Document and Entity Information Document - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Feb. 26, 2020	Jun. 28, 2019
Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Central Index Key	0000890319
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2019
Entity File Number	1-11530
Entity Registrant Name	TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	MI
Entity Tax Identification Number	38-2033632
Entity Address, Address Line One	200 East Long Lake Road,
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 300,
Entity Address, City or Town	Bloomfield Hills,
Entity Address, State or Province	MI
Entity Address, Country	US
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	48304-2324
City Area Code	(248)
Local Phone Number	258-6800
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Equity in Common Stock, Shares Held by Non-Affiliates, Shares			59,434,600
Entity Public Float			$ 2.4
Share Price	$ 31.09		$ 40.83
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		61,238,366
Common Stock [Member]
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value
Trading Symbol	TCO
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.5% Series J Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock,No Par Value
Trading Symbol	TCO PR J
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.25% Series K CumulativeRedeemable Preferred Stock,No Par Value
Trading Symbol	TCO PR K
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties (Notes 1, 4, and 8)	$ 4,731,061	$ 4,717,569
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,514,992)	(1,404,692)
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	3,216,069	3,312,877
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (UJVs) (Notes 2 and 5)	831,995	673,616
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 18)	102,762	48,372
Restricted cash (Notes 1 and 18)	656	94,557
Accounts and notes receivable (Note 6)	95,416	77,730
Accounts receivable from related parties (Note 12)	2,112	1,818
Operating lease right-of-use assets (Note 11)	173,796
Deferred charges and other assets (Note 7)	92,659	135,136
Total Assets	4,515,465	4,344,106
Liabilities:
Notes payable, net (Note 8)	3,710,327	3,830,195
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	268,714	336,208
Operating lease liabilities (Note 11)	240,777
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of UJVs (Note 5)	473,053	477,800
Total Liabilities	4,692,871	4,644,203
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	0	7,800
Equity:
Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.001 par and liquidation value, 40,000,000 shares authorized, 26,398,473 and 24,862,994 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018	26	25
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 61,228,579 and 61,069,108 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018	612	611
Additional paid-in capital	741,026	676,097
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Notes 10 and 19)	(39,003)	(25,376)
Dividends in excess of net income (Notes 1 and 10)	(712,884)	(744,230)
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	(10,223)	(92,873)
Noncontrolling interests (Notes 1 and 9)	(167,183)	(215,024)
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	(177,406)	(307,897)
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 4,515,465	$ 4,344,106

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	250,000,000	250,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	61,228,579	61,069,108
Common stock, shares outstanding	61,228,579	61,069,108
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred Stock, shares authorized	40,000,000	40,000,000
Preferred Stock, shares issued	26,398,473	24,862,994
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	26,398,473	24,862,994
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference, value	$ 192,500,000	$ 192,500,000
Preferred Stock, shares authorized	7,700,000	7,700,000
Preferred Stock, shares issued	7,700,000	7,700,000
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	7,700,000	7,700,000
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference, value	$ 170,000,000	$ 170,000,000
Preferred Stock, shares authorized	6,800,000	6,800,000
Preferred Stock, shares issued	6,800,000	6,800,000
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	6,800,000	6,800,000

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Revenues:
Rental revenues (Note 11)	$ 581,755,000
Minimum rents (Note 11)		$ 353,226,000	$ 345,557,000
Overage rents	19,210,000	16,670,000	16,923,000
Expense recoveries (Note 11)		205,514,000	211,625,000
Management, leasing, and development services	4,846,000	3,271,000	4,383,000
Other (Note 11)	55,243,000	62,189,000	50,677,000
Total Revenues	661,054,000	640,870,000	629,165,000
Expenses:
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, and promotion	163,538,000	157,957,000	167,091,000
Other operating (Notes 1 and 11)	82,488,000	87,308,000	94,513,000
Management, leasing, and development services	3,582,000	1,470,000	2,157,000
General and administrative	40,566,000	37,174,000	39,018,000
Impairment charge (Note 1)	72,232,000	0	0
Restructuring charges (Note 1)	3,543,000	596,000	13,848,000
Costs associated with shareholder activism (Note 1)	17,305,000	12,500,000	14,500,000
Interest expense	148,407,000	133,197,000	108,572,000
Depreciation and amortization	188,407,000	179,275,000	167,806,000
Total Expenses	720,068,000	609,477,000	607,505,000
Nonoperating income, net (Notes 7 and 15)	27,449,000	14,714,000	23,828,000
Income (loss) before income tax benefit (expense), equity in income of UJVs, gains on partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs, net of tax, and gains on remeasurements of ownership interests in UJVs	(31,565,000)	46,107,000	45,488,000
Income tax benefit (expense) (Note 3)	(6,332,000)	231,000	(105,000)
Equity in income of UJVs (Note 5)	49,166,000	69,404,000	67,374,000
Income before gains on partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs, net of tax, and gains on remeasurements of ownership interests in UJVs	11,269,000	115,742,000	112,757,000
Gains on partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs, net of tax (Note 2)	154,466,000
Gains on remeasurements of ownership interests in UJVs (Note 2)	164,639,000
Net income	330,374,000	115,742,000	112,757,000
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	(100,898,000)	(32,256,000)	(32,052,000)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.	229,476,000	83,486,000	80,705,000
Distributions to participating securities of TRG (Note 13)	(2,413,000)	(2,396,000)	(2,300,000)
Preferred stock dividends (Note 14)	(23,138,000)	(23,138,000)	(23,138,000)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareholders	203,925,000	57,952,000	55,267,000
Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 19):
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	(14,038,000)	(38,000)	57,000
Cumulative translation adjustment	(14,171,000)	(23,240,000)	33,303,000
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(930,000)	(1,809,000)	7,564,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(29,139,000)	(25,087,000)	40,924,000
Comprehensive income	301,235,000	90,655,000	153,681,000
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(95,049,000)	(24,994,000)	(43,956,000)
Comprehensive income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.	$ 206,186,000	$ 65,661,000	$ 109,725,000
Basic earnings per common share (Note 16)	$ 3.33	$ 0.95	$ 0.91
Diluted earnings per common share (Note 16)	$ 3.32	$ 0.95	$ 0.91
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – basic	61,181,983	60,994,444	60,675,129

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Preferred Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]	Accumulated Distributions in Excess of Net Income [Member]	Noncontrolling Interest [Member]	Former Taubman Asia President Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016	$ (70,703)	$ 25	$ 604	$ 657,281	$ (35,916)	$ (549,914)	$ (142,783)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2016		39,529,059	60,430,613
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15)	0		$ (1)	(1)
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15), shares		(90,945)	(90,950)
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13)	18,049		$ 3	18,046
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), shares			311,355
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)	1,204			1,204
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	(924)			(1,197)	(23)		296
Dividends and distributions	(251,927)					(177,266)
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders							(74,661)
Other	(332)					(332)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 9)	113,681					80,705	32,976
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	57				41		16
Cumulative translation adjustment	33,303				23,615		9,688
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	7,564				5,364		2,200
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	(150,028)	$ 25	$ 608	675,333	(6,919)	(646,807)	(172,268)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2017		39,438,114	60,832,918
Payments for Repurchase of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15)	0		$ (1)	(1)
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15), shares		(75,120)	(77,584)
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13)	6,068		$ 2	6,066
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), shares			158,606
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)	(300)			(300)				300
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	(280)			(601)	47		274
Dividends and distributions	(253,420)					(185,392)
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders							(68,028)
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption					(679)
Other	(872)			(4,400)	(679)	4,483	(276)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 9)	116,022					83,486	32,536
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	(38)				(26)		(12)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(23,240)				(16,513)		(6,727)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(1,809)				(1,286)		523
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	(307,897)	$ 25	$ 611	676,097	(25,376)	(744,230)	(215,024)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2018		39,362,994	61,069,108
Payments for Repurchase of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest								(6,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15)	0
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15), shares		(55,704)	(60,155)
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV (Note 2)	79,320	$ 1					79,319
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV (Note 2), shares		1,500,000
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13)	7,435		$ 1	7,434
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), shares		91,183	99,316
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)	1,800			1,800				$ (1,800)
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	(237)			55,695	(76)		(55,856)
Dividends and distributions	(263,442)					(190,771)
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders							(72,671)
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption	4,919					3,156	1,763
Partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs (Note 2)	0				9,739	(9,739)
Other	(776)					(776)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 9)	330,611					229,476	101,135
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	(14,038)				(9,806)		(4,232)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(14,171)				(12,835)		(1,336)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(930)				(649)		(281)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ (177,406)	$ 26	$ 612	$ 741,026	$ (39,003)	$ (712,884)	$ (167,183)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2019		40,898,473	61,228,579

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 330,374,000	$ 115,742,000	$ 112,757,000
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	188,407,000	179,275,000	167,806,000
Provision for bad debts (Note 1)		3,728,000	11,025,000
Gains on partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs, net of tax (Note 2)	(154,466,000)
Gains on remeasurements of ownership interests in UJVs (Note 2)	(164,639,000)
Gain on Saks settlement - The Mall of San Juan (Note 15)	10,095,000
Impairment charge (Note 1)	72,232,000	0	0
Gains on sales of peripheral land		1,034,000	(945,000)
Gain on Simon common share conversion (Note 7)			(11,613,000)
Fluctuation in fair value of equity securities (Notes 1 and 7)	(3,492,000)	(2,801,000)
Income (loss) from UJVs net of distributions	3,981,000	(1,429,000)	845,000
Non-cash operating lease expense	2,074,000
Other	12,905,000	14,730,000	17,285,000
Increase (decrease) in cash attributable to changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables, deferred charges, and other assets	(21,670,000)	(17,141,000)	(26,420,000)
Accounts payable and other liabilities	(1,838,000)	2,762,000	7,634,000
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	253,773,000	293,832,000	278,374,000
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Additions to properties	(196,343,000)	(289,854,000)	(353,322,000)
Partial reimbursement of Saks anchor allowance at The Mall of San Juan (Note 15)	20,000,000
Proceeds from partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs (Note 2)	285,334,000
Proceeds from sales of peripheral land		1,260,000	1,300,000
Proceeds from sale of equity securities (Note 7)	52,077,000	54,703,000
Insurance proceeds for capital items at The Mall of San Juan (Note 15)	948,000	5,768,000
Contributions to UJVs (Note 2)	(70,972,000)	(95,329,000)	(32,990,000)
Distributions from UJVs in excess of income (Note 2)	6,181,000	(2,173,000)	70,002,000
Other	93,000	89,000	86,000
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Investing Activities	97,318,000	(325,536,000)	(314,924,000)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from (payments to) revolving lines of credit, net	(84,675,000)	255,020,000	269,955,000
Debt proceeds	10,080,000	800,000,000	336,749,000
Debt payments	(36,912,000)	(778,549,000)	(308,673,000)
Debt issuance costs	(7,622,000)	(5,112,000)	(6,665,000)
Issuance of common stock and/or TRG Units in connection with incentive plans	(816,000)	(2,396,000)	6,289,000
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	(78,671,000)	(68,028,000)	(74,661,000)
Distributions to participating securities of TRG	(2,413,000)	(2,396,000)	(2,300,000)
Cash dividends to preferred shareholders	(23,138,000)	(23,138,000)	(23,138,000)
Cash dividends to common shareholders	(165,220,000)	(159,858,000)	(151,828,000)
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Financing Activities	(389,387,000)	15,543,000	45,728,000
Effect of Exchange Rate on Cash and Cash Equivalents	(1,215,000)	(5,314,000)	2,261,000
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents, Period Increase (Decrease), Including Exchange Rate Effect	(39,511,000)	(21,475,000)	11,439,000
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year	142,929,000	164,404,000	152,965,000
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents at End of Year	$ 103,418,000	$ 142,929,000	$ 164,404,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Documents Incorporated by Reference [Text Block]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

General

Taubman Centers, Inc. (TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (TRG), which owns direct or indirect interests in all of our real estate properties. In this report, the terms "we", "us", and "our" refers to TCO, TRG, and/or TRG's subsidiaries as the context may require. We own, manage, lease, acquire, dispose of, develop, and expand retail shopping centers and interests therein. Our owned portfolio as of December 31, 2019 included 24 urban and suburban shopping centers operating in 11 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and China. The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) provides certain management and administrative services for us and for our U.S. properties.

The Consolidated Businesses consist of shopping centers and entities that are controlled, through ownership or contractual agreements, by TRG, the Manager, or Taubman Properties Asia, LLC and its subsidiaries (Taubman Asia). Shopping centers owned through joint ventures that are not controlled by us but over which we have significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method.

In May 2018, we entered into a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield, and all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG). TSG leases the land from us through a long-term, participating ground lease. We have the right to terminate the ground lease in the event that a redevelopment has not begun within five years, with the buildings and improvements reverting to us upon such a termination. We have deferred recognition of a sale until our termination right is no longer available, with the right ceasing upon TSG commencing construction of a redevelopment. TSG has made significant progress on its redevelopment plans and the commencement of construction is probable within the year, leading to an expected sale of the property in 2020. Accordingly, the center was classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2019 and an impairment charge of $72.2 million was recognized in the fourth quarter, which reduced the book value of the buildings, improvements, and equipment that were transferred to zero. The shopping center has been excluded from our owned shopping center portfolio disclosure above.

Dollar amounts presented in tables within the notes to the financial statements are stated in thousands, except share data or as otherwise noted.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of TCO include all accounts of TCO, TRG, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including the Manager and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

In determining the method of accounting for partially owned joint ventures, we evaluate the characteristics of associated entities and determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE), and, if so, determine whether we are the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity's significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the nature of the entity's operations, the entity's financing and capital structure, and contractual relationship and terms, including consideration of governance and decision making rights. We consolidate a VIE when we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. All of our consolidated joint ventures, including TRG, meet the definition and criteria as VIEs, as either we or an affiliate of ours is the primary beneficiary of each VIE.

TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in TRG and, consequently, substantially all of TCO's consolidated assets and liabilities are assets and liabilities of TRG. All of TCO's debt (Note 8) is an obligation of TRG or our consolidated subsidiaries. Note 8 also provides disclosure of guarantees provided by TRG to certain consolidated joint ventures. Note 9 provides additional disclosures of the carrying balance of the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated joint ventures and other information, including a description of certain rights of the noncontrolling owners.

Investments in UJVs are accounted for under the equity method. We have evaluated our investments in the UJVs under guidance for determining whether an entity is a VIE and have concluded that the ventures are not VIEs. Accordingly, we account for our interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). Our partners or other owners in these UJVs have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and we have concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, our 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property. We provide our beneficial interest in certain financial information of our UJVs (Notes 5 and 8). This beneficial information is derived as our ownership interest in the investee multiplied by the specific financial statement item being presented. Investors are cautioned that deriving our beneficial interest in this manner may not accurately depict the legal and economic implications of holding a noncontrolling interest in the investee.

TRG

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, TRG's equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the TRG unitholders. Net income and distributions of TRG are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in TRG in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by TCO and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of TRG and TCO's ownership therein are shown below:



Year	TRG Units outstanding at December 31	TRG Units owned by TCO at December 31⁽¹⁾	TRG Units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31	TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31	TCO's average interest % in TRG
2019	87,644,651	61,228,579	26,416,072	70%	70%
2018	85,946,862	61,069,108	24,877,754	71	71
2017	85,788,252	60,832,918	24,955,334	71	71


(1)	There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG Units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.

Outstanding voting securities of TCO at December 31, 2019 consisted of 26,398,473 shares of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Shares) (Note 14) and 61,228,579 shares of common stock.

The remaining approximate 30% of TRG Units are owned by TRG’s partners other than TCO, including Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, Gayle Taubman Kalisman, and the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (Taubman Family).

Revenue Recognition

General

Shopping center space is generally leased to tenants under short and intermediate term leases that are accounted for as operating leases. Rental revenues are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease terms, unless specific tenant circumstances indicate that the revenue should be recorded on a cash basis. For traditional net leases, where tenants reimburse the landlord for an allocation of reimbursable costs incurred, we recognize revenue in the period the applicable costs are chargeable to tenants. Overage rent is accrued when lessees' specified sales targets have been met (Note 11).

Disaggregation of Revenue

The nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of individual types of revenues may be affected differently by economic factors. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", we are required to disclose a disaggregation of our revenues derived from contracts with customers that considers economic differences between revenue types. The following table summarizes our disaggregation of consolidated revenues for this purpose.



	Year Ended December 31
	2019		2018		2017
Expense recoveries⁽¹⁾			$	205,514	$	211,625
Shopping center and other operational revenues ⁽²⁾	$	55,243	48,434		40,902
Management, leasing, and development services	4,846		3,271		4,383
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	60,089	$	257,219	$	256,910


(1)	Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries have been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

(2)

Represents consolidated Other revenue reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) excluding lease cancellation income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Pursuant to the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, lease cancellation income is now presented in Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Nature of Services and Performance Obligations

Expense recoveries revenue represented reimbursements from mall tenants for (1) services performed by us to the benefit of all mall tenants and the property as a whole for common area maintenance, (2) insurance, property taxes, and utilities, and (3) promotion and other miscellaneous charges. Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries have been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

Shopping center and other operational revenues represent a collection of non-core revenue streams that are generated through the course of owning and operating a shopping center, including sponsorship, parking, and storage income, as well as revenues from food and beverage operations. The contracts for these revenue streams are predominately short-term in nature and individually do not contain more than one performance obligation. In addition, we record revenue for property services fees billed for the management of our Asia centers, which represents one performance obligation. We satisfy our performance obligations related to shopping center and other operational revenues either over time or at a point in time, depending on the specific nature of the revenue generating activity. For performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time, including food and beverage and parking income, the control of the good or service is immediately transferred to the customer upon completion of the performance obligation. Payment terms related to shopping center and other operational revenues vary depending on the nature of the agreement, however, payment is generally due directly upon the satisfaction of the related performance obligation.

Management, leasing, and development services revenue represents income from various services performed by us for our third party customers, as provided for under management agreements. These services typically generate fees that are based on operating results of the shopping centers, the execution and opening of mall tenants, and/or the successful completion of other agreed-upon services. As each management agreement provides for a variety of services, significant judgment is required to identify multiple performance obligations. The standalone selling price of each performance obligation is determined based on the terms of the management agreement and the specific services being rendered. Each performance obligation is considered to be satisfied over time as services are rendered. The related revenue is recognized upon billing, as the amounts invoiced generally correspond directly with the value the customer is receiving from the services. Customers are invoiced on a quarterly basis and payment is generally due within 30 days of each calendar quarter.

Information about Contract Balances and Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

Contract assets exist when we have a right to payment for services rendered that remains conditional on factors other than the passage of time. Similarly, contract liabilities are incurred when customers prepay for services to be rendered. Certain revenue streams within shopping center and other operational revenues may give rise to contract assets and liabilities. However, these revenue streams are generally short-term in nature and the difference between revenue recognition and cash collection, although variable, does not differ significantly from period to period. As of December 31, 2019, we had an inconsequential amount of contract assets and liabilities.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that were unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of December 31, 2019 were inconsequential.

Depreciation and Amortization

Buildings, improvements, and equipment are primarily depreciated on straight-line bases over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 50 years. Capital expenditures that are recoverable from tenants are generally depreciated over the estimated recovery period. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Tenant allowances are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. Deferred leasing costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. In the event of early termination of such leases, the unrecoverable net book values of the assets are recognized as depreciation and amortization expense in the period of termination.

Capitalization

Direct and indirect costs that are clearly related to the acquisition, development, construction, and improvement of properties are capitalized. Compensation costs are allocated based on actual time spent on a project. Costs incurred on real estate for ground leases, property taxes, insurance, and interest costs for qualifying assets are capitalized during periods in which activities necessary to get the property ready for its intended use are in progress.

The viability of all projects under construction or development, including those owned by UJVs, are regularly evaluated on an individual basis under the accounting for abandonment of assets or changes in use. To the extent a project, or individual components of the project, are no longer considered to have value, the related capitalized costs are charged against operations. Additionally, all properties are reviewed for impairment on an individual basis whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as changes in expected holding periods, indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of a shopping center owned by consolidated entities is recognized when the sum of expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying value of the property. Other than temporary impairment of an investment in an UJV is recognized when the carrying value of the investment is not considered recoverable based on evaluation of the severity and duration of the decline in value, including the results of discounted cash flow and other valuation techniques. To the extent impairment has occurred, the excess carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value is charged to income. In the fourth quarter of December 31, 2019, we recognized $72.2 million as an Impairment Charge on Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and our beneficial share of an impairment charge of $18.0 million on Stamford Town Center in Equity in Income of UJVs on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Note 5). No impairment charges were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018 or 2017.

In leasing a shopping center space, we may provide funding to the lessee through a tenant allowance. In accounting for a tenant allowance, we determine whether the allowance represents funding for the construction of leasehold improvements and evaluate the ownership, for accounting purposes, of such improvements. If we are considered the owner of the leasehold improvements for accounting purposes, we capitalize the amount of the tenant allowance and depreciate it over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. If the tenant allowance represents a payment for a purpose other than funding leasehold improvements, or in the event we are not considered the owner of the improvements for accounting purposes, the allowance is considered to be a lease incentive and is recognized over the lease term as a reduction of rental revenue. Factors considered during this evaluation usually include (1) who holds legal title to the improvements, (2) evidentiary requirements concerning the spending of the tenant allowance, and (3) other controlling rights provided by the lease agreement (e.g. unilateral control of the tenant space during the build-out process). Determination of the accounting for a tenant allowance is made on a case-by-case basis, considering the facts and circumstances of the individual tenant lease. Substantially all of our tenant allowances have been determined to be leasehold improvements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase. We deposit cash and cash equivalents with institutions with high credit quality. From time to time, cash and cash equivalents may be in excess of FDIC insurance limits. Substantially all cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2019 were not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency and were invested across nine separate financial institutions as of December 31, 2019. Included in restricted cash is $0.4 million at December 31, 2019 on deposit in excess of the FDIC insured limit.

Acquisitions

We recognize the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The cost of acquiring a controlling ownership interest or an additional ownership interest (if not already consolidated) is allocated to the tangible assets acquired (such as land and building) and to any identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair value of a property is determined on an "as-if-vacant" basis. Management considers various factors in estimating the "as-if-vacant" value including an estimated lease up period, lost rents, and carrying costs. The identifiable intangible assets would include the estimated value of "in-place" leases, above and below market "in-place" leases, and tenant relationships. The portion of the purchase price that management determines should be allocated to identifiable intangible assets is amortized in depreciation and amortization or as an adjustment to rental revenue, as appropriate, over the estimated life of the associated intangible asset (for instance, the remaining life of the associated tenant lease). We account for the acquisition of shopping centers as asset acquisitions, and as such, costs related to the acquisition of controlling and non-controlling interests, including due diligence costs, professional fees, and other costs related to the acquisition, are capitalized.

Deferred Charges and Other Assets

Direct costs related to successful leasing activities are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. Cash expenditures for leasing costs are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as operating activities. Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with our revolving lines of credit are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method. All other deferred charges are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the agreements to which they relate.

Share-Based Compensation Plans

The cost of share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized over the requisite employee service period which is generally the vesting period of the grant. We recognize compensation costs for awards with graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards. We recognize compensation costs for awards with net operating income performance conditions based on the grant date fair value of the award that coincides with the expected outcome of the condition, as updated for actual results (Note 13).

Interest Rate Hedging Agreements

All derivatives, whether designated in hedging relationships or not, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, all changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and are recognized in the income statement when the hedged item affects income (Note 10).

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions. We assess, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items.

Insurance Accounting

We carry liability insurance to mitigate our exposure to certain losses, including those relating to property damage and business interruption. We record the estimated amount of expected insurance proceeds for property damage and other losses incurred as an asset (typically a receivable from the insurer) and income up to the amount of the losses incurred when receipt of insurance proceeds is deemed probable. Any amount of insurance recovery in excess of the amount of the losses incurred is considered a gain contingency and is not recorded until the proceeds are received. Insurance recoveries for business interruption for lost revenue or profit are accounted for as gain contingencies in their entirety, and therefore are not recorded in income until the proceeds are received.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we recorded insurance proceeds related to reimbursement of expenses and property damage incurred at The Mall of San Juan as a result of Hurricane Maria (Note 15).

Income Taxes

We operate in such a manner as to qualify as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, to our shareholders and meet certain other requirements. As a REIT, we are entitled to a dividends paid deduction for the dividends we pay to our shareholders. Therefore, we will generally not be subject to federal income taxes under current Federal income tax law as long as we currently distribute to our shareholders an amount equal to or in excess of our taxable income. REIT qualification reduces but does not eliminate the amount of state and local taxes paid by us. In addition, a REIT may be subject to certain excise taxes if it engages in certain activities.

No provision for federal income taxes for consolidated partnerships has been made; as such taxes are the responsibility of the individual partners under current Federal income tax law. There are certain state income taxes incurred which are provided for in our financial statements.

We have made Taxable REIT Subsidiary (TRS) elections for all of our subsidiaries that are treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes pursuant to section 856 (I) of the Internal Revenue Code. The TRSs are subject to corporate level income taxes, including federal, state, and certain foreign income taxes for foreign operations, which are provided for in our financial statements.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the bases of such assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the amount where realization is more likely than not assured after considering all available evidence, including expected taxable earnings. Our temporary differences primarily relate to deferred compensation, depreciation, and net operating loss carryforwards.

In connection with the revised 21% Federal corporate income tax rate under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (2017 Tax Act), we adjusted our net Federal deferred tax asset to reflect the change in tax rate (Note 3). Future changes to tax laws could affect the taxation of the REIT, partnerships and Taxable REIT subsidiaries, possibly having a significant impact on the current and deferred income taxes of TCO.

Severance Plans and Restructuring Charges

We have severance plans in place for certain employees, which we account for as a post-employment benefit. We recognize a liability and expense when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits under the severance plans and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

We have been undergoing a restructuring to reduce our workforce and reorganize various areas of the organization in response to the completion of another major development cycle and the current near-term challenges facing the U.S. mall industry. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we incurred restructuring charges of $3.5 million, $0.6 million, and $13.8 million, respectively. These expenses have been separately classified as Restructuring Charges on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2019, $0.2 million of the restructuring costs recognized during 2019 were unpaid and remained accrued.

Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we incurred $17.3 million, $12.5 million, and $14.5 million, respectively, of expense associated with activities related to shareholder activism, largely legal and advisory services. Expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $5.0 million pursuant to an agreement with Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC (Land & Buildings) for a reimbursement of a portion of the billed fees and expenses incurred by Land & Buildings and its affiliated funds in connection with Land & Buildings' activist involvement with TCO and the service on our Board of Directors of its founder and Chief Investment Officer, Jonathan Litt. The reimbursement represented a related party transaction. We received written certification from Land & Buildings that the actual billed fees and expenses as of the payment date exceeded $5.0 million.

Also included in the activism costs was a retention program for certain employees. Given the uncertainties associated with shareholder activism and to ensure the retention of top talent in key positions within TCO, certain key employees were provided certain incentive benefits in the form of cash and/or equity retention awards. We and our Board of Directors believed these benefits were instrumental in ensuring the continued success of TCO during the retention period. Due to the unusual and infrequent nature of these expenses in our history, they have been separately classified as Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2019, all incentive benefits under the retention awards had vested.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests in TCO are comprised of the ownership interests of (1) noncontrolling interests in TRG and (2) the noncontrolling interests in joint ventures controlled by us through ownership or contractual arrangements. Consolidated net income and comprehensive income includes amounts attributable to us and the noncontrolling interests. Transactions that change our ownership interest in a subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions if we retain our controlling financial interest in the subsidiary.

We evaluate whether noncontrolling interests are subject to any redemption features outside of our control that would result in presentation outside of permanent equity pursuant to general accounting standards regarding the classification and measurement of redeemable equity instruments. Certain noncontrolling interests in TRG and consolidated ventures of TCO qualify as redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9). To the extent such noncontrolling interests are currently redeemable or it is probable that they will eventually become redeemable, these interests are adjusted to the greater of their redemption value or their carrying value at each balance sheet date.

Foreign Currency Translation

We have certain entities in Asia for which the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of the entities are translated from their functional currency into U.S. Dollars at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date. Income statement accounts are generally translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Income statement amounts of significant transactions are translated at the rate in effect as of the date of the transaction. Our share of unrealized gains and losses resulting from the translation of the entities' financial statements are reflected in shareholders' equity as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheet (Note 19).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Segments and Related Disclosures

We have one reportable operating segment: we own, develop, and manage shopping centers. We have aggregated our shopping centers into this one reportable segment, as the shopping centers share similar economic characteristics and other similarities. The shopping centers are located in major metropolitan areas, have similar tenants, are operated using consistent business strategies, and are expected to exhibit similar long-term financial performance. Net Operating Income (NOI) is often used by our chief operating decision makers in assessing segment operating performance. NOI is believed to be a useful indicator of operating performance as it is customary in the real estate and shopping center business to evaluate the performance of properties on a basis unaffected by capital structure.

No single retail company represents 5% or more of our revenues. Our consolidated revenues and assets do not have any material amounts derived from countries other than the United States, as our investments in Asia are in UJVs that are accounted for under the equity method.

Management's Responsibility to Evaluate TCO's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

When preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management has the responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. No such conditions or events were identified as of the issuance date of the financial statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Change in Accounting Policies

Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities", which changed certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. As such, we now measure equity securities at fair value through net income, except for those that result in consolidation or are accounted for under the equity method. Upon adoption, we applied the modified-retrospective approach and recorded a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to reclassify $1.0 million of historical unrealized gains on the fair value adjustments as of December 31, 2017 of our investment in Simon Property Group, Inc. (Simon) common shares from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (AOCI) to Dividends in Excess of Net Income on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Beginning in January 2018, changes in the fair value of any outstanding Simon common shares are being recorded in Nonoperating Income, Net on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Notes 7 and 17).

Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" (Note 11), we now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant's historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. For any tenant receivable balances thought to be uncollectible, we now record an offset for uncollectible tenant revenues directly to Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Uncollectible tenant revenues were previously reported as bad debt expense in Other Operating expense on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Our allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 was $10.4 million.

As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balance of our Consolidated Businesses and UJVs. This resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment increasing Dividends in Excess of Net Income by $3.2 million and Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interest by $1.8 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet with offsetting increases in Accounts and Notes Receivable, Investment in UJVs, and Distributions in Excess of Investments In and Net Income of UJVs balances on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Disposition, Acquisition, Partial Dispositions of Ownership Interests, Redevelopments, and Developments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Disposition, Acquisition, Partial Dispositions of Ownership Interests, Redevelopments, and Developments [Abstract]
Disposition, Acquisition, Partial Dispositions of Ownership Interests, Redevelopments, and Developments [Text Block]	Disposition, Acquisition, Partial Dispositions of Ownership Interests, Redevelopments, and Developments Disposition In March 2017, our joint venture with The Macerich Company sold the Valencia Place office tower at Country Club Plaza for $75.2 million ($37.6 million at TRG's beneficial share). The joint venture recognized a gain on the sale of the Valencia Place office tower, of which TRG's beneficial share, net of tax, was $2.1 million. The gain was included within Equity in Income of UJVs on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) as the Company's 50% ownership interest in the office tower was accounted for as a UJV under the equity method. Acquisition In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, in exchange for 1.5 million newly issued TRG Units (Note 18). We also assumed our $94.6 million share of the existing debt at the center. Our ownership interest in the center is accounted for as a UJV under the equity method. Partial Dispositions of Ownership Interests In February 2019, we announced agreements to sell 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by The Blackstone Group L.P. (Blackstone). The interests to be sold were valued at $480 million as of the sale agreement date, with net cash proceeds expected to be about $315 million, after transaction costs and the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third party debt. The agreements allowed for additional consideration of up to $50 million based on the 2019 performance of the three assets, however, based on actual performance for 2019, we will not receive any contingent consideration. In September 2019, we completed the sale of 50% of our interest in Starfield Hanam. Net proceeds from the sale were $235.7 million following the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third party debt and transaction costs. Net proceeds were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit. An initial gain of $138.7 million was recognized as a result of the partial disposition of our interest, which represented the excess of the net consideration from the sale over our investment in the UJV. In addition, upon completion of the sale, we remeasured our remaining 17.15% interest in the shopping center to fair value, resulting in the recognition of an initial $145.0 million gain on remeasurement. In December 2019, a true-up of the gains was recorded resulting in an additional $1.8 million gain on disposition and an additional $1.8 million gain on remeasurement. Cash proceeds of $1.8 million were received in February 2020 as a result of this true-up. In December 2019, we completed the sale of 50% of our interest in CityOn.Zhengzhou. Net proceeds from the sale were $47.5 million, following the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third party debt, taxes, and transaction costs. Net proceeds were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit. A gain of $14.3 million was recognized as a result of the partial disposition of our interest, which represented the excess of the net consideration from the sale over our investment in the UJV. In addition, upon completion of the sale, we remeasured our remaining 24.5% interest in the shopping center to fair value, resulting in the recognition of a $17.8 million gain on remeasurement. Following the CityOn.Xi'an transaction, which is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2020, we will retain a 25% ownership interest in CityOn.Xi'an. We will remain the partner responsible for the joint management of the three shopping centers, with Blackstone paying a property service fee recorded within Other revenue on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Redevelopments Beverly Center We substantially completed our redevelopment project at Beverly Center in November 2018, although some spending continued into 2019 as certain costs were incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces. The Mall at Green Hills We substantially completed our redevelopment project at The Mall at Green Hills in June 2019. We expect some capital spending at The Mall at Green Hills to continue into 2020 as certain costs are incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces. Asia Developments CityOn.Zhengzhou CityOn.Zhengzhou, a shopping center located in Zhengzhou, China, opened in March 2017. This investment is classified within Investment in UJVs on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Starfield Anseong We have partnered with Shinsegae Group, our partner in Starfield Hanam, to build, lease, own, and manage Starfield Anseong, an approximately 1.1 million square foot shopping center in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. We own a 49% interest in the project. The shopping center is scheduled to open in late 2020. As of December 31, 2019, we have invested $165.9 million in the project, after cumulative currency translation adjustments. This investment is classified within Investment in UJVs on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Our income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 consisted of the following:



	2019			2018			2017
Federal current	$	56		$	(373	)	$	(2,509	)
Federal deferred	1,724			(1,057		)	1,632			⁽¹⁾
Foreign current	1,775		⁽²⁾	1,160			849
Foreign deferred	2,518		⁽³⁾	307			158
State current	62			(128		)	(208		)
State deferred	197			(140		)	183
Total income tax (benefit) expense	$	6,332		$	(231	)	$	105


(1)	Reflects $0.3 million of expense related to the restatement of the net Federal deferred tax asset at December 31, 2017 at the revised 21% Federal corporate income tax rate under the 2017 Tax Act.


(2)	During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $0.9 million of foreign current income tax expense (22% tax rate) related to a promote fee paid by our previous institutional partner in Starfield Hanam (Note 5).

(3)

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $2.8 million of foreign deferred tax expense (10% tax rate) as we are no longer able to assert indefinite reinvestment in our China assets due to our sale of 50% of our interest in CityOn.Zhengzhou and pending sale of 50% of our interest in CityOn.Xi'an to funds managed by Blackstone (Note 2). The tax expense is related to an excess of the Investments in the UJVs under GAAP accounting over the tax basis of our investments.

In December 2017, the 2017 Tax Act was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The 2017 Tax Act reduced the corporate tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018. Consequently, our Federal deferred tax assets and liabilities were remeasured to reflect the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate. We recorded a decrease related to the TRS net Federal deferred tax asset of $0.3 million, with a corresponding net adjustment to deferred income tax expense of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. With the exception of the reduction in the corporate tax rate, we did not identify any other items for which the accounting for the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act have not been completed.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2019, we had a foreign net operating loss carryforward of $8.8 million, of which $7.7 million had an indefinite carryforward period and $1.1 million had a 5-year carryforward period. As of December 31, 2019, the TRS's had a Federal net operating loss carryforward of $4.9 million, which had an indefinite carryforward period. Its future use is limited annually to 80% of taxable income. As of December 31, 2019, the TRS's also had an investment tax credit carryforward of $4.4 million, which had a carryforward period of 20 years.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:



	2019				2018
Deferred tax assets:
Federal	$	4,385		⁽¹⁾	$	5,662		⁽²⁾
Foreign	2,020				1,655
State	1,388				807
Total deferred tax assets	$	7,793			$	8,124
Valuation allowances	(2,761		)	⁽³⁾	(1,744		)	⁽⁴⁾
Net deferred tax assets	$	5,032			$	6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Foreign⁽⁵⁾	$	4,449			$	2,454
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	4,449			$	2,454


(1)	Includes a $4.4 million Federal investment tax credit carryforward.


(2)	Includes a $3.6 million Federal investment tax credit carryforward.

(3)

Includes a $1.7 million valuation allowance against Foreign deferred tax assets, and a $1.1 million valuation allowance against State deferred tax assets. The foreign increase in the valuation allowance is primarily due to an unrecognized 2019 net operating loss at one of our China service entities. The increase in the state valuation allowance is due to an unrecognized 2019 Tennessee net operating loss.


(4)	Includes a $1.2 million valuation allowance against Foreign deferred tax assets, and a $0.5 million valuation allowance against State deferred tax assets.


(5)	The foreign deferred tax liability relates to shareholder level withholding taxes from Korea and China on undistributed profits.

We believe that it is more likely than not the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to recognize the net deferred tax assets. These future operations are primarily dependent upon the Manager's profitability, the timing and amounts of gains on peripheral land sales, the profitability of Taubman Asia's operations, and other factors affecting the results of operations of the taxable REIT subsidiaries. The valuation allowances relate to net operating loss carryforwards and tax basis differences where there is uncertainty regarding their realizability.

Tax Status of Dividends

Dividends declared on TCO's common and preferred stock and their tax status are presented in the following tables. The tax status of TCO's dividends in 2019, 2018, and 2017 may not be indicative of future periods. The portion of the per share dividends paid in 2019 and each year detailed in each table below as capital gains (long-term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) are designated as capital gain dividends as required by Internal Revenue Code Section 857(b)(3)(B). In addition, 82.26% and 99.85% of the portion of the 2019 and 2018 common dividend taxed as ordinary income, respectively, are qualified REIT dividends that may be eligible for a new 20% tax deduction in 2019 and 2018, respectively, under Internal Revenue Code Section 199A(a) if the shareholder meets certain holding period requirements.



Year	Dividends per common share declared		Return of capital		Ordinary income		Long-term capital gain		Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
2019	$	2.7000	$	—	$	1.2937	$	1.4063	$	—
2018	2.6200		1.1167		1.4766		0.0263		0.0004
2017	2.5000		0.4775		1.3927		0.4397		0.1901



Year	Dividends per Series J Preferred share declared		Ordinary income		Long-term capital gain		Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
2019	$	1.6250	$	0.7786	$	0.8464	$	—
2018	1.6250		1.5961		0.0284		0.0005
2017	1.6250		1.0505		0.4011		0.1734



Year	Dividends per Series K Preferred share declared		Ordinary income		Long-term capital gain		Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
2019	$	1.5625	$	0.7487	$	0.8138	$	—
2018	1.5625		1.5347		0.0273		0.0005
2017	1.5625		1.0101		0.3857		0.1667

Uncertain Tax Positions

We expect no significant increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits due to changes in tax positions within one year of December 31, 2019. We have no material interest or penalties relating to income taxes recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 or on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. As of December 31, 2019, returns for the calendar years 2016 through 2019 remain subject to examination by U.S. and various state and foreign tax jurisdictions.

Properties

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Real Estate Disclosure [Text Block]

Properties

Properties at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:



	2019			2018
Land	$	232,744		$	233,301
Buildings, improvements, and equipment	4,395,463			4,342,664
Construction in process and pre-development costs	102,854			141,604
	$	4,731,061		$	4,717,569
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,514,992		)	(1,404,692		)
	$	3,216,069		$	3,312,877

Depreciation expense for 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $173.0 million, $155.1 million, and $161.1 million, respectively.

The charge to operations in 2019, 2018, and 2017 for domestic and non-U.S. pre-development activities was $1.9 million, $3.8 million, and $5.6 million, respectively.

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

General Information

We own beneficial interests in joint ventures that own shopping centers. TRG is the sole direct or indirect managing general partner or managing member of Fair Oaks Mall, International Plaza, Stamford Town Center, Sunvalley, The Mall at University Town Center, and Westfarms; however, these joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partners. TRG also provides certain management, leasing, and/or development services to the other shopping centers noted below.



Shopping Center		Ownership as of December 31, 2019 and 2018
CityOn.Xi'an ⁽¹⁾		50%
CityOn.Zhengzhou ⁽¹⁾		24.5/49
Country Club Plaza		50
Fair Oaks Mall		50
The Gardens Mall ⁽²⁾		48.5/0
International Plaza		50.1
The Mall at Millenia		50
Stamford Town Center		50
Starfield Anseong (under development)		Note 2
Starfield Hanam ⁽¹⁾		17.15/34.3
Sunvalley		50
The Mall at University Town Center		50
Waterside Shops		50
Westfarms		79


(1)	We entered into agreements to sell half of our ownership interest in CityOn.Xi'an, CityOn.Zhengzhou, and Starfield Hanam in February 2019. In September 2019 and December 2019, we completed the sales of 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam and CityOn.Zhengzhou, respectively. CityOn.Xi'an is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2020 (Note 2).


(2)	In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

The carrying value of our investment in UJVs differs from our share of the partnership or members’ equity reported on the combined balance sheet of the UJVs due to (i) the cost of our investment in excess of the historical net book values of the UJVs and (ii) TRG's adjustments to the book basis, including intercompany profits on sales of services that are capitalized by the UJVs. Our additional basis allocated to depreciable assets is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over 40 years. TRG's differences in bases are amortized over the useful lives or terms of the related assets and liabilities.

On our Consolidated Balance Sheet, we separately report our investment in UJVs for which accumulated distributions have exceeded investments in and net income of the UJVs. The net equity of certain joint ventures is less than zero because distributions are usually greater than net income, as net income includes non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization. In addition, any distributions related to refinancing of the shopping centers further decrease the net equity of the shopping centers.

Combined Financial Information

Combined balance sheet and results of operations information is presented in the following table for the UJVs, followed by TRG's beneficial interest in the combined operations information. The combined financial information of the UJVs as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 excludes the balances of Starfield Anseong, which is currently under development (Note 2). Beneficial interest is calculated based on TRG's ownership interest in each of the UJVs.



	December 31 2019			December 31 2018
Assets:
Properties	$	3,816,923		$	3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(942,840		)	(869,375		)
	$	2,874,083		$	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	201,501			161,311
Accounts and notes receivable ⁽¹⁾	122,569			131,767
Operating lease right-of-use assets ⁽¹⁾	11,521
Deferred charges and other assets	178,708			140,444
	$	3,388,382		$	3,292,993

Liabilities and accumulated equity (deficiency) in assets:
Notes payable, net	$	3,049,737		$	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	341,263			426,358
Operating lease liabilities ⁽¹⁾	13,274
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets ⁽¹⁾	(212,380		)	(49,465		)
UJV Partners' accumulated equity in assets ⁽¹⁾	196,488			100,483
	$	3,388,382		$	3,292,993

TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)	$	(212,380	)	$	(49,465	)
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	209,024			140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit ⁽²⁾	329,673			57,360
TCO's additional basis	32,625			47,178
Net investment in UJVs	$	358,942		$	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of UJVs	473,053			477,800
Investment in UJVs	$	831,995		$	673,616

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" on January 1, 2019, we valued our operating lease obligations and recorded operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases.

(2) The increase in basis adjustments is primarily due to the gains on remeasurements of ownership interests in UJVs (Note 2).



	Year Ended December 31
	2019			2018			2017
Revenues ⁽¹⁾	$	620,513		$	601,272		$	586,499
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses	$	226,014		$	211,285		$	218,004
Impairment charge	6,154
Interest expense	139,756			132,669			130,339
Depreciation and amortization	131,223			131,884			127,625
Total operating costs	$	503,147		$	475,838		$	475,968
Nonoperating income, net	2,870			1,923			2,894
Income tax expense	(8,541		)	(5,935		)	(5,226		)
Gain on disposition, net of tax ⁽²⁾							3,713
Net income	$	111,695		$	121,422		$	111,912

Net income attributable to TRG	$	58,020		$	62,964		$	59,994
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments ⁽³⁾	5,698			8,386			9,326
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis	(1,946		)	(1,946		)	(1,946		)
Impairment of TCO's additional basis	(12,606		)
Equity in income of UJVs	$	49,166		$	69,404		$	67,374

Beneficial interest in UJVs’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses ⁽³⁾	$	212,057		$	209,423		$	202,332
Impairment charge	(17,951		)
Interest expense	(69,749		)	(68,225		)	(67,283		)
Depreciation and amortization	(71,583		)	(68,894		)	(66,933		)
Income tax expense	(3,608		)	(2,900		)	(2,825		)
Gain on disposition, net of tax ⁽¹⁾							2,083
Equity in income of UJVs	$	49,166		$	69,404		$	67,374

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", uncollectible tenant revenues are now recorded in Rental Revenues (Note 11).

(2) Amount represents the gain related to the sale of the Valencia Place office tower at Country Club Plaza in March 2017 (Note 2).

(3) In addition to the disposition of 50% of our ownership interest in Starfield Hanam, in September 2019, Blackstone also purchased the 14.7% interest in Starfield Hanam that was previously owned by our institutional joint venture partner. Our previous partnership agreement provided for a promote fee due to Taubman Asia upon the institutional partner's exit from the partnership based on performance measures under the prior agreement, which resulted in the recognition of a $4.8 million promote fee during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Related Party

TRG owns a 50% general partnership interest in Sunvalley, while the other 50% is controlled by the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (the Revocable Trust). A. Alfred Taubman was the former Chairman of the Board and the father of Robert S. and William S. Taubman. Sunvalley is subject to a ground lease on the land, which is 50% owned through an affiliate of TRG and 50% by an entity owned and controlled by Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman. The Manager is the manager of the Sunvalley shopping center.

In 2016, we issued a note receivable outstanding to CityOn.Zhengzhou for purposes of funding development costs. The balance of the note receivable was $43.1 million and $43.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was classified within Investments in UJVs on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Impairment Charge - Stamford Town Center

In December 2019, we concluded that the carrying value of our 50% interest in the investment in the UJV that owns Stamford Town Center was impaired and recognized an impairment charge of $18.0 million within Equity in Income of UJVs on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The charge represents the excess of the book value of our equity investment in Stamford Town Center over our 50% share of its fair value. Our fair value conclusion was based on offers received from potential buyers of the shopping center.

Accounts and Notes Receivable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans, Notes, Trade and Other Receivables Disclosure [Text Block]

Accounts and Notes Receivable

Accounts and notes receivable at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:



	2019		2018
Trade	$	39,575	$	46,292
Notes	2,342		3,172
Straight-line rent and recoveries	53,499		38,626
	$	95,416	$	88,090
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts ⁽¹⁾			(10,360		)
	$	95,416	$	77,730

(1) As a result of the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off (Note 1).

Deferred Charges Other Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Deferred Charges and Other Assets [Abstract]

Deferred Charges and Other Assets [Text Block]

Deferred Charges and Other Assets

Deferred charges and other assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:



	2019			2018
Leasing costs	$	59,552		$	52,507
Accumulated amortization	(9,904		)	(7,577		)
	$	49,648		$	44,930
In-place leases, net	1,766			3,122
Investment in Simon common shares (Note 17)				48,738
Revolving credit facilities' deferred financing costs, net	8,229			4,374
Insurance deposit (Note 17)	11,213			10,121
Deposits	956			975
Prepaid expenses	6,091			6,671
Deferred tax asset, net	5,032			6,380
Other, net	9,724			9,825
	$	92,659		$	135,136

Simon Property Group L.P. Unit Conversions

In December 2017, we converted our investment in 340,124 partnership units of Simon Property Group L.P. (the Simon Operating Partnership) to Simon common shares. Upon conversion, we recognized a gain of $11.6 million, which was included within Nonoperating Income, Net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The gain was calculated based on the change in fair value of the Simon share prices at the date of conversion from the carrying value. The Simon Operating Partnership units were previously accounted for at cost. The Simon common shares were recorded in Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 based on the common share price at each date and are now accounted for as equity securities at fair value as a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" (Note 1). We owned 290,124 Simon common shares as of December 31, 2018. Changes in fair value from the conversion date to December 31, 2018 were recorded in Nonoperating Income, Net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Note 17).

Sale of Simon Common Shares

During 2018, we sold 300,000 Simon common shares at an average price of $182.37 per share. In January 2019, we sold our remaining 290,124 Simon common shares at an average price of $179.52 per share. Proceeds from the sales were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

Notes Payable, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt Disclosure [Text Block]

Notes Payable, Net

Notes payable, net at December 31, 2019 and 2018 consist of the following:



	2019				2018				Stated Interest Rate as of 12/31/2019		Maturity Date	Number of Extension Options	Facility Amount
Cherry Creek Shopping Center	$	550,000			$	550,000			3.85%		06/01/28
City Creek Center	75,359			⁽¹⁾	77,068			⁽¹⁾	4.37%		08/01/23
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets	193,515				198,625				3.60%		01/06/23
The Mall at Green Hills	150,000				150,000				LIBOR+1.45% LIBOR capped at 3.00%		12/01/20
International Market Place	250,000				250,000				LIBOR + 2.15%		08/09/21	Two, one-year options
The Mall at Short Hills	1,000,000				1,000,000				3.48%		10/01/27
Twelve Oaks Mall	292,311				296,815				4.85%		03/06/28
U.S. Headquarters	12,000				12,000				LIBOR + 1.40% Swapped to 3.49%		03/01/24
$65M Revolving Credit Facility					34,675				LIBOR + 1.40%		04/25/20		65,000	⁽²⁾
$1.1B Revolving Credit Facility	675,000			^{(3) (4)}	725,000				LIBOR + 1.38%	⁽³⁾	02/01/24	Two, six-month options	1,100,000	⁽³⁾
$300M Unsecured Term Loan					300,000			⁽⁵⁾		⁽⁵⁾
$275M Unsecured Term Loan	275,000			^{(4) (5) (6)}					LIBOR + 1.55%	⁽⁶⁾	02/01/25
$250M Unsecured Term Loan	250,000			⁽⁷⁾	250,000				LIBOR + 1.60%	⁽⁷⁾	03/31/23
Deferred Financing Costs, Net	(12,857		)		(13,988		)
	$	3,710,327			$	3,830,195


(1)	TRG has provided a limited guarantee of the repayment of the City Creek Center loan, which could be triggered only upon a decline in center occupancy to a level that we believe is remote.


(2)	The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2019 was $55.3 million, after considering $9.7 million of letters of credit outstanding on the facility.

(3)

TRG is the borrower under the $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2019, the interest rate on the facility was a range of LIBOR plus 1.05% to 1.60% and a facility fee of 0.20% to 0.25% based on our total leverage ratio. The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2019 was $367.5 million. The LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 2.14% until February 2022 on $25 million of the $1.1 billion TRG revolving credit facility. This results in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.19% to 3.74% until February 2022 on $25 million of the credit facility balance (Note 10).

(4)

The $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit includes an accordion feature, which in combination with the $275 million unsecured term loan would increase our maximum aggregate total commitment to $2.0 billion between the two facilities if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of December 31, 2019, we could not fully utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to the unencumbered asset pool.

(5)

In October 2019, we amended and restated our unsecured term loan, which reduced the loan amount from $300 million to $275 million and extended the maturity date from February 2022 to February 2025. The $300 million loan bore interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.25% to 1.90% based on our total leverage ratio. The LIBOR rate was swapped to a fixed interest rate of 2.14%, resulting in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.39% to 4.04%.


(6)	The $275 million unsecured term loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.15% to 1.80% based on our total leverage ratio. The LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 2.14% until February 2022, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.29% to 3.94% until February 2022.

(7)

The $250 million unsecured term loan includes an accordion feature, which would increase our maximum aggregate total commitment to $400 million if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of December 31, 2019, we could not utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to the unencumbered asset pool. The loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.25% to 1.90% based on our total leverage ratio. Through the term of the loan, the LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 3.02%, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% (Note 10).


(8)	Amounts in table may not add due to rounding.

Notes payable are collateralized by properties with a net book value of $1.7 billion at December 31, 2019.

The following table presents scheduled principal payments on notes payable as of December 31, 2019:



2020	$	161,747
2021	262,329			₍₁₎
2022	12,867
2023	502,278
2024	692,715			₍₂₎
Thereafter	2,091,249
Total principal maturities	$	3,723,185
Net unamortized deferred financing costs	(12,857		)
Total notes payable, net	$	3,710,327


(1)	Includes $250.0 million with two one-year extension options.


(2)	Includes $675.0 million with two, six-month extension options

2020 Maturities

The loan for The Mall at Green Hills matures in December 2020. We are currently evaluating options related to refinancing this loan.

Debt Covenants and Guarantees

Certain loan agreements contain various restrictive covenants, including the following corporate covenants on our primary unsecured revolving line of credit, as well as our unsecured term loans and the loan on International Market Place: a minimum net worth requirement, a maximum total leverage ratio, a maximum secured leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum recourse secured debt ratio, and a maximum payout ratio. In addition, our primary unsecured revolving line of credit and unsecured term loans have unencumbered pool covenants, which currently apply to Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and The Gardens on El Paseo on a combined basis as of December 31, 2019. These covenants include a minimum number and minimum value of eligible unencumbered assets, a maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, a minimum unencumbered interest coverage ratio, and a minimum unencumbered asset occupancy ratio. As of December 31, 2019, the corporate total leverage ratio was the most restrictive covenant. We were in compliance with all of our covenants and loan obligations as of December 31, 2019. The maximum payout ratio covenant limits the payment of distributions generally to 95% of funds from operations, as defined in the loan agreements, except as required to maintain our tax status, pay preferred distributions, and for distributions related to the sale of certain assets.

In connection with the August 2018 financing at International Market Place, TRG has provided an unconditional guarantee of the loan principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The $250 million loan is interest only during the initial three year term with principal amortization required during the extension periods, if exercised. Accrued but unpaid interest as of December 31, 2019 was $0.8 million. We believe the likelihood of a repayment under the guarantee to be remote.

In connection with the $175 million additional financing at International Plaza, which is owned by an UJV, TRG provided an unconditional and several guarantee of 50.1% of all obligations and liabilities related to an interest rate swap that was required on the debt for the term of the loan. As of December 31, 2019, the interest rate swap was a $0.8 million liability and accrued but unpaid interest was less than $0.1 million. We believe the likelihood of a payment under the guarantee to be remote.

Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense

TRG's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of our consolidated subsidiaries and our UJVs is summarized in the following table. TRG's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interest in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%) and International Market Place (6.5%).



	At 100%					At Beneficial Interest
	Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Debt as of:
December 31, 2019	$	3,710,327		$	3,049,737	$	3,419,625		$	1,508,506
December 31, 2018	3,830,195			2,815,617		3,539,588			1,437,445

Capitalized interest:
Year Ended December 31, 2019	$	7,807	⁽¹⁾	$	330	$	7,767	⁽¹⁾	$	196
Year Ended December 31, 2018	15,221		⁽¹⁾	30		15,133		⁽¹⁾	18

Interest expense:
Year Ended December 31, 2019	$	148,407		$	139,756	$	136,694		$	69,749
Year Ended December 31, 2018	133,197			132,669		121,166			68,225

(1)

We capitalize interest costs incurred in funding our equity contributions to development projects accounted for as UJVs. The capitalized interest cost is included at our basis in our investment in UJVs. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.

Noncontrolling Interests

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]

Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Taubman Asia President

In September 2019, we reacquired René Tremblay's (the Former Asia President's) remaining 5% ownership interest in Taubman Asia for $6.0 million, which included the return of the $2.0 million previously contributed by the Former Asia President in connection with the prior repurchase transaction. The $6.0 million acquisition price is reflected as a distribution to noncontrolling interests on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

The Former Asia President had an ownership interest in Taubman Asia, which entitled him to 5% of Taubman Asia's dividends, with 85% of his dividends relating to investment activities withheld during his tenure as Asia President. These withholdings would have continued until he contributed and maintained his capital consistent with his percentage ownership interest, including all capital funded by TRG for Taubman Asia's operating and investment activities subsequent to the Former Asia President obtaining his ownership interest. TRG had a preferred investment in Taubman Asia to the extent the Former Asia President had not yet contributed capital commensurate with his ownership interest. The $6.0 million acquisition price for the ownership interest represented the fair value of the ownership interest less the amount required to return TRG's preferred interest. The 5% ownership interest became puttable in 2019.

Prior to the acquisition, we determined that the Former Asia President's ownership interest in Taubman Asia qualified as an equity award, considering its specific redemption provisions, and accounted for it as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest. We presented as temporary equity at each balance sheet date an estimate of the redemption value of the ownership interest, which was classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of the ownership interest was $7.8 million and was classified as Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the adjustments to the redemption value were recorded through equity.

In September 2016, we announced the appointment of Peter Sharp as president of Taubman Asia, succeeding the Former Asia President effective January 1, 2017. Peter Sharp resigned from Taubman Asia effective October 2019. Upon resignation, Peter Sharp's ownership interest in Taubman Asia was assigned to us for $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of this ownership interest was zero.

International Market Place

We own a 93.5% controlling interest in a joint venture that owns International Market Place in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. The 6.5% joint venture partner has no obligation and no right to contribute capital. We are entitled to a preferential return on our capital contributions. We have the right to purchase the joint venture partner's interest and the joint venture partner has the right to require us to purchase the joint venture partner's interest annually. The purchase price of the joint venture partner's interest will be based on fair value. Considering the redemption provisions, we account for the joint venture partner's interest as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest with a carrying value of zero at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

Reconciliation of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest



	2019			2018
Balance, January 1	$	7,800		$	7,500
Former Asia President adjustment of redeemable equity	(1,800		)	300
Distributions	(6,000		)
Allocation of net loss	(237		)	(280		)
Adjustments of redeemable noncontrolling interest	237			280
Balance, December 31	$	—		$	7,800

Equity Balances of Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The net equity balance of the non-redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following:



	2019			2018
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	$	(153,343	)	$	(156,470	)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(13,840		)	(58,554		)
	$	(167,183	)	$	(215,024	)

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 included the following:



	2019			2018			2017
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	5,251		$	6,548		$	7,699
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	95,884			25,988			25,277
	$	101,135		$	32,536		$	32,976
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(237		)	(280		)	(924		)
	$	100,898		$	32,256		$	32,052

Equity Transactions

The following table presents the effects of changes in TCO's ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on TCO's equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:



	2019		2018			2017
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	$	203,925	$	57,952		$	55,267
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
Increase (decrease) in TCO's paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest ⁽¹⁾	55,695		(601		)	(1,197		)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	55,695		(601		)	(1,197		)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	$	259,620	$	57,351		$	54,070

(1)

In 2019, 2018, and 2017, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in our ownership of TRG in connection with our share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13) and issuances of stock pursuant to the continuing offer (Note 15), and in connection with the accounting for the Former Asia President's redeemable ownership interest. In 2019, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were also made as a result of the issuances of TRG Units in connection with the acquisition of The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

Finite Life Entities

ASC Topic 480, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" establishes standards for classifying and measuring as liabilities certain financial instruments that embody obligations of the issuer and have characteristics of both liabilities and equity. At December 31, 2019, we held a controlling interest in a consolidated entity with a specified termination date in 2083. The noncontrolling owners’ interest in this entity is to be settled upon termination by distribution or transfer of either cash or specific assets of the underlying entity. The estimated fair value of this noncontrolling interest was approximately $201 million at December 31, 2019, compared to a book value of $(153.3) million that is classified in Noncontrolling Interests on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the noncontrolling interest was calculated as the noncontrolling interest's effective ownership share of the underlying property's net asset value. The property's net asset value was estimated by considering its in-place net operating income, current market capitalization rate, and mortgage debt outstanding.

Derivative and Hedging Activities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative and Hedging Activities

Risk Management Objective and Strategies for Using Derivatives

We use derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps and interest rate caps, primarily to manage exposure to interest rate risks inherent in variable rate debt and refinancings. We may also enter into forward starting swaps or treasury lock agreements to set the effective interest rate on a planned fixed rate financing. Our interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. In a forward starting swap or treasury lock agreement that we cash settle in anticipation of a fixed rate financing or refinancing, we will receive or pay an amount equal to the present value of future cash flow payments based on the difference between the contract rate and market rate on the settlement date.

We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently do not have material derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments under the accounting requirements for derivatives and hedging.

As of December 31, 2019, we had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.



Instrument Type	Ownership		Notional Amount	Swap Rate		Credit Spread on Loan			Total Swapped Rate on Loan			Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	100,000	2.14	%	1.55	%	⁽¹⁾	3.69	%	⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	100,000	2.14	%	1.55	%	⁽¹⁾	3.69	%	⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	50,000	2.14	%	1.55	%	⁽¹⁾	3.69	%	⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	50,000	2.14	%	1.55%/1.38%		⁽¹⁾	3.69%/3.51%		⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) / pay-fixed swap⁽²⁾	100	%	125,000	3.02	%	1.60	%	⁽²⁾	4.62	%	⁽²⁾	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) / pay-fixed swap⁽²⁾	100	%	75,000	3.02	%	1.60	%	⁽²⁾	4.62	%	⁽²⁾	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) / pay-fixed swap⁽²⁾	100	%	50,000	3.02	%	1.60	%	⁽²⁾	4.62	%	⁽²⁾	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽³⁾	100	%	12,000	2.09	%	1.40	%		3.49	%		March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽⁴⁾	50.1	%	158,590	1.83	%	1.75	%		3.58	%		December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed Korean Won (KRW) cross-currency interest rate swap ⁽⁵⁾	17.15	%	52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW	1.52	%	1.60	%		3.12	%		September 2020

(1)

The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $275 million unsecured term loan and $25 million on the $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit. The credit spread on these loans can vary within a range of 1.15% to 1.80% on the $275 million unsecured term loan and 1.05% to 1.60% on the $1.1 billion unsecured revolving line of credit, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.29% to 3.94% on the $275 million unsecured term loan and 3.19% to 3.74% on $25 million of the $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit during the remaining swap period.

(2)

The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow beginning with the March 2019 effective date of these swaps. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $250 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.9%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% during the swap period.


(3)	The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.


(4)	The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.

(5)

The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Starfield Hanam. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to KRW in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.

Cash Flow Hedges

On January 1, 2018, we early adopted ASU No. 2017-12, "Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities", which provided changes in hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements. We now recognize all changes in fair value for hedging instruments designated and qualifying for cash flow hedge accounting treatment as a component of Other Comprehensive Income (OCI), as opposed to previously recognizing the ineffective portion, if any, directly in earnings. Upon adoption, we applied the modified-retrospective approach and recorded a one-time cumulative-effect adjusting entry to reclassify an inconsequential amount of previous hedge ineffectiveness for cash flow hedges from Dividends in Excess of Net Income to AOCI on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Net realized gains or losses resulting from derivatives that were settled in conjunction with planned fixed rate financings or refinancings continue to be included in AOCI during the term of the hedged debt transaction.

Amounts reported in AOCI related to currently outstanding interest rate derivatives are recognized as an adjustment to income as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. Realized gains or losses on settled derivative instruments included in AOCI are recognized as an adjustment to income over the term of the hedged debt transaction. Amounts reported in AOCI related to the cross-currency interest rate swap are recognized as an adjustment to income as transaction gains or losses arising from the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated loans are recognized and as actual interest and principal obligations are repaid.

We expect that approximately $5.4 million of the AOCI of TCO and the noncontrolling interests will be reclassified from AOCI and recognized as an increase in expense in the following 12 months.

The following tables present the effect of derivative instruments on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. The tables include the amount of gains or losses on outstanding derivative instruments recognized in OCI in cash flow hedging relationships and the location and amount of gains or losses reclassified from AOCI into income resulting from outstanding derivative instruments.



	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion)								Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
	2019			2018			2017			2019			2018			2017
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(13,239	)	$	(2,636	)	$	3,994	Interest Expense	$	(628	)	$	1,133		$	(2,879	)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,757		)	943			2,898		Equity in Income of UJVs	355			(188		)	(2,406		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	28			(154		)	201		Equity in Income of UJVs	1,203			864			(2,279		)
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(14,968	)	$	(1,847	)	$	7,093		$	930		$	1,809		$	(7,564	)

We record all derivative instruments at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of our derivative financial instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.



		Fair Value
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location	December 31 2019			December 31 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Asset derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Deferred Charges and Other Assets				$	3,530
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs				1,345
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		$	—		$	4,875

Liability derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiary	Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities	$	(15,419	)	$	(5,710	)
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(412		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	Investment in UJVs	(91		)	(963		)
Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments		$	(15,922	)	$	(6,673	)

Contingent Features

Our outstanding derivatives contain provisions that state if the hedged entity defaults on its indebtedness above a certain threshold, then the derivative obligation could also be declared in default. The cross default thresholds vary for each agreement, ranging from $0.1 million of any indebtedness to $50 million of indebtedness on TRG's indebtedness. As of December 31, 2019, we are not in default on any indebtedness that would trigger a credit-risk-related default on our current outstanding derivatives.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a liability position was $15.9 million and $6.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we were not required to post any collateral related to these agreements. If we breached any of these provisions, we would be required to settle our obligations under the agreements at their fair value. See Note 8 regarding guarantees and Note 17 for fair value information on derivatives.

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Leases [Abstract]

Leases Disclosure [Text Block]

Leases

Change in Accounting Policies

On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC Topic 842, "Leases". ASC Topic 842 addresses off-balance sheet financing related to operating leases and introduces a new lessee model that brings substantially all leases onto the balance sheet. We adopted ASC Topic 842, recognizing operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of the date of adoption. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases. We also began expensing certain indirect leasing costs, which were capitalizable under the previous lease accounting standard. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we expensed $4.4 million of leasing costs under ASC Topic 842 that would have been capitalized under the previous accounting standard.

We implemented ASC Topic 842 using certain practical expedients. As a result of these elections, we did not reassess whether any existing contracts contained a lease, the lease classification of existing leases, or the initial direct costs of existing leases. In addition, in instances where we are the lessor, we elected to not separate non-lease components, most significantly certain common area maintenance recoveries, from the associated lease components. Due to this election, minimum rents and expense recoveries were combined into a single revenue line item, Rental Revenues, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We also elected the optional transition method to apply the provisions of ASC Topic 842 as of the adoption date, rather than the earliest period presented. As such, the requirements of ASC Topic 842 were not applied in the comparative periods presented in our consolidated financial statements.

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, lease cancellation payments from our tenants are now included in Rental Revenues on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term, if any. Lease cancellation income was previously accounted for under ASC Topic 606 and presented in Other revenue on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Shopping center space is leased to tenants and certain anchors pursuant to lease agreements. Future rental revenues under operating leases in effect at December 31, 2019 for operating centers, assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:



2020	$	449,665
2021	407,615
2022	361,062
2023	328,486
2024	301,404
Thereafter	742,806

Certain shopping centers, as lessees, have ground and office leases expiring at various dates through the year 2105. As of December 31, 2019, these leases had an average remaining lease term of approximately 51 years. One center has an option to extend the term for three, 10-year periods and another center has the option to extend the lease term for one additional 10-year period. As of December 31, 2019, these extension options were not considered reasonably assured of being exercised and therefore were excluded from the respective lease terms for these centers. We also lease certain of our office facilities and certain equipment. Office facility and equipment leases expire at various dates through the year 2022.

In order to determine the operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee, we utilized a synthetic corporate yield curve to determine an incremental borrowing rate for each of our leases. Significant judgment was required to develop the yield curve, which utilized certain peer and market observations. As of December 31, 2019, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was 5.8%. In instances where variable consideration not dependent upon an index or rate existed, such future payments were excluded from the determination of the related operating lease liability and right-of-use asset.

For leases existing as of the adoption date of ASC Topic 842, rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. Rental expense under operating leases was $16.2 million in 2019, $17.2 million in 2018, and $16.3 million in 2017. There was $0.4 million and $0.3 million of contingent rent expense under operating leases in 2019 and 2018, respectively, and none in 2017. Payables representing straight-line rent adjustments under lease agreements were $64.8 million, as of December 31, 2018. These amounts are now presented within Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet upon adoption of ASC Topic 842.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:



2020	$	14,357
2021	12,586
2022	13,982
2023	14,142
2024	14,144
Thereafter	708,924

We own the retail space subject to a long-term participating lease at City Creek Center, a mixed-use property in Salt Lake City, Utah. City Creek Reserve, Inc. (CCRI), an affiliate of the LDS Church is the participating lessor. We own 100% of the leasehold interest in the retail buildings and property. CCRI has an option to purchase our interest at fair value at various points in time over the term of the lease. In addition to the minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

International Market Place, a shopping center located in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii, is subject to a long-term participating ground lease. In addition to minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

The Manager	12 Months Ended
The Manager	Dec. 31, 2019
The Manager [Abstract]
The Manager [Text Block]	The Manager The Manager provides real estate management, acquisition, development, leasing, and administrative services required by us and our properties in the United States, and employs all of our U.S. employees, including our executive officers. Taubman Asia Management Limited (TAM) and certain other affiliates provide similar services for third parties in China and South Korea as well as Taubman Asia. The Manager is 99.8% beneficially owned by TRG and 0.2% owned by Taub-Co Holdings LLC (Taub-Co), which is 100% owned by members of the Taubman Family. The Revocable Trust and certain of its affiliates receive various management services from the Manager. For such services, the Revocable Trust and affiliates paid the Manager $2.4 million in 2019, $2.6 million in 2018, and $2.5 million in 2017. Since TRG has an approximate 99.8% beneficial interest in the Manager, substantially all of these fees accrue to TRG, with a de minimis portion of the fees accruing to the benefit of Taub-Co through its 0.2% beneficial interest in the Manager. These amounts are classified in Management, Leasing, and Development Services revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Other related party transactions are described in Notes 5, 13, and 15.

Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation and Other Employee Plans

In May 2018, our shareholders approved The Taubman Company LLC 2018 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2018 Omnibus Plan). The 2018 Omnibus Plan provides for the award of restricted shares, restricted share units, restricted profits units of TRG (TRG Profits Units), options to purchase common shares, unrestricted shares, and dividend equivalent rights, in each case with or without performance conditions, to acquire up to an aggregate of 2.8 million common shares and TRG Profits Units to directors, officers, employees, and other service providers of TCO and its affiliates. Every share or TRG Profits Unit subject to awards under the 2018 Omnibus Plan shall be counted against this limit as one share or TRG Profits Unit for every one share or TRG Profits Unit granted. The amount of shares or TRG Profits Units available for future grants is adjusted when the number of contingently issuable common shares or units are settled. If an award issued under the 2018 Omnibus Plan is forfeited, expires without being exercised, or is used to pay tax withholding on such award, the shares of TRG Profits Units become available for issuance under new awards. TRG Profits Units are intended to constitute "profits interests" within the meaning of Treasury authority under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In addition, non-employee directors have the option to defer their compensation under a deferred compensation plan. The 2018 Omnibus Plan allows us to permit or require the deferral of all or a part of an award payment into a deferred compensation arrangement. Prior to the adoption of the 2018 Omnibus Plan, we provided share-based compensation through The Taubman Company LLC 2008 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2008 Omnibus Plan), as amended, which expired in May 2018.

TRG Profits Units

There were no TRG Profits Units granted in 2019. The following types of TRG Profits Units awards previously were granted to certain senior management employees: (1) a time-based award with a three-year cliff vesting period (Restricted TRG Profits Units); (2) a performance-based award that is based on the achievement of relative total shareholder return (TSR) over a three-year period (Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units); and (3) a performance-based award that is based on the achievement of net operating income (NOI) over a three-year period (NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units). The maximum number of Relative TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units are issued at grant, eventually subject to a recovery and cancellation of previously granted amounts depending on actual performance against TSR and NOI measures over the three-year performance measurement period. NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR level is not positive over a three year period. Relative TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units are generally subject to the same performance measures as the TSR-Based and NOI-Based Performance Share Units (see Other Management Employee Grants below). Despite the difference in scaling of the grant programs, the final outcome of the TSR and NOI performance measures will result in similar numbers of either TRG Units or common shares being issued at vesting under both the TRG Profits Units program and the Performance Share Unit program, respectively.

Each such award represents a contingent right to receive a TRG Unit upon vesting and the satisfaction of certain tax-driven requirements and, as to the TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, the satisfaction of certain performance-based requirements. Until vested, a TRG Profits Unit entitles the holder to only one-tenth of the distributions otherwise payable by TRG on a TRG Unit. Therefore, we account for these TRG Profits Units as participating securities in TRG. A portion of the TRG Profits Units award represents estimated cash distributions that otherwise would have been payable during the vesting period and, upon vesting, there will be an adjustment in actual number of TRG Profits Units realized under each award to reflect TRG's actual cash distributions during the vesting period.

All TRG Profits Units issued will vest by March 2021 if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier. Each holder of a TRG Profits Unit will be treated as a limited partner in TRG from the date of grant. To the extent the vested TRG Profits Units have not achieved the applicable criteria for conversion to TRG Units, vesting and economic equivalence to a TRG Unit prior to the tenth anniversary of the date of grant, the awards will be forfeited pursuant to the terms of the award agreement.

Other Management Employee Grants

During 2019, 2018, and 2017, other types of awards granted to management employees include those described below. These generally vest in March 2022, March 2021, and March 2020, respectively, if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier.

TSR - Based Performance Share Units (TSR PSU) - Each TSR PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the TSR PSU based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group. The TSR PSU grants include a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.

NOI - Based Performance Share Units (NOI PSU) - Each NOI PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the NOI PSU based on our NOI performance, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period. These awards also provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three-year period.

Restricted Share Units (RSU) - Each RSU represents the right to receive upon vesting one share of common stock, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.

Expensed and Capitalized Costs

The compensation cost charged to income for our share-based compensation plans was $6.4 million, $9.2 million, and $10.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, a reversal of $0.3 million of prior-period share-based compensation expense was recognized related to the Taubman Asia President transition as a reduction of General and Administrative Expense on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Compensation cost capitalized as part of properties and deferred leasing costs was $0.3 million, $0.9 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

Valuation Methodologies

We estimated the grant-date fair values of share-based grants using the methods as follows. Expected volatility and dividend yields are based on historical volatility and yields of our common stock, respectively, as well as other factors. The risk-free interest rates used are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curves in effect at the grant date. We assume no forfeitures for failure to meet the service requirement of Performance Share Units (PSU) or TRG Profits Units, due to the small number of participants and low turnover rate.

The valuations of all grants utilized our common stock price at the grant date. Common stock prices when used in valuing TRG Profits Units are further adjusted by the present value of expected differences in dividends payable on the common stock versus the distributions payable on the TRG Profits Units over the vesting period. We estimated the value of grants dependent on TSR performance using a Monte Carlo simulation and considering historical returns of TCO and the peer group.

For awards dependent on NOI performance, we consider the NOI measure a performance condition under applicable accounting standards, and as such, have estimated a grant-date fair value for each of its possible outcomes. The compensation cost ultimately will be recognized equal to the grant-date fair value of the award that coincides with the actual outcome of the NOI performance. The weighted average grant-date fair value shown for NOI-dependent awards corresponds with management's current expectation of the probable outcome of the NOI performance measure. The product of the NOI-dependent awards outstanding and the grant-date fair value represents the compensation cost being recognized over the service periods.

The valuations of TRG Profits Units consider the possibility that sufficient share price appreciation will not be realized, such that the conversion to TRG Units will not occur and the awards will be forfeited.

Summaries of Activity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017

Restricted TRG Profits Units



	Number of Restricted TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	45,940		$	59.49
Granted	46,076		57.84
Forfeited	(30,885	)	57.85
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	61,131		$	59.08
Granted	8,154		49.29
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	69,285		$	57.93
Units recovered and cancelled ⁽¹⁾	(368	)	59.49
Vested and converted ⁽²⁾	(46,506	)	59.45
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	22,411		$	54.73


(1)	This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted Restricted TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period.


(2)	This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Restricted TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 0.9 years.

Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units



	Number of relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	103,369		$	26.42
Granted	103,666		23.14
Forfeited	(77,302	)	23.42
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	129,733		$	25.59
Granted	18,345		22.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	148,078		$	25.17
Units recovered and cancelled ⁽¹⁾	(76,489	)	26.42
Vested and converted ⁽²⁾	(21,169	)	26.30
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	50,420		$	22.81

(1)

This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 22% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.


(2)	This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.0 year.

NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units



	Number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	103,369		$	41.87
Granted	103,666		19.35
Forfeited	(75,431	)	20.59
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	131,604		$	19.69
Granted	18,345		16.43
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	149,949		$	19.29
Units recovered and cancelled ⁽¹⁾	(68,730	)	17.47
Vested and converted ⁽²⁾	(30,799	)	18.86
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	50,420		$	2.99

(1)

This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 30% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completions of applicable employee service requirements, the number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the NOI performance measure was achieved during the performance period.


(2)	This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.2 years.

TSR - Based Performance Share Units



	Number of TSR PSU			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	166,027			$	138.93
Granted	5,046			80.16
Vested - three-year grants	(50,459	)	⁽¹⁾	90.51
Vested - 2012 and 2013 special grants	(79,764	)	⁽²⁾	181.99
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	40,850			$	107.38
Granted	10,393			78.82
Vested	(37,046	)	⁽³⁾	110.09
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	14,197			$	79.13
Granted	20,936			85.44
Forfeited	(5,758	)		82.59
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	29,375			$	82.95

(1)

Based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017 was 30,601 shares for the TSR PSU three-year grants. The shares of common stock were issued at a weighted average rate of 0.60x and in the range of 0.00x to 1.00x. That is, despite the completion of the applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period. Included in the vested PSUs are awards that vested early due to a retirement and as a result of our restructuring and reduction in our workforce (Note 1).

(2)

Based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017 was zero shares for the 2012 and 2013 TSR PSU special grants. That is, despite the completion of the applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(3)

Based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2018 was 45,941 shares for the TSR PSU three-year grants. The shares of common stock were issued at a rate of 1.24x. That is, despite the completion of the applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

The total intrinsic value of TSR PSU vested during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $2.7 million and $2.1 million, respectively. None vested in 2019.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $1.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested TSR PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.8 years.

NOI - Based Performance Share Units



	Number of NOI PSU			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	—			$	—
Granted	5,046			67.04
Vested	(1,242	)	⁽¹⁾	67.50
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	3,804			$	67.00
Granted	10,393			58.28
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	14,197			$	60.59
Granted	20,936			52.41
Forfeited	(5,758	)		57.42
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	29,375			$	40.95

(1)

The actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017 was 1,242 shares (1.0x). That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which NOI was achieved during the performance period. These NOI PSU vested as a result of our restructuring and reduction in our workforce (Note 1).

The total intrinsic value of NOI PSU vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.1 million. No NOI PSU vested in 2019 or 2018.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $0.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested NOI PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.9 years.

Restricted Share Units



	Number of RSU			Weighted average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	231,903			$	70.40
Granted	102,568			63.33
Forfeited	(12,499	)		67.78
Vested	(126,951	)		66.98
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	195,021			$	69.22
Granted	69,931			58.28
Forfeited	(6,985	)		63.21
Vested	(73,294	)		73.91
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	184,673			$	63.44
Granted	87,720			52.41
Forfeited	(19,249	)		57.90
Vested	(73,298	)		66.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	179,846			$	57.73

Fully vested at December 31, 2019	10,133		⁽¹⁾	58.75


(1)	These RSU were vested and outstanding as of December 31, 2019. The related shares were issued on January 3, 2020.

Based on an analysis of historical employee turnover, we have made an annual forfeiture assumption of 2.70% of grants when recognizing compensation costs relating to the RSU.

The total intrinsic value of RSU vested during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $3.4 million, $4.6 million, and $8.6 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $4.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.7 years.

Options

Options were granted to purchase TRG Units, which are exchangeable for new shares of our common stock under the Continuing Offer (Note 15). The options had ten-year contractual terms.



	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Range of Exercise Prices
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	202,586	$	48.35	0.7	$	45.9	-	$	51.15
Exercised	(202,586)	48.35
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	0	$	—

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $3.5 million. Cash received from option exercises for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $9.8 million. No options were granted in 2018 and 2019.

Unit Option Deferral Election

Under a prior option plan, the 2008 Omnibus Plan, and the 2018 Omnibus Plan, vested unit options can be exercised by tendering mature units with a market value equal to the exercise price of the unit options. In 2002, Robert S. Taubman, our chief executive officer, exercised options for 3.0 million units by tendering 2.1 million mature units and deferring receipt of 0.9 million units under the unit option deferral election. As TRG pays distributions, the deferred option units receive their proportionate share of the distributions in the form of cash payments. Under an amendment executed in January 2011 and subsequent deferral elections (the latest being made in September 2016), beginning in December 2022 (unless Mr. Taubman retires earlier), the deferred options units will be issued as TRG Units in five annual installments. The deferred option units are accounted for as participating securities of TRG.

Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Grant and Deferred Compensation

The 2008 Omnibus Plan previously provided, and the 2018 Omnibus Plan currently provides, a quarterly grant to each non-employee director of TCO, shares of our common stock based on the fair value of our common stock on the last business day of the preceding quarter. The annual fair market value of the grant was $125,000 in 2019, 2018, and 2017. Certain directors have elected to defer receipt of their shares as described below.

The Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan (DCP), which was approved by our Board of Directors, allows each non-employee director of TCO the right to defer the receipt of all or a portion of his or her annual director retainer fee until the termination of his or her service on our Board of Directors and for such deferred amount to be denominated in restricted stock units. The number of restricted stock units received equals the amount of the deferred retainer fee divided by the fair market value of the common stock on the business day immediately before the date the director would otherwise have been entitled to receive the retainer fee. The restricted stock units represent the right to receive equivalent shares of common stock at the end of the deferral period. During the deferral period, when we pay cash dividends on our common stock, the directors’ notional deferral accounts will be credited with dividend equivalents on their deferred restricted stock units, payable in additional restricted stock units based on the fair market value of our common stock on the business day immediately before the record date of the applicable dividend payment. There were 74,632 restricted stock units outstanding under the DCP at December 31, 2019.

Other Employee Plan

We have a voluntary retirement savings plan established in 1983 and amended and restated effective January 1, 2012 (the Plan). We believe the Plan is qualified in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). We contribute an amount ranging from 0% to 4% of the qualified wages of all qualified employees depending on our performance and matches employee contributions in excess of 2%, up to 5%, for a total contribution in the range of 0% to 9% of qualified wages. In addition, we may make discretionary contributions within the limits prescribed by the Plan and imposed in the Code. Our contributions and costs relating to the Plan were $2.6 million in 2019, $3.0 million in 2018, and $2.5 million in 2017.

Preferred Stock of TCO	12 Months Ended
Preferred Stock of TCO	Dec. 31, 2019
Equity [Abstract]
Preferred Stock of TCO [Text Block]	Preferred Stock of TCO Preferred Stock We are obligated to issue to the noncontrolling partners of TRG, upon subscription, one Series B Preferred Share for each of the TRG Units held by the noncontrolling partners. Each Series B Preferred Share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to our shareholders. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of TCO. On all other matters on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Shares will vote with the holders of common stock. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares are not entitled to dividends or earnings of TCO. The Series B Preferred Shares are convertible into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, 55,704, 75,120, and 90,945 Series B Preferred Shares, respectively, were converted to two shares, four shares, and five shares of our common stock, respectively, as a result of tenders of units under the Continuing Offer (Note 15).

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Cash Tender

At the time of our initial public offering and acquisition of our partnership interest in TRG in 1992, we entered into an agreement (the Cash Tender Agreement) with the Revocable Trust and TRA Partners (now Taubman Ventures Group LLC or TVG), each of whom owned an interest in TRG, whereby each of the Revocable Trust and TVG (and/or any assignee of the Revocable Trust or TVG, which now include other specified entities that are affiliated with the children of A. Alfred Taubman (Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman)) has the right to tender to us TRG Units (provided that if the tendering party is tendering less than all of its TRG Units, the aggregate value is at least $50 million) and cause us to purchase the tendered interests at a purchase price based on a market valuation of TCO on the trading date immediately preceding the date of the tender (except as otherwise provided below). TVG is controlled by a majority-in-interest among the Revocable Trust and entities affiliated with the children of A. Alfred Taubman (Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman). At the election of the tendering party, TRG Units held by members of A. Alfred Taubman’s family and TRG Units held by entities in which his family members hold interests may be included in such a tender.

We will have the option to pay for these interests from available cash, borrowed funds, or from the proceeds of an offering of common stock. Generally, we expect to finance these purchases through the sale of new shares of our common stock. The tendering partner will bear all market risk if the market price at closing is less than the purchase price and will bear the costs of sale. Any proceeds of the offering in excess of the purchase price will be for our sole benefit. We account for the Cash Tender Agreement as a freestanding written put option. As the option put price is defined by the current market price of our stock at the time of tender, the fair value of the written option defined by the Cash Tender Agreement is considered to be zero.

Based on a market value at December 31, 2019 of $31.09 per share for our common stock, the aggregate value of TRG Units that may be tendered under the Cash Tender Agreement was $752.1 million. The purchase of these interests at December 31, 2019 would have resulted in us owning an additional 28% interest in TRG.

Continuing Offer

We have made a continuing, irrevocable offer to exchange shares of common stock for TRG Units (the Continuing Offer) to all present holders of TRG Units (other than certain excluded holders, currently TVG and other specified entities), permitted assignees of all present holders of TRG Units, those future holders of TRG Units as we may, in our sole discretion, agree to include in the Continuing Offer, and all future optionees under the 2018 Omnibus Plan. Under the Continuing Offer agreement, one TRG Unit is exchangeable for one share of common stock. Upon a tender of TRG Units, the corresponding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, if any, will automatically be converted into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock.

Insurance

We carry liability insurance to mitigate our exposure to certain losses, including those relating to personal injury claims. We believe our insurance policy terms and conditions and limits are appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss and industry practice. However, there are certain types of losses, such as punitive damage awards, which may not be covered by insurance, and not all potential losses are insured against.

Hurricane Maria and The Mall of San Juan

The Mall of San Juan incurred significant damage from Hurricane Maria in 2017. We have received substantial insurance proceeds to cover hurricane and flood damage, as well as business and service interruption. In June 2019, we reached a final settlement with our insurer and received final payment related to our claims.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized an estimated expense of $7.8 million relating to property damage, included within depreciation expense. The following table presents a summary of the insurance proceeds received relating to our claim for The Mall of San Juan for the years ended 2019, 2018, and 2017:



Proceeds Description	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Location	Year ended December 31
Proceeds Description		2019				2018		2017
		(in thousands)
Business interruption insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	$	8,574
Revenue reduction related to business interruption ⁽¹⁾	Reduction of Rental Revenues	(1,202		)
Expense reimbursement insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	185				$	1,234	$	1,101
Reimbursement for capital items damaged in hurricane in 2017	Reversal of previously recognized Depreciation Expense	2,000			(2)	4,866		902
Gain in insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	1,418


(1)	Represents amounts recognized in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

(2) Represents reduction of depreciation expense recorded in June 2019 for proceeds received in the final settlement of our insurance claims, which offset the original deductible expensed in 2017.

In August 2019, we settled previously ongoing litigation in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Court of First Instance, San Juan Judicial Center, Superior Court, Civil No. SJ2017CV02094 (503) related to the Saks Fifth Avenue store at The Mall of San Juan. As a result of the settlement, Saks Fifth Avenue agreed to pay us $26 million for partial reimbursement of the previously paid anchor allowance in exchange for the termination of its obligations under its agreements. $20 million was received in August 2019; $3 million was received in January 2020 and $3 million will be received on or before January 2021. The allowance reimbursement and value of the former Saks Fifth Avenue building and improvements, which we now control, exceeded the write-off of the book value of the anchor allowance and legal costs incurred in 2019, resulting in the recognition of a $10.1 million net gain, which has been included within Nonoperating Income, Net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Along with the settlement of the lawsuit, we have resolved the operating covenant with Nordstrom and substantially all of the leases with other mall tenants that had co-tenancy requirements related to Saks Fifth Avenue.

Other

See Note 8 for TRG's guarantees of certain notes payable, including guarantees relating to UJVs, Note 9 for contingent features relating to certain joint venture agreements, Note 10 for contingent features relating to derivative instruments, and Note 13 for obligations under existing share-based compensation plans.

Earnings Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding for the respective periods. Diluted earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of potential common stock. Potential common stock includes outstanding TRG Units exchangeable for common shares under the Continuing Offer (Note 15), TSR PSU, NOI PSU, Restricted and Performance-based TRG Profits Units, RSU, deferred shares under the Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, and unissued TRG Units under a unit option deferral election (Note 13). In computing the potentially dilutive effect of potential common stock, TRG Units are assumed to be exchanged for common shares under the Continuing Offer, increasing the weighted average number of shares outstanding. The potentially dilutive effects of TRG Units outstanding and/or issuable under the unit option deferral elections are calculated using the if-converted method, while the effects of other potential common stock are calculated using the treasury method. Contingently issuable shares are included in diluted earnings per common share based on the number of shares, if any, which would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period.



	Year Ended December 31
	2019		2018		2017
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders (Numerator):
Basic	$	203,925	$	57,952	$	55,267
Impact of additional ownership of TRG	2,828		85		114
Diluted	$	206,753	$	58,037	$	55,381

Shares (Denominator) – basic	61,181,983		60,994,444		60,675,129
Effect of dilutive securities	1,056,456		283,271		365,366
Shares (Denominator) – diluted	62,238,439		61,277,715		61,040,495

Earnings per common share - basic	$	3.33	$	0.95	$	0.91
Earnings per common share - diluted	$	3.32	$	0.95	$	0.91

The calculation of diluted earnings per common share in certain periods excluded certain potential common stock including outstanding TRG Units and unissued TRG Units under a unit option deferral election, both of which may be exchanged for common shares of TCO under the Continuing Offer. The table below presents the potential common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as they were anti-dilutive in the period presented.



	Year Ended December 31
	2019	2018	2017
Weighted average noncontrolling TRG Units outstanding	4,123,160	4,149,144	4,089,327
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections		871,262	871,262

Fair Value Disclosures

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

This note contains required fair value disclosures for assets and liabilities remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis and financial instruments carried at other than fair value, as well as assumptions employed in deriving these fair values.

Recurring Valuations

Derivative Instruments

The fair value of interest rate hedging instruments is the amount that we would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. Our valuations of our derivative instruments are determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative, and therefore fall into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuations reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and use observable market-based inputs, including forward curves. The fair values of interest rate hedging instruments also incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk.

Other

Our valuations of both our investments in an insurance deposit and in Simon common shares utilize unadjusted quoted prices determined by active markets for the specific securities we have invested in, and therefore fall into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. In connection with the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 (Note 1), we measured our investment in Simon common shares at fair value with changes in value recorded through net income. We owned zero and 290,124 Simon common shares as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In January 2019, we sold our remaining 290,124 Simon common shares at an average price of $179.52 per share. Proceeds from the sale were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:



	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2019 Using					Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Using
Description	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Simon common shares (Note 7)						$	48,738
Insurance deposit	$	11,213				10,121
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)								$	3,530
Total assets	$	11,213	$	—		$	58,859	$	3,530

Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)			$	(15,419	)			$	(5,710	)
Total liabilities			$	(15,419	)			$	(5,710	)

The insurance deposit shown above represents cash maintained in an escrow account in connection with a property and casualty insurance arrangement for our shopping centers, and is classified within Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Corresponding deferred revenue relating to amounts billed to tenants for this arrangement has been classified within Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Values

Notes Payable

The fair value of notes payable is estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When selecting discount rates for purposes of estimating the fair value of notes payable at December 31, 2019 and 2018, we employed the credit spreads at which the debt was originally issued.

The estimated fair values of notes payable at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:



	2019				2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Notes payable	$	3,710,327	$	3,753,531	$	3,830,195	$	3,755,757

The fair values of the notes payable are dependent on the interest rates used in estimating the values. An overall 1% increase in interest rates employed in making these estimates would have decreased the fair values of the debt shown above at December 31, 2019 by $131.8 million or 3.5%.

Cash Equivalents and Notes Receivable

The fair value of cash equivalents and notes receivable approximates their carrying value due to their short maturity. The fair value of cash equivalents is derived from quoted market prices and therefore falls into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of notes receivable are estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore fall into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 10 regarding additional information on derivatives.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References + Details

Cash Flow Disclosures & Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Cash Flow, Noncash Investing and Financing Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures [Text Block]

Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Interest paid in 2019, 2018, and 2017, net of amounts capitalized of $7.8 million, $15.2 million, and $12.4 million, respectively, was $143.7 million, $125.5 million, and $100.9 million, respectively. Cash paid for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $14.4 million. In 2019, 2018, and 2017, $0.9 million, $0.5 million, and $2.5 million of income taxes were paid, respectively. Other non-cash additions to properties during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $77.7 million, $99.4 million, and $79.0 million, respectively, and primarily represent accrued construction and tenant allowance costs. In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", we recorded $178.1 million of operating lease right-of-use assets as of January 1, 2019, which were classified as non-cash investing activities (Note 11). We issued 1.5 million TRG Units as partial consideration for the acquisition of The Gardens Mall, which were valued at $79.3 million as of the acquisition date (Note 2).

Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.



	December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	102,762	$	48,372	$	42,499
Restricted cash	656		94,557		121,905
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	$	103,418	$	142,929	$	164,404

Restricted Cash

We are required to escrow cash balances for specific uses stipulated by certain of our lenders and other various agreements. As of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, our cash balances restricted for these uses were $0.7 million, $94.6 million, and $121.9 million, respectively. Our Restricted Cash as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 included $92.5 million, and $119.2 million, respectively, of cash held as collateral for financing arrangements related to our Asia investments, which was held in a foreign account. As of December 31, 2019, we did not have any such cash held as collateral for financing arrangements related to our Asia investments. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the cash held as collateral decreased as a result of repayments of the related financing arrangements. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the restricted cash balances related to the Asia investments declined by $1.2 million and $5.3 million and increased by $2.3 million, respectively, as a result of exchange rate fluctuations.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax [Abstract]

Comprehensive Income (Loss) Note [Text Block]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were as follows:



	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments			Total
January 1, 2017	$	(23,147	)	$	(12,769	)	$	(35,916	)	$	(9,613	)	$	7,065		$	(2,548	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	23,615			41			23,656			9,688			16			9,704
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				5,364			5,364						2,200			2,200
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	23,615			5,405			29,020			9,688			2,216			11,904
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	(84		)	61			(23		)	84			(61		)	23
December 31, 2017	$	384		$	(7,303	)	$	(6,919	)	$	159		$	9,220		$	9,379
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(16,513		)	(26		)	(16,539		)	(6,727		)	(12		)	(6,739		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(1,286		)	(1,286		)				(523		)	(523		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(16,513		)	(1,312		)	(17,825		)	(6,727		)	(535		)	(7,262		)
Adjustment related to Simon common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (Note 1)				(679		)	(679		)				(276		)	(276		)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	1			46			47			(1		)	(46		)	(47		)
December 31, 2018	$	(16,128	)	$	(9,248	)	$	(25,376	)	$	(6,569	)	$	8,363		$	1,794
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(12,835		)	(9,806		)	(22,641		)	(1,336		)	(4,232		)	(5,568		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(649		)	(649		)				(281		)	(281		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(12,835		)	(10,455		)	(23,290		)	(1,336		)	(4,513		)	(5,849		)
Partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs	9,739						9,739
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	271			(347		)	(76		)	(271		)	347			76
December 31, 2019	$	(18,953	)	$	(20,050	)	$	(39,003	)	$	(8,176	)	$	4,197		$	(3,979	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2019:



Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (Gains) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	628		Interest Expense
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - UJVs	(355		)	Equity in Income in UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(1,203		)	Equity in Income in UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(930	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2018:



Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (Gains) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	(1,133	)	Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	188			Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(864		)	Equity in Income in UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(1,809	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2017:



Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI		Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	2,879	Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	2,406		Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized loss on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	2,279		Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	7,564

Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Quarterly Financial Data [Abstract]

Quarterly Financial Information [Text Block]

Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following is a summary of quarterly results of operations for 2019 and 2018:



	2019
	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Revenues	$	160,208	$	161,604	$	162,506	$	176,736
Equity in income (loss) of UJVs	14,672		14,822		20,252		(580		)
Net income (loss)	29,738		16,877		316,390		(32,631		)
Net income (loss) attributable to TCO common shareholders	15,097		6,259		215,361		(32,792		)
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.25	$	0.10	$	3.52	$	(0.54	)
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.25	$	0.10	$	3.48	$	(0.54	)



	2018
	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Revenues	$	161,492	$	152,769	$	159,120	$	167,489
Equity in income of UJVs	19,728		14,042		16,910		18,724
Net income	34,596		30,093		38,115		12,938
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	18,590		15,307		20,976		3,079
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.31	$	0.25	$	0.34	$	0.05
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.30	$	0.25	$	0.34	$	0.05

In the fourth quarter of December 31, 2019, we recognized $72.2 million as an Impairment Charge on Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and our beneficial share of an impairment charge of $18.0 million on Stamford Town Center in Equity in Income of UJVs on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Notes 1 and 5).

New Accounting Pronouncements (Notes)	12 Months Ended
New Accounting Pronouncements (Notes)	Dec. 31, 2019
New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Abstract]
New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]	New Accounting Pronouncement and Impending LIBOR Transition New Accounting Pronouncement In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", which introduces new guidance for an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for equity securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. Instruments in scope include loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, and net investments in leases as well as reinsurance and trade receivables. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", which clarifies that operating lease receivables are outside the scope of the new standard. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We are still evaluating, but the adoption of this new ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. LIBOR Transition In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the authority that regulates LIBOR, announced it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. As a result, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York organized the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, which identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as its preferred alternative rate for USD-LIBOR in derivatives and other financial contracts. We are not able to predict when LIBOR will cease to be available or when there will be sufficient liquidity in the SOFR markets. Any changes adopted by the FCA or other governing bodies in the method used for determining LIBOR may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in reported LIBOR. If that were to occur, our interest payments could change. In addition, uncertainty about the extent and manner of future changes may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher or lower than if LIBOR were to remain available in its current form. We have material contracts that are indexed to LIBOR and are monitoring and evaluating the related risks, which include interest on loans or amounts received and paid on derivative instruments. Refer to "Note 8 - Notes Payable, Net" and "Note 10 - Derivative and Hedging Activities" to our consolidated financial statements for more details on our loans and derivative instruments, respectively. These risks arise in connection with transitioning contracts to an alternative rate, including any resulting value transfer that may occur. The value of loans or derivative instruments tied to LIBOR could also be impacted if LIBOR is limited or discontinued. For some instruments the method of transitioning to an alternative reference rate may be challenging, especially if we cannot agree with the respective counterparty about how to make the transition. If a contract is not transitioned to an alternative reference rate and LIBOR is discontinued, the impact on our contracts is likely to vary by contract. If LIBOR is discontinued or if the methods of calculating LIBOR change from their current form, interest rates on our current or future indebtedness may be adversely affected. While we expect LIBOR to be available in substantially its current form until the end of 2021, it is possible that LIBOR will become unavailable prior to that point. This could result, for example, if sufficient banks decline to make submissions to the LIBOR administrator. In that case, the risks associated with the transition to an alternative reference rate will be accelerated and magnified. Alternative rates and other market changes related to the replacement of LIBOR, including the introduction of financial products and changes in market practices, may lead to risk modeling and valuation challenges, such as adjusting interest rate accrual calculations and building a term structure for an alternative rate. The introduction of an alternative rate also may create additional basis risk and increased volatility as alternative rates are phased in and utilized in parallel with LIBOR. Adjustments to systems and mathematical models to properly process and account for alternative rates will be required, which may strain the model risk management and information technology functions and result in substantial incremental costs for us. We are currently evaluating the impact that the LIBOR transition will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent Events (Notes)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Subsequent Event [Line Items]

Subsequent Events [Text Block]

Subsequent Event

Merger Agreement

On February 9, 2020, TCO and TRG (referenced collectively as the Taubman Parties), Simon, a Delaware corporation, the Simon Operating Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, Silver Merger Sub 1, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Simon Operating Partnership (Merger Sub 1), and Silver Merger Sub 2, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of Merger Sub 1 (Merger Sub 2) (Merger Sub 2, Simon, the Simon Operating Partnership, and Merger Sub 1, referenced collectively as the Simon Parties), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the Merger Agreement) pursuant to which, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub 2 will be merged with and into TRG (the Partnership Merger) and TCO will be merged with and into Merger Sub 1 (the REIT Merger) (the REIT Merger and the Partnership Merger, referenced collectively as the Mergers). Upon completion of the Partnership Merger, TRG will survive (Surviving TRG) and the separate existence of Merger Sub 2 will cease. Upon completion of the REIT Merger, Merger Sub 1 will survive (Surviving TCO) and the separate corporate existence of TCO will cease. Immediately following the Partnership Merger, Surviving TRG will be converted (the Conversion) into a Delaware limited liability company (the Joint Venture).

Transaction Structure

At the effective time of the Partnership Merger (the Partnership Merger Effective Time), (1) each unit of partnership interest in TRG (each, a Taubman OP Unit) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Partnership Merger Effective Time held by a limited partner of TRG who is not a member of the Taubman Family (defined as the Titanium Family in the Merger Agreement) (the Minority Partners) will be converted into the right to receive, at the election of such Minority Partner, the Common Stock Merger Consideration (as defined below) or 0.3814 limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership; (2) certain Taubman OP Units issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Partnership Merger Effective Time held by a member of the Taubman Family will remain outstanding as units of partnership interest in Surviving TRG; and (3) all other Taubman OP Units issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Partnership Merger Effective Time held by a member of the Taubman Family will be converted into the right to receive the Common Stock Merger Consideration. In addition, at the Partnership Merger Effective Time, each outstanding TRG Profits Unit (defined as a Titanium OP Incentive Unit in the Merger Agreement) will vest and be converted into a Taubman OP Unit, to be treated in the Partnership Merger in the same manner as the Taubman OP Units held by the Minority Partners. The membership interests of Merger Sub 2 issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Partnership Merger Effective Time will automatically be converted into a number of units of partnership interest in Surviving TRG such that following the Partnership Merger, Merger Sub 1 and TCO will collectively own 80% (assuming, for purposes of this calculation, that the Taubman OP Units issuable under the Option Deferral Agreement (as defined in the Merger Agreement) among TCO, TRG and Robert S. Taubman are outstanding interests of Surviving TRG) of the outstanding interests of Surviving TRG.

Pursuant to the terms and conditions in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the REIT Merger (the REIT Merger Effective Time), (1) each share of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of TCO (the TCO Common Stock) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the REIT Merger Effective Time will be converted into the right to receive $52.50 in cash (the Common Stock Merger Consideration); and (2) each share of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share, of TCO (the TCO Series B Preferred Stock) will be converted into the right to receive an amount in cash equal to the Common Stock Merger Consideration, divided by 14,000. Immediately prior to the REIT Merger Effective Time, TCO will issue a redemption notice and cause funds to be set aside to pay the redemption price for each share of Series J Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, no par value, of TCO (the TCO Series J Preferred Stock) and each share of Series K Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, no par value, of TCO (the TCO Series K Preferred Stock), at their respective liquidation preference of $25.00 plus all accumulated and unpaid dividends up to, but not including, the redemption date of such share (the Redemption).

In addition, at the REIT Merger Effective Time, (1) each outstanding restricted stock unit award of TCO (each, a TCO RSU) and each outstanding performance stock unit award (each, a TCO PSU) granted under the Taubman Stock Plans (defined as the Titanium Stock Plans in the Merger Agreement) that vest in accordance with its terms in connection with the closing of the Mergers will automatically convert into the right to receive the Common Stock Merger Consideration; (2) each outstanding TCO RSU and TCO PSU that is not eligible to vest in accordance with its terms at the REIT Merger Effective Time will be converted into a cash substitute award to be paid (A) with respect to any such award granted prior to 2020, in accordance with the same service-vesting schedule that applied to the original TCO RSU or TCO PSU award and (B) with respect to any such award granted in 2020, in accordance with the same vesting schedule (including performance-vesting conditions) that applied to the original TCO RSU or TCO PSU award; (3) each outstanding share of deferred TCO Common Stock (each, a TCO DSU) granted under the Taubman Stock Plans will be converted into the right to receive the Common Stock Merger Consideration, and (4) each dividend equivalent right granted in tandem with any TCO RSU or TCO PSU (each, a TCO DER) will be treated in the same manner as the outstanding TCO RSU or TCO PSU to which such TCO DER relates.

Finally, at the effective time of the Conversion, the Option Deferral Agreement will be deemed to be amended so that each Option Deferred Unit (as defined in the Merger Agreement) will represent the right to receive, following the Conversion, one Reorganized Taubman OP Unit (defined as a Reorganized Titanium OP Unit in the Merger Agreement), and will remain subject to all other terms and conditions of the Option Deferral Agreement.

Following the Mergers and the Conversion, the Simon Operating Partnership will own 100% of the outstanding equity of Surviving TCO, Surviving TCO will own 80% of the limited liability company interests of the Joint Venture, and the Taubman Family will own the remaining 20% (assuming, for purposes of this calculation, that Taubman OP Units issuable under the Option Deferral Agreement are outstanding interests of Surviving TRG) of the limited liability company interests of the Joint Venture. Surviving TCO and the Taubman Family will enter into an Operating Agreement (as defined below) with respect to the Joint Venture at the time of the Conversion in the form attached as Exhibit B to the Merger Agreement and described further below.

Conditions to the Merger

The consummation of the Mergers is subject to the approval of the REIT Merger by (1) the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of TCO Common Stock and TCO Series B Preferred Stock (voting together as a single class); (2) the holders of at least a majority of TCO Series B Preferred Stock; and (3) the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of TCO Common Stock and TCO Series B Preferred Stock (voting together as a single class and excluding the outstanding shares of TCO Common Stock and TCO Series B Preferred Stock owned of record or beneficially by the Taubman Family). In addition, the consummation of the Mergers is subject to certain other customary closing conditions, including, among others, the approval of the Partnership Merger by the partners holding at least a majority of the aggregate percentage interests in TRG (other than those held by TCO) (which approval has been obtained), the absence of certain legal impediments to the consummation of the Mergers, the absence of a Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement) with respect to TCO and material compliance by the Simon Parties and the Taubman Parties with their respective obligations under the Merger Agreement. The obligations of the parties to consummate the Mergers are not subject to any financing condition or the receipt of any financing by the Simon Parties.

Go-Shop; Non-Solicit

For the first 45 days following the signing of the Merger Agreement (the Go-Shop Period), TCO will be permitted to solicit, propose, encourage or facilitate competing bids and negotiate competing Acquisition Proposals (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (the Go-Shop Process), subject to certain information and matching rights of Simon. Subject to certain exceptions, at the conclusion of the Go-Shop Period, TCO has agreed not to (1) solicit, initiate or propose the making or submission of, or knowingly encourage or facilitate the making or submission of, any offer or proposal that constitutes or would reasonably be expected to lead to, an Acquisition Proposal; (2) furnish to any person access to the business, properties, assets, books, records or other non-public information, or to any personnel, of TCO or any of its subsidiaries, in any such case with the intent to induce the making or submission of, or to knowingly encourage, facilitate or assist, an Acquisition Proposal; (3) participate, facilitate or engage in discussions or negotiations with any person with respect to an Acquisition Proposal or any offer, proposal or inquiry that would reasonably be expected to lead to an Acquisition Proposal; (4) enter into any letter of intent, memorandum of understanding, agreement in principle, investment agreement, merger agreement, acquisition agreement or other contract relating to an Acquisition Transaction (as defined in the Merger Agreement) or that would reasonably be expected to lead to an Acquisition Proposal; or (5) reimburse or agree to reimburse the expenses of any other person in connection with an Acquisition Proposal or any inquiry, discussion, offer or request that would reasonably be expected to lead to an Acquisition Proposal.

Prior to the approval of the Merger Agreement by TCO’s shareholders, the Board of Directors of TCO (the TCO Board) may in certain circumstances effect a Taubman Board Recommendation Change (defined as a Titanium Board Recommendation Change in the Merger Agreement) and terminate the Merger Agreement in order to enter into a definitive agreement providing for a Superior Proposal (as defined in the Merger Agreement), subject to complying with certain notice and other specified conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, including payment to Simon of a termination fee (as described below).

Termination Fees

Upon a termination of the Merger Agreement, under certain circumstances, TRG will be required to pay Simon a termination fee of $46.6 million if such termination occurs during the Go-Shop Period (and for a limited period beyond the Go-Shop Period in certain cases, as described in the Merger Agreement) and $111.9 million if such termination occurs after the conclusion of the Go- Shop Period. The termination fee is payable if the Merger Agreement is terminated by TCO prior to the approval of the Merger Agreement by TCO’s shareholders to accept a Superior Proposal, as further described in the Merger Agreement. In addition, the termination fee is payable to Simon if Simon terminates the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances and subject to certain restrictions, including if the TCO Board effects a Taubman Board Recommendation Change. If (1) the Merger Agreement is terminated (A) by either TCO or Simon because the Mergers have not occurred by the end date described below or because TCO shareholder approval is not obtained at a shareholder meeting duly held for such purpose or (B) by Simon in respect of a breach of TCO’s covenants or agreements that would give rise to the failure of a closing condition that is incapable of being cured within the time periods prescribed by the Merger Agreement; (2) an alternative acquisition proposal has been made to TCO and publicly announced or otherwise disclosed and not withdrawn; and (3) within twelve months after termination of the Merger Agreement, TCO enters into a definitive agreement with respect to an alternative acquisition proposal (and subsequently consummates such transaction) or consummates a transaction with respect to an alternative acquisition proposal, TRG will pay Simon the termination fee.

Other Terms of the Merger Agreement

The Simon Parties and Taubman Parties each made certain customary representations, warranties and covenants in the Merger Agreement, including, among others, covenants by the Taubman Parties to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business in all material respects in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, subject to certain exceptions, and a covenant by Simon to maintain its REIT qualification, during the period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Mergers. Further, each party has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to obtain any necessary regulatory approvals, subject to Simon’s right to control the process of seeking such approvals and certain other limitations, including that Simon need not take any action that would be a Simon Burdensome Condition (as defined in the Merger Agreement) under the Merger Agreement and TCO need not take any action that would be a Taubman Burdensome Condition (as defined in the Merger Agreement) under the Merger Agreement. Further, the Simon Parties are not required to close prior to November 9, 2020 if a governmental investigation or proceeding is pending that, in Simon’s reasonable judgment, following consultation with TCO and the Taubman Family, would reasonably be expected to lead to a Simon Burdensome Condition.

TCO has also agreed to seek to obtain certain third party consents prior to the closing, and if such consents are not obtained or the need for such consents is not otherwise removed, the Simon Parties are not obligated to close until after July 9, 2020.

Joint Venture Agreement

Immediately following the Conversion, Surviving TCO and the Taubman Family will enter into an operating agreement with respect to the Joint Venture (the Operating Agreement) that will define the rights, duties, and responsibilities of Surviving TCO and the Taubman Family as members of the Joint Venture. At the time of the Conversion, Surviving TCO will hold 80% of the common units of the Joint Venture and the Taubman Family will hold the remaining 20%. Affiliates of Simon will also hold certain preferred units of the Joint Venture as consideration for providing the funds for the redemption of the TCO Series J Preferred Stock and the TCO Series K Preferred Stock, which preferred units will be on substantially the same terms as the TCO Series J Preferred Stock and the TCO Series K Preferred Stock.

Prior to the occurrence of certain specified termination events (including, but not limited to, the Taubman Family’s ownership falling below a specified threshold) (the Taubman Period), the operations of the Joint Venture and its subsidiaries will be managed by the Chief Executive Officer, Robert S. Taubman (or, if Robert S. Taubman ceases to be Chief Executive Officer, William S. Taubman or another Taubman Family appointee reasonably acceptable to Surviving TCO), subject to approval rights held by Surviving TCO over certain material matters, including, but not limited to, equity issuances, debt incurrences beyond certain agreed-upon exceptions, the annual budget (subject to certain procedures and exceptions), material litigation, affiliate transactions, and material contracts. In addition, for as long as Simon intends to qualify as a real estate investment trust, the Joint Venture is obligated to operate as if it were a real estate investment trust.

Following the end of the Taubman Period, the operations of the Joint Venture and its subsidiaries will be managed by a board of directors appointed by Surviving TCO, subject to a more limited set of approval rights held by the Taubman Family, subject to the Taubman Family maintaining certain minimum ownership thresholds.

The Joint Venture will be required to distribute to its members, on a monthly basis, in addition to certain other minimum requirements agreed to in the Operating Agreement, the greater of (1) 95% of the portion of the Joint Venture’s REIT taxable income attributable (directly or indirectly) to Surviving TCO, grossed up for all the members of the Joint Venture and (2) certain minimum distribution levels agreed by Surviving TCO and the Taubman Family.

Subject to customary exceptions, the Operating Agreement will restrict the Taubman Family from transferring its equity in the Joint Venture to third parties. Subject to customary exceptions, Surviving TCO will be restricted from transferring its equity in the Joint Venture to third parties until the earlier of the seventh anniversary of the Conversion and the end of the Taubman Period. The Taubman Family will have the right to exchange its equity interests for limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership or cash or a combination of such units and cash (at the Taubman Family’s election) based on specified valuation methods at the following times and in the following amounts:

•

Between the second and third anniversaries of the Conversion (i.e., between 24 to 36 months thereafter): One-time exchange of 100% of the Taubman Family’s equity in the Joint Venture. Surviving TCO will have the option to modify the consideration for such exchange to be 50% in limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership and 50% in cash. Surviving TCO will also have the option to cause the exchange of half of the equity interests subject to such exchange to close on a delayed basis, within one year of the initial closing, for the same value and consideration mix.


•	After the second anniversary of the Conversion: Up to 20% of the Taubman Family’s initial equity in the Joint Venture may be exchanged following the second anniversary, 40% following the third anniversary, 60% following the fourth anniversary, 80% following the fifth anniversary and 100% following the sixth anniversary and thereafter.


•	In each case, an exchange must be for no less than a number of equity interests equal to 10% of the common units of the Joint Venture owned by the Taubman Family as of the effective time of the Conversion or the Taubman Family’s entire remaining equity stake, if smaller.

The Taubman Family will agree to vote any limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership it acquires pursuant to any such exchanges as directed by the Simon family designee under the limited partnership agreement of the Simon Operating Partnership, subject to certain exceptions.

The Taubman Family will have customary registration rights with respect to any common shares of Simon it may receive upon redemption or exchange of any limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership received pursuant to such exchanges.

Under certain circumstances, Surviving TCO will have the right to cause the Taubman Family to exchange 100% of its equity interests in the Joint Venture for limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership or cash or a combination of such units and cash (at Surviving TCO’s election), pursuant to the same pricing mechanics as the Taubman Family’s elective exchanges. The Taubman Family will have the option to modify the consideration for such exchange to be 50% in limited partnership units in the Simon Operating Partnership and 50% in cash.

Certain members of the Taubman Family involved in the management of the Joint Venture will agree to customary non-competition obligations until such time as the Taubman Family no longer owns 2% of the common units in the Joint Venture and for one year thereafter.

Prior to the Taubman Family’s ownership falling below a specified threshold, subject to certain exceptions, business opportunities first identified by the Joint Venture will belong to the Joint Venture and Surviving TCO will agree not to pursue such business opportunities outside of the Joint Venture without the consent of the Taubman Family.

The foregoing description of the Operating Agreement does not purport to be complete, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Operating Agreement, which is attached as Exhibit B to the Merger Agreement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts [Abstract]

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Schedule II

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017

(in thousands)



			Additions
	Balance at beginning of year		Charged to costs and expenses		Charged to other accounts	Write-offs			Transfers, net	Balance at end of year
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Allowance for doubtful receivables	$	10,237	$	3,728		$	(3,605	)		$	10,360	⁽¹⁾
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Allowance for doubtful receivables	$	4,311	$	11,025		$	(5,099	)		$	10,237

(1)

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842 ("Leases") on January 1, 2019. we now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant’s historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balances of our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Refer to "Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Changes in Accounting Policies - Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues" in the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our adoption of ASC Topic 842 related accounts receivable and uncollectible tenant revenues.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Disclosure [Abstract]

Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

Schedule III

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2019

(in thousands)



	Initial Cost to Company							Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
	Land		Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment			Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition		Land		BI&E		Total			Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)			Total Cost Net of A/D		Encumbrances		Year Opened / Expanded	Year Acquired	Depreciable Life
Shopping Centers:
Beverly Center Los Angeles, CA			$	200,902		$	472,892			$	673,794	$	673,794		$	208,109		$	465,685			1982		40 years
Cherry Creek Shopping Center Denver, CO			99,087			261,221				360,308		360,308			191,539			168,769		$	550,000	1990 / 1998 / 2015		40 years
City Creek Shopping Center Salt Lake City, UT			75,229			7,016				82,245		82,245			21,957			60,288		75,359		2012		30 years
Dolphin Mall, Miami, FL	$	34,881	222,301			134,603		$	34,881	356,904		391,785			149,059			242,726				2001 / 2007 / 2015		50 years
The Gardens on El Paseo Palm Desert, CA	23,500		131,858			14,365		23,500		146,223		169,723			33,386			136,337				1998 / 2010	2011	48 years
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets Auburn Hills, MI	15,506		188,773			77,840		15,506		266,613		282,119			140,261			141,858		193,515		1998		50 years
The Mall at Green Hills Nashville, TN	48,551		332,261			237,314		48,551		569,575		618,126			98,115			520,011		150,000		1955 / 2011 / 2019	2011	40 years
International Market Place Honolulu, HI			539,924			14,007				553,931		553,931			101,235			452,696		250,000		2016		50 years
The Mall of San Juan San Juan, PR	17,617		476,742			21,183		17,617		497,925		515,542			91,654			423,888				2015		50 years
The Mall at Short Hills Short Hills, NJ	25,114		167,595			271,485		25,114		439,080		464,194			220,912			243,282		1,000,000		1980 / 1994 / 1995 / 2011		40 years
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield Chesterfield, MO	16,079		3,697		(1)			16,079		3,697		19,776					(1)	19,776				2013		50 years
Twelve Oaks Mall Novi, MI	25,410		190,455			108,500		25,410		298,955		324,365			188,181			136,184		292,311		1977 / 1978 / 2007 / 2008		50 years

Other:
Office Facilities	5,123		12,519			51,564		5,123		64,083		69,206			29,201			40,005		12,000			2014	35 years
Peripheral Land	16,994							16,994				16,994						16,994
Construction in Process and Development - pre-construction costs	8,058					94,796		8,058		94,796		102,854						102,854
Assets under CDD Obligations	3,969		58,512			1,889		3,969		60,401		64,370			38,133			26,237
Other			21,729							21,729		21,729			3,249			18,480
Total	$	240,802	$	2,721,584		$	1,768,675	$	240,802	$	4,490,259	$	4,731,061	₍₂₎	$	1,514,992		$	3,216,069

Schedule III

The changes in total real estate assets and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 are as follows:

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2019

(in thousands)



	Total Real Estate Assets											Accumulated Depreciation
	2019				2018			2017				2019				2018			2017
Balance, beginning of year	$	4,717,569			$	4,461,045		$	4,173,954		Balance, beginning of year	$	(1,404,692	)		$	(1,276,916	)	$	(1,147,390	)
New development and improvements	172,027				306,032			320,977			Depreciation	(172,960		)		(155,133		)	(161,091		)
Disposals/Write-offs	(158,535		)	₍₁₎	(49,508		)	(33,886		)	Disposals/Write-offs	62,661			₍₁₎	27,357			31,565
Balance, end of year	$	4,731,061			$	4,717,569		$	4,461,045		Balance, end of year	$	(1,514,992	)		$	(1,404,692	)	$	(1,276,916	)

(1)

In May 2018, we closed on a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield, and all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG). We have deferred recognition of a sale until our termination right is no longer available, with the right ceasing upon TSG commencing construction of a redevelopment. TSG has made significant progress on its redevelopment plans and the commencement of construction is probable within the year, leading to an expected sale of the property in 2020. Accordingly, the center was classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2019 and an impairment charge of $72.2 million was recognized in the fourth quarter, which reduced the book value of the buildings, improvements, and equipment that were transferred to zero. As a result of the impairment, the related accumulated depreciation was set to zero.

(2) The unaudited aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2019 was $5.176 billion.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Business Description and Basis of Presentation [Text Block]

Organization and Basis of Presentation

General

Taubman Centers, Inc. (TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (TRG), which owns direct or indirect interests in all of our real estate properties. In this report, the terms "we", "us", and "our" refers to TCO, TRG, and/or TRG's subsidiaries as the context may require. We own, manage, lease, acquire, dispose of, develop, and expand retail shopping centers and interests therein. Our owned portfolio as of December 31, 2019 included 24 urban and suburban shopping centers operating in 11 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and China. The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) provides certain management and administrative services for us and for our U.S. properties.

The Consolidated Businesses consist of shopping centers and entities that are controlled, through ownership or contractual agreements, by TRG, the Manager, or Taubman Properties Asia, LLC and its subsidiaries (Taubman Asia). Shopping centers owned through joint ventures that are not controlled by us but over which we have significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method.

In May 2018, we entered into a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield, and all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG). TSG leases the land from us through a long-term, participating ground lease. We have the right to terminate the ground lease in the event that a redevelopment has not begun within five years, with the buildings and improvements reverting to us upon such a termination. We have deferred recognition of a sale until our termination right is no longer available, with the right ceasing upon TSG commencing construction of a redevelopment. TSG has made significant progress on its redevelopment plans and the commencement of construction is probable within the year, leading to an expected sale of the property in 2020. Accordingly, the center was classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2019 and an impairment charge of $72.2 million was recognized in the fourth quarter, which reduced the book value of the buildings, improvements, and equipment that were transferred to zero. The shopping center has been excluded from our owned shopping center portfolio disclosure above.

Dollar amounts presented in tables within the notes to the financial statements are stated in thousands, except share data or as otherwise noted.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of TCO include all accounts of TCO, TRG, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including the Manager and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

In determining the method of accounting for partially owned joint ventures, we evaluate the characteristics of associated entities and determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE), and, if so, determine whether we are the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity's significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the nature of the entity's operations, the entity's financing and capital structure, and contractual relationship and terms, including consideration of governance and decision making rights. We consolidate a VIE when we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. All of our consolidated joint ventures, including TRG, meet the definition and criteria as VIEs, as either we or an affiliate of ours is the primary beneficiary of each VIE.

TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in TRG and, consequently, substantially all of TCO's consolidated assets and liabilities are assets and liabilities of TRG. All of TCO's debt (Note 8) is an obligation of TRG or our consolidated subsidiaries. Note 8 also provides disclosure of guarantees provided by TRG to certain consolidated joint ventures. Note 9 provides additional disclosures of the carrying balance of the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated joint ventures and other information, including a description of certain rights of the noncontrolling owners.

Investments in UJVs are accounted for under the equity method. We have evaluated our investments in the UJVs under guidance for determining whether an entity is a VIE and have concluded that the ventures are not VIEs. Accordingly, we account for our interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). Our partners or other owners in these UJVs have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and we have concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, our 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property. We provide our beneficial interest in certain financial information of our UJVs (Notes 5 and 8). This beneficial information is derived as our ownership interest in the investee multiplied by the specific financial statement item being presented. Investors are cautioned that deriving our beneficial interest in this manner may not accurately depict the legal and economic implications of holding a noncontrolling interest in the investee.

TRG

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, TRG's equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the TRG unitholders. Net income and distributions of TRG are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in TRG in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by TCO and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of TRG and TCO's ownership therein are shown below:



Year	TRG Units outstanding at December 31	TRG Units owned by TCO at December 31⁽¹⁾	TRG Units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31	TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31	TCO's average interest % in TRG
2019	87,644,651	61,228,579	26,416,072	70%	70%
2018	85,946,862	61,069,108	24,877,754	71	71
2017	85,788,252	60,832,918	24,955,334	71	71


(1)	There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG Units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.

Outstanding voting securities of TCO at December 31, 2019 consisted of 26,398,473 shares of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Shares) (Note 14) and 61,228,579 shares of common stock.

The remaining approximate 30% of TRG Units are owned by TRG’s partners other than TCO, including Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, Gayle Taubman Kalisman, and the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (Taubman Family).

Consolidation, policy

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of TCO include all accounts of TCO, TRG, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including the Manager and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

In determining the method of accounting for partially owned joint ventures, we evaluate the characteristics of associated entities and determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE), and, if so, determine whether we are the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity's significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the nature of the entity's operations, the entity's financing and capital structure, and contractual relationship and terms, including consideration of governance and decision making rights. We consolidate a VIE when we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. All of our consolidated joint ventures, including TRG, meet the definition and criteria as VIEs, as either we or an affiliate of ours is the primary beneficiary of each VIE.

TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in TRG and, consequently, substantially all of TCO's consolidated assets and liabilities are assets and liabilities of TRG. All of TCO's debt (Note 8) is an obligation of TRG or our consolidated subsidiaries. Note 8 also provides disclosure of guarantees provided by TRG to certain consolidated joint ventures. Note 9 provides additional disclosures of the carrying balance of the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated joint ventures and other information, including a description of certain rights of the noncontrolling owners.

Investments in UJVs are accounted for under the equity method. We have evaluated our investments in the UJVs under guidance for determining whether an entity is a VIE and have concluded that the ventures are not VIEs. Accordingly, we account for our interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). Our partners or other owners in these UJVs have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and we have concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, our 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property. We provide our beneficial interest in certain financial information of our UJVs (Notes 5 and 8). This beneficial information is derived as our ownership interest in the investee multiplied by the specific financial statement item being presented. Investors are cautioned that deriving our beneficial interest in this manner may not accurately depict the legal and economic implications of holding a noncontrolling interest in the investee.

Operating Partnership Ownership [Table Text Block]

TRG

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, TRG's equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the TRG unitholders. Net income and distributions of TRG are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in TRG in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by TCO and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of TRG and TCO's ownership therein are shown below:



Year	TRG Units outstanding at December 31	TRG Units owned by TCO at December 31⁽¹⁾	TRG Units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31	TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31	TCO's average interest % in TRG
2019	87,644,651	61,228,579	26,416,072	70%	70%
2018	85,946,862	61,069,108	24,877,754	71	71
2017	85,788,252	60,832,918	24,955,334	71	71


(1)	There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG Units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.

Outstanding voting securities of TCO at December 31, 2019 consisted of 26,398,473 shares of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Shares) (Note 14) and 61,228,579 shares of common stock.

The remaining approximate 30% of TRG Units are owned by TRG’s partners other than TCO, including Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, Gayle Taubman Kalisman, and the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (Taubman Family).

Revenue [Policy Text Block]

Revenue Recognition

General

Shopping center space is generally leased to tenants under short and intermediate term leases that are accounted for as operating leases. Rental revenues are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease terms, unless specific tenant circumstances indicate that the revenue should be recorded on a cash basis. For traditional net leases, where tenants reimburse the landlord for an allocation of reimbursable costs incurred, we recognize revenue in the period the applicable costs are chargeable to tenants. Overage rent is accrued when lessees' specified sales targets have been met (Note 11).

Disaggregation of Revenue

The nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of individual types of revenues may be affected differently by economic factors. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", we are required to disclose a disaggregation of our revenues derived from contracts with customers that considers economic differences between revenue types. The following table summarizes our disaggregation of consolidated revenues for this purpose.



	Year Ended December 31
	2019		2018		2017
Expense recoveries⁽¹⁾			$	205,514	$	211,625
Shopping center and other operational revenues ⁽²⁾	$	55,243	48,434		40,902
Management, leasing, and development services	4,846		3,271		4,383
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	60,089	$	257,219	$	256,910


(1)	Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries have been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

(2)

Represents consolidated Other revenue reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) excluding lease cancellation income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Pursuant to the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, lease cancellation income is now presented in Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Nature of Services and Performance Obligations

Expense recoveries revenue represented reimbursements from mall tenants for (1) services performed by us to the benefit of all mall tenants and the property as a whole for common area maintenance, (2) insurance, property taxes, and utilities, and (3) promotion and other miscellaneous charges. Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries have been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

Shopping center and other operational revenues represent a collection of non-core revenue streams that are generated through the course of owning and operating a shopping center, including sponsorship, parking, and storage income, as well as revenues from food and beverage operations. The contracts for these revenue streams are predominately short-term in nature and individually do not contain more than one performance obligation. In addition, we record revenue for property services fees billed for the management of our Asia centers, which represents one performance obligation. We satisfy our performance obligations related to shopping center and other operational revenues either over time or at a point in time, depending on the specific nature of the revenue generating activity. For performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time, including food and beverage and parking income, the control of the good or service is immediately transferred to the customer upon completion of the performance obligation. Payment terms related to shopping center and other operational revenues vary depending on the nature of the agreement, however, payment is generally due directly upon the satisfaction of the related performance obligation.

Management, leasing, and development services revenue represents income from various services performed by us for our third party customers, as provided for under management agreements. These services typically generate fees that are based on operating results of the shopping centers, the execution and opening of mall tenants, and/or the successful completion of other agreed-upon services. As each management agreement provides for a variety of services, significant judgment is required to identify multiple performance obligations. The standalone selling price of each performance obligation is determined based on the terms of the management agreement and the specific services being rendered. Each performance obligation is considered to be satisfied over time as services are rendered. The related revenue is recognized upon billing, as the amounts invoiced generally correspond directly with the value the customer is receiving from the services. Customers are invoiced on a quarterly basis and payment is generally due within 30 days of each calendar quarter.

Information about Contract Balances and Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

Contract assets exist when we have a right to payment for services rendered that remains conditional on factors other than the passage of time. Similarly, contract liabilities are incurred when customers prepay for services to be rendered. Certain revenue streams within shopping center and other operational revenues may give rise to contract assets and liabilities. However, these revenue streams are generally short-term in nature and the difference between revenue recognition and cash collection, although variable, does not differ significantly from period to period. As of December 31, 2019, we had an inconsequential amount of contract assets and liabilities.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that were unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of December 31, 2019 were inconsequential.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Depreciation and Amortization

Buildings, improvements, and equipment are primarily depreciated on straight-line bases over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 50 years. Capital expenditures that are recoverable from tenants are generally depreciated over the estimated recovery period. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Tenant allowances are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. Deferred leasing costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. In the event of early termination of such leases, the unrecoverable net book values of the assets are recognized as depreciation and amortization expense in the period of termination.

Capitalization

Direct and indirect costs that are clearly related to the acquisition, development, construction, and improvement of properties are capitalized. Compensation costs are allocated based on actual time spent on a project. Costs incurred on real estate for ground leases, property taxes, insurance, and interest costs for qualifying assets are capitalized during periods in which activities necessary to get the property ready for its intended use are in progress.

The viability of all projects under construction or development, including those owned by UJVs, are regularly evaluated on an individual basis under the accounting for abandonment of assets or changes in use. To the extent a project, or individual components of the project, are no longer considered to have value, the related capitalized costs are charged against operations. Additionally, all properties are reviewed for impairment on an individual basis whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as changes in expected holding periods, indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of a shopping center owned by consolidated entities is recognized when the sum of expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying value of the property. Other than temporary impairment of an investment in an UJV is recognized when the carrying value of the investment is not considered recoverable based on evaluation of the severity and duration of the decline in value, including the results of discounted cash flow and other valuation techniques. To the extent impairment has occurred, the excess carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value is charged to income. In the fourth quarter of December 31, 2019, we recognized $72.2 million as an Impairment Charge on Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and our beneficial share of an impairment charge of $18.0 million on Stamford Town Center in Equity in Income of UJVs on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Note 5). No impairment charges were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018 or 2017.

In leasing a shopping center space, we may provide funding to the lessee through a tenant allowance. In accounting for a tenant allowance, we determine whether the allowance represents funding for the construction of leasehold improvements and evaluate the ownership, for accounting purposes, of such improvements. If we are considered the owner of the leasehold improvements for accounting purposes, we capitalize the amount of the tenant allowance and depreciate it over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. If the tenant allowance represents a payment for a purpose other than funding leasehold improvements, or in the event we are not considered the owner of the improvements for accounting purposes, the allowance is considered to be a lease incentive and is recognized over the lease term as a reduction of rental revenue. Factors considered during this evaluation usually include (1) who holds legal title to the improvements, (2) evidentiary requirements concerning the spending of the tenant allowance, and (3) other controlling rights provided by the lease agreement (e.g. unilateral control of the tenant space during the build-out process). Determination of the accounting for a tenant allowance is made on a case-by-case basis, considering the facts and circumstances of the individual tenant lease. Substantially all of our tenant allowances have been determined to be leasehold improvements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase. We deposit cash and cash equivalents with institutions with high credit quality. From time to time, cash and cash equivalents may be in excess of FDIC insurance limits. Substantially all cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2019 were not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency and were invested across nine separate financial institutions as of December 31, 2019. Included in restricted cash is $0.4 million at December 31, 2019 on deposit in excess of the FDIC insured limit.

Business Combinations Policy [Policy Text Block]

Acquisitions

We recognize the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The cost of acquiring a controlling ownership interest or an additional ownership interest (if not already consolidated) is allocated to the tangible assets acquired (such as land and building) and to any identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair value of a property is determined on an "as-if-vacant" basis. Management considers various factors in estimating the "as-if-vacant" value including an estimated lease up period, lost rents, and carrying costs. The identifiable intangible assets would include the estimated value of "in-place" leases, above and below market "in-place" leases, and tenant relationships. The portion of the purchase price that management determines should be allocated to identifiable intangible assets is amortized in depreciation and amortization or as an adjustment to rental revenue, as appropriate, over the estimated life of the associated intangible asset (for instance, the remaining life of the associated tenant lease). We account for the acquisition of shopping centers as asset acquisitions, and as such, costs related to the acquisition of controlling and non-controlling interests, including due diligence costs, professional fees, and other costs related to the acquisition, are capitalized

Deferred Charges, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Deferred Charges and Other Assets

Direct costs related to successful leasing activities are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. Cash expenditures for leasing costs are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as operating activities. Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with our revolving lines of credit are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method. All other deferred charges are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the agreements to which they relate.

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

Share-Based Compensation Plans

The cost of share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized over the requisite employee service period which is generally the vesting period of the grant. We recognize compensation costs for awards with graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards. We recognize compensation costs for awards with net operating income performance conditions based on the grant date fair value of the award that coincides with the expected outcome of the condition, as updated for actual results (Note 13).

Derivatives, Methods of Accounting, Hedging Derivatives [Policy Text Block]

Interest Rate Hedging Agreements

All derivatives, whether designated in hedging relationships or not, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, all changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and are recognized in the income statement when the hedged item affects income (Note 10).

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions. We assess, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items.

Commitments and Contingencies, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Insurance Accounting

We carry liability insurance to mitigate our exposure to certain losses, including those relating to property damage and business interruption. We record the estimated amount of expected insurance proceeds for property damage and other losses incurred as an asset (typically a receivable from the insurer) and income up to the amount of the losses incurred when receipt of insurance proceeds is deemed probable. Any amount of insurance recovery in excess of the amount of the losses incurred is considered a gain contingency and is not recorded until the proceeds are received. Insurance recoveries for business interruption for lost revenue or profit are accounted for as gain contingencies in their entirety, and therefore are not recorded in income until the proceeds are received.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we recorded insurance proceeds related to reimbursement of expenses and property damage incurred at The Mall of San Juan as a result of Hurricane Maria (Note 15).

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

We operate in such a manner as to qualify as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, to our shareholders and meet certain other requirements. As a REIT, we are entitled to a dividends paid deduction for the dividends we pay to our shareholders. Therefore, we will generally not be subject to federal income taxes under current Federal income tax law as long as we currently distribute to our shareholders an amount equal to or in excess of our taxable income. REIT qualification reduces but does not eliminate the amount of state and local taxes paid by us. In addition, a REIT may be subject to certain excise taxes if it engages in certain activities.

No provision for federal income taxes for consolidated partnerships has been made; as such taxes are the responsibility of the individual partners under current Federal income tax law. There are certain state income taxes incurred which are provided for in our financial statements.

We have made Taxable REIT Subsidiary (TRS) elections for all of our subsidiaries that are treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes pursuant to section 856 (I) of the Internal Revenue Code. The TRSs are subject to corporate level income taxes, including federal, state, and certain foreign income taxes for foreign operations, which are provided for in our financial statements.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the bases of such assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the amount where realization is more likely than not assured after considering all available evidence, including expected taxable earnings. Our temporary differences primarily relate to deferred compensation, depreciation, and net operating loss carryforwards.

In connection with the revised 21% Federal corporate income tax rate under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (2017 Tax Act), we adjusted our net Federal deferred tax asset to reflect the change in tax rate (Note 3). Future changes to tax laws could affect the taxation of the REIT, partnerships and Taxable REIT subsidiaries, possibly having a significant impact on the current and deferred income taxes of TCO.

Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities or Restructurings, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Severance Plans and Restructuring Charges

We have severance plans in place for certain employees, which we account for as a post-employment benefit. We recognize a liability and expense when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits under the severance plans and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

We have been undergoing a restructuring to reduce our workforce and reorganize various areas of the organization in response to the completion of another major development cycle and the current near-term challenges facing the U.S. mall industry. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we incurred restructuring charges of $3.5 million, $0.6 million, and $13.8 million, respectively. These expenses have been separately classified as Restructuring Charges on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2019, $0.2 million of the restructuring costs recognized during 2019 were unpaid and remained accrued.

Costs Associated with Shareowner Activism [Policy Text Block]

Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we incurred $17.3 million, $12.5 million, and $14.5 million, respectively, of expense associated with activities related to shareholder activism, largely legal and advisory services. Expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $5.0 million pursuant to an agreement with Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC (Land & Buildings) for a reimbursement of a portion of the billed fees and expenses incurred by Land & Buildings and its affiliated funds in connection with Land & Buildings' activist involvement with TCO and the service on our Board of Directors of its founder and Chief Investment Officer, Jonathan Litt. The reimbursement represented a related party transaction. We received written certification from Land & Buildings that the actual billed fees and expenses as of the payment date exceeded $5.0 million.

Also included in the activism costs was a retention program for certain employees. Given the uncertainties associated with shareholder activism and to ensure the retention of top talent in key positions within TCO, certain key employees were provided certain incentive benefits in the form of cash and/or equity retention awards. We and our Board of Directors believed these benefits were instrumental in ensuring the continued success of TCO during the retention period. Due to the unusual and infrequent nature of these expenses in our history, they have been separately classified as Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2019, all incentive benefits under the retention awards had vested.

Noncontrolling Interests [Policy Text Block]

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests in TCO are comprised of the ownership interests of (1) noncontrolling interests in TRG and (2) the noncontrolling interests in joint ventures controlled by us through ownership or contractual arrangements. Consolidated net income and comprehensive income includes amounts attributable to us and the noncontrolling interests. Transactions that change our ownership interest in a subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions if we retain our controlling financial interest in the subsidiary.

We evaluate whether noncontrolling interests are subject to any redemption features outside of our control that would result in presentation outside of permanent equity pursuant to general accounting standards regarding the classification and measurement of redeemable equity instruments. Certain noncontrolling interests in TRG and consolidated ventures of TCO qualify as redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9). To the extent such noncontrolling interests are currently redeemable or it is probable that they will eventually become redeemable, these interests are adjusted to the greater of their redemption value or their carrying value at each balance sheet date

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Policy Text Block]

Foreign Currency Translation

We have certain entities in Asia for which the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of the entities are translated from their functional currency into U.S. Dollars at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date. Income statement accounts are generally translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Income statement amounts of significant transactions are translated at the rate in effect as of the date of the transaction. Our share of unrealized gains and losses resulting from the translation of the entities' financial statements are reflected in shareholders' equity as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheet (Note 19).

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Segment Reporting Disclosure [Text Block]

Segments and Related Disclosures

We have one reportable operating segment: we own, develop, and manage shopping centers. We have aggregated our shopping centers into this one reportable segment, as the shopping centers share similar economic characteristics and other similarities. The shopping centers are located in major metropolitan areas, have similar tenants, are operated using consistent business strategies, and are expected to exhibit similar long-term financial performance. Net Operating Income (NOI) is often used by our chief operating decision makers in assessing segment operating performance. NOI is believed to be a useful indicator of operating performance as it is customary in the real estate and shopping center business to evaluate the performance of properties on a basis unaffected by capital structure.

No single retail company represents 5% or more of our revenues. Our consolidated revenues and assets do not have any material amounts derived from countries other than the United States, as our investments in Asia are in UJVs that are accounted for under the equity method.

Management's Responsibility to Evaluate Going Concern [Policy Text Block]

Management's Responsibility to Evaluate TCO's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

When preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management has the responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. No such conditions or events were identified as of the issuance date of the financial statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Operating Partnership Ownership [Table Text Block]

TRG

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, TRG's equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the TRG unitholders. Net income and distributions of TRG are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in TRG in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by TCO and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of TRG and TCO's ownership therein are shown below:



Year	TRG Units outstanding at December 31	TRG Units owned by TCO at December 31⁽¹⁾	TRG Units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31	TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31	TCO's average interest % in TRG
2019	87,644,651	61,228,579	26,416,072	70%	70%
2018	85,946,862	61,069,108	24,877,754	71	71
2017	85,788,252	60,832,918	24,955,334	71	71


(1)	There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG Units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.

Outstanding voting securities of TCO at December 31, 2019 consisted of 26,398,473 shares of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Shares) (Note 14) and 61,228,579 shares of common stock.

The remaining approximate 30% of TRG Units are owned by TRG’s partners other than TCO, including Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, Gayle Taubman Kalisman, and the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (Taubman Family).

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income tax expense (benefit)

Our income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 consisted of the following:



	2019			2018			2017
Federal current	$	56		$	(373	)	$	(2,509	)
Federal deferred	1,724			(1,057		)	1,632			⁽¹⁾
Foreign current	1,775		⁽²⁾	1,160			849
Foreign deferred	2,518		⁽³⁾	307			158
State current	62			(128		)	(208		)
State deferred	197			(140		)	183
Total income tax (benefit) expense	$	6,332		$	(231	)	$	105


(1)	Reflects $0.3 million of expense related to the restatement of the net Federal deferred tax asset at December 31, 2017 at the revised 21% Federal corporate income tax rate under the 2017 Tax Act.


(2)	During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $0.9 million of foreign current income tax expense (22% tax rate) related to a promote fee paid by our previous institutional partner in Starfield Hanam (Note 5).

(3)

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $2.8 million of foreign deferred tax expense (10% tax rate) as we are no longer able to assert indefinite reinvestment in our China assets due to our sale of 50% of our interest in CityOn.Zhengzhou and pending sale of 50% of our interest in CityOn.Xi'an to funds managed by Blackstone (Note 2). The tax expense is related to an excess of the Investments in the UJVs under GAAP accounting over the tax basis of our investments.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:



	2019				2018
Deferred tax assets:
Federal	$	4,385		⁽¹⁾	$	5,662		⁽²⁾
Foreign	2,020				1,655
State	1,388				807
Total deferred tax assets	$	7,793			$	8,124
Valuation allowances	(2,761		)	⁽³⁾	(1,744		)	⁽⁴⁾
Net deferred tax assets	$	5,032			$	6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Foreign⁽⁵⁾	$	4,449			$	2,454
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	4,449			$	2,454


(1)	Includes a $4.4 million Federal investment tax credit carryforward.


(2)	Includes a $3.6 million Federal investment tax credit carryforward.

(3)

Includes a $1.7 million valuation allowance against Foreign deferred tax assets, and a $1.1 million valuation allowance against State deferred tax assets. The foreign increase in the valuation allowance is primarily due to an unrecognized 2019 net operating loss at one of our China service entities. The increase in the state valuation allowance is due to an unrecognized 2019 Tennessee net operating loss.


(4)	Includes a $1.2 million valuation allowance against Foreign deferred tax assets, and a $0.5 million valuation allowance against State deferred tax assets.

(5)

The foreign deferred tax liability relates to shareholder level withholding taxes from Korea and China on undistributed profi

Tax Status of Dividends, Common Stock [Table Text Block]



Year	Dividends per common share declared		Return of capital		Ordinary income		Long-term capital gain		Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
2019	$	2.7000	$	—	$	1.2937	$	1.4063	$	—
2018	2.6200		1.1167		1.4766		0.0263		0.0004
2017	2.5000		0.4775		1.3927		0.4397		0.1901

Tax Status of Dividends, Series J [Table Text Block]



Year	Dividends per Series J Preferred share declared		Ordinary income		Long-term capital gain		Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
2019	$	1.6250	$	0.7786	$	0.8464	$	—
2018	1.6250		1.5961		0.0284		0.0005
2017	1.6250		1.0505		0.4011		0.1734

Tax Status of Dividends, Series K [Table Text Block]



Year	Dividends per Series K Preferred share declared		Ordinary income		Long-term capital gain		Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
2019	$	1.5625	$	0.7487	$	0.8138	$	—
2018	1.5625		1.5347		0.0273		0.0005
2017	1.5625		1.0101		0.3857		0.1667

Properties (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Real Estate Properties [Table Text Block]

Properties at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:



	2019			2018
Land	$	232,744		$	233,301
Buildings, improvements, and equipment	4,395,463			4,342,664
Construction in process and pre-development costs	102,854			141,604
	$	4,731,061		$	4,717,569
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,514,992		)	(1,404,692		)
	$	3,216,069		$	3,312,877

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Beneficial Interests In Joint Ventures



Shopping Center		Ownership as of December 31, 2019 and 2018
CityOn.Xi'an ⁽¹⁾		50%
CityOn.Zhengzhou ⁽¹⁾		24.5/49
Country Club Plaza		50
Fair Oaks Mall		50
The Gardens Mall ⁽²⁾		48.5/0
International Plaza		50.1
The Mall at Millenia		50
Stamford Town Center		50
Starfield Anseong (under development)		Note 2
Starfield Hanam ⁽¹⁾		17.15/34.3
Sunvalley		50
The Mall at University Town Center		50
Waterside Shops		50
Westfarms		79


(1)	We entered into agreements to sell half of our ownership interest in CityOn.Xi'an, CityOn.Zhengzhou, and Starfield Hanam in February 2019. In September 2019 and December 2019, we completed the sales of 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam and CityOn.Zhengzhou, respectively. CityOn.Xi'an is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2020 (Note 2).

(2)

In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Text Block



	December 31 2019			December 31 2018
Assets:
Properties	$	3,816,923		$	3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(942,840		)	(869,375		)
	$	2,874,083		$	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	201,501			161,311
Accounts and notes receivable ⁽¹⁾	122,569			131,767
Operating lease right-of-use assets ⁽¹⁾	11,521
Deferred charges and other assets	178,708			140,444
	$	3,388,382		$	3,292,993

Liabilities and accumulated equity (deficiency) in assets:
Notes payable, net	$	3,049,737		$	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	341,263			426,358
Operating lease liabilities ⁽¹⁾	13,274
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets ⁽¹⁾	(212,380		)	(49,465		)
UJV Partners' accumulated equity in assets ⁽¹⁾	196,488			100,483
	$	3,388,382		$	3,292,993

TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)	$	(212,380	)	$	(49,465	)
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	209,024			140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit ⁽²⁾	329,673			57,360
TCO's additional basis	32,625			47,178
Net investment in UJVs	$	358,942		$	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of UJVs	473,053			477,800
Investment in UJVs	$	831,995		$	673,616

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" on January 1, 2019, we valued our operating lease obligations and recorded operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases.

(2) The increase in basis adjustments is primarily due to the gains on remeasurements of ownership interests in UJVs (Note 2).



	Year Ended December 31
	2019			2018			2017
Revenues ⁽¹⁾	$	620,513		$	601,272		$	586,499
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses	$	226,014		$	211,285		$	218,004
Impairment charge	6,154
Interest expense	139,756			132,669			130,339
Depreciation and amortization	131,223			131,884			127,625
Total operating costs	$	503,147		$	475,838		$	475,968
Nonoperating income, net	2,870			1,923			2,894
Income tax expense	(8,541		)	(5,935		)	(5,226		)
Gain on disposition, net of tax ⁽²⁾							3,713
Net income	$	111,695		$	121,422		$	111,912

Net income attributable to TRG	$	58,020		$	62,964		$	59,994
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments ⁽³⁾	5,698			8,386			9,326
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis	(1,946		)	(1,946		)	(1,946		)
Impairment of TCO's additional basis	(12,606		)
Equity in income of UJVs	$	49,166		$	69,404		$	67,374

Beneficial interest in UJVs’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses ⁽³⁾	$	212,057		$	209,423		$	202,332
Impairment charge	(17,951		)
Interest expense	(69,749		)	(68,225		)	(67,283		)
Depreciation and amortization	(71,583		)	(68,894		)	(66,933		)
Income tax expense	(3,608		)	(2,900		)	(2,825		)
Gain on disposition, net of tax ⁽¹⁾							2,083
Equity in income of UJVs	$	49,166		$	69,404		$	67,374

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", uncollectible tenant revenues are now recorded in Rental Revenues (Note 11).

(2) Amount represents the gain related to the sale of the Valencia Place office tower at Country Club Plaza in March 2017 (Note 2).

(3) In addition to the disposition of 50% of our ownership interest in Starfield Hanam, in September 2019, Blackstone also purchased the 14.7% interest in Starfield Hanam that was previously owned by our institutional joint venture partner. Our previous partnership agreement provided for a promote fee due to Taubman Asia upon the institutional partner's exit from the partnership based on performance measures under the prior agreement, which resulted in the recognition of a $4.8 million promote fee during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Accounts and Notes Receivable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Table Text Block]

Accounts and notes receivable at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:



	2019		2018
Trade	$	39,575	$	46,292
Notes	2,342		3,172
Straight-line rent and recoveries	53,499		38,626
	$	95,416	$	88,090
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts ⁽¹⁾			(10,360		)
	$	95,416	$	77,730

(1) As a result of the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off (Note 1).

Deferred Charges Other Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Deferred Charges and Other Assets [Abstract]

Deferred Charges and Other Assets [Table Text Block]

Deferred charges and other assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:



	2019			2018
Leasing costs	$	59,552		$	52,507
Accumulated amortization	(9,904		)	(7,577		)
	$	49,648		$	44,930
In-place leases, net	1,766			3,122
Investment in Simon common shares (Note 17)				48,738
Revolving credit facilities' deferred financing costs, net	8,229			4,374
Insurance deposit (Note 17)	11,213			10,121
Deposits	956			975
Prepaid expenses	6,091			6,671
Deferred tax asset, net	5,032			6,380
Other, net	9,724			9,825
	$	92,659		$	135,136

Notes Payable, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Mortgage Notes Payable [Table Text Block]

Notes payable, net at December 31, 2019 and 2018 consist of the following:



	2019				2018				Stated Interest Rate as of 12/31/2019		Maturity Date	Number of Extension Options	Facility Amount
Cherry Creek Shopping Center	$	550,000			$	550,000			3.85%		06/01/28
City Creek Center	75,359			⁽¹⁾	77,068			⁽¹⁾	4.37%		08/01/23
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets	193,515				198,625				3.60%		01/06/23
The Mall at Green Hills	150,000				150,000				LIBOR+1.45% LIBOR capped at 3.00%		12/01/20
International Market Place	250,000				250,000				LIBOR + 2.15%		08/09/21	Two, one-year options
The Mall at Short Hills	1,000,000				1,000,000				3.48%		10/01/27
Twelve Oaks Mall	292,311				296,815				4.85%		03/06/28
U.S. Headquarters	12,000				12,000				LIBOR + 1.40% Swapped to 3.49%		03/01/24
$65M Revolving Credit Facility					34,675				LIBOR + 1.40%		04/25/20		65,000	⁽²⁾
$1.1B Revolving Credit Facility	675,000			^{(3) (4)}	725,000				LIBOR + 1.38%	⁽³⁾	02/01/24	Two, six-month options	1,100,000	⁽³⁾
$300M Unsecured Term Loan					300,000			⁽⁵⁾		⁽⁵⁾
$275M Unsecured Term Loan	275,000			^{(4) