31, 2019		Impact of ASC 326 adoption		Balances at
January 1, 2020	
Assets							
Loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance							
Loans receivable		$	20,798,719 	 		— 	 		20,798,719 	 	
Accrued interest receivable		733,497 	 		— 	 		733,497 	 	
Loan discount, net		(35,036)	 		33,790 	 		(1,246)	 	
Non-accretable discount		(32,398)	 		32,398 	 		— 	 	
Allowance for loan losses		(61,914)	 		(91,014)	 		(152,928)	 	
Loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance		21,402,868 	 			(24,826)	 		21,378,042 	 	
							
Liabilities							
Other liabilities (deferred taxes)		303,781 	 		(5,958)	 		297,823 	 	
							
Equity							
Retained earnings		2,377,627 	 		(18,868)	 		2,358,759 	 	

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for loans receivable purchased with credit deterioration ("PCD") that were previously classified as purchased credit impaired ("PCI"). In accordance with the standard, the Company did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. On January 1, 2020, the unamortized cost basis of the PCD assets were adjusted to reflect the addition of $32.4 million in the allowance for loan losses (as reflected in the table above). The remaining noncredit premium on these loans as of January 1, 2020 (based on the adjusted amortized cost basis) will be amortized into interest income over the life of the loans. Changes to the allowance for loan losses on these loans after adoption are recorded through provision expense.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Affected by Implementation of ASC 326
Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans as of the balance sheet date. Such allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset which includes consideration of prepayments. Loans are charged off when management determines the loan is uncollectible. Charge-offs are recognized as a reduction to the allowance for loan losses. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off, not to exceed the aggregate of the amount previously charged off, are included in the estimate of the allowance for loan losses at the balance sheet date.
The Company aggregates loans with similar risk characteristics into homogeneous pools to estimate its expected credit losses. The Company continuously evaluates such pooling decisions and adjusts as needed from period to period as risk characteristics change.
The Company determines its estimated credit losses for the following financial assets as follows:
Loans receivable
Management has determined that the federally insured, private education, and consumer loan portfolios each meet the definition of a portfolio segment, which is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for loan losses. Accordingly, the portfolio segment disclosures are presented on this basis in note 2 for each of these portfolios. The Company does not disaggregate its portfolio segment loan portfolios into classes of financing receivables.
The Company utilizes an undiscounted cash flow methodology in determining its lifetime expected credit losses on its federally insured and private education loan portfolios and a remaining life methodology for its consumer loan portfolio. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has determined that, for modeling current expected credit losses, in general, the Company can reasonably estimate expected losses that incorporate current and forecasted economic conditions up to a one-year period. After this "reasonable and supportable" period, there is a one-year reversion period to the Company's actual long-term historical loss experience over a full economic life cycle. Historical credit loss experience provides
9

the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Qualitative and quantitative adjustments to historical loss information are made separately on each of the Company’s federally insured, private education, and consumer loan portfolios.
Qualitative and quantitative adjustments related to current conditions and the reasonable and supportable forecast period consider all of the following for the Company’s federally insured loan portfolio: loans in repayment versus those in nonpaying status; delinquency status; trends in defaults in the portfolio based on Company and industry data; past experience; trends in student loan claims rejected for payment by guarantors; changes in federal student loan programs; current economic conditions, including changes in unemployment rates; and other relevant qualitative factors. The federal government guarantees 97 percent of the principal of and the interest on federally insured student loans disbursed on and after July 1, 2006 (and 98 percent for those loans disbursed on and after October 1, 1993 and prior to July 1, 2006), which limits the Company’s loss exposure on the outstanding balance of the Company’s federally insured portfolio. Student loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993 are fully insured.
Qualitative and quantitative adjustments related to current conditions and the reasonable and supportable forecast period consider all of the following for the Company’s private education loans: loans in repayment versus those in a nonpaying status; delinquency status; type of program; trends in defaults in the portfolio based on Company and industry data; past experience; current economic conditions, including changes in unemployment rates and gross domestic product growth; and other relevant qualitative factors. The Company places private education loans on nonaccrual status when the collection of principal and interest is 90 days past due and charges off the loan when the collection of principal and interest is 120 days past due. Collections, if any, are reflected as a recovery through the allowance for loan losses.
Qualitative and quantitative adjustments related to current conditions and a reasonable and supportable forecast period consider all of the following for the Company's consumer loans: delinquency status; type of program; trends in defaults in the portfolio based on Company and industry data; past experience; current economic conditions; and other relevant qualitative factors. The Company places consumer loans on nonaccrual status when the collection of principal and interest is 90 days past due and charges off the loan when the collection of principal and interest is 120 days or 180 days past due, depending on type of loan program. Collections, if any, are reflected as a recovery through the allowance for loan losses.
Purchased Loans Receivable with Credit Deterioration (“PCD”)
The Company has purchased federally insured rehabilitation loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Rehabilitation loans are loans that have previously defaulted, but for which the borrower has made a specified number of on-time payments. Although rehabilitation loans benefit from the same guarantees as other federally insured loans, rehabilitation loans have generally experienced redefault rates that are higher than default rates for federally insured loans that have not previously defaulted. These PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An allowance for loan losses is determined using the same methodology as for other loans held for investment. The sum of the loans’ purchase price and allowance for loan losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.
Loan Accrued Interest Receivable
The Company has elected to present its loan accrued interest receivable balance combined in its consolidated balance sheets with the loans receivable amortized cost balance.
For the Company’s federally insured loan portfolio, the Company has elected to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. For federally insured loans, accrued interest receivable is typically charged-off when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become greater than 270 days past due. Charge-offs of accrued interest receivable are recognized as a reduction to the allowance for loan losses.

For the Company’s private education and consumer loan portfolios, the Company has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. For private education and consumer loans, the accrual of interest is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due. Charge-offs of accrued interest receivable are recognized by reversing interest income.
10

2.  Loans and Accrued Interest Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses
Loans and accrued interest receivable consisted of the following:
												
	As of		As of	
 	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019	
Federally insured student loans:				
Stafford and other	$	4,645,574 	 		4,684,314 	 	
Consolidation	15,539,478 	 		15,644,229 	 	
Total	20,185,052 	 		20,328,543 	 	
Private education loans	274,210 	 		244,258 	 	
Consumer loans	145,803 	 		225,918 	 	
 	20,605,065 	 		20,798,719 	 	
Accrued interest receivable	766,773 	 		733,497 	 	
Loan discount, net of unamortized loan premiums and deferred origination costs	(4,762)	 		(35,036)	 	
Non-accretable discount	— 	 		(32,398)	 	
Allowance for loan losses:				
Federally insured loans	(146,759)	 		(36,763)	 	
Private education loans	(23,056)	 		(9,597)	 	
Consumer loans	(39,053)	 		(15,554)	 	
 	$	21,158,208 	 		21,402,868 	 	
On January 30, 2020, the Company sold $124.2 million (par value) of consumer loans to an unrelated third party who securitized such loans. The Company recognized a $18.2 million (pre-tax) gain as part of this transaction. As partial consideration received for the consumer loans sold, the Company received a 31.4 percent residual interest in the consumer loan securitization that is included in "investments" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
Activity in the Allowance for Loan Losses
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment.

	Balance at beginning of period		Impact of ASC 326 adoption		Provision for loan losses		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration (a)		Loan sale		Balance at end of period	
 	Three months ended March 31, 2020	
Federally insured loans	$	36,763 	 		72,291 	 		39,323 	 		(6,318)	 		— 	 		4,700 	 		— 	 		146,759 	 	
Private education loans	9,597 	 		4,797 	 		9,800 	 		(1,330)	 		192 	 		— 	 		— 	 		23,056 	 	
Consumer loans	15,554 	 		13,926 	 		27,176 	 		(4,350)	 		247 	 		— 	 		(13,500)	 		39,053 	 	
	$	61,914 	 		91,014 	 		76,299 	 		(11,998)	 		439 	 		4,700 	 		(13,500)	 		208,868 	 	
																
	Three months ended March 31, 2019	
Federally insured loans	$	42,310 	 		— 	 		2,000 	 		(3,376)	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		40,934 	 	
Private education loans	10,838 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(482)	 		231 	 		— 	 		— 	 		10,587 	 	
Consumer loans	7,240 	 		— 	 		5,000 	 		(2,006)	 		23 	 		— 	 		— 	 		10,257 	 	
	$	60,388 	 		— 	 		7,000 	 		(5,864)	 		254 	 		— 	 		— 	 		61,778 	 	

	

	

	

	
a) During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company acquired $291.2 million (par value) of federally insured rehabilitation loans. These loans met the definition of PCD loans when they were purchased by the Company. The Company estimated that the expected credit losses relating to these loans was $4.7 million at the time of purchase. The noncredit discount recorded as part of these acquisitions will be recognized into interest income using an effective yield over the life of the loans.
In March 2020, the rapid outbreak of the respiratory disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus, coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 ("COVID-19"), was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization and a national emergency by the President, and caused significant disruptions in the U.S. and world economies. Apart from the impact of the adoption of ASC 326 effective January 1, 2020, the Company’s allowance for loan losses increased during the first quarter of 2020 primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on current and forecasted economic conditions.
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Loan Status and Delinquencies
The key credit quality indicators for the Company's federally insured, private education, and consumer loan portfolios are loan status, including delinquencies. The impact of changes in loan status is incorporated into the allowance for loan losses calculation. Delinquencies have the potential to adversely impact the Company’s earnings through increased servicing and collection costs and account charge-offs. The table below shows the Company’s loan status and delinquency amounts.

	As of March 31, 2020		As of December 31, 2019		As of March 31, 2019	
Federally insured loans:	 				 		 				 							
Loans in-school/grace/deferment	$	1,111,139 	 		5.5 	%		 		$	1,074,678 	 		5.3 	%		 		$	1,288,011 	 		5.9 	%			
Loans in forbearance	2,131,735 	 		10.6 	 		 		1,339,821 	 		6.6 	 		 		1,358,343 	 		6.3 	 			
Loans in repayment status:					 						 							
Loans current	14,618,767 	 				86.3 	%		15,410,993 	 				86.0 	%		16,550,665 	 				87.0 	%	
Loans delinquent 31-60 days	581,665 	 				3.4 	 		650,796 	 				3.6 	 		666,668 	 				3.5 	 	
Loans delinquent 61-90 days	405,575 	 				2.4 	 		428,879 	 				2.4 	 		425,098 	 				2.2 	 	
Loans delinquent 91-120 days	267,145 	 				1.6 	 		310,851 	 				1.7 	 		296,242 	 				1.6 	 	
Loans delinquent 121-270 days	756,241 	 				4.5 	 		812,107 	 				4.5 	 		718,409 	 				3.8 	 	
Loans delinquent 271 days or greater	312,785 	 				1.8 	 		300,418 	 				1.8 	 		377,177 	 				1.9 	 	
Total loans in repayment	16,942,178 	 		83.9 	 		100.0 	%		17,914,044 	 		88.1 	 		100.0 	%		19,034,259 	 		87.8 	 		100.0 	%	
Total federally insured loans	20,185,052 	 		100.0 	%		 		20,328,543 	 		100.0 	%		 		21,680,613 	 		100.0 	%			
Accrued interest receivable	763,924 	 						730,059 	 						712,852 	 					
Loan discount, net of unamortized premiums and deferred origination costs	(5,732)	 						(35,822)	 						(45,139)	 					
Non-accretable discount (a)	— 	 						(28,036)	 						(25,799)	 					
Allowance for loan losses	(146,759)	 						(36,763)	 						(40,934)	 					
Total federally insured loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance for loan losses	$	20,796,485 	 						$	20,957,981 	 						$	22,281,593 	 					
Private education loans:																		
Loans in-school/grace/deferment	$	4,783 	 		1.7 	%				$	4,493 	 		1.8 	%				$	4,208 	 		2.0 	%			
Loans in forbearance	11,428 	 		4.2 	 				3,108 	 		1.3 	 				1,473 	 		0.7 	 			
Loans in repayment status:																				
Loans current	252,611 	 				97.9 	%		227,013 	 				95.9 	%		196,122 	 				95.5 	%	
Loans delinquent 31-60 days	1,606 	 				0.6 	 		2,814 	 				1.2 	 		2,292 	 				1.1 	 	
Loans delinquent 61-90 days	961 	 				0.4 	 		1,694 	 				0.7 	 		1,481 	 				0.7 	 	
Loans delinquent 91 days or greater	2,821 	 				1.1 	 		5,136 	 				2.2 	 		5,453 	 				2.7 	 	
Total loans in repayment	257,999 	 		94.1 	 		100.0 	%		236,657 	 		96.9 	 		100.0 	%		205,348 	 		97.3 	 		100.0 	%	
Total private education loans	274,210 	 		100.0 	%		 		244,258 	 		100.0 	%		 		211,029 	 		100.0 	%			
Accrued interest receivable	1,716 	 						1,558 	 						1,134 	 					
Loan discount, net of unamortized premiums and deferred origination costs	(138)	 						46 	 						(1,063)	 					
Non-accretable discount (a)	— 	 						(4,362)	 						(5,311)	 					
Allowance for loan losses	(23,056)	 						(9,597)	 						(10,587)	 					
Total private education loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance for loan losses	$	252,732 	 						$	231,903 	 						$	195,202 	 					
Consumer loans:																		
Loans in repayment status:																		
Loans current	$	141,840 	 				97.3 	%		$	220,404 	 				97.5 	%		$	187,983 	 				98.4 	%	
Loans delinquent 31-60 days	1,525 	 				1.0 	 		2,046 	 				0.9 	 		1,162 	 				0.6 	 	
Loans delinquent 61-90 days	851 	 				0.6 	 		1,545 	 				0.7 	 		917 	 				0.5 	 	
Loans delinquent 91 days or greater	1,587 	 				1.1 	 		1,923 	 				0.9 	 		939 	 				0.5 	 	
Total loans in repayment	145,803 	 					100.0 	%		225,918 	 				100.0 	%		191,001 	 				100.0 	%	
Total consumer loans	145,803 	 							225,918 	 						191,001 	 					
Accrued interest receivable	1,133 	 						1,880 	 						1,366 	 					
Loan premium	1,108 	 						740 	 						2,600 	 					
Allowance for loan losses	(39,053)	 						(15,554)	 						(10,257)	 					
Total consumer loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance for loan losses	$	108,991 	 						$	212,984 	 						$	184,710 	 					
(a) Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, the Company reclassified the non-accretable discount balance related to loans purchased with evidence of credit deterioration to allowance for loan losses.
12

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. The CARES Act, among other things, provides broad relief, effective March 13, 2020, for borrowers that have student loans owned by the Department of Education (the "Department"). This relief package excluded Federal Family Education Program (“FFELP” or “FFEL Program”), private education, and consumer loans. Although the Company’s loans are excluded from the provisions of the CARES Act, the Company is providing relief for its borrowers.
For the Company’s federally insured loans, the Company is proactively applying a 90 day, non-capping natural disaster forbearance to any loan that is 31-269 days past due, and to any current loan upon request. For the Company’s private education loans, the Company is proactively applying a 90 day non-capping natural disaster forbearance to any loan that is 80 days past due, and to any other loan upon request. In addition, for private education loans, the Company is delaying final demand letters and default activity, while replacing collection calls with borrower outreach on relief options. For both federally insured and private education loans, all borrower late fees are being waived and borrower payments made after March 13, 2020 are refunded upon a borrower’s request. All borrower relief activity was implemented in late March and April 2020, using an effective date of March 13, 2020. The borrower relief activity will continue until July 1, 2020, at which time the Company will review whether such policies should continue. No negative borrower reporting will be sent to credit bureaus during this time.
For the majority of the Company’s consumer loans, borrowers are generally being offered, upon request, a two-month deferral of payments, with an option of additional deferrals if the COVID-19 crisis continues. In addition, all fees (non-sufficient funds, late charges, check fees) and credit bureau reporting are currently suspended. The specific relief terms on the Company’s consumer loan portfolio vary depending on the loan program and servicer of such loans.
Nonaccrual Status
The Company does not place federally insured loans on nonaccrual status due to the government guaranty. The amortized cost of private and consumer loans on nonaccrual status, as well as the allowance for loan losses related to such loans, as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, was not material.
13

Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
The following table presents the amortized cost of the Company's private education and consumer loans by loan status and delinquency amount as of March 31, 2020 based on year of origination. Effective July 1, 2010, no new loan originations can be made under the FFEL Program and all new federal loan originations must be made under the Federal Direct Loan Program. As such, all the Company’s federally insured loans were originated prior to July 1, 2010.

	Three months ended March 31, 2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior Years		Total	
Private education loans: 	 																											
Loans in school/grace/deferment 	 	$	— 	 			628 	 			— 	 			— 	 			408 	 			3,747 	 			4,783 	 	
Loans in forbearance 	 	— 	 			3,570 	 			46 	 			— 	 			348 	 			7,464 	 			11,428 	 	
Loans in repayment status: 	 																											
Loans current 	 	— 	 			98,059 	 			1,198 	 			— 	 			6,454 	 			146,900 	 			252,611 	 	
Loans delinquent 31-60 days 	 	— 	 			— 	 			— 	 			— 	 			— 	 			1,606 	 			1,606 	 	
Loans delinquent 61-90 days 	 	— 	 			71 	 			— 	 			— 	 			8 	 			882 	 			961 	 	
Loans delinquent 91 days or greater 	 	— 	 			— 	 			— 	 			— 	 			— 	 			2,821 	 			2,821 	 	
Total loans in repayment 	 	— 	 			98,130 	 			1,198 	 			— 	 			6,462 	 			152,209 	 			257,999 	 	
Total private education loans 	 	$	— 	 			102,328 	 			1,244 	 			— 	 			7,218 	 			163,420 	 			274,210 	 	
Accrued interest receivable 	 																									1,716 	 	
Loan discount, net of unamortized premiums and deferred origination costs 	 																									(138)	 	
Allowance for loan losses 	 																									(23,056)	 	
Total private education loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance for loan losses 	 																									$	252,732 	 	
																											
Consumer loans: 	 																											
Loans in repayment status: 	 																											
Loans current 	 	$	60,134 	 			35,456 	 			40,208 	 			6,042 	 			— 	 			— 	 			141,840 	 	
Loans delinquent 31-60 days 	 	156 	 			905 	 			367 	 			97 	 			— 	 			— 	 			1,525 	 	
Loans delinquent 61-90 days 	 	— 	 			426 	 			372 	 			53 	 			— 	 			— 	 			851 	 	
Loans delinquent 91 days or greater 	 	— 	 			714 	 			797 	 			76 	 			— 	 			— 	 			1,587 	 	
Total loans in repayment 	 	60,290 	 			37,501 	 			41,744 	 			6,268 	 			— 	 			— 	 			145,803 	 	
Total consumer loans 	 	$	60,290 	 			37,501 	 			41,744 	 			6,268 	 			— 	 			— 	 			145,803 	 	
Accrued interest receivable 	 																									1,133 	 	
Loan premium 	 																									1,108 	 	
Allowance for loan losses 	 																									(39,053)	 	
Total consumer loans and accrued interest receivable, net of allowance for loan losses 	 																									$	108,991 	 	

14

3.  Bonds and Notes Payable
The following tables summarize the Company’s outstanding debt obligations by type of instrument:
																		
 	As of March 31, 2020	
	Carrying
amount		Interest rate
range		Final maturity	
Variable-rate bonds and notes issued in FFELP loan asset-backed securitizations:	 		 		 	
Bonds and notes based on indices	$	18,525,916 	 		0.90% - 3.42%		5/27/25 - 3/26/68	
Bonds and notes based on auction	763,476 	 		1.61% - 3.26%		3/22/32 - 11/26/46	
Total FFELP variable-rate bonds and notes	19,289,392 	 					
Fixed-rate bonds and notes issued in FFELP loan asset-backed securitizations	773,997 	 		1.83% - 3.45%		10/25/67 - 4/25/68	
FFELP warehouse facilities	282,505 	 		1.65% / 1.70%		5/20/21 / 5/31/22	
Private education loan warehouse facility	85,494 	 		1.65%		2/13/22	
Consumer loan warehouse facility	67,097 	 		1.68%		4/23/22	
Variable-rate bonds and notes issued in private education loan asset-backed securitizations	65,859 	 		1.65% / 2.70%		12/26/40 / 6/25/49	
Fixed-rate bonds and notes issued in private education loan asset-backed securitization	46,045 	 		3.60% / 5.35%		12/26/40 / 12/28/43	
Unsecured line of credit	100,000 	 		2.11%		12/16/24	
Unsecured debt - Junior Subordinated Hybrid Securities	20,381 	 		4.81%		9/15/61	
Other borrowings	5,000 	 		3.11%		5/30/22	
 	20,735,770 	 		 		 	
Discount on bonds and notes payable and debt issuance costs	(269,040)	 					
Total	$	20,466,730 	 					

																		
 	As of December 31, 2019	
	Carrying
amount		Interest rate
range		Final maturity	
Variable-rate bonds and notes issued in FFELP loan asset-backed securitizations:	 		 		 	
Bonds and notes based on indices	$	18,428,998 	 		1.98% - 3.61%		5/27/25 - 1/25/68	
Bonds and notes based on auction	768,626 	 		2.75% - 3.60%		3/22/32 - 11/26/46	
Total FFELP variable-rate bonds and notes	19,197,624 	 					
Fixed-rate bonds and notes issued in FFELP loan asset-backed securitizations	512,836 	 		2.00% - 3.45%		10/25/67 / 11/25/67	
FFELP warehouse facilities	778,094 	 		1.98% / 2.07%		5/20/21 / 5/31/22	
Consumer loan warehouse facility	116,570 	 		1.99%		4/23/22	
Variable-rate bonds and notes issued in private education loan asset-backed securitizations	73,308 	 		3.15% / 3.54%		12/26/40 / 6/25/49	
Fixed-rate bonds and notes issued in private education loan asset-backed securitization	49,367 	 		3.60% / 5.35%		12/26/40 / 12/28/43	
Unsecured line of credit	50,000 	 		3.29%		12/16/24	
Unsecured debt - Junior Subordinated Hybrid Securities	20,381 	 		5.28%		9/15/61	
Other borrowings	5,000 	 		3.44%		5/30/22	
 	20,803,180 	 		 		 	
Discount on bonds and notes payable and debt issuance costs	(274,126)	 					
Total	$	20,529,054 	 					

15

FFELP Warehouse Facilities
The Company funds the majority of its FFELP loan acquisitions using its FFELP warehouse facilities. Student loan warehousing allows the Company to buy and manage student loans prior to transferring them into more permanent financing arrangements.
As of March 31, 2020, the Company had two FFELP warehouse facilities as summarized below.

		NFSLW-I		NHELP-II		Total	
Maximum financing amount		$	550,000 	 		500,000 	 		1,050,000 	 	
Amount outstanding		159,441 	 		123,064 	 		282,505 	 	
Amount available		$	390,559 	 		376,936 	 		767,495 	 	
Expiration of liquidity provisions		May 20, 2020		May 31, 2020			
Final maturity date		May 20, 2021		May 31, 2022			

Advanced as equity support		$	7,981 	 		10,556 	 		18,537 	 	
Asset-Backed Securitizations
The following table summarizes the asset-backed securitization transactions completed during the first three months of 2020.

		2020-1		2020-2		2020-3		Total	
	
Date securities issued		2/20/20		3/11/20		3/19/20			
Total original principal amount		$	435,600 	 		272,100 	 		352,600 	 		1,060,300 	 	
									
Class A senior notes:									
Total principal amount		$	424,600 	 		264,300 	 		343,600 	 		1,032,500 	 	
Bond discount		— 	 		(44)	 		(1,503)	 		(1,547)	 	
Issue price		$	424,600 	 		264,256 	 		342,097 	 		1,030,953 	 	
Cost of funds		1-month LIBOR plus 0.74%		1.83%		1-month LIBOR plus 0.92%			
Final maturity date		3/26/68		4/25/68		3/26/68			
									
Class B subordinated notes:							
Total principal amount		$	11,000 	 		7,800 	 		9,000 	 		27,800 	 	
Bond discount		— 	 		(574)	 		(284)	 		(858)	 	
Issue price		$	11,000 	 		7,226 	 		8,716 	 		26,942 	 	
Cost of funds		1-month LIBOR plus 1.75%		2.50%		1-month LIBOR plus 1.90%			
Final maturity date		3/26/68		4/25/68		3/26/68			
Consumer Loan Warehouse Facility
The Company has a consumer loan warehouse facility that has an aggregate maximum financing amount available of $200.0 million, an advance rate of 70 or 75 percent depending on the type of collateral and subject to certain concentration limits, liquidity provisions to April 23, 2021, and a final maturity date of April 23, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $67.1 million was outstanding under this warehouse facility and $132.9 million was available for future funding. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020, the Company had $29.1 million advanced as equity support under this facility.
Private Education Loan Warehouse Facility
On February 13, 2020, the Company closed on a private education loan warehouse facility with an aggregate maximum financing amount available of $100.0 million. On March 20, 2020, the facility was amended to increase the maximum financing amount to $200.0 million. The facility has an advance rate of 90 percent, liquidity provisions through February 13, 2021, and a final maturity date of February 13, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $85.5 million was outstanding under this warehouse facility
16

and $114.5 million was available for future funding. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020, the Company had $9.2 million advanced as equity support under this facility.
Unsecured Line of Credit
The Company has a $455.0 million unsecured line of credit that has a maturity date of December 16, 2024. As of March 31, 2020, $100.0 million was outstanding on the line of credit and $355.0 million was available for future use. The line of credit provides that the Company may increase the aggregate financing commitments, through the existing lenders and/or through new lenders, up to a total of $550.0 million, subject to certain conditions.

4.  Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. Derivative instruments used as part of the Company's risk management strategy are further described in note 5 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the 2019 Annual Report. A tabular presentation of such derivatives outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is presented below.
Basis Swaps
The following table summarizes the Company’s outstanding basis swaps as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, in which the Company receives three-month LIBOR set discretely in advance and pays one-month LIBOR plus or minus a spread as defined in the agreements (the "1:3 Basis Swaps").

Maturity		Notional Amount	

2020		$	1,000,000 	 	
2021		250,000 	 	
2022 (a)		2,000,000 	 	
2023		750,000 	 	
2024		1,750,000 	 	
2026		1,150,000 	 	
2027		250,000 	 	

	

		$	7,150,000 	 	
(a) $750 million of the notional amount of these derivatives have forward effective start dates in May 2020.
The weighted average rate paid by the Company on the 1:3 Basis Swaps as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was one-month LIBOR plus 9.7 basis points.
Interest Rate Swaps – Floor Income Hedges
The following table summarizes the outstanding derivative instruments used by the Company to economically hedge loans earning fixed rate floor income.
																											
		As of March 31, 2020		As of December 31, 2019	
Maturity		Notional amount		Weighted average fixed rate paid by the Company (a)		Notional amount		Weighted average fixed rate paid by the Company (a)	
									
2020		$	1,000,000 	 		1.00 	%		$	1,500,000 	 		1.01 	%	
2021		600,000 	 		2.15 	 		600,000 	 		2.15 	 	
2022 (b)		250,000 	 		1.65 	 		250,000 	 		1.65 	 	
2023		150,000 	 		2.25 	 		150,000 	 		2.25 	 	

	

 		$	2,000,000 	 		1.52 	%		$	2,500,000 	 		1.42 	%	
(a) For all interest rate derivatives, the Company receives discrete three-month LIBOR.
(b) These derivatives have forward effective start dates in June 2021. Excluding these derivatives, the weighted average fixed rate paid by the Company on its floor income derivative portfolio was 1.50% as of March 31, 2020.
17

Interest Rate Caps
In June 2015 and June 2019, the Company paid $2.9 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for interest rate cap contracts to mitigate a rise in interest rates and its impact on earnings related to its student loan portfolio earning a fixed rate. In the event that the one-month LIBOR or three-month LIBOR rate rises above the applicable strike rate, the Company will receive monthly payments related to the spread difference. The following table summarizes these derivative instruments as of March 31, 2020.

Notional Amount		Strike rate		Maturity date	
$	125,000 	 		2.50% (1-month LIBOR)		July 15, 2020	
150,000 	 		4.99% (1-month LIBOR)		July 15, 2020	
500,000 	 		2.25% (3-month LIBOR)		September 25, 2020	
Consolidated Financial Statement Impact Related to Derivatives - Statements of Operations
The following table summarizes the components of "derivative market value adjustments and derivative settlements, net" included in the consolidated statements of operations.

	Three months ended March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Settlements:	 		 	
1:3 basis swaps	$	2,112 	 		2,334 	 	
Interest rate swaps - floor income hedges	2,125 	 		16,701 	 	
	
Total settlements - income (expense)	4,237 	 		19,035 	 	
Change in fair value:	 		 	
1:3 basis swaps	1,558 	 		(2,212)	 	
Interest rate swaps - floor income hedges	(22,160)	 		(26,712)	 	
Interest rate swap options - floor income hedges	— 	 		(1,376)	 	
Interest rate caps	— 	 		(274)	 	
	
Total change in fair value - income (expense)	(20,602)	 		(30,574)	 	
Derivative market value adjustments and derivative settlements, net - income (expense)	$	(16,365)	 		(11,539)	 	

18

5.  Investments
A summary of the Company's investments follows:

	As of March 31, 2020		As of December 31, 2019	
	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Fair value		Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Fair value	
																
Investments (at fair value):																
Student loan asset-backed and other debt securities - available-for-sale (a)	$	56,016 	 		2,230 	 		(1,099)	 		57,147 	 		48,790 	 		3,911 	 		— 	 		52,701 	 	
Equity securities	22,871 	 		4,846 	 		(1,554)	 		26,163 	 		9,622 	 		4,561 	 		(1,283)	 		12,900 	 	
Total investments (at fair value)	$	78,887 	 		7,076 	 		(2,653)	 		83,310 	 		58,412 	 		8,472 	 		(1,283)	 		65,601 	 	
																
Other Investments (not measured at fair value):																
Venture capital and funds:																
Measurement alternative							65,631 	 								72,760 	 	
Equity method							15,338 	 								15,379 	 	
Other							537 	 								1,301 	 	
Total venture capital and funds							81,506 	 								89,440 	 	
Real estate and solar:																
Equity method							45,070 	 								51,721 	 	
Other							862 	 								867 	 	
  Total real estate and solar							45,932 	 								52,588 	 	

																
Beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations, net of allowance for credit losses of $26,303 as of March 31, 2020							34,109 	 								33,187 	 	
Beneficial interest in federally insured loan securitization							3,084 	 								— 	 	
Tax liens and affordable housing							5,998 	 									6,283 	 	
Total investments (not measured at fair value)							170,629 	 								181,498 	 	
Total investments							$	253,939 	 								$	247,099 	 	
(a) As of March 31, 2020, there were no individual securities in which the fair value was lower than amortized cost as a result of credit losses. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded an allowance for credit losses on its available-for-sale debt securities as of March 31, 2020. In addition, for those securities in which fair value was lower than amortized cost, the Company has the ability to hold and does not intend to sell such securities until the amortized cost is recovered.
Impairment Expense
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recorded a total of $(34.1) million (pre-tax) in impairment charges related to its investments, which included $26.3 million and $7.8 million in impairments related to the Company's beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations and several of its venture capital investments, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, the Company's estimate of future cash flows from the beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations was lower than previously anticipated due to the expectation of increased consumer loan defaults within such securitizations due to the distressed economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company measured the allowance for credit losses on the consumer loan beneficial interests by comparing the present value of expected cash flows to the amortized cost basis and recorded an allowance for credit losses of $26.3 million, which represented the amount by which the fair value was less than the amortized cost basis. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020, the Company identified several venture capital investments, a majority of which were accounted for under the measurement alternative, that were also negatively impacted by the distressed economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic during the first quarter of 2020, and estimated that the fair value of such investments was significantly reduced from their previous carrying value.
19

6. Intangible Assets
A summary of the Company's intangible assets follows:
																		
	Weighted average remaining useful life as of March 31, 2020 (months)					
			As of		As of	
			March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019	
Amortizable intangible assets, net:	 		 	
Customer relationships (net of accumulated amortization of $67,195 and $60,553, respectively)	80		$	65,257 	 		71,900 	 	
Trade names (net of accumulated amortization of $3,063 and $2,792, respectively)	94		7,207 	 		7,478 	 	
Computer software (net of accumulated amortization of $3,724 and $3,233, respectively)	11		1,663 	 		2,154 	 	
Total - amortizable intangible assets, net	80		$	74,127 	 		81,532 	 	
The Company recorded amortization expense on its intangible assets of $7.4 million and $8.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company will continue to amortize intangible assets over their remaining useful lives. As of March 31, 2020, the Company estimates it will record amortization expense as follows:

2020 (April 1 - December 31)	$	22,110 	 	
2021	18,761 	 	
2022	7,172 	 	
2023	6,925 	 	
2024	6,511 	 	
2025 and thereafter	12,648 	 	
 	$	74,127 	 	

7. Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020 by reportable operating segment was as follows:
																																				
	Loan Servicing and Systems		Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing		Communications		Asset Generation and Management		Corporate and Other Activities		Total	

	
	
Goodwill balance	$	23,639 	 		70,278 	 		21,112 	 		41,883 	 		— 	 		156,912 	 	

	

	

20

8. Property and Equipment
A summary of the Company's property and equipment follows:
																		
			As of		As of	
	Useful life		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019	
Non-communications:						
Computer equipment and software	1-5 years		$	167,824 	 		160,319 	 	
Building and building improvements	5-48 years		38,137 	 		37,904 	 	
Office furniture and equipment	1-10 years		21,942 	 		21,245 	 	
Leasehold improvements	1-15 years		9,538 	 		9,517 	 	
Transportation equipment	5-10 years		5,032 	 		5,049 	 	
Land	—		1,400 	 		1,400 	 	
Construction in progress	—		20,570 	 		13,738 	 	
			264,443 	 		249,172 	 	
Accumulated depreciation - non-communications			(151,813)	 		(142,270)	 	
Non-communications, net property and equipment			112,630 	 		106,902 	 	
						
Communications:						
Network plant and fiber	4-15 years		258,678 	 		254,560 	 	
Customer located property	2-4 years		27,971 	 		27,011 	 	
Central office	5-15 years		18,429 	 		17,672 	 	
Transportation equipment	4-10 years		6,663 	 		6,611 	 	
Computer equipment and software	1-5 years		5,902 	 		5,574 	 	
Other	1-39 years		3,733 	 		3,702 	 	
Land	—		70 	 		70 	 	
Construction in progress	—		1,088 	 		54 	 	
			322,534 	 		315,254 	 	
Accumulated depreciation - communications			(84,067)	 		(73,897)	 	
Communications, net property and equipment			238,467 	 		241,357 	 	
Total property and equipment, net			$	351,097 	 		348,259 	 	
The Company recorded depreciation expense on its property and equipment of $20.3 million and $15.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

9.  Earnings per Common Share
Presented below is a summary of the components used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share. The Company applies the two-class method in computing both basic and diluted earnings per share, which requires the calculation of separate earnings per share amounts for common stock and unvested share-based awards. Unvested share-based awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends are considered securities which participate in undistributed earnings with common stock.

 	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
	Common shareholders		Unvested restricted stock shareholders		Total		Common shareholders		Unvested restricted stock shareholders		Total	
Numerator:												
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(39,974)	 		(558)	 		(40,532)	 		41,057 	 		534 	 		41,591 	 	
												
Denominator:												
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted	39,405,454 	 		550,060 	 		39,955,514 	 		39,855,122 	 		518,173 	 		40,373,295 	 	
Earnings per share - basic and diluted	$	(1.01)	 		(1.01)	 		(1.01)	 		1.03 	 		1.03 	 		1.03 	 	
21

10.  Segment Reporting
See note 14 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the 2019 Annual Report for a description of the Company's operating segments. The following tables include the results of each of the Company's operating segments reconciled to the consolidated financial statements.
																																										
 	Three months ended March 31, 2020	
	Loan Servicing and Systems		Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing		Communications		Asset
Generation and
Management		Corporate and Other Activities		Eliminations		Total	
Total interest income	$	317 	 		1,991 	 		— 	 		185,926 	 		1,555 	 		(598)	 		189,191 	 	
Interest expense	44 	 		17 	 		— 	 		133,249 	 		1,407 	 		(598)	 		134,118 	 	
Net interest income (expense)	273 	 		1,974 	 		— 	 		52,677 	 		148 	 		— 	 		55,073 	 	
Less provision for loan losses	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		76,299 	 		— 	 		— 	 		76,299 	 	
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	273 	 		1,974 	 		— 	 		(23,622)	 		148 	 		— 	 		(21,226)	 	
Other income/expense:														
Loan servicing and systems revenue	112,735 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		112,735 	 	
Intersegment revenue	11,054 	 		11 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(11,065)	 		— 	 	
Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue	— 	 		83,675 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		83,675 	 	
Communications revenue	— 	 		— 	 		18,181 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		18,181 	 	
Gain on sale of loans	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		18,206 	 		— 	 		— 	 		18,206 	 	
Other income	2,630 	 		— 	 		353 	 		3,215 	 		2,083 	 		— 	 		8,281 	 	
Impairment expense	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(26,303)	 		(7,783)	 		— 	 		(34,087)	 	
Derivative settlements, net	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		4,237 	 		— 	 		— 	 		4,237 	 	
Derivative market value adjustments, net	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(20,602)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(20,602)	 	
Total other income/expense	126,419 	 		83,686 	 		18,534 	 		(21,247)	 		(5,700)	 		(11,065)	 		190,626 	 	
Cost of services:														
Cost to provide education technology, services, and payment processing services	— 	 		22,806 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		22,806 	 	
Cost to provide communications services	— 	 		— 	 		5,582 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		5,582 	 	
Total cost of services	— 	 		22,806 	 		5,582 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		28,388 	 	
Operating expenses:														
Salaries and benefits	70,493 	 		23,696 	 		5,416 	 		443 	 		19,830 	 		— 	 		119,878 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	8,848 	 		2,387 	 		10,507 	 		— 	 		5,907 	 		— 	 		27,648 	 	
	
Other expenses	17,489 	 		6,092 	 		3,689 	 		3,717 	 		12,398 	 		— 	 		43,384 	 	
Intersegment expenses, net	16,239 	 		3,327 	 		624 	 		11,916 	 		(21,041)	 		(11,065)	 		— 	 	
Total operating expenses	113,069 	 		35,502 	 		20,236 	 		16,076 	 		17,094 	 		(11,065)	 		190,910 	 	
Income (loss) before income taxes	13,623 	 		27,352 	 		(7,284)	 		(60,945)	 		(22,646)	 		— 	 		(49,898)	 	
Income tax (expense) benefit	(3,269)	 		(6,565)	 		1,748 	 		14,627 	 		3,592 	 		— 	 		10,133 	 	
Net income (loss)	10,354 	 		20,787 	 		(5,536)	 		(46,318)	 		(19,054)	 		— 	 		(39,765)	 	
  Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(767)	 		— 	 		(767)	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	10,354 	 		20,787 	 		(5,536)	 		(46,318)	 		(19,821)	 		— 	 		(40,532)	 	
														
Total assets as of March 31, 2020	$	223,021 	 		302,631 	 		301,440 	 		21,905,150 	 		679,390 	 		(131,004)	 		23,280,628 	 	

22

																																										
 	Three months ended March 31, 2019	
	Loan Servicing and Systems		Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing		Communications		Asset
Generation and
Management		Corporate and Other
Activities		Eliminations		Total	
Total interest income	$	497 	 		2,017 	 		2 	 		246,867 	 		2,053 	 		(851)	 		250,586 	 	
Interest expense	— 	 		8 	 		— 	 		188,799 	 		3,814 	 		(851)	 		191,770 	 	
Net interest income (expense)	497 	 		2,009 	 		2 	 		58,068 	 		(1,761)	 		— 	 		58,816 	 	
Less provision for loan losses	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		7,000 	 		— 	 		— 	 		7,000 	 	
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	497 	 		2,009 	 		2 	 		51,068 	 		(1,761)	 		— 	 		51,816 	 	
Other income/expense:														
Loan servicing and systems revenue	114,898 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		114,898 	 	
Intersegment revenue	12,217 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(12,217)	 		— 	 	
Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue	— 	 		79,159 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		79,159 	 	
Communications revenue	— 	 		— 	 		14,543 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		14,543 	 	
Gain on sale of loans	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
Other income	2,074 	 		— 	 		125 	 		3,525 	 		3,344 	 		— 	 		9,067 	 	
Impairment expense	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
Derivative settlements, net	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		19,035 	 		— 	 		— 	 		19,035 	 	
Derivative market value adjustments, net	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(30,574)	 		— 	 		— 	 		(30,574)	 	
Total other income/expense	129,189 	 		79,159 	 		14,668 	 		(8,014)	 		3,344 	 		(12,217)	 		206,128 	 	
Cost of services:														
Cost to provide education technology, services, and payment processing services	— 	 		21,059 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		21,059 	 	
Cost to provide communications services	— 	 		— 	 		4,759 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		4,759 	 	
Total cost of services	— 	 		21,059 	 		4,759 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		25,818 	 	
Operating expenses:														
Salaries and benefits	66,220 	 		23,008 	 		4,737 	 		378 	 		16,716 	 		— 	 		111,059 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	8,871 	 		3,510 	 		7,362 	 		— 	 		4,469 	 		— 	 		24,213 	 	
	
Other expenses	18,928 	 		5,311 	 		3,477 	 		3,837 	 		12,262 	 		— 	 		43,816 	 	
Intersegment expenses, net	13,758 	 		3,299 	 		664 	 		12,287 	 		(17,791)	 		(12,217)	 		— 	 	
Total operating expenses	107,777 	 		35,128 	 		16,240 	 		16,502 	 		15,656 	 		(12,217)	 		179,088 	 	
Income (loss) before income taxes	21,909 	 		24,981 	 		(6,329)	 		26,552 	 		(14,073)	 		— 	 		53,038 	 	
Income tax (expense) benefit	(5,258)	 		(5,995)	 		1,519 	 		(6,372)	 		4,716 	 		— 	 		(11,391)	 	
Net income (loss)	16,651 	 		18,986 	 		(4,810)	 		20,180 	 		(9,357)	 		— 	 		41,647 	 	
  Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		(56)	 		— 	 		(56)	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	16,651 	 		18,986 	 		(4,810)	 		20,180 	 		(9,413)	 		— 	 		41,591 	 	
														
Total assets as of March 31, 2019	$	273,065 	 		294,019 	 		297,196 	 		23,475,113 	 		546,987 	 		(164,453)	 		24,721,927 	 	

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11. Disaggregated Revenue and Deferred Revenue
The following tables provide disaggregated revenue by service offering and/or customer type for the Company's fee-based reportable operating segments.
Loan Servicing and Systems
												
 	Three months ended March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Government servicing - Nelnet	$	38,650 	 		39,640 	 	
Government servicing - Great Lakes	46,446 	 		47,077 	 	
Private education and consumer loan servicing	8,609 	 		9,480 	 	
FFELP servicing	5,614 	 		6,695 	 	
Software services	11,318 	 		9,741 	 	
Outsourced services and other	2,098 	 		2,265 	 	
Loan servicing and systems revenue	$	112,735 	 		114,898 	 	
Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing
												
 	Three months ended March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Tuition payment plan services	$	31,587 	 		30,173 	 	
Payment processing	31,742 	 		28,979 	 	
Education technology and services	20,054 	 		19,709 	 	
Other	292 	 		298 	 	
Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue	$	83,675 	 		79,159 	 	
Communications
												
	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Internet	$	11,199 	 		8,449 	 	
Television	4,236 	 		3,898 	 	
Telephone	2,691 	 		2,167 	 	
Other	55 	 		29 	 	
Communications revenue	$	18,181 	 		14,543 	 	
				
Residential revenue	$	13,559 	 		11,065 	 	
Business revenue	4,471 	 		3,414 	 	
Other	151 	 		64 	 	
Communications revenue	$	18,181 	 		14,543 	 	
Other Income
The following table provides the components of "other income" on the consolidated statements of operations:

	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Borrower late fee income	$	3,188 	 		3,512 	 	
Investment advisory services	2,802 	 		711 	 	
Management fee revenue	2,243 	 		1,872 	 	

	
Gain (loss) on investments, net	(3,864)	 		(427)	 	
Other	3,912 	 		3,399 	 	
  Other income	$	8,281 	 		9,067 	 	

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Deferred Revenue
Activity in the deferred revenue balance, which is included in "other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets, is shown below:
																														
	Loan Servicing and Systems		Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing		Communications		Corporate and Other Activities		Total	
	Three months ended March 31, 2020	
Balance, beginning of period	$	2,712 	 		32,074 	 		3,232 	 		1,628 	 		39,646 	 	
Deferral of revenue	382 	 		15,080 	 		9,927 	 		855 	 		26,244 	 	
Recognition of revenue	(899)	 		(27,514)	 		(9,745)	 		(843)	 		(39,001)	 	
	
Balance, end of period	$	2,195 	 		19,640 	 		3,414 	 		1,640 	 		26,889 	 	
										
	Three months ended March 31, 2019	
Balance, beginning of period	$	4,413 	 		30,556 	 		2,551 	 		1,602 	 		39,122 	 	
Deferral of revenue	1,116 	 		13,962 	 		8,266 	 		736 	 		24,080 	 	
Recognition of revenue	(1,582)	 		(26,020)	 		(8,061)	 		(786)	 		(36,449)	 	
	
Balance, end of period	$	3,947 	 		18,498 	 		2,756 	 		1,552 	 		26,753 	 	

	

	

	

	

12.  Major Customer
Nelnet Servicing, LLC ("Nelnet Servicing"), a subsidiary of the Company, earns loan servicing revenue from a servicing contract with the Department. Revenue earned by Nelnet Servicing related to this contract was $38.7 million and $39.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In addition, Great Lakes Educational Loan Services, Inc. ("Great Lakes"), which was acquired by the Company on February 7, 2018, also earns loan servicing revenue from a similar servicing contract with the Department. Revenue earned by Great Lakes related to this contract was $46.4 million and $47.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes' servicing contracts with the Department previously provided for expiration on June 16, 2019. Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes each received extensions from the Department on their contracts through December 14, 2020. The most current contract extensions also provide the potential for two additional six-month extensions at the Department's discretion through December 14, 2021.
The Department is conducting a contract procurement process entitled Next Generation Financial Services Environment (“NextGen”) for a new framework for the servicing of all student loans owned by the Department. On January 15, 2019, the Department issued solicitations for three NextGen components:
•NextGen Enhanced Processing Solution ("EPS")
•NextGen Business Process Operations ("BPO")
•NextGen Optimal Processing Solution ("OPS")
On April 1, 2019 and October 4, 2019, the Company responded to the EPS solicitation component. On January 16, 2020, the Department released an amendment to the EPS solicitation component and the Company responded on February 3, 2020. In addition, on August 1, 2019, the Company responded to the BPO solicitation component. On January 10, 2020, the Department released an amendment to the BPO solicitation component and the Company responded on January 30, 2020. EPS is the transitional technology system and certain processing functions the Department planned to use under NextGen to service the Department's student loan customers for a period of time before eventually moving to OPS in the future. However, on April 3, 2020, the Department cancelled the OPS solicitation component. BPO is the back office and call center operational functions for servicing the Department's student loan customers.
On March 30, 2020, the Company received a letter from the Department notifying the Company that the Company's proposal in response to the EPS component has been determined to be outside of the competitive range and will receive no further consideration for an award. On April 13, 2020, the Company filed a protest with the Government Accountability Office ("GAO") challenging the Department's decision to cancel the OPS solicitation component without amending the EPS solicitation component. In addition, on April 27, 2020, the Company filed a supplemental protest challenging on a number of bases the Department's competitive range exclusion of the Company's proposal from the EPS solicitation component and requesting that the GAO restore the Company's ability to participate in the EPS solicitation. The Department has not yet
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awarded a contract for the EPS component. Under applicable law, as of the date of the Company's initial protest filing, the Department is subject to a stay from awarding a contract until all protests are resolved. The Company cannot predict the timing or nature of the outcome of its protests.
The Department has not yet made an award on the BPO component and the Company cannot predict the timing, nature, or outcome of the BPO solicitation. If the Department's NextGen EPS decision stands, Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes will eventually be required to migrate their portfolios onto another provider's system after an award is made, and the Company would ultimately need to restructure the Company's loan servicing segment for long-term success. If the Company is awarded a BPO contract for operational services, it would partially mitigate the impact of not being awarded the EPS component.

13.  Fair Value
The following tables present the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 	As of March 31, 2020		As of December 31, 2019	
 	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total	
Assets:	 		 		 							
Investments:												
Student loan asset-backed securities -
available-for-sale	$	— 	 		57,044 	 		57,044 	 		— 	 		52,597 	 		52,597 	 	
Equity securities	6 	 		— 	 		6 	 		6 	 		— 	 		6 	 	
Equity securities measured at net asset value (a)					26,157 	 						12,894 	 	
Debt securities - available-for-sale	103 	 		— 	 		103 	 		104 	 		— 	 		104 	 	
Total investments	109 	 		57,044 	 		83,310 	 		110 	 		52,597 	 		65,601 	 	
	
Total assets	$	109 	 		57,044 	 		83,310 	 		110 	 		52,597 	 		65,601 	 	

	
(a) In accordance with the Fair Value Measurements Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
The following table summarizes the fair values of all of the Company’s financial instruments on the consolidated balance sheets:
																														
 	As of March 31, 2020	
 	Fair value		Carrying value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3	
Financial assets:	 		 		 		 			
Loans receivable	$	19,725,479 	 		20,391,435 	 		— 	 		— 	 		19,725,479 	 	
Accrued loan interest receivable	766,773 	 		766,773 	 		— 	 		766,773 	 		— 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	204,844 	 		204,844 	 		204,844 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
Investments (at fair value)	83,310 	 		83,310 	 		109 	 		57,044 	 		— 	 	
	
Beneficial interest in loan securitizations	37,193 	 		37,193 	 		— 	 		— 	 		37,193 	 	
Restricted cash	675,589 	 		675,589 	 		675,589 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
Restricted cash – due to customers	219,905 	 		219,905 	 		219,905 	 		— 	 		— 	 	

Financial liabilities:	 		 							
Bonds and notes payable	18,661,338 	 		20,466,730 	 		— 	 		18,661,338 	 		— 	 	
Accrued interest payable	43,874 	 		43,874 	 		— 	 		43,874 	 		— 	 	
Due to customers	219,905 	 		219,905 	 		219,905 	 		— 	 		— 	 	

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 	As of December 31, 2019	
 	Fair value		Carrying value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3	
Financial assets:	 		 		 		 			
Loans receivable	$	21,477,630 	 		20,669,371 	 		— 	 		— 	 		21,477,630 	 	
Accrued loan interest receivable	733,497 	 		733,497 	 		— 	 		733,497 	 		— 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	133,906 	 		133,906 	 		133,906 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
Investments (at fair value)	65,601 	 		65,601 	 		110 	 		52,597 	 		— 	 	
	
Beneficial interest in loan securitizations	33,258 	 		33,187 	 		— 	 		— 	 		33,258 	 	
Restricted cash	650,939 	 		650,939 	 		650,939 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
Restricted cash – due to customers	437,756 	 		437,756 	 		437,756 	 		— 	 		— 	 	

Financial liabilities:	 		 							
Bonds and notes payable	20,479,095 	 		20,529,054 	 		— 	 		20,479,095 	 		— 	 	
Accrued interest payable	47,285 	 		47,285 	 		— 	 		47,285 	 		— 	 	
Due to customers	437,756 	 		437,756 	 		437,756 	 		— 	 		— 	 	
	
The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and liabilities are described in note 21 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the 2019 Annual Report.

ITEM 2.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
(Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. All dollars are in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted.)
The following discussion and analysis provides information that the Company’s management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the consolidated results of operations and financial condition of the Company. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in the 2019 Annual Report.
Forward-looking and cautionary statements
This report contains forward-looking statements and information that are based on management's current expectations as of the date of this document. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about the Company's plans and expectations for future financial condition, results of operations or economic performance, or that address management's plans and objectives for future operations, and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “scheduled,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and analyses made by management in light of management's experience and its perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments, and other factors that management believes are appropriate under the circumstances. These statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that may cause the actual results and performance to be materially different from any future results or performance expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the risks and uncertainties set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of the 2019 Annual Report, the "Risk Factors" section of this report, and elsewhere in this report, and include such risks and uncertainties as:
•risks and uncertainties related to the severity, magnitude, and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, including changes in the macroeconomic environment and consumer behavior, restrictions on business, individual, or travel activities intended to slow the spread of the pandemic, and volatility in market conditions resulting from the pandemic, including interest rates, the value of equities, and other financial assets;
•the ability to successfully maintain and increase allocated volumes of student loans serviced under existing and any future servicing contracts with the U.S. Department of Education (the "Department"), which current contracts accounted for 30 percent of the Company's revenue in 2019, risks to the Company related to the Department's initiatives to procure new contracts for federal student loan servicing, including the pending and uncertain nature of the NextGen procurement process, the uncertain timing and nature of the outcome of the Company's protest of the reported decision by the Department as to the Company's proposal for the EPS component of NextGen, the possibility that awards or other evaluations of proposals may be challenged by various interested parties and may not be finalized within the currently
27

anticipated time frame or at all, risks that the Company may not be successful in obtaining any of such potential new contracts, and risks related to the Company's ability to comply with agreements with third-party customers for the servicing of Federal Direct Loan Program, Federal Family Education Loan Program (the "FFEL Program" or "FFELP"), and private education and consumer loans;
•loan portfolio risks such as interest rate basis and repricing risk resulting from the fact that the interest rate characteristics of the student loan assets do not match the interest rate characteristics of the funding for those assets, the risk of loss of floor income on certain student loans originated under the FFEL Program, risks related to the use of derivatives to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations, uncertainties regarding the expected benefits from purchased securitized and unsecuritized FFELP, private education, and consumer loans and initiatives to purchase additional FFELP, private education, and consumer loans, and risks from changes in levels of loan prepayment or default rates;
•financing and liquidity risks, including risks of changes in the general interest rate environment, including the availability of any relevant money market index rate such as LIBOR or the relationship between the relevant money market index rate and the rate at which the Company's assets and liabilities are priced, and in the securitization and other financing markets for loans, including adverse changes resulting from unanticipated repayment trends on student loans in FFELP securitization trusts that could accelerate or delay repayment of the associated bonds, which may increase the costs or limit the availability of financings necessary to purchase, refinance, or continue to hold student loans;
•risks from changes in the terms of education loans and in the educational credit and services markets resulting from changes in applicable laws, regulations, and government programs and budgets, such as the expected decline over time in FFELP loan interest income and fee-based revenues due to the discontinuation of new FFELP loan originations in 2010 and potential government initiatives or legislative proposals to consolidate existing FFELP loans to the Federal Direct Loan Program or otherwise allow FFELP loans to be refinanced with Federal Direct Loan Program loans;
•risks related to a breach of or failure in the Company's operational or information systems or infrastructure, or those of third-party vendors, including cybersecurity risks related to the potential disclosure of confidential student loan borrower and other customer information, the potential disruption of the Company's systems or those of third-party vendors or customers, and/or the potential damage to the Company's reputation resulting from cyber-breaches;
•uncertainties inherent in forecasting future cash flows from student loan assets and related asset-backed securitizations;
•risks and uncertainties related to the ability of ALLO Communications LLC to successfully expand its fiber network and market share in existing service areas and additional communities and manage related construction risks;
•risks that the conditions to the reported approval of federal deposit insurance and an industrial bank charter for Nelnet Bank may not be satisfied within a reasonable timeframe or at all, thus delaying or preventing Nelnet Bank from commencing operations, and the uncertain nature of the expected benefits from obtaining an industrial bank charter, including the ability to successfully launch banking operations and achieve expected market penetration;
•risks related to investments in solar projects, including risks of not being able to realize tax credits which remain subject to recapture by taxing authorities;
•risks and uncertainties related to other initiatives to pursue additional strategic investments, acquisitions, and other activities, including activities that are intended to diversify the Company both within and outside of its historical core education-related businesses; and
•risks and uncertainties associated with litigation matters and with maintaining compliance with the extensive regulatory requirements applicable to the Company's businesses, reputational and other risks, including the risk of increased regulatory costs, resulting from the politicization of student loan servicing, and uncertainties inherent in the estimates and assumptions about future events that management is required to make in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
All forward-looking statements contained in this report are qualified by these cautionary statements and are made only as of the date of this document. Although the Company may from time to time voluntarily update or revise its prior forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in the Company's expectations, the Company disclaims any commitment to do so except as required by securities laws.

28

OVERVIEW
The Company is a diverse company with a purpose to serve others and a vision to make customers' dreams possible by delivering customer focused products and services. The largest operating businesses engage in loan servicing; education technology, services, and payment processing; and communications. A significant portion of the Company's revenue is net interest income earned on a portfolio of federally insured student loans. The Company also makes investments to further diversify both within and outside of its historical core education-related businesses, including, but not limited to, investments in real estate, early-stage and emerging growth companies, and renewable energy.
GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Net Income, Excluding Adjustments
The Company prepares its financial statements and presents its financial results in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, it also provides additional non-GAAP financial information related to specific items management believes to be important in the evaluation of its operating results and performance. A reconciliation of the Company's GAAP net (loss) income to net (loss) income, excluding derivative market value adjustments, and a discussion of why the Company believes providing this additional information is useful to investors, is provided below.
												
	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
GAAP net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(40,532)	 		41,591 	 	
Realized and unrealized derivative market value adjustments	20,602 	 		30,574 	 	
Tax effect (a)	(4,944)	 		(7,338)	 	
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc., excluding derivative market value adjustments (b)	$	(24,874)	 		64,827 	 	
				
Earnings per share:				
GAAP net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(1.01)	 		1.03 	 	
Realized and unrealized derivative market value adjustments	0.52 	 		0.76 	 	
Tax effect (a)	(0.13)	 		(0.18)	 	
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc., excluding derivative market value adjustments (b)	$	(0.62)	 		1.61 	 	
(a) The tax effects are calculated by multiplying the realized and unrealized derivative market value adjustments by the applicable statutory income tax rate.
(b) "Derivative market value adjustments" includes both the realized portion of gains and losses (corresponding to variation margin received or paid on derivative instruments that are settled daily at a central clearinghouse) and the unrealized portion of gains and losses that are caused by changes in fair values of derivatives which do not qualify for "hedge treatment" under GAAP. "Derivative market value adjustments" does not include "derivative settlements" that represent the cash paid or received during the current period to settle with derivative instrument counterparties the economic effect of the Company's derivative instruments based on their contractual terms.
The accounting for derivatives requires that changes in the fair value of derivative instruments be recognized currently in earnings, with no fair value adjustment of the hedged item, unless specific hedge accounting criteria is met. Management has structured all of the Company’s derivative transactions with the intent that each is economically effective; however, the Company’s derivative instruments do not qualify for hedge accounting. As a result, the change in fair value of derivative instruments is reported in current period earnings with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged item. Under GAAP, the cumulative net realized and unrealized gain or loss caused by changes in fair values of derivatives in which the Company plans to hold to maturity will equal zero over the life of the contract. However, the net realized and unrealized gain or loss during any given reporting period fluctuates significantly from period to period.
The Company believes these point-in-time estimates of asset and liability values related to its derivative instruments that are subject to interest rate fluctuations are subject to volatility mostly due to timing and market factors beyond the control of management, and affect the period-to-period comparability of the results of operations. Accordingly, the Company’s management utilizes operating results excluding these items for comparability purposes when making decisions regarding the Company’s performance and in presentations with credit rating agencies, lenders, and investors. Consequently, the Company reports this non-GAAP information because the Company believes that it provides additional information regarding operational and performance indicators that are closely assessed by management. There is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for the presentation of such non-GAAP information, which is only meant to supplement GAAP results by providing additional information that management utilizes to assess performance.
GAAP net income decreased to a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 primarily due to the following factors:
•The recognition of an incremental provision for loan losses totaling $63.0 million ($47.9 million after tax) related to the increase in expected defaults as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;
29

•The recognition of $34.1 million ($25.9 million after-tax) of impairment charges related to the Company's beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations and certain venture capital investments due to adverse economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic;
•The decrease in the average balance of loans due to the amortization of the FFELP loan portfolio;
•The decrease in loan spread on the Company's loan portfolio and related derivative settlements; and
•The decrease in net income from the Company's Loan Servicing and Systems operating segment due to incurring additional costs to meet increased service and security standards under the Department servicing contracts.
These factors were partially offset by the following items:
•The recognition of a $18.2 million ($13.8 million after tax) gain from the sale of consumer loans in 2020; and
•A decrease in net losses related to changes in the fair values of derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting.
Operating Results
The Company earns net interest income on its loan portfolio, consisting primarily of FFELP loans, in its Asset Generation and Management ("AGM") operating segment. This segment is expected to generate a stable net interest margin and significant amounts of cash as the FFELP portfolio amortizes. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had a $20.6 billion loan portfolio that management anticipates will amortize over the next approximately 20 years and has a weighted average remaining life of 9.8 years. The Company actively works to maximize the amount and timing of cash flows generated by its FFELP portfolio and seeks to acquire additional loan assets to leverage its servicing scale and expertise to generate incremental earnings and cash flow. However, due to the continued amortization of the Company’s FFELP loan portfolio, over time, the Company's net income generated by the AGM segment will continue to decrease. The Company currently believes that in the short-term it will most likely not be able to invest the excess cash generated from the FFELP loan portfolio into assets that immediately generate the rates of return historically realized from that portfolio.
In addition, the Company earns fee-based revenue through the following reportable operating segments:
•Loan Servicing and Systems ("LSS") - referred to as Nelnet Diversified Solutions ("NDS")
•Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing ("ETS&PP") - referred to as Nelnet Business Solutions ("NBS")
•Communications - referred to as ALLO Communications ("ALLO")
Other business activities and operating segments that are not reportable are combined and included in Corporate and Other Activities ("Corporate"). Corporate and Other Activities also includes income earned on certain investments and interest expense incurred on unsecured debt transactions.
30

The information below provides the operating results for each reportable operating segment and Corporate and Other Activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions). See "Results of Operations" for each reportable operating segment under this Item 2 for additional detail.

(a) Revenue includes intersegment revenue.
(b) Total revenue includes "net interest income" and "total other income/expense" from the Company's segment statements of operations, excluding a COVID-19 related impairment expense in 2020 of $26.3 million and the impact from changes in fair values of derivatives. Net income excludes changes in fair values of derivatives, net of tax. For information regarding the exclusion of the impact from changes in fair values of derivatives, see "GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Net Income, Excluding Adjustments" above.

Certain events and transactions from 2020, which have impacted, will impact, or could impact the operating results of the Company, are discussed below.
Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic
The rapid outbreak of the respiratory disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus, coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 (“COVID-19”), was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 and a national emergency by the President on March 13, 2020. Beginning on March 15, 2020, many businesses and schools closed or reduced hours throughout the U.S. to combat the spread of COVID-19, and states and local jurisdictions implemented various containment efforts, including lockdowns on non-essential business, stay-at-home orders, and shelter-in-place orders. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption to the U.S. and world economies, including significantly higher unemployment and underemployment, significantly lower interest rates and equity market valuations, and extreme volatility in the U.S. and world markets. As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak and federal, state, and local government responses to COVID-19, we have and may in the future experience various disruptions and impacts to our businesses and results of operations. The following provides a summary of how COVID-19 has and may impact our business and operating results.
Corporate
The Company has implemented adjustments to its operations designed to keep employees safe and comply with federal, state, and local guidelines, including those regarding social distancing. As of March 25, 2020, the majority of our 6,600 associates were working and continue to work from home. Substantially all Company associates working from home are able to connect to their work environment virtually and continue to serve our customers.
The Company has investments in real estate, early-stage and emerging growth companies (venture capital investments), and renewable energy (solar). During March 2020, the Company identified several venture capital investments that were negatively impacted by the distressed economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and recognized an impairment charge on such investments of $7.8 million (pre-tax).
Loan Servicing and Systems
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), which was signed into law on March 27, 2020, among other things, provides broad relief for federal student loan borrowers. Under the CARES Act, federal student loan
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payments and interest accruals were suspended until September 30, 2020 for all borrowers that have loans owned by the Department. The Department instructed servicers to apply the benefits of the law retroactively to March 13, 2020, when the President declared a state of emergency related to COVID-19. As a part of the payment suspension, student loan servicers are required to report suspended payments to credit bureaus as if the customer made their payment on-time, rather than a forbearance, which would negatively affect a customer's credit report. Although the Company will receive less revenue per borrower through September 30, 2020 based on borrower status, the Company currently anticipates more borrowers being in a current status subsequent to September 30, 2020, at which time the Company's revenue per borrower will increase. Currently, the Company anticipates no adverse impact to the total amount of revenue earned for the remainder of 2020 under the Department servicing contracts as a result of the CARES Act. However, the revenue recognized in the second and third quarters is expected to be lower and revenue in the fourth quarter is expected to be higher, than in corresponding prior periods. While federal student loan payments are suspended, the Company anticipates a decrease in operating expenses due to a significant reduction of borrower statement printing and postage costs.
The Company anticipates a decrease in FFELP, private education, and consumer loan servicing revenue in future periods that are impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic due to reduced or eliminated delinquency outreach to borrowers, holds on claim filings, and reduced or eliminated late fees processing.
Due to decreased servicing and transaction activity as a result of suspended payments under the CARES Act as discussed above, the Company has been able to transition associates to help government entities process unemployment claims and conduct certain health tracing support activities. These contracts were awarded to the Company as a result of the Company's technology, security, compliance, and other capabilities needed to conduct such activities.
Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing
This segment has been and will continue to be impacted by COVID-19 through lower interest rate levels, which reduce earnings for this business compared to recent historical results as the tuition funds held in custody for schools produce less interest earnings. If interest rates remain at current levels, the Company anticipates this segment will earn minimal interest income in future periods. Another potential impact relates to school enrollments. As a result of COVID-19, enrollments in higher education, beginning with the summer 2020 term, and for K-12 schools, beginning with the fall 2020 academic term, could be negatively impacted. A decrease in enrollment at schools served by the Company would negatively impact schools' demand for certain of the Company's products and services, which would negatively impact the Company's revenue in future periods.
Communications
As a result of COVID-19, ALLO has experienced increased demand from new and existing residential customers to support connectivity needs primarily for work and learn from home applications. Along with offering 60 days free for eligible customers, ALLO has partnered with school districts to provide more connectivity to students, often at discounted rates. ALLO has signed the FCC Keep Americans Connected Pledge and will not suspend customers for non-payment, will not charge late fees, and will not apply suspension fees during the period March 15, 2020 to May 15, 2020, which may be extended.
A prolonged economic downturn as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could adversely impact customers’ ability to pay for ALLO services. However, to date the impact has been minimal as the services ALLO provides are viewed as critical by both residential and business customers. Due to losses from COVID-19, in the future some businesses may not be able to re-open, which would adversely impact ALLO’s results of operations and cash flow.
In view of the importance of ALLO's technicians being able to connect new customers while maintaining social distance and protecting community and associate health and safety, ALLO has adjusted operational procedures by implementing associate health checks, following CDC and local health official safety protocols, facilitating customer screening, and adjusting the installation process to limit the time in the home or business as much as possible.
Asset Generation and Management
AGM's results were adversely impacted during the first quarter of 2020 as a result of COVID-19 due to:
•A decrease in variable loan spread due to a widening of the basis between the asset and debt indices in which the Company earns interest on its loans and funds such loans. The significant widening during the first quarter of 2020 was the result of a significant decrease in interest rates during the quarter as a result of COVID-19. In a declining interest rate environment, student loan spread is compressed, due to the timing of interest rate resets on the Company's assets occurring daily in contrast to the timing of the interest resets on the Company's debt that occurs either monthly or quarterly. As the Company's debt resets at lower interest rates during the second quarter of 2020, the Company expects variable loan spread will increase from current levels. In addition, the Company anticipates receiving increased
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levels of gross fixed rate floor income on its federal insured student loan portfolio in future periods as a result of the significant drop in interest rates in March 2020. This increase will be partially offset by a decrease in net settlements received on derivatives used to hedge these loans.
•A $26.3 million (pre-tax) impairment charge recognized during the quarter on the Company's beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations. As of March 31, 2020, the Company's estimate of future cash flows from the beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations was lower than previously anticipated due to the expectation of increased consumer loan defaults within such securitizations due to the distressed economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
•An incremental increase in the provision for loan losses of $63.0 million (pre-tax) resulting from an increase in expected defaults due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The CARES Act, among other things, provides broad relief, effective March 13, 2020, for borrowers that have student loans owned by the Department of Education. This relief package excluded FFELP, private education, and consumer loans. Although the Company’s loans are excluded from the provisions of the CARES Act, the Company is providing relief for its borrowers.
For the Company’s federally insured loans, the Company is proactively applying a 90 day, non-capping natural disaster forbearance to any loan that is 31-269 days past due, and to any current loan upon request. For the Company’s private education loans, the Company is proactively applying a 90 day non-capping natural disaster forbearance to any loan that is 80 days past due, and to any other loan upon request. Federally insured loans in forbearance increased to $2.1 billion, or 10.6% of the portfolio at March 31, 2020, compared to $1.3 billion, or 6.6% of the portfolio, as of December 31, 2019. Private education loans in forbearance increased to $11.4 million, or 4.2% of the portfolio, at March 31, 2020, compared to $3.1 million, or 1.3% of the portfolio, at December 31, 2019. Federally insured and private education loans in forbearance continued to increase in April 2020 to $5.2 billion, or 26.1% of the portfolio, and $35.7 million, or 13.3% of the portfolio, as of April 30, 2020, respectively. The Company anticipates that loans in forbearance will continue to increase, but at a much slower rate than in March and April 2020. The Company currently expects this trend to reverse in June and July 2020, absent any intervening policy change, when borrowers are currently scheduled to exit forbearance. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, most borrowers continue to make payments according to their payment plans.
For private education loans, the Company is delaying final demand letters and default activity, while replacing collection calls with borrower outreach on relief options. For both federally insured and private education loans, all borrower late fees are being waived and borrower payments made after March 13, 2020 are refunded upon a borrower’s request. All borrower relief activity was implemented in late March and April 2020, using an effective date of March 13, 2020. The borrower relief activity will continue until July 1, 2020, at which time the Company will review whether such policies should continue. No negative borrower reporting will be sent to credit bureaus during this time.
For the majority of the Company’s consumer loans, borrowers are generally being offered, upon request, a two-month deferral of payments, with an option of additional deferrals if the COVID-19 crisis continues. In addition, all fees (non-sufficient funds, late charges, check fees) and credit bureau reporting are currently suspended. The specific relief terms on the Company’s consumer loan portfolio vary depending on the loan program and servicer of such loans.
The Company is not contractually committed to acquire private education or consumer loans, so the Company has been and will continue to be selective as to which, if any, loans it purchases during the current period of economic uncertainty. As a result of the economic uncertainty, the Company has identified certain opportunities to deploy capital. In March and April 2020, the Company purchased residual interest in certain FFELP securitizations for $3.1 million and $24.0 million, respectively.
Liquidity
The Company currently believes its cash and anticipated cash generated from operations will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and business activities for the foreseeable future. In addition, the Company does not currently believe the COVID-19 pandemic will have any impact regarding compliance with covenants on any of the Company's debt facilities, including its unsecured line of credit.
See further discussion regarding the Company’s strong liquidity position below.
Other Risks and Uncertainties
The COVID-19 crisis is unprecedented and continues to evolve. The extent to which COVID-19 may impact our businesses depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain, subject to various risks, and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions, stay-at-home or other similar orders and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business and/or school closures and disruptions,
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and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the virus. For additional information on the risks and uncertainties regarding the impacts of COVID-19, see Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors - The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our results of operations, and could continue to adversely impact our results of operations, as well as adversely impact our businesses, financial condition, and/or cash flows" in this report.
Adoption of New Accounting Standard for Credit Losses
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology.
The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses.
The new guidance primarily impacted the allowance for loan losses related to the Company’s loan portfolio. Upon adoption, the Company recorded an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $91.0 million, which included a reclassification of the non-accretable discount balance and premiums related to loans purchased with evidence of credit deterioration, and decreased retained earnings, net of tax, by $18.9 million. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326 (recognizing estimated credit losses expected to occur over the asset's remaining life) while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP (recognizing estimated credit losses using an incurred loss model); therefore, the comparative information for 2019 is not comparable to the information presented for 2020.
Department of Education NextGen Procurement
Nelnet Servicing, LLC ("Nelnet Servicing"), a subsidiary of the Company, earns loan servicing revenue from a servicing contract with the Department of Education (the "Department"). Revenue earned by Nelnet Servicing related to this contract was $38.7 million and $39.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In addition, Great Lakes Educational Loan Services, Inc. ("Great Lakes"), which was acquired by the Company on February 7, 2018, also earns loan servicing revenue from a similar servicing contract with the Department. Revenue earned by Great Lakes related to this contract was $46.4 million and $47.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes' servicing contracts with the Department previously provided for expiration on June 16, 2019. Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes each received extensions from the Department on their contracts through December 14, 2020. The most current contract extensions also provide the potential for two additional six-month extensions at the Department's discretion through December 14, 2021.
The Department is conducting a contract procurement process entitled Next Generation Financial Services Environment (“NextGen”) for a new framework for the servicing of all student loans owned by the Department. On January 15, 2019, FSA issued solicitations for three NextGen components:
•NextGen Enhanced Processing Solution ("EPS")
•NextGen Business Process Operations ("BPO")
•NextGen Optimal Processing Solution ("OPS")
On April 1, 2019 and October 4, 2019, the Company responded to the EPS solicitation component. On January 16, 2020, the Department released an amendment to the EPS solicitation component and the Company responded on February 3, 2020. In addition, on August 1, 2019, the Company responded to the BPO solicitation component. On January 10, 2020, the Department released an amendment to the BPO solicitation component and the Company responded on January 30, 2020. EPS is the transitional technology system and certain processing functions the Department planned to use under NextGen to service the Department's student loan customers for a period of time before eventually moving to OPS in the future. However, on April 3, 2020, the Department cancelled the OPS solicitation component. BPO is the back office and call center operational functions for servicing the Department's student loan customers.
On March 30, 2020, the Company received a letter from the Department notifying the Company that the Company's proposal in response to the EPS component has been determined to be outside of the competitive range and will receive no further consideration for an award. On April 13, 2020, the Company filed a protest with the Government Accountability Office ("GAO") challenging the Department's decision to cancel the OPS solicitation component without amending the EPS solicitation component. In addition, on April 27, 2020, the Company filed a supplemental protest challenging on a number of bases the Department's competitive range exclusion of the Company's proposal from the EPS solicitation component and
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requesting that the GAO restore the Company's ability to participate in the EPS solicitation. The Department has not yet awarded a contract for the EPS component. Under applicable law, as of the date of the Company's initial protest filing, the Department is subject to a stay from awarding a contract until all protests are resolved. The Company cannot predict the timing or nature of the outcome of its protests.
The Department has not yet made an award on the BPO component and the Company cannot predict the timing, nature, or outcome of the BPO solicitation. If the Department's NextGen EPS decision stands, Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes will eventually be required to migrate their portfolios onto another provider's system after an award is made, and the Company would ultimately need to restructure the Company's loan servicing segment for long-term success. If the Company is awarded a BPO contract for operational services, it would partially mitigate the impact of not being awarded the EPS component.
Nelnet Bank
On March 18, 2020, the Company announced that it received notification of approval from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) Board of Directors for federal deposit insurance and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions (“UDFI”) in connection with the establishment of Nelnet Bank as a Utah-chartered industrial bank. Nelnet Bank would operate as an internet bank franchise focused on the private education loan marketplace, with a home office in Salt Lake City.
The approval from the FDIC and UDFI is subject to a number of conditions, including a Capital Adequacy and Liquidity Management Agreement and a Parent Company Agreement with the FDIC and compliance with the terms of the orders from the FDIC and UDFI, respectively. Nelnet Bank will have to meet a readiness review by the FDIC and UDFI before commencing operations. Nelnet Bank is also awaiting approval of its Community Reinvestment Act Plan. A timeline has not been established for these next steps in the process.
Nelnet Bank will be funded with an initial capital commitment of $100.0 million from the Company. Nelnet Bank will operate as a separate subsidiary of the Company, and the industrial bank charter will allow the Company to maintain its other diversified business offerings.
Liquidity
•As of March 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $204.8 million. In addition, the Company had a portfolio of available-for-sale investments, consisting primarily of student loan asset-backed securities, with a fair value of $57.1 million as of March 31, 2020.
•The Company has a $455.0 million unsecured line of credit with a maturity date of December 16, 2024. As of March 31, 2020, the unsecured line of credit had $100.0 million outstanding and $355.0 million was available for future use. The line of credit provides that the Company may increase the aggregate financing commitments, through the existing lenders and/or through new lenders, up to a total of $550.0 million, subject to certain conditions.
•The majority of the Company’s portfolio of student loans is funded in asset-backed securitizations that will generate significant earnings and cash flow over the life of these transactions. As of March 31, 2020, the Company currently expects future undiscounted cash flows from its securitization portfolio to be approximately $2.27 billion, of which approximately $1.57 billion will be generated over the next six years.
•During the first three months of 2020, the Company completed three FFELP asset-backed securitizations totaling $1.1 billion.
•As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $767.5 million, $114.5 million, and $132.9 million of capacity under its FFELP, private education, and consumer loan warehouse facilities, respectively, to purchase additional loans.
•The Company has a stock repurchase program to purchase up to a total of five million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock during the three-year period ending May 7, 2022. Year to date, through May 7, 2020, the Company has repurchased 791,104 shares of stock for $35.4 million ($44.73 per share). As of May 7, 2020, 4.0 million shares remained authorized for repurchase under the Company's stock repurchase program.
•The Company paid a first quarter 2020 cash dividend on the Company's Class A and Class B common stock of $0.20 per share. In addition, the Company's Board of Directors has declared a second quarter 2020 cash dividend on the Company's outstanding shares of Class A and Class B common stock of $0.20 per share. The second quarter cash dividend will be paid on June 15, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2020.
The Company intends to use its strong liquidity position to capitalize on market opportunities, including FFELP, private education, and consumer loan acquisitions; strategic acquisitions and investments; expansion of ALLO’s telecommunications
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network; and capital management initiatives, including stock repurchases, debt repurchases, and dividend distributions. The timing and size of these opportunities will vary and will have a direct impact on the Company’s cash and investment balances.

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
An analysis of the Company's operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 is provided below.
The Company’s operating results are primarily driven by the performance of its existing loan portfolio and the revenues generated by its fee-based businesses and the costs to provide such services. The performance of the Company’s portfolio is driven by net interest income (which includes financing costs) and losses related to credit quality of the assets, along with the cost to administer and service the assets and related debt.
The Company operates as distinct reportable operating segments as described above. For a reconciliation of the reportable segment operating results to the consolidated results of operations, see note 10 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report. Since the Company monitors and assesses its operations and results based on these segments, the discussion following the consolidated results of operations is presented on a reportable segment basis.

 	Three months ended			
 	March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Loan interest	$	181,793 	 		242,333 	 		Decrease was due primarily to decreases in the gross yield earned on loans and the average balance of loans, partially offset by an increase in fixed rate floor income due to lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.	
Investment interest	7,398 	 		8,253 	 		Includes income from unrestricted interest-earning deposits and investments and funds in asset-backed securitizations. Decrease was due to a decrease in interest rates. 	 	
Total interest income	189,191 	 		250,586 	 			
Interest expense	134,118 	 		191,770 	 		Decrease was due primarily to a decrease in cost of funds and a decrease in the average balance of debt outstanding.	
Net interest income	55,073 	 		58,816 	 		See table below for additional analysis. 	 	
Less provision for loan losses	76,299 	 		7,000 	 		Increase was due to the increase in expected defaults as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and an increased provision for loan losses on loans acquired in 2020 to reflect life of loan expected losses as compared to loans acquired during the first quarter of 2019 for which the provision for loan losses was recognized based upon an incurred loss methodology. 	 	
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	(21,226)	 		51,816 	 			
Other income/expense:	  	 		  	 			
LSS revenue	112,735 	 		114,898 	 		See LSS operating segment - results of operations. 	 	
ETS&PP revenue	83,675 	 		79,159 	 		See ETS&PP operating segment - results of operations. 	 	
Communications revenue	18,181 	 		14,543 	 		See Communications operating segment - results of operations. 	 	
Gain on sale of loans	18,206 	 		— 	 		The Company sold a portfolio of consumer loans in 2020 and recognized a gain of $18.2 million.	
Other income	8,281 	 		9,067 	 		See table below for the components of "other income." 	 	
Impairment expense	(34,087)	 		— 	 		2020 amount represents COVID-19 related impairments of $26.3 million and $7.8 million to the beneficial interest in consumer loan securitization investments and several venture capital investments, respectively.	
Derivative settlements, net	4,237 	 		19,035 	 		The Company maintains an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate volatility. Derivative settlements for each applicable period should be evaluated with the Company's net interest income. See table below for additional analysis. 	 	
Derivative market value adjustments, net	(20,602)	 		(30,574)	 		Includes the realized and unrealized gains and losses that are caused by changes in fair values of derivatives which do not qualify for "hedge treatment" under GAAP. The majority of the derivative market value adjustments related to the changes in fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps. Such changes reflect that a decrease in the forward yield curve during a reporting period results in a decrease in the fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps, and an increase in the forward yield curve during a reporting period results in an increase in the fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps. During the first quarter of 2020 and 2019, there was a significant decrease in the forward yield curve resulting in a decrease in the fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps that resulted in a loss in both periods. Although the decrease in the forward yield curve was more substantial in 2020 as compared to 2019, the notional amount of derivatives outstanding during 2020 was much lower than compared to 2019. 	 	
Total other income/expense	190,626 	 		206,128 	 			
Cost of services:						
Cost to provide education technology, services, and payment processing services	22,806 	 		21,059 	 		Represents primarily direct costs to provide payment processing services in the ETS&PP operating segment. 	 	
Cost to provide communications services	5,582 	 		4,759 	 		Represents costs of services primarily associated with television programming costs in the Communications operating segment. 	 	
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Total cost of services	28,388 	 		25,818 	 			
Operating expenses:	  	 		  	 			
Salaries and benefits	119,878 	 		111,059 	 		Increase was due to (i) increases in personnel in the LSS and corporate operating segments to meet increased service and security standards under the Department servicing contracts; (ii) increases in personnel in the LSS operating segment to develop a new private education and consumer loan servicing system; (iii) increases in personnel to support the growth in revenue and the development of new technologies in the ETS&PP operating segment; and (iv) increases in personnel at ALLO to support customer and network expansion. See each individual operating segment results of operations discussion for additional information.	
Depreciation and amortization	27,648 	 		24,213 	 		Increase was primarily due to additional depreciation expense at ALLO.	
	
Other expenses	43,384 	 		43,816 	 		Other expenses includes expenses necessary for operations, such as postage and distribution, consulting and professional fees, occupancy, communications, and certain information technology-related costs. See each individual operating segment results of operations discussion for additional information.	
Total operating expenses	190,910 	 		179,088 	 			
(Loss) income before income taxes	(49,898)	 		53,038 	 			
Income tax benefit (expense)	10,133 	 		(11,391)	 		The effective tax rate was 20.0% and 21.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company currently expects its effective tax rate for 2020 will range between 20 and 23 percent.	
Net (loss) income	(39,765)	 		41,647 	 			
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(767)	 		(56)	 				
Net (loss) income attributable to Nelnet, Inc.	$	(40,532)	 		41,591 	 			

	

	
The following table summarizes the components of “net interest income” and “derivative settlements, net.”
Derivative settlements represent the cash paid or received during the current period to settle with derivative instrument counterparties the economic effect of the Company's derivative instruments based on their contractual terms. Derivative accounting requires that net settlements with respect to derivatives that do not qualify for "hedge treatment" under GAAP be recorded in a separate income statement line item below net interest income. The Company maintains an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate volatility. As such, management believes derivative settlements for each applicable period should be evaluated with the Company’s net interest income as presented in the table below. Net interest income (net of settlements on derivatives) is a non-GAAP financial measure, and the Company reports this non-GAAP information because the Company believes that it provides additional information regarding operational and performance indicators that are closely assessed by management. There is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for the presentation of such non-GAAP information, which is only meant to supplement GAAP results by providing additional information that management utilizes to assess performance. See note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information on the Company's derivative instruments, including the net settlement activity recognized by the Company for each type of derivative for the 2020 and 2019 periods presented in the table under the caption "Consolidated Financial Statement Impact Related to Derivatives - Statements of Operations" in note 4 and in the table below.
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 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Variable loan interest margin	$	30,367 	 		43,951 	 		Represents the yield the Company receives on its loan portfolio less the cost of funding these loans. Variable loan spread is also impacted by the amortization/accretion of loan premiums and discounts and the 1.05% per year consolidation loan rebate fee paid to the Department. See AGM operating segment - results of operations.	
Settlements on associated derivatives	2,112 	 		2,334 	 		Represents the net settlements received related to the Company’s 1:3 basis swaps.	
Variable loan interest margin, net of settlements on derivatives	32,479 	 		46,285 	 			
Fixed rate floor income	18,758 	 		10,425 	 		The Company has a portfolio of student loans that are earning interest at a fixed borrower rate which exceeds the statutorily defined variable lender rates, generating fixed rate floor income. See Item 3, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Interest Rate Risk" for additional information.	
Settlements on associated derivatives	2,125 	 		16,701 	 		Represents the net settlements received related to the Company’s floor income interest rate swaps.	
Fixed rate floor income, net of settlements on derivatives	20,883 	 		27,126 	 			
Investment interest	7,398 	 		8,253 	 		 	
Corporate debt interest expense	(1,450)	 		(3,813)	 		Includes interest expense on the Junior Subordinated Hybrid Securities and unsecured line of credit. Decrease due to a decrease in interest rates and in the average balance outstanding on the Company's unsecured line of credit.	
	
Net interest income (net of settlements on derivatives)	$	59,310 	 		77,851 	 			
The following table summarizes the components of "other income."
												
 	Three months ended March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Borrower late fee income (a)	$	3,188 	 		3,512 	 	
Investment advisory services (b)	2,802 	 		711 	 	
Management fee revenue (c)	2,243 	 		1,872 	 	

	
Gain (loss) on investments, net	(3,864)	 		(427)	 	
Other	3,912 	 		3,399 	 	
  Other income	$	8,281 	 		9,067 	 	

(a) Represents borrower late fees earned by the AGM operating segment. The Company anticipates borrower late fees will decrease in future periods impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of borrower relief initiatives.
(b) The Company provides investment advisory services through Whitetail Rock Capital Management, LLC ("WRCM"), the Company's SEC-registered investment advisor subsidiary, under various arrangements. WRCM earns annual fees of 25 basis points on the majority of the outstanding balance of asset-backed securities under management and up to 50 percent of the gains from the sale of asset-backed securities or asset-backed securities being called prior to the full contractual maturity for which it provides advisory services. As of March 31, 2020, the outstanding balance of asset-backed securities under management subject to these arrangements was $1.1 billion. In addition, WRCM earns annual management fees of five basis points for certain other investments under management. The increase in advisory fees in 2020 as compared to 2019 was the result of an increase in performance fees earned.
(c) Represents revenue earned from providing administrative support and marketing services primarily to Great Lakes’ former parent company in accordance with a contract that expires in January 2021. The amount also includes revenue earned from marketing services provided to other customers, which increased for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019.

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LOAN SERVICING AND SYSTEMS OPERATING SEGMENT – RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Loan Servicing Volumes

	As of	
	December 31,
2018		March 31,
2019		June 30,
2019		September 30,
2019		December 31,
2019		March 31,
2020	
Servicing volume (dollars in millions):												
Nelnet:												
Government	$	179,507 	 		183,093 	 			181,682 	 			184,399 	 			183,790 	 			185,477 	 	
FFELP	36,748 	 		35,917 	 			35,003 	 			33,981 	 			33,185 	 			32,326 	 	
Private and consumer	15,666 	 		16,065 	 			16,025 	 			16,286 	 			16,033 	 			16,364 	 	
Great Lakes:																						
Government	232,694 	 		237,050 	 			236,500 	 			240,268 	 			239,980 	 			243,205 	 	

Total	$	464,615 	 		472,125 	 			469,210 	 			474,934 	 			472,988 	 			477,372 	 	
												
Number of servicing borrowers:												
Nelnet:												
Government	5,771,923 	 		5,708,582 	 			5,592,989 	 		5,635,653 	 			5,574,001 	 			5,498,872 	 	
FFELP	1,709,853 	 		1,650,785 	 			1,588,530 	 		1,529,392 	 			1,478,703 	 			1,423,286 	 	
Private and consumer	696,933 	 		699,768 	 			693,410 	 		701,299 	 			682,836 	 			670,702 	 	
Great Lakes:																					
Government	7,458,684 	 		7,385,284 	 			7,300,691 	 		7,430,165 	 			7,396,657 	 			7,344,509 	 	

Total	15,637,393 	 		15,444,419 	 			15,175,620 	 			15,296,509 	 			15,132,197 	 			14,937,369 	 	
												
Number of remote hosted borrowers:	6,393,151 	 		6,332,261 	 			6,211,132 	 		6,457,296 	 			6,433,324 	 			6,354,158 	 	

Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes' servicing contracts with the Department previously provided for expiration on June 16, 2019. Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes each received extensions from the Department on their contracts through December 14, 2020. The most current contract extensions also provide the potential for two additional six-month extensions at the Department's discretion through December 14, 2021. The Department is conducting a contract procurement process for a new framework for the servicing of all student loans owned by the Department. See "Overview - Department of Education NextGen Procurement" above for additional information.

39

Summary and Comparison of Operating Results

 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Net interest income	$	273 	 		497 	 		Decrease was due to lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.	
Loan servicing and systems revenue	112,735 	 		114,898 	 		See table below for additional information. 	 	
Intersegment servicing revenue	11,054 	 		12,217 	 		Represents revenue earned by the LSS operating segment as a result of servicing loans for the AGM operating segment. Decrease was due to the expected amortization of AGM's FFELP portfolio. FFELP intersegment servicing revenue will continue to decrease as AGM's FFELP portfolio pays off. 	 	
Other income	2,630 	 		2,074 	 		Represents revenue earned from providing administrative support and marketing services primarily to Great Lakes’ former parent company in accordance with a contract that expires in January 2021. Increase was due to an increase in marketing services provided to other customers.	
Total other income	126,419 	 		129,189 	 			
Salaries and benefits	70,493 	 		66,220 	 		Increase was due to an increase in headcount to provide enhanced service levels to borrowers under the Department servicing contracts, and to develop a new private education and consumer loan servicing system.	
Depreciation and amortization	8,848 	 		8,871 	 				
	
Other expenses	17,489 	 		18,928 	 		Decrease was due to cost-savings as a result of an increase in electronic borrower statements and correspondence and a decrease in the provision for servicing losses. 	 	
Intersegment expenses	16,239 	 		13,758 	 		Intersegment expenses represent costs for certain corporate activities and services that are allocated to each operating segment based on estimated use of such activities and services. Increase was due to an increase in security service levels related to the Department servicing contracts. 	 	
Total operating expenses	113,069 	 		107,777 	 			
Income before income taxes	13,623 	 		21,909 	 			
Income tax expense	(3,269)	 		(5,258)	 		Represents income tax expense at an effective tax rate of 24%. 	 	
Net income	$	10,354 	 		16,651 	 		The LSS segment incurred additional costs during the period ended March 31, 2020 to meet increased service and security standards under the Department servicing contracts. As a result, the segment's net income and operating margin decreased compared to the same period in 2019.	

Before tax operating margin	10.8 	%		17.0 	%			

Loan servicing and systems revenue

 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Government servicing - Nelnet	$	38,650 	 		39,640 	 		Represents revenue from Nelnet Servicing's Department servicing contract. Decrease was due to a decrease in the borrowers serviced and a decrease in revenue from the administration of the Total and Permanent Disability (TPD) Discharge program and fees earned from the Department for originating consolidation loans.	
Government servicing - Great Lakes	46,446 	 		47,077 	 		Represents revenue from the Great Lakes' Department servicing contract. Decrease was due to a decrease in the number of borrowers serviced.	
Private education and consumer loan servicing	8,609 	 		9,480 	 		Decrease was due to the change in portfolio mix of private education and consumer loans, partially offset by an increase in loan servicing volume from existing and new clients.	
FFELP servicing	5,614 	 		6,695 	 		Decrease was due to portfolio amortization. Over time, FFELP servicing revenue will continue to decrease as third-party customers' FFELP portfolios pay off. Revenue earned by the LSS operating segment for servicing loans for the AGM operating segment is included in "intersegment servicing revenue."	
Software services	11,318 	 		9,741 	 		Increase was due to an increase in borrowers and services in which the Company provides hosted FFELP guarantee activities.	
 Outsourced services and other	2,098 	 		2,265 	 		The majority of this revenue relates to providing contact center outsourcing activities.	
Loan servicing and systems revenue	$	112,735 	 		114,898 	 			

40

EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY, SERVICES, AND PAYMENT PROCESSING OPERATING SEGMENT – RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
As discussed further in the Company's 2019 Annual Report, this segment of the Company’s business is subject to seasonal fluctuations which correspond, or are related to, the traditional school year. Based on the timing of revenue recognition and when expenses are incurred, revenue and pre-tax operating margin are higher in the first quarter as compared to the remainder of the year.
Summary and Comparison of Operating Results

 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Net interest income	$	1,974 	 		2,009 	 		Decrease was due to a decrease in interest rates in 2020 as compared with 2019, including the significant drop in interest rates in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in interest income was partially offset by an increase in average cash balances. If interest rates remain at current levels, the Company anticipates this segment will earn minimal interest income in future periods.	
Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue	83,675 	 		79,159 	 		See table below for additional information.	
Intersegment revenue	11 	 		— 	 			
	
Total other income	83,686 	 		79,159 	 			
Cost to provide education technology, services, and payment processing services	22,806 	 		21,059 	 		See table below for additional information. 	 	
Salaries and benefits	23,696 	 		23,008 	 		Increase was due to an increase in the average salaries and benefits cost per associate. In addition, the operating segment had an increase in headcount to support the growth of its customer base and investment in the development of new technologies. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in headcount due to operating efficiencies gained related to the acquisition of TMS in November 2018.	
Depreciation and amortization	2,387 	 		3,510 	 		Amortization of intangible assets related to business acquisitions was $2.2 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.	
	
Other expenses	6,092 	 		5,311 	 		Increase was due to an additional expense to increase allowance for doubtful accounts for the increased risk of uncollectible balances due to distressed economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Increase was partially offset by a decrease in travel expenses in 2020 compared to 2019, due to COVID-19.	
Intersegment expenses, net	3,327 	 		3,299 	 		Intersegment expenses represent costs for certain corporate activities and services that are allocated to each operating segment based on estimated use of such activities and services. 	 	
Total operating expenses	35,502 	 		35,128 	 			
Income before income taxes	27,352 	 		24,981 	 			
Income tax expense	(6,565)	 		(5,995)	 		Represents income tax expense at an effective tax rate of 24%. 	 	
Net income	$	20,787 	 		18,986 	 			

41

Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue
The following table provides disaggregated revenue by service offering and before tax operating margin for each reporting period.
																		
 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Tuition payment plan services	$	31,587 	 		30,173 	 		Increase was due to an increase in the number of managed tuition payment plans. Revenue recognized during the first quarter of 2020 is primarily related to payment plans for the 2019-2020 academic year for K-12 schools and the spring 2020 semester for institutions of higher education. Fees for these payment plans were received and are based on school enrollments prior to the conditions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of COVID-19, enrollments in higher education, beginning with the summer 2020 term, and for K-12 schools, beginning with the fall 2020 academic term, could be negatively impacted. A decrease in enrollment at schools in which the Company serves would negatively impact tuition payment plan revenue in future periods.	
Payment processing	31,742 	 		28,979 	 		Increase was the result of higher payment volumes processed by payment technologies from new and existing school and non-education customers. Growth in revenues from payment processing could be impacted in future periods as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A decline in enrollment in institutions served may result in a corresponding decline in the volume of payments processed.	
Education technology and services	20,054 	 		19,709 	 		Increase was due to an increase from FACTS Student Information System (“SIS”) software subscriptions. Growth in FACTS SIS revenues were partially offset by growth rate declines in financial needs assessment and online enrollment and application revenues experienced in March 2020 which coincided with the closures of K-12 schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact enrollments and schools’ demand for certain of the Company’s products and services, which would negatively impact the Company’s revenue in future periods.	
Other	292 	 		298 	 			
Education technology, services, and payment processing revenue	83,675 	 		79,159 	 			
Cost to provide education technology, services, and payment processing services	22,806 	 		21,059 	 		Costs primarily relate to payment processing revenue. Increase was due to an increase in payments volume from new and existing school and non-education customers.	
Net revenue	$	60,869 	 		58,100 	 			
	
Before tax operating margin	44.9 	%		43.0 	%				

42

COMMUNICATIONS OPERATING SEGMENT – RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary and Comparison of Operating Results

	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Net interest income (expense)	$	— 	 		2 	 			
Communications revenue	18,181 	 		14,543 	 		Communications revenue is derived primarily from the sale of pure fiber optic services to residential and business customers in Nebraska and Colorado, including internet, television, and telephone services. Increase was due to additional residential households and businesses served as a result of the completion of the Lincoln, Nebraska network build out in 2019 and continued maturity of ALLO's existing markets. See additional financial and operating data for ALLO in the tables below. 	 	
Other income	353 	 		125 	 			
Total other income	18,534 	 		14,668 	 			
Cost to provide communications services	5,582 	 		4,759 	 		Cost of services are primarily associated with television programming costs. Other costs include connectivity, franchise, and other regulatory costs directly related to providing internet and voice services. 	 	
Salaries and benefits	5,416 	 		4,737 	 		Increase was due to additional residential households and businesses served.	
Depreciation and amortization	10,507 	 		7,362 	 		Depreciation reflects the allocation of the costs of ALLO's property and equipment over the period in which such assets are used. A significant amount of property and equipment purchases have been made to support the Lincoln, Nebraska network expansion. The gross property and equipment balances related to this segment as of March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019, March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018 were $322.5 million, $315.3 million, $285.8 million and $273.9 million, respectively. Amortization reflects the allocation of costs related to intangible assets recorded at fair value as of the date the Company acquired ALLO over their estimated useful lives.	
	
Other expenses	3,689 	 		3,477 	 		Other expenses includes selling, general, and administrative expenses necessary for operations, such as advertising, occupancy, professional services, construction materials, and personal property taxes. Increase was due to an increase in the number of households and businesses served in 2020 as compared to 2019.  	 	
Intersegment expenses	624 	 		664 	 		Intersegment expenses represent costs for certain corporate activities and services that are allocated to each operating segment based on estimated use of such activities and services. 	 	
Total operating expenses	20,236 	 		16,240 	 			
Loss before income taxes	(7,284)	 		(6,329)	 			
Income tax benefit	1,748 	 		1,519 	 		Represents income tax benefit at an effective tax rate of 24%. 	 	
Net loss	$	(5,536)	 		(4,810)	 		The Company anticipates this operating segment will be dilutive to consolidated earnings as it continues to develop and add customers to its network in Lincoln, Nebraska and other communities, due to large upfront capital expenditures and associated depreciation and upfront customer acquisition costs. 	 	
						
Additional information:						
Net loss	$	(5,536)	 		(4,810)	 			
Net interest (income) expense	— 	 		(2)	 			
Income tax benefit	(1,748)	 		(1,519)	 			
Depreciation and amortization	10,507 	 		7,362 	 			
Earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA)	$	3,223 	 		1,031 	 		For additional information regarding this non-GAAP measure, see the table below.	

43

Certain financial and operating data for ALLO is summarized in the tables below.
																								
	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Residential revenue	$	13,559 	 		74.6 	%		$	11,065 	 		76.1 	%	
Business revenue	4,471 	 		24.6 	 		3,414 	 		23.5 	 	
Other revenue	151 	 		0.8 	 		64 	 		0.4 	 	
Communications revenue	$	18,181 	 		100.0 	%		$	14,543 	 		100.0 	%	
								
Internet	$	11,199 	 		61.6 	%		$	8,449 	 		58.1 	%	
Television	4,236 	 		23.3 	 		3,898		26.8 	 	
Telephone	2,691 	 		14.8 	 		2,167		14.9 	 	
Other	55 	 		0.3 	 		29		0.2 	 	
Communications revenue	$	18,181 	 		100.0 	%		$	14,543 	 		100.0 	%	
								
Net loss	$	(5,536)	 				(4,810)	 			
EBITDA (a)	3,223 	 				1,031 	 			
								
Capital expenditures	7,163 	 				11,958 	 			

																																				
	As of
March 31,
2020		As of
December 31,
2019		As of
September 30,
2019		As of
June 30,
2019		As of
March 31,
2019		As of
December 31,
2018	
Residential customer information:												
Households served	49,684 	 			47,744 	 			45,228 	 		42,760 	 		40,338 	 		37,351 	 	
Households passed (b)	143,505 	 			140,986 	 			137,269 	 		132,984 	 		127,253 	 		122,396 	 	
Households served/passed	34.6 	%			33.9 	%			32.9 	%		32.2 	%		31.7 	%		30.5 	%	
Total households in current markets and new markets announced (c)	171,121 	 			160,884 	 			159,974 	 		159,974 	 		152,840 	 		152,840 	 	

(a) Earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") is a supplemental non-GAAP performance measure that is frequently used in capital-intensive industries such as telecommunications. ALLO's management uses EBITDA to compare ALLO's performance to that of its competitors and to eliminate certain non-cash and non-operating items in order to consistently measure performance from period to period. EBITDA excludes interest and income taxes because these items are associated with a company's particular capitalization and tax structures. EBITDA also excludes depreciation and amortization expense because these non-cash expenses primarily reflect the impact of historical capital investments, as opposed to the cash impacts of capital expenditures made in recent periods, which may be evaluated through cash flow measures. The Company reports EBITDA for ALLO because the Company believes that it provides useful additional information for investors regarding a key metric used by management to assess ALLO's performance. There are limitations to using EBITDA as a performance measure, including the difficulty associated with comparing companies that use similar performance measures whose calculations may differ from ALLO's calculations. In addition, EBITDA should not be considered a substitute for other measures of financial performance, such as net income or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of EBITDA from net income (loss) under GAAP is presented under "Summary and Comparison of Operating Results" in the table above.
(b) Represents the number of single residence homes, apartments, and condominiums that ALLO already serves and those in which ALLO has the capacity to connect to its network distribution system without further material extensions to the transmission lines, but have not been connected.
(c) During the second quarter of 2019, ALLO announced plans to expand its network to make services available in Breckenridge, Colorado. During the fourth quarter of 2019, ALLO announced plans to expand its network to make services available in Imperial, Nebraska. During the first quarter of 2020, ALLO announced plans to expand its network to make services available in Norfolk, Nebraska. ALLO is now in twelve communities, including ten in Nebraska and two in Colorado.
44

ASSET GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT OPERATING SEGMENT – RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Loan Portfolio
As of March 31, 2020, the Company had a $20.6 billion loan portfolio, consisting primarily of federally insured loans, that management anticipates will amortize over the next approximately 20 years and has a weighted average remaining life of 9.8 years. For a summary of the Company’s loan portfolio as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, see note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Loan Activity
The following table sets forth the activity of loans:
												
 	Three months ended March 31,	
 	2020		2019	
Beginning balance	$	20,798,719 	 		22,520,498 	 	
Loan acquisitions:				
Federally insured student loans	349,061 	 		270,015 	 	
Private education loans	47,605 	 		— 	 	
Consumer loans	62,831 	 		70,121 	 	
Total loan acquisitions	459,497 	 		340,136 	 	
Repayments, claims, capitalized interest, and other	(312,579)	 		(504,720)	 	
Consolidation loans lost to external parties	(216,327)	 		(273,271)	 	
Consumer loans sold	(124,245)	 		— 	 	
	
Ending balance	$	20,605,065 	 		22,082,643 	 	
Allowance for Loan Losses and Loan Delinquencies
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology.
The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses.
Upon adoption, the Company recorded an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $91.0 million, which included a reclassification of the non-accretable discount balance and premiums related to loans purchased with evidence of credit deterioration, and decreased retained earnings, net of tax, by $18.9 million. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326 (recognizing estimated credit losses expected to occur over the asset's remaining life) while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP (recognizing estimated credit losses using an incurred loss model); therefore, the comparative information for 2019 is not comparable to the information presented for 2020.
Management has determined that each of the federally insured, private education, and consumer loan portfolios meet the definition of a portfolio segment, which is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for credit losses.
For a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and a summary of the Company's loan status and delinquency amounts as of March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019, and March 31, 2019, see note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part 1, Item 1 of this report.
Provision for loan losses was $76.3 million and $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in the provision for loan losses in 2020 as compared to 2019 was due to an incremental provision in 2020 of $63.0 million for the increase in expected defaults as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and an increased provision for loan losses on loans acquired in 2020 to reflect life of loan expected losses as compared to loans acquired during the first quarter of 2019 in which the provision for loan losses was recognized based upon an incurred loss methodology.
45

The Company's total allowance for loan losses of $208.9 million at March 31, 2020 represents reserves equal to 0.7% of the Company's federally insured loans (or 29.1% of the risk sharing component of the loans that is not covered by the federal guaranty), 8.4% of the Company's private education loans, and 26.8% of the Company's consumer loans.
Loan Spread Analysis
The following table analyzes the loan spread on the Company’s portfolio of loans, which represents the spread between the yield earned on loan assets and the costs of the liabilities and derivative instruments used to fund the assets. The spread amounts included in the following table are calculated by using the notional dollar values found in the table under the caption "Net interest income, net of settlements on derivatives" below, divided by the average balance of loans or debt outstanding.

 	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Variable loan yield, gross	3.98 	%		5.04 	%	
Consolidation rebate fees	(0.83)	 		(0.84)	 	
Discount accretion, net of premium and deferred origination costs amortization	0.01 	 		0.03 	 	
Variable loan yield, net	3.16 	 		4.23 	 	
Loan cost of funds - interest expense	(2.58)	 		(3.47)	 	
Loan cost of funds - derivative settlements (a) (b)	0.04 	 		0.04 	 	
Variable loan spread	0.62 	 		0.80 	 	
Fixed rate floor income, gross	0.36 	 		0.19 	 	
Fixed rate floor income - derivative settlements (a) (c)	0.04 	 		0.31 	 	
Fixed rate floor income, net of settlements on derivatives	0.40 	 		0.50 	 	
Core loan spread (d)	1.02 	%		1.30 	%	
				
Average balance of loans	$	20,793,758 	 		22,313,270 	 	
Average balance of debt outstanding	20,616,771 	 		21,989,065 	 	

(a) Derivative settlements represent the cash paid or received during the current period to settle with derivative instrument counterparties the economic effect of the Company's derivative instruments based on their contractual terms. Derivative accounting requires that net settlements with respect to derivatives that do not qualify for "hedge treatment" under GAAP be recorded in a separate income statement line item below net interest income. The Company maintains an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate volatility. As such, management believes derivative settlements for each applicable period should be evaluated with the Company’s net interest income (loan spread) as presented in this table. The Company reports this non-GAAP information because it believes that it provides additional information regarding operational and performance indicators that are closely assessed by management. There is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for the presentation of such non-GAAP information, which is only meant to supplement GAAP results by providing additional information that management utilizes to assess performance. See note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information on the Company's derivative instruments, including the net settlement activity recognized by the Company for each type of derivative for the 2020 and 2019 periods presented in the table under the caption "Consolidated Financial Statement Impact Related to Derivatives - Statements of Operations" in note 4 and in this table.
A reconciliation of core loan spread, which includes the impact of derivative settlements on loan spread, to loan spread without
derivative settlements follows.
												
	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Core loan spread	1.02 	%		1.30 	%	
Derivative settlements (1:3 basis swaps)	(0.04)	 		(0.04)	 	
Derivative settlements (fixed rate floor income)	(0.04)	 		(0.31)	 	
Loan spread	0.94 	%		0.95 	%	

(b) Derivative settlements consist of net settlements received related to the Company’s 1:3 basis swaps.
(c) Derivative settlements consist of net settlements received related to the Company’s floor income interest rate swaps.
(d) Core loan spread, excluding consumer loans, would have been 0.97% and 1.22% for the three months ended March, 31, 2020
and 2019, respectively.
46

A trend analysis of the Company's core and variable loan spreads is summarized below.

(a) The interest earned on a large portion of the Company's FFELP student loan assets is indexed to the one-month LIBOR rate. The Company funds a portion of its assets with three-month LIBOR indexed floating rate securities. The relationship between the indices in which the Company earns interest on its loans and funds such loans has a significant impact on loan spread. This table (the right axis) shows the difference between the Company's liability base rate and the one-month LIBOR rate by quarter. See Item 3, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Interest Rate Risk,” which provides additional detail on the Company’s FFELP student loan assets and related funding for those assets.
Variable loan spread decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 due to a widening of the basis between the asset and debt indices in which the Company earns interest on its loans and funds such loans (as reflected in the table above). The significant widening during the first quarter of 2020 was the result of a significant decrease in interest rates during March 2020. In a declining interest rate environment, student loan spread is compressed, due to the timing of interest rate resets on the Company's assets occurring daily in contrast to the timing of the interest resets on the Company's debt that occurs either monthly or quarterly. As the Company's debt resets at lower interest rates during the second quarter of 2020, the Company expects variable loan spread to increase from current levels. See Item 3, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Interest Rate Risk,” which provides additional detail on the Company’s FFELP student loan assets and related funding for those assets.
The difference between variable loan spread and core loan spread is fixed rate floor income earned on a portion of the Company's federally insured student loan portfolio. A summary of fixed rate floor income and its contribution to core loan spread follows:
												
 	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Fixed rate floor income, gross	$	18,758 	 		10,425 	 	
Derivative settlements (a)	2,125 	 		16,701 	 	
Fixed rate floor income, net	$	20,883 	 		27,126 	 	
Fixed rate floor income contribution to spread, net	0.40 	%		0.50 	%	
(a) Includes settlement payments on derivatives used to hedge student loans earning fixed rate floor income.
47

The increase in gross fixed rate floor income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 was due to lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019. The Company has a portfolio of derivative instruments in which the Company pays a fixed rate and receives a floating rate to economically hedge loans earning fixed rate floor income. The decrease in derivative settlements from the floor income interest rate swaps in 2020 as compared to 2019 was due to a decrease in the notional amount of derivatives outstanding and a decrease in interest rates. The Company anticipates receiving increased levels of gross fixed rate floor income in future periods as a result of the significant drop in interest rates in March 2020. This increase will be partially offset by a decrease in net settlements received on derivatives used to hedge these loans. See Item 3, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Interest Rate Risk,” which provides additional detail on the Company’s portfolio earning fixed rate floor income and the derivatives used by the Company to hedge these loans.
Interest Rate Risk - Replacement of LIBOR as a Benchmark Rate
As of March 31, 2020, the interest earned on a principal amount of $18.8 billion in the Company’s FFELP student loan asset portfolio was indexed to one-month LIBOR, and the interest paid on a principal amount of $18.5 billion of the Company’s FFELP student loan asset-backed debt securities was indexed to one-month or three-month LIBOR. In addition, the majority of the Company’s derivative financial instrument transactions used to manage LIBOR interest rate risks are indexed to LIBOR. There is significant uncertainty regarding the availability of LIBOR as a benchmark rate after 2021, and any market transition away from the current LIBOR framework could result in significant changes to the interest rate characteristics of the Company's LIBOR-indexed assets and funding for those assets, as well as the Company’s LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors - Loan Portfolio - Interest rate risk - replacement of LIBOR as a benchmark rate" in the Company's 2019 Annual Report.

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Summary and Comparison of Operating Results

 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	$	(23,622)	 		51,068 	 		See table below for additional analysis. 	 	
Gain on sale of loans	18,206 	 		— 	 		The Company sold a portfolio of consumer loans in 2020 and recognized a gain of $18.2 million.	
Other income	3,215 	 		3,525 	 		Represents primarily borrower late fees. The Company anticipates borrower late fees will decrease in future periods impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of borrower relief initiatives.	
Impairment expense	(26,303)	 		— 	 		The 2020 amount represents impairment of the Company's beneficial interest in consumer loan securitization investments. See note 5 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report.  	 	
Derivative settlements, net	4,237 	 		19,035 	 		The Company maintains an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate volatility. Derivative settlements for each applicable period should be evaluated with the Company's net interest income as reflected in the table below. 	 	
Derivative market value adjustments, net	(20,602)	 		(30,574)	 		Includes the realized and unrealized gains and losses that are caused by changes in fair values of derivatives which do not qualify for "hedge treatment" under GAAP. The majority of the derivative market value adjustments related to the changes in fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps. Such changes reflect that a decrease in the forward yield curve during a reporting period results in a decrease in the fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps, and an increase in the forward yield curve during a reporting period results in an increase in the fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps. During the first quarter of 2020 and 2019, there was a significant decrease in the forward yield curve resulting in a decrease in the fair value of the Company's floor income interest rate swaps that resulted in a loss in both periods. Although the decrease in the forward yield curve was more substantial in 2020 as compared to 2019, the notional amount of derivatives outstanding during 2020 was much lower than compared to 2019. 	 	
Total other income/expense	(21,247)	 		(8,014)	 			
Salaries and benefits	443 	 		378 	 			
	
Other expenses	3,717 	 		3,837 	 		The primary component of other expenses is servicing fees paid to third parties.	
Intersegment expenses	11,916 	 		12,287 	 		Amounts include fees paid to the LSS operating segment for the servicing of the Company’s loan portfolio. These amounts exceed the actual cost of servicing the loans. Intersegment expenses also include costs for certain corporate activities and services that are allocated to each operating segment based on estimated use of such activities and services. 	 	
Total operating expenses	16,076 	 		16,502 	 		Total operating expenses, excluding the 2020 impairment of the Company's beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations, were 31 basis points and 30 basis points of the average balance of loans for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.	
(Loss) income before income taxes	(60,945)	 		26,552 	 		
	
Income tax benefit (expense)	14,627 	 		(6,372)	 		Represents income tax benefit (expense) at an effective tax rate of 24%.	 	
Net (loss) income	$	(46,318)	 		20,180 	 			
						
Additional information:						
Net (loss) income	$	(46,318)	 		20,180 	 			
Derivative market value adjustments, net	20,602 	 		30,574 	 		See "Overview - GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Net Income, Excluding Adjustments" above for additional information about non-GAAP net income, excluding derivative market value adjustments. The decrease in net income to a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 was due to (i) the impairment of the Company's beneficial interest in consumer loan securitizations recognized in 2020; (ii) the decrease in core loan spread and the average balance of loans in 2020 as compared to 2019; (iii) an incremental provision for loan losses in 2020 of $63.0 million (pre-tax) related to the increase in expected defaults as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; and (iv) an increased provision for loan losses on loans acquired in 2020 to reflect life of loan expected losses as compared to loans acquired during the first quarter of 2019 for which the provision for loan losses was recognized based upon an incurred loss methodology. These items were partially offset by a $18.2 million (pre-tax) gain in 2020 from the sale of consumer loans.	 	
Tax effect	(4,944)	 		(7,338)	 				
Net (loss) income, excluding derivative market value adjustments	$	(30,660)	 		43,416 	 				
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Net interest income, net of settlements on derivatives
The following table summarizes the components of "net interest income after provision for loan losses" and "derivative settlements, net."
																		
 	Three months ended March 31,			
 	2020		2019		Additional information	
Variable interest income, gross	$	205,512 	 		277,024 	 		Decrease was due to a decrease in the gross yield earned on loans and a decrease in the average balance of loans. 	 	
Consolidation rebate fees	(43,137)	 		(46,491)	 		Decrease was due to a decrease in the average consolidation loan balance. 	 	
Discount accretion, net of premium and deferred origination costs amortization	660 	 		1,375 	 		Net discount accretion is due to the Company's purchases of loans at a net discount over the last several years.	
Variable interest income, net	163,035 	 		231,908 	 			
Interest on bonds and notes payable	(132,668)	 		(187,957)	 		Decrease was due to a decrease in cost of funds and a decrease in the average balance of debt outstanding. 	 	
Derivative settlements, net (a)	2,112 	 		2,334 	 		Derivative settlements include the net settlements received related to the Company’s 1:3 basis swaps. 	 	
Variable loan interest margin, net of settlements on derivatives (a)	32,479 	 		46,285 	 			
Fixed rate floor income, gross	18,758 	 		10,425 	 		Fixed rate floor income increased due to lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.	
Derivative settlements, net (a)	2,125 	 		16,701 	 		Derivative settlements include the settlements received related to the Company's floor income interest rate swaps. Decrease in settlements was due to a decrease in the notional amount of derivatives outstanding and lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.	
Fixed rate floor income, net of settlements on derivatives	20,883 	 		27,126 	 			
Core loan interest income (a)	53,362 	 		73,411 	 			
Investment interest	4,133 	 		4,534 	 		Decrease was due to lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.	
Intercompany interest	(581)	 		(842)	 			
Provision for loan losses - federally insured loans	(39,323)	 		(2,000)	 		See "Allowance for Loan Losses and Loan Delinquencies" included above under "Asset Generation and Management Operating Segment - Results of Operations." 	 	
Provision for loan losses - private education loans	(9,800)	 		— 	 				
Provision for loan losses - consumer loans	(27,176)	 		(5,000)	 				
Net interest income after provision for loan losses (net of settlements on derivatives) (a)	$	(19,385)	 		70,103 	 		Excluding the incremental provision for loan losses in 2020 of $63.0 million related to the increase in expected defaults as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, net interest income after provision for loan losses (net of settlements on derivatives) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 would have been $43.6 million. This decrease was due to a decrease in core loan spread and the average balance of loans in 2020 as compared to 2019.	
(a) Derivative settlements represent the cash paid or received during the current period to settle with derivative instrument counterparties the economic effect of the Company's derivative instruments based on their contractual terms. Derivative accounting requires that net settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for "hedge treatment" under GAAP be recorded in a separate income statement line item below net interest income. The Company maintains an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate volatility. As such, management believes derivative settlements for each applicable period should be evaluated with the Company’s net interest income as presented in this table. Core loan interest income and net interest income after provision for loan losses (net of settlements on derivatives) are non-GAAP financial measures, and the Company reports this non-GAAP information because the Company believes that it provides additional information regarding operational and performance indicators that are closely assessed by management. There is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for the presentation of such non-GAAP information, which is only meant to supplement GAAP results by providing additional information that management utilizes to assess performance. See note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information on the Company's derivative instruments, including the net settlement activity recognized by the Company for each type of derivative referred to in the "Additional information" column of this table, for the 2020 and 2019 periods presented in the table under the caption "Consolidated Financial Statement Impact Related to Derivatives - Statements of Operations" in note 4 and in this table.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
The Company’s Loan Servicing and Systems and Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing operating segments are non-capital intensive and both produce positive operating cash flows. As such, a minimal amount of debt and equity capital is allocated to these segments and any liquidity or capital needs are satisfied using cash flow from operations. Therefore, the Liquidity and Capital Resources discussion is concentrated on the Company’s liquidity and capital needs to meet existing debt obligations in the Asset Generation and Management operating segment and capital needs to expand ALLO's communications network in the Company's Communications operating segment.
Sources of Liquidity
As of March 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $204.8 million. The Company also had a portfolio of available-for-sale investments, consisting primarily of student loan asset-backed securities, with a fair value of $57.1 million as of March 31, 2020.
The Company also has a $455.0 million unsecured line of credit that matures on December 16, 2024. As of March 31, 2020, there was $100.0 million outstanding on the unsecured line of credit and $355.0 million was available for future use. The line of credit provides that the Company may increase the aggregate financing commitments, through the existing lenders and/or through new lenders, up to a total of $550.0 million, subject to certain conditions. In addition, the Company has a $22.0 million secured line of credit agreement that matures on May 30, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, the secured line of credit had $5.0 million outstanding and $17.0 million was available for future use.
In addition, the Company has repurchased certain of its own asset-backed securities (bonds and notes payable) in the secondary market. For accounting purposes, these notes are eliminated in consolidation and are not included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. However, these securities remain legally outstanding at the trust level and the Company could sell these notes to third parties or redeem the notes at par as cash is generated by the trust estate. Upon a sale of these notes to third parties, the Company would obtain cash proceeds equal to the market value of the notes on the date of such sale. As of March 31, 2020, the Company holds $15.0 million (par value) of its own asset-backed securities.
The Company intends to use its liquidity position to capitalize on market opportunities, including FFELP, private education, and consumer loan acquisitions; strategic acquisitions and investments; expansion of ALLO's telecommunications network; and capital management initiatives, including stock repurchases, debt repurchases, and dividend distributions. The timing and size of these opportunities will vary and will have a direct impact on the Company's cash and investment balances.
Cash Flows
On a calendar year annual basis, the Company has historically generated positive cash flow from operations.
As part of the Company’s Education Technology, Services, and Payment Processing operating segment, the Company collects tuition payments and subsequently remits these payments to the appropriate schools. Cash collected for customers and the related liability are included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. These accounts fluctuate with the fall and spring school terms based on the timing of when the Company collects tuition payments from customers and remits such payments to schools, resulting in these balances being significantly lower as of March 31 as compared to the balances as of December 31. The “due to customers” liability account decreased $217.9 million and $153.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These decreases negatively impacted cash used in operating activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows for these periods.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company used $144.5 million in operating activities, compared to using $139.7 million for the same period in 2019. Excluding the impact of the decrease in the "due to customers" liability account, the Company generated $73.4 million from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to generating $13.5 million from operating activities for the same period in 2019. The increase in such cash flows from operating activities was due to:
•Adjustments to net income (loss) for the impact of the non-cash provision for loan losses and impairment charges; and
•The impact of changes to accounts receivable and other assets during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019.
These factors were partially offset by:
•The decrease in net income to a net loss;
•The adjustments to net income for derivative market value adjustments;
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•Adjustments to net income (loss) for the impact of the gain from sale of loans and deferred taxes; and
•The impact of changes to other liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019.
The primary items included in the statement of cash flows for investing activities are the purchase and repayment of loans. The primary items included in financing activities are the proceeds from the issuance of and payments on bonds and notes payable used to fund loans. Cash provided by investing activities and used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $105.7 million and $83.5 million, respectively. Cash provided by investing activities and used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $386.3 million and $387.4 million, respectively. Investing and financing activities are further addressed in the discussion that follows.
Liquidity Needs and Sources of Liquidity Available to Satisfy Debt Obligations Secured by Loan Assets and Related Collateral
The following table shows the Company's debt obligations outstanding that are secured by loan assets and related collateral.

 	As of March 31, 2020	
	Carrying amount		Final maturity	
Bonds and notes issued in asset-backed securitizations	$	20,175,293 	 		5/27/25 - 4/25/68	
FFELP, private education, and consumer loan warehouse facilities	435,096 	 		5/20/21 - 5/31/22	
 	$	20,610,389 	 		 	
Bonds and Notes Issued in Asset-backed Securitizations
The majority of the Company’s portfolio of student loans is funded in asset-backed securitizations that are structured to substantially match the maturity of the funded assets, thereby minimizing liquidity risk. Cash generated from student loans funded in asset-backed securitizations provide the sources of liquidity to satisfy all obligations related to the outstanding bonds and notes issued in such securitizations. In addition, due to (i) the difference between the yield the Company receives on the loans and cost of financing within these transactions, and (ii) the servicing and administration fees the Company earns from these transactions, the Company has created a portfolio that will generate earnings and significant cash flow over the life of these transactions.
As of March 31, 2020, based on cash flow models developed to reflect management’s current estimate of, among other factors, prepayments, defaults, deferment, forbearance, and interest rates, the Company currently expects future undiscounted cash flows from its portfolio to be approximately $2.27 billion as detailed below.
The forecasted cash flow presented below includes all loans funded in asset-backed securitizations as of March 31, 2020. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $20.0 billion of loans included in asset-backed securitizations, which represented 97.3 percent of its total loan portfolio. The forecasted cash flow does not include cash flows that the Company expects to receive related to loans funded in its warehouse facilities as of March 31, 2020, private education and consumer loans funded with operating cash, and loans acquired subsequent to March 31, 2020.
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Asset-backed Securitization Cash Flow Forecast
$2.27 billion
(dollars in millions)

The forecasted future undiscounted cash flows of approximately $2.27 billion include approximately $1.06 billion (as of March 31, 2020) of overcollateralization included in the asset-backed securitizations. These excess net asset positions are included in the consolidated balance sheets and included in the balances of "loans and accrued interest receivable" and "restricted cash." The difference between the total estimated future undiscounted cash flows and the overcollateralization of approximately $1.21 billion, or approximately $0.92 billion after income taxes based on the estimated effective tax rate, is expected to be accretive to the Company's March 31, 2020 balance of consolidated shareholders' equity.
Two of the Company’s asset-backed securitizations as of March 31, 2020 are structured as “Turbo Transactions” which require all cash generated from the student loans (including excess spread) to be directed toward payment of interest and any outstanding principal generally until such time as all principal on the notes has been paid in full. Once the notes in such transactions are paid in full, the remaining unencumbered student loans (and other remaining assets, if any) in the securitizations will be released to the Company, at which time the Company will have the option to refinance or sell these assets, or retain them on the balance sheet as unencumbered assets.
The Company uses various assumptions, including prepayments and future interest rates, when preparing its cash flow forecast. These assumptions are further discussed below.
Prepayments:  The primary variable in establishing a life of loan estimate is the level and timing of prepayments. Prepayment rates equal the amount of loans that prepay annually as a percentage of the beginning of period balance, net of scheduled principal payments. A number of factors can affect estimated prepayment rates, including the level of consolidation activity, borrower default rates, and utilization of debt management options such as income-based repayment, deferments, and forbearance. Should any of these factors change, management may revise its assumptions, which in turn would impact the projected future cash flow. The Company’s cash flow forecast above assumes prepayment rates that are generally consistent with those utilized in the Company’s recent asset-backed securitization transactions. If management used a prepayment rate assumption two times greater than what was used to forecast the cash flow, the cash flow forecast would be reduced by approximately $180 million to $210 million.
Interest rates:  The Company funds a large portion of its student loans with three-month LIBOR indexed floating rate securities. Meanwhile, the interest earned on the Company’s student loan assets is indexed primarily to a one-month LIBOR rate. The different interest rate characteristics of the Company’s loan assets and liabilities funding these assets result in basis risk. The Company’s cash flow forecast assumes three-month LIBOR will exceed one-month LIBOR by 12 basis points for the life of the portfolio, which approximates the historical relationship between these indices. If the forecast is computed assuming
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a spread of 24 basis points between three-month and one-month LIBOR for the life of the portfolio, the cash flow forecast would be reduced by approximately $45 million to $65 million. As the percentage of the Company's outstanding debt financed by three-month LIBOR declines, the Company's basis risk will be reduced.
There is significant uncertainty regarding the availability of LIBOR as a benchmark rate after 2021, and any market transition away from the current LIBOR framework could result in significant changes to the forecasted cash flows from the Company's asset-backed securitizations. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors - Loan Portfolio - Interest rate risk - replacement of LIBOR as a benchmark rate" in the Company's 2019 Annual Report. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may impact forecasted cash flows from the Company's asset-backed securitizations. See Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors - The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our results of operations, and could continue to adversely impact our results of operations, as well as adversely impact our businesses, financial condition, and/or cash flows" in this report.
The Company uses the current forward interest rate yield curve to forecast cash flows. A change in the forward interest rate curve would impact the future cash flows generated from the portfolio. An increase in future interest rates will reduce the amount of fixed rate floor income the Company is currently receiving. The Company attempts to mitigate the impact of a rise in short-term rates by hedging interest rate risks. The forecasted cash flow does not include cash flows the Company expects to pay/receive related to derivative instruments used by the Company to manage interest rate risk. See Item 3, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Interest Rate Risk."
Warehouse Facilities
The Company funds a portion of its FFELP loan acquisitions using its FFELP warehouse facilities. Student loan warehousing allows the Company to buy and manage student loans prior to transferring them into more permanent financing arrangements. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had two FFELP warehouse facilities with an aggregate maximum financing amount available of $1.1 billion, of which $0.3 billion was outstanding and $0.8 billion was available for additional funding. One warehouse facility has a static advance rate until the expiration date of the liquidity provisions (May 20, 2020). In the event the liquidity provisions are not extended, the valuation agent has the right to perform a one-time mark to market on the underlying loans funded in this facility, subject to a floor. The loans would then be funded at this new advance rate until the final maturity date of the facility (May 20, 2021). The other warehouse facility has a static advance rate that requires initial equity for loan funding and does not require increased equity based on market movements. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $18.5 million advanced as equity support on these facilities. For further discussion of the Company's FFELP warehouse facilities outstanding at March 31, 2020, see note 3 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
The Company has a consumer loan warehouse facility that has an aggregate maximum financing amount available of $200.0 million, an advance rate of 70 or 75 percent depending on the type of collateral and subject to certain concentration limits, liquidity provisions to April 23, 2021, and a final maturity date of April 23, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $67.1 million was outstanding under this facility and $132.9 million was available for future funding. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020, the Company had $29.1 million advanced as equity support under this facility.
On February 13, 2020, the Company closed on a private education loan warehouse facility with an aggregate maximum financing amount available of $100.0 million. On March 20, 2020, the facility was amended to increase the maximum financing amount to $200.0 million. The facility has an advance rate of 90 percent, liquidity provisions through February 13, 2021, and a final maturity date of February 13, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $85.5 million was outstanding under this warehouse facility and $114.5 million was available for future funding. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020, the Company had $9.2 million advanced as equity support under this facility.
Upon termination or expiration of the warehouse facilities, the Company would expect to access the securitization market, obtain replacement warehouse facilities, use operating cash, consider the sale of assets, or transfer collateral to satisfy any remaining obligations.
Other Uses of Liquidity
The Company no longer originates new FFELP loans, but continues to acquire FFELP loan portfolios from third parties and believes additional loan purchase opportunities exist, including opportunities to purchase private education and consumer loans.
The Company plans to fund additional loan acquisitions using current cash and investments; using its Union Bank participation agreement (as described below); using its existing warehouse facilities (as described above); increasing the capacity under existing and/or establishing new warehouse facilities; and continuing to access the asset-backed securities market.
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Union Bank Participation Agreement
The Company maintains an agreement with Union Bank, a related party, as trustee for various grantor trusts, under which Union Bank has agreed to purchase from the Company participation interests in student loans. As of March 31, 2020, $466.4 million of loans were subject to outstanding participation interests held by Union Bank, as trustee, under this agreement. The agreement automatically renews annually and is terminable by either party upon five business days' notice. This agreement provides beneficiaries of Union Bank’s grantor trusts with access to investments in interests in student loans, while providing liquidity to the Company. The Company can participate loans to Union Bank to the extent of availability under the grantor trusts, up to $900.0 million or an amount in excess of $900.0 million if mutually agreed to by both parties. Loans participated under this agreement have been accounted for by the Company as loan sales. Accordingly, the participation interests sold are not included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Asset-backed Securities Transactions
During the first three months of 2020, the Company completed three FFELP asset-backed securitizations totaling $1.1 billion (par value). The proceeds from these transactions were used primarily to refinance student loans included in the Company's FFELP warehouse facilities. See note 3 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information on these securitizations.
Depending on future market conditions, the Company currently anticipates continuing to access the asset-backed securitization market. Such asset-backed securitization transactions would be used to refinance loans included in its warehouse facilities, loans purchased from third parties, and/or student loans in its existing asset-backed securitizations.
Liquidity Impact Related to Hedging Activities
The Company utilizes derivative instruments to manage interest rate sensitivity. By using derivative instruments, the Company is exposed to market risk which could impact its liquidity. Based on the derivative portfolio outstanding as of March 31, 2020, the Company does not currently anticipate any movement in interest rates having a material impact on its capital or liquidity profile, nor does the Company expect that any movement in interest rates would have a material impact on its ability to meet potential collateral deposits with its counterparties and/or make variation margin payments to its third-party clearinghouse. However, if interest rates move materially and negatively impact the fair value of the Company's derivative portfolio, the replacement of LIBOR as a benchmark rate has significant adverse impacts on the Company's derivatives, or if the Company enters into additional derivatives for which the fair value becomes negative, the Company could be required to deposit additional collateral with its derivative instrument counterparties and/or make variation margin payments to its third-party clearinghouse. The collateral deposits or variation margin, if significant, could negatively impact the Company's liquidity and capital resources. In addition, clearing rules require the Company to post amounts of liquid collateral when executing new derivative instruments, which could prevent or limit the Company from utilizing additional derivative instruments to manage interest rate sensitivity and risks. See note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information on the Company's derivative portfolio.
Liquidity Impact Related to the Communications Operating Segment
ALLO has made significant investments in its communications network and currently provides fiber directly to homes and businesses in communities in Nebraska and Colorado. ALLO plans to continue to increase market share and revenue in its existing markets and is currently evaluating opportunities to expand to other communities in the Midwest. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, ALLO's capital expenditures were $7.2 million. The Company currently anticipates total ALLO network capital expenditures for the remainder of 2020 (April 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020) will be approximately $30 million. However, this amount could change based on customer demand for ALLO's services. The Company currently plans to use cash from operating activities and its third-party unsecured line of credit to fund ALLO's capital expenditures, as well as potentially other third-party financing alternatives.
Other Debt Facilities
As discussed above, the Company has a $455.0 million unsecured line of credit with a maturity date of December 16, 2024. As of March 31, 2020, the unsecured line of credit had $100.0 million outstanding and $355.0 million was available for future use. The Company also has a $22.0 million secured line of credit agreement with a maturity date of May 30, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, the secured line of credit had $5.0 million outstanding with $17.0 million available for future use. The line of credit is secured by several Company-owned properties. Upon the maturity date of these facilities, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain these lines of credit, increase the amount outstanding under the lines, or find alternative funding if necessary.
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The Company has issued Junior Subordinated Hybrid Securities (the "Hybrid Securities") that have a final maturity of September 15, 2061. The Hybrid Securities are unsecured obligations of the Company. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $20.4 million of Hybrid Securities that remain outstanding.
For further discussion of these debt facilities described above, see note 3 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Stock Repurchases
The Board of Directors has authorized a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to a total of five million shares of the Company's Class A common stock during the three-year period ending May 7, 2022. Shares may be repurchased from time to time depending on various factors, including share prices and other potential uses of liquidity.
Shares repurchased by the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2020 are shown below. Such shares were repurchased from employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock, and not as part of the stock repurchase program.

	Total shares repurchased		Purchase price
(in thousands)		Average price of shares repurchased (per share)	
						
Quarter ended March 31, 2020	24,885 	 		$	1,253 	 		50.36 	 	

	
Subsequent to March 31, 2020, through May 7, 2020, the Company has repurchased 791,104 shares of the Company's Class A common stock for $35.4 million ($44.73 per share). These repurchases were made pursuant to a trading plan adopted by the Company in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As of May 7, 2020, 4,012,773 shares remain authorized for purchase under the Company's repurchase program.
Dividends
On March 13, 2020, the Company paid a first quarter 2020 cash dividend on the Company's Class A and Class B common stock of $0.20 per share. In addition, the Company's Board of Directors has declared a second quarter 2020 cash dividend on the Company's outstanding shares of Class A and Class B common stock of $0.20 per share. The second quarter cash dividend will be paid on June 15, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2020.
The Company currently plans to continue making regular quarterly dividend payments, subject to future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other factors. In addition, the payment of dividends is subject to the terms of the Company’s outstanding Hybrid Securities, which generally provide that if the Company defers interest payments on those securities it cannot pay dividends on its capital stock.

ITEM 3.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
(All dollars are in thousands, except share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Interest Rate Risk
The Company’s primary market risk exposure arises from fluctuations in its borrowing and lending rates, the spread between which could impact the Company due to shifts in market interest rates.
The following table sets forth the Company’s loan assets and debt instruments by rate characteristics:

 	As of March 31, 2020		As of December 31, 2019	
 	Dollars		Percent		Dollars		Percent	
Fixed-rate loan assets	$	4,434,949 	 		21.5 	%		$	3,647,365 	 		17.5 	%	
Variable-rate loan assets	16,170,116 	 		78.5 	 		17,151,354 	 		82.5 	 	
Total	$	20,605,065 	 		100.0 	%		$	20,798,719 	 		100.0 	%	
								
Fixed-rate debt instruments	$	820,042 	 		4.0 	%		$	562,203 	 		2.7 	%	
Variable-rate debt instruments	19,915,728 	 		96.0 	 		20,240,977 	 		97.3 	 	
Total	$	20,735,770 	 		100.0 	%		$	20,803,180 	 		100.0 	%	
FFELP loans originated prior to April 1, 2006 generally earn interest at the higher of the borrower rate, which is fixed over a period of time, or a floating rate based on the special allowance payment ("SAP") formula set by the Department. The SAP rate
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is based on an applicable index plus a fixed spread that depends on loan type, origination date, and repayment status. The Company generally finances its student loan portfolio with variable rate debt. In low and/or declining interest rate environments, when the fixed borrower rate is higher than the SAP rate, the Company’s student loans earn at a fixed rate while the interest on the variable rate debt typically continues to reflect the low and/or declining interest rates. In these interest rate environments, the Company may earn additional spread income that it refers to as floor income.
Depending on the type of loan and when it was originated, the borrower rate is either fixed to term or is reset to an annual rate each July 1. As a result, for loans where the borrower rate is fixed to term, the Company may earn floor income for an extended period of time, which the Company refers to as fixed rate floor income, and for those loans where the borrower rate is reset annually on July 1, the Company may earn floor income to the next reset date, which the Company refers to as variable rate floor income. All FFELP loans first originated on or after April 1, 2006 effectively earn at the SAP rate, since lenders are required to rebate fixed rate floor income and variable rate floor income for those loans to the Department.
As a result of the significant drop in interest rates in March 2020, the Company earned $0.9 million of variable-rate floor income on $1.4 billion of FFELP loans during the three months ended March 31, 2020. No variable-rate floor income was earned by the Company in 2019.
A summary of fixed rate floor income earned by the Company follows.

	Three months ended March 31,	
	2020		2019	
Fixed rate floor income, gross	$	18,758 	 		10,425 	 	
Derivative settlements (a)	2,125 	 		16,701 	 	
Fixed rate floor income, net	$	20,883 	 		27,126 	 	
(a) Includes settlement payments on derivatives used to hedge student loans earning fixed rate floor income.
Gross fixed rate floor income increased for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 due to lower interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.
Absent the use of derivative instruments, a rise in interest rates will reduce the amount of floor income received and has an impact on earnings due to interest margin compression caused by increasing financing costs, until such time as the federally insured loans earn interest at a variable rate in accordance with their SAP formulas. In higher interest rate environments, where the interest rate rises above the borrower rate and fixed rate loans effectively become variable rate loans, the impact of the rate fluctuations is reduced.
The decrease in derivative settlements from the floor income interest rate swaps in 2020 as compared to 2019 was due to a decrease in the notional amount of derivatives outstanding and a decrease in interest rates.
The Company anticipates receiving increased levels of gross fixed rate floor income in future periods as a result of the significant drop in interest rates in March 2020. This increase will be partially offset by a decrease in net settlements received on derivatives used to hedge these loans.
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The following graph depicts fixed rate floor income for a borrower with a fixed rate of 6.75% and a SAP rate of 2.64%:

The following table shows the Company’s federally insured student loan assets that were earning fixed rate floor income as of March 31, 2020.
																					
Fixed interest rate range		Borrower/lender weighted average yield		Estimated variable conversion rate (a)		Loan balance	
4.0 - 4.49%		4.24 	%		1.60 	%		$	872,708 	 	
4.5 - 4.99%		4.71 	%		2.07 	%		703,949 	 	
5.0 - 5.49%		5.22 	%		2.58 	%		461,229 	 	
5.5 - 5.99%		5.67 	%		3.03 	%		312,875 	 	
6.0 - 6.49%		6.19 	%		3.55 	%		361,038 	 	
6.5 - 6.99%		6.70 	%		4.06 	%		352,930 	 	
7.0 - 7.49%		7.17 	%		4.53 	%		125,752 	 	
7.5 - 7.99%		7.71 	%		5.07 	%		227,095 	 	
8.0 - 8.99%		8.18 	%		5.54 	%		532,903 	 	
> 9.0%		9.05 	%		6.41 	%		202,149 	 	
						$	4,152,628 	 	
(a) The estimated variable conversion rate is the estimated short-term interest rate at which loans would convert to a variable rate. As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average estimated variable conversion rate was 3.29% and the short-term interest rate was 144 basis points.
The following table summarizes the outstanding derivative instruments as of March 31, 2020 used by the Company to economically hedge loans earning fixed rate floor income.
															
Maturity		Notional amount		Weighted average fixed rate paid by the Company (a)	
					
2020		$	1,000,000 	 		1.00 	%	
2021		600,000 	 		2.15 	 	
2022 (b)		250,000 	 		1.65 	 	
2023		150,000 	 		2.25 	 	

	
	
		$	2,000,000 	 		1.52 	%	
(a) For all interest rate derivatives, the Company receives discrete three-month LIBOR.
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(b)  These derivatives have forward effective start dates in June 2021. Excluding these derivatives, the weighted
average fixed rate paid by the Company on its floor income derivative portfolio was 1.50% as of March 31,
2020.
The Company is also exposed to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk because the interest rate characteristics of the Company’s assets do not match the interest rate characteristics of the funding for those assets. The following table presents the Company’s FFELP student loan assets and related funding for those assets arranged by underlying indices as of March 31, 2020.
																					
Index		Frequency of variable resets		Assets		Funding of student loan assets	
1 month LIBOR (a)		Daily		$	18,752,338 	 		— 	 	
3 month H15 financial commercial paper		Daily		811,993 	 		— 	 	
3 month Treasury bill		Daily		620,721 	 		— 	 	
1 month LIBOR		Monthly		— 	 		11,335,213 	 	
3 month LIBOR (a)		Quarterly		— 	 		7,190,703 	 	
Fixed rate		—		— 	 		773,997 	 	
Auction-rate (b)		Varies		— 	 		763,476 	 	
Asset-backed commercial paper (c)		Varies		— 	 		282,505 	 	
Other (d)		—		1,409,922 	 		1,249,080 	 	
 		 		$	21,594,974 	 		21,594,974 	 	

(a) The Company has certain basis swaps outstanding in which the Company receives three-month LIBOR and pays one-month LIBOR plus or minus a spread as defined in the agreements (the "1:3 Basis Swaps"). The Company entered into these derivative instruments to better match the interest rate characteristics on its student loan assets and the debt funding such assets. The following table summarizes the 1:3 Basis Swaps outstanding as of March 31, 2020.

Maturity		Notional amount (i)	
2020		$	1,000,000 	 	
2021		250,000 	 	
2022 (ii)		2,000,000 	 	
2023		750,000 	 	
2024		1,750,000 	 	
2026		1,150,000 	 	
2027		250,000 	 	

	

		$	7,150,000 	 	
(i) The weighted average rate paid by the Company on the 1:3 Basis Swaps as of March 31, 2020 was one-month LIBOR plus 9.7 basis points.
(ii) $750 million of the notional amount of these derivatives have forward effective start dates in May 2020.
(b) As of March 31, 2020, the Company was sponsor for $763.5 million of outstanding asset-backed securities that were set and provide for interest rates to be periodically reset via a "dutch auction" (“Auction Rate Securities”). Since the auction feature has essentially been inoperable for substantially all auction rate securities since 2008, the Auction Rate Securities generally pay interest to the holder at a maximum rate as defined by the indenture. While these rates will vary, they will generally be based on a spread to LIBOR or Treasury Securities, or the Net Loan Rate as defined in the financing documents.
(c) The interest rates on the Company's warehouse facilities are indexed to asset-backed commercial paper rates.
(d) Assets include accrued interest receivable and restricted cash. Funding represents overcollateralization (equity) and other liabilities included in FFELP asset-backed securitizations and warehouse facilities.
There is significant uncertainty regarding the availability of LIBOR as a benchmark rate after 2021, and any market transition away from the current LIBOR framework could result in significant changes to the interest rate characteristics of the Company's LIBOR-indexed assets and funding for those assets. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors - Loan Portfolio - Interest rate risk - replacement of LIBOR as a benchmark rate" in the Company's 2019 Annual Report.
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Sensitivity Analysis
The following tables summarize the effect on the Company’s earnings, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by the Company assuming hypothetical increases in interest rates of 100 basis points and 300 basis points while funding spreads remain constant. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed assuming the funding index increases 10 basis points and 30 basis points while holding the asset index constant, if the funding index is different than the asset index. The sensitivity analysis was performed on the Company’s variable rate assets (including loans earning fixed rate floor income) and liabilities. The analysis includes the effects of the Company’s derivative instruments in existence during these periods.

 	Interest rates		Asset and funding index mismatches	
	Change from increase of
100 basis points		Change from increase of
300 basis points		Increase of
10 basis points		Increase of
30 basis points	
 								
 	Dollars		Percent		Dollars		Percent		Dollars		Percent		Dollars		Percent	
 	Three months ended March 31, 2020	
Effect on earnings:	 												 		 	
Decrease in pre-tax net income before
impact of derivative settlements	$	(9,915)	 		(19.9)	%		$	(16,552)	 		(33.2)	%		$	(1,974)	 		(4.0)	%		$	(5,924)	 		(11.9)	%	
Impact of derivative settlements	4,351 	 		8.7 	 		13,053 	 		26.2 	 		1,591 	 		3.2 	 		4,774 	 		9.6 	 	
Increase (decrease) in net income
before taxes	$	(5,564)	 		(11.2)	%		$	(3,499)	 		(7.0)	%		$	(383)	 		(0.8)	%		$	(1,150)	 		(2.3)	%	
Increase (decrease) in basic and diluted
earnings per share	$	(0.11)	 				$	(0.07)	 				$	(0.01)	 				$	(0.02)	 			
																
 	Three months ended March 31, 2019	
Effect on earnings:	 												 		 	
Decrease in pre-tax net income before
impact of derivative settlements	$	(3,470)	 		(6.5)	%		$	(5,284)	 		(10.0)	%		$	(2,571)	 		(4.9)	%		$	(7,713)	 		(14.5)	%	
Impact of derivative settlements	9,123 	 		17.2 	 		27,370 	 		51.6 	 		1,849 	 		3.5 	 		5,548 	 		10.4 	 	
Increase (decrease) in net income
before taxes	$	5,653 	 		10.7 	%		$	22,086 	 		41.6 	%		$	(722)	 		(1.4)	%		$	(2,165)	 		(4.1)	%	
Increase (decrease) in basic and
diluted earnings per share	$	0.11 	 				$	0.42 	 				$	(0.01)	 				$	(0.04)	 			

	

	

	

	

Financial Statement Impact – Derivatives
For a table summarizing the effect of derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of operations, including the components of "derivative market value adjustments and derivative settlements, net" included in the consolidated statements of operations, see note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

ITEM 4.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company's principal executive and principal financial officers, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of March 31, 2020. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2020.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company implemented ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. As a result, management made the following significant modifications to the Company's internal control over financial reporting environment, including changes to accounting policies and procedures, operational processes, and documentation practices:
(a)  Updated written policies and procedures addressing selected methods and policies for developing the allowance for loan losses and determining significant judgments, including the data used; assessment of risk; and identification of significant assumptions in the allowance estimation process.
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(b) Developed a process to evaluate whether adjustments to the selected methodology are necessary based on historical information, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
(c) Updated documentation for assumptions and data used to develop its loss rates, including evaluation of the relevance and reliability of any external data; amount and timing of expected cash flows; and remaining life of loan methodologies.
There were no other changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company has not experienced any material impact to its internal control over financial reporting despite the fact that the majority of its employees are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company is continually monitoring and assessing the effect of the COVID-19 situation on its internal controls to minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
There have been no material changes from the information set forth in the Legal Proceedings section of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 under Item 3 of Part I of such Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS
The following risk factors provide supplements and updates to the risk factors described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 in response to Item 1A of Part I of such Form 10-K:
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our results of operations, and could continue to adversely impact our results of operations, as well as adversely impact our businesses, financial condition, and/or cash flows.
The rapid outbreak of the respiratory disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus, coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 (“COVID-19”), was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 and a national emergency by the President on March 13, 2020. Beginning on March 15, 2020, many businesses and schools closed or reduced hours throughout the U.S. to combat the spread of COVID-19, and states and local jurisdictions implemented various containment efforts, including lockdowns on non-essential business, stay-at-home orders, and shelter-in-place orders. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption to the U.S. and world economies, including significantly higher unemployment and underemployment, significantly lower interest rates and equity market valuations, and extreme volatility in the U.S. and world markets. These effects have adversely impacted our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and if these effects continue for a prolonged period or result in sustained economic stress or recession, they could have a material adverse impact on us in a number of ways related to credit, interest rates, operations, and other risks as described in more detail below.
Credit Risks
COVID-19 is having far reaching, negative impacts on individuals, businesses, and, consequently, the overall economy. Specifically, COVID-19 has materially disrupted business operations, resulting in significantly higher levels of unemployment or underemployment. As a result, we expect many individual student and consumer borrowers will experience financial hardship, making it difficult, if not impossible, to meet loan payment obligations without temporary assistance. We are monitoring key metrics as early warning indicators of financial hardship, including changes in weekly unemployment claims, enrollment in auto-debit payments, requests for new forbearances, enrollment in hardship payment plans, and early delinquency metrics.
Due to these circumstances, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized an increase to the expense provision for loan losses of $63.0 million (pre-tax) and a $26.3 million (pre-tax) impairment charge on our beneficial interest in consumer loans securitizations. The increase in the provision for loan losses and impairment expense were based on an evaluation of current and forecasted economic conditions, directly taking into consideration the negative impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy. We evaluated and considered several forecasted economic scenarios when making these adjustments. We also considered the characteristics of our loan portfolios and their expected behavior in the forecasted economic scenarios. If future economic conditions as a result of COVID-19 are significantly worse than what was assumed as a part of these assessments, specifically related to the severity and length of the downturn and the timing and extent of subsequent recovery, it could result in additional allowance for loan losses and impairment charges being recorded in future periods.

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Interest Rate Risks
Our net interest income and profitability have been and could further be negatively affected by volatility in interest rates caused by uncertainties stemming from COVID-19. In March 2020, the Federal Reserve lowered the target range for the federal funds rate to a range from 0 to 0.25 percent, citing concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on markets and stress in the energy sector. A prolonged period of extremely volatile and unstable market conditions would likely increase our funding costs and negatively affect market risk mitigation strategies. Higher income volatility from changes in interest rates and spreads to benchmark indices has caused and could cause a loss of net interest income and adverse changes in current fair value measurements of our assets and liabilities. Fluctuations in interest rates have impacted and will continue to impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities and the value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our net income, operating results, or financial condition.
For example, during the three months ended March 31, 2020, we experienced a decrease in variable loan spread due to a significant widening of the basis between the asset and debt indices in which we earn interest on our loans and funds such loans. This widening was the result of a significant decrease in interest rates during March 2020 as a result of COVID-19. In a declining interest rate environment, student loan spread is compressed, due to the timing of interest rate resets on our assets occurring daily in contrast to the timing of the interest resets on our debt that occurs either monthly or quarterly. Although such compression is generally expected to be mitigated over time as interest rates on our debt are reset to reflect the lower interest rate environment, interest rate volatility may continue to have an adverse impact on us.
Operational Risks
The majority of our employees have had to move to a work-from-home environment. We have never had to run our operations to such extent remotely for an extended period of time, and it is possible we will encounter significant challenges to running our businesses. Our operations rely on the efficient and secure collection, processing, storage, and transmission of personal, confidential, and other information in a significant number of customer transactions on a continuous basis through our computer systems and networks and those of our third-party service providers. Unanticipated issues arising from handling personal, confidential, and other information from a less efficient work-from-home environment could adversely impact our operations and lead to greater risks for us, including cybersecurity risks.
Schools have largely moved to on-line classes for their students. It is unclear at this time whether schools will be back to on-campus learning beginning with the 2020/2021 academic year. Student loan application volumes have begun to decrease and our current expectation is that new student loan volumes will decline in 2020 compared with 2019. The magnitude of the expected decline depends upon many factors, including the economic impact caused by the pandemic coupled with uncertainty regarding on-line versus in person classes. A decline in school enrollments could also reduce demand for our education technologies, services, and payment processing products and services.
Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) signed into law on March 27, 2020, federal student loan payments and interest accruals were suspended on all loans owned by the Department of Education (the “Department”) until September 30, 2020. The Department instructed us and other student loan servicers to apply the benefits of the law retroactively to March 13, 2020, when the President declared a state of emergency related to COVID-19. Although we will receive less servicing revenue per borrower through September 30, 2020 based on borrower status, we currently anticipate more borrowers being in a current status subsequent to September 30, 2020, at which time our revenue per borrower is expected to increase. We do not currently anticipate an adverse impact from the CARES Act on the total amount of revenue to be earned for the remainder of 2020 under our Department servicing contracts. However, the revenue recognized in the second and third quarters of 2020 is expected to be lower and revenue in the fourth quarter of 2020 is expected to be higher, than in corresponding prior periods. While federal student loan payments are suspended, we anticipate a decrease in operating expenses due to a significant reduction of borrower statement printing and postage costs.
Although the CARES Act does not apply to our FFELP loans, private education loans, or consumer loans, several states have announced various initiatives to suspend payment obligations for private education loan borrowers in those states, and we are proactively providing relief for our FFELP, private education, and consumer loan borrowers. Due to uncertainties regarding, among other things, the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and any new legislation, regulations, guidance, or widely accepted practices with respect to relief to loan borrowers, we are not able to estimate the ultimate impact that debt relief measures will have on our results of operations.
We anticipate a decrease in FFELP, private education, and consumer loan servicing revenue in future periods that are impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to reduced or eliminated delinquency outreach to borrowers, holds on claim filings, and reduced or eliminated late fees processing.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We currently believe our liquidity and capital resources position is strong, and we expect to be able to fund our business operations in 2020. We also currently plan to continue making regular quarterly dividend payments on our Class A and Class B common stock, subject to future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other factors. However, if circumstances surrounding COVID-19 continue to change in significantly adverse ways, our liquidity and capital resources position could be materially and adversely affected, which could adversely impact our businesses, cash flows (including forecasted cash flows from our asset-backed securitizations), and overall financial condition, and could also result in a reduction, suspension, or discontinuation of quarterly dividend payments on our Class A and Class B common stock.
* * * * *
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and largely beyond our control, including, among others: the scope and duration of the pandemic; the number of our employees, borrowers, customers, and vendors adversely affected by the pandemic; the impact of the pandemic on schools, student enrollment, and the need for student and consumer loans; the broader public health and economic dislocations resulting from the pandemic; the actions taken by governmental authorities to limit the public health, financial, and economic impacts of the pandemic; any further legislative or regulatory changes that suspend or reduce payments or cancel or discharge obligations for student or consumer loan borrowers; any reputational damage related to the broader reception and perception of our response to the pandemic; and the impact of the pandemic on local, U.S., and world economies. However, as with many other businesses, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, or any other pandemic, on our business could be material and adverse. To the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect the U.S. and world economies and/or adversely affects our businesses, results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows, it may also have the effect of increasing the likelihood and/or magnitude of other risks described in the "Risk Factors" section of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K or risks described in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Our largest fee-based customer, the Department of Education, represented 30 percent of our revenue in 2019. Failure to extend the Department contracts or obtain new Department contracts for different components, our inability to consistently surpass competitor performance metrics, or unfavorable contract modifications or interpretations, could significantly lower servicing revenue and hinder future service opportunities.
Our subsidiaries Nelnet Servicing, LLC (“Nelnet Servicing”) and Great Lakes Educational Loan Services, Inc. (“Great Lakes”) are two of four large private sector companies (referred to as Title IV Additional Servicers, or “TIVAS”) that have student loan servicing contracts awarded by the Department in June 2009 to provide additional servicing capacity for loans owned by the Department. The Department also has contracts with 31 not-for-profit (“NFP”) entities to service student loans, although currently five NFP servicers service the volume allocated to these 31 entities. As of March 31, 2020, Nelnet Servicing was servicing $185.5 billion of student loans for 5.5 million borrowers under its contract, and Great Lakes was servicing $243.2 billion of student loans for 7.3 million borrowers under its contract. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized a total of $343.6 million in revenue from the Department under these contracts, which represented 30 percent of our revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized a total of $85.1 million in revenue from the Department under these contracts.
The current servicing contracts with the Department expire on December 14, 2020 and provide the potential for two additional six-month extensions at the Department’s discretion through December 14, 2021.
The Department is conducting a contract procurement process entitled Next Generation Financial Services Environment (“NextGen”) for a new framework for the servicing of all student loans owned by the Department. On January 15, 2019, the Department issued solicitations for three NextGen components:
•NextGen Enhanced Processing Solution ("EPS")
•NextGen Business Process Operations ("BPO")
•NextGen Optimal Processing Solution ("OPS")
On April 1, 2019 and October 4, 2019, we responded to the EPS solicitation component. On January 16, 2020, the Department released an amendment to the EPS solicitation component and we responded on February 3, 2020. In addition, on August 1, 2019, we responded to the BPO solicitation component. On January 10, 2020, the Department released an amendment to the BPO solicitation component and we responded on January 30, 2020. EPS is the transitional technology system and certain processing functions the Department planned to use under NextGen to service the Department's student loan customers for a period of time before eventually moving to OPS in the future. However, on April 3, 2020, the Department cancelled the OPS
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solicitation component. BPO is the back office and call center operational functions for servicing the Department's student loan customers.
On March 30, 2020, we received a letter from the Department notifying us that our proposal in response to the EPS component has been determined to be outside of the competitive range and will receive no further consideration for an award. On April 13, 2020, we filed a protest with the Government Accountability Office ("GAO") challenging the Department's decision to cancel the OPS solicitation component without amending the EPS solicitation component. In addition, on April 27, 2020, we filed a supplemental protest challenging on a number of bases the Department’s competitive range exclusion of our proposal from the EPS solicitation component and requesting that the GAO restore our ability to participate in the EPS solicitation. The Department has not yet awarded a contract for the EPS component. Under applicable law, as of the date of the Company's initial protest filing, the Department is subject to a stay from awarding a contract until all protests are resolved. We cannot predict the timing or nature of the outcome of our protests.
The Department has not yet made an award for the BPO component and we cannot predict the timing, nature, or outcome of the BPO solicitation. If the Department's EPS decision stands, Nelnet Servicing and Great Lakes will eventually be required to migrate their portfolios onto another provider's system after an award is made, and we would ultimately need to restructure our loan servicing segment for long-term success. If we are awarded a BPO contract for operational services, it would partially mitigate the impact of not being awarded the EPS component.
In the event that our servicing contracts are not extended beyond the current expiration date or we are not chosen as a subsequent servicer, loan servicing revenue would decrease significantly. There are significant risks to us and uncertainties regarding the current Department contracts and potential future Department contracts, including the pending and uncertain nature of the Department’s current contract procurement process, which could be subject to potential delays, cancellations, or material changes to the structure of the contract procurement process; the possibility that new contract awards may be challenged by various interested parties and may not be finalized within the currently anticipated time frame or at all; the uncertain timing and nature of the outcome of our protests related to the EPS component; risks that we may not be successful in obtaining any new contracts with the Department; and risks and uncertainties as to the terms and requirements under a potential new contract or contracts with the Department. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of the Department's contract procurement solicitations.
New loan volume is currently allocated among the four TIVAS and five NFP servicers based on certain performance metrics established by the Department and compared among all loan servicers in this group. The amount of future allocations of new loan volume could be negatively impacted if we are unable to consistently surpass comparable competitor and/or other performance metrics.
In the event the current Department servicing contracts become subject to unfavorable modifications or interpretations by the Department, loan servicing revenue could decrease significantly. For example, as of January 2020, a change instituted by the Department required enrollment in the Ongoing Security Authorization (OSA) program that requires quarterly control assessments. The OSA program replaced the previous Authority to Operate (ATO) triennial assessment process. Because the OSA program is a novel process, we may encounter unforeseen issues with the Department, including differing interpretations on compliance controls and reporting requirements. Our inability to remediate any such issues to the satisfaction of the Department may cause a temporary or permanent injunction on servicing student loans under the contracts.
Additionally, we are partially dependent on the existing Department contracts to broaden servicing operations with the Department, other federal and state agencies, and commercial clients. The size and importance of these contracts provide us the scale and infrastructure needed to profitably expand into new business opportunities. Failure to extend the Department contracts beyond the current expiration date, or obtain new Department contracts, could significantly hinder future opportunities, as well as result in potential restructuring charges that may be necessary to re-align our cost structure with our servicing operations.
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ITEM 2.  UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Stock Repurchases
The following table summarizes the repurchases of Class A common stock during the first quarter of 2020 by the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” of the Company, as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Period		Total number of shares purchased (a)		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (b)		Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (b)	
January 1 - January 31, 2020		79 	 		$	58.78 	 		— 	 		4,803,877 	 	
February 1 - February 29, 2020		— 	 		— 	 		— 	 		4,803,877 	 	
March 1 - March 31, 2020		24,806 	 		50.33 	 		— 	 		4,803,877 	 	
Total		24,885 	 		$	50.36 	 		— 	 			
(a) The total number of shares consists of shares owned and tendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted shares. Unless otherwise indicated, shares owned and tendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations were purchased at the closing price of the Company's shares on the date of vesting.
(b) On May 8, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to a total of five million shares of the Company's Class A common stock during the three-year period ending May 7, 2022.
Working capital and dividend restrictions/limitations
The Company's $455.0 million unsecured line of credit, which is available through December 16, 2024, imposes restrictions on the payment of dividends through covenants requiring a minimum consolidated net worth and a minimum level of unencumbered cash, cash equivalent investments, and available borrowing capacity under the line of credit. In addition, trust indentures and other financing agreements governing debt issued by the Company's lending subsidiaries generally have limitations on the amounts of funds that can be transferred to the Company by its subsidiaries through cash dividends at certain times. Further, the payment of dividends by the Company is subject to the terms of the Company's outstanding junior subordinated hybrid securities, which generally provide that if the Company defers interest payments on those securities it cannot pay dividends on its capital stock. These provisions do not currently materially limit the Company's ability to pay dividends, and, based on the Company's current financial condition and recent results of operations, the Company does not currently anticipate that these provisions will materially limit the future payment of dividends.

ITEM 6.  EXHIBITS

		
31.1*	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 of Chief Executive Officer Jeffrey R. Noordhoek.	
		
31.2*	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 of Chief Financial Officer James D. Kruger.	
		
32**	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	
		
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.	
		
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	
		
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	
		
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	
		
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	
		
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	
		
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).	
		
*   Filed herewith	
** Furnished herewith	

65

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. 

 		NELNET, INC.	 	
 		 	 	 	
Date:	May 7, 2020	By:	/s/ JEFFREY R. NOORDHOEK	 	
 		Name:	Jeffrey R. Noordhoek	 	
 		Title:	Chief Executive Officer
Principal Executive Officer	 	

															
Date:	May 7, 2020	By:	/s/ JAMES D. KRUGER	 	
		Name:	James D. Kruger	 	
 		Title: 	Chief Financial Officer
Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer	 	

66

Exhibit 31.1

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 
I, Jeffrey R. Noordhoek, certify that:
 
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Nelnet, Inc. (the “Company”);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

									
Date:	May 7, 2020	/s/ JEFFREY R. NOORDHOEK	
		Jeffrey R. Noordhoek Chief Executive Officer
Principal Executive Officer	

Exhibit 31.2

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 
I, James D. Kruger, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Nelnet, Inc. (the “Company”);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

    
									
Date:	May 7, 2020	/s/ JAMES D. KRUGER	
		James D. Kruger
Chief Financial Officer
Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer	

Exhibit 32

Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Nelnet, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), we certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

 
									
Date:	May 7, 2020	By: /s/ JEFFREY R. NOORDHOEK	
		Name: Jeffrey R. Noordhoek
Title:   Chief Executive Officer
 Principal Executive Officer	
			
		By: /s/ JAMES D. KRUGER	
		Name: James D. Kruger
Title:   Chief Financial Officer
 Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer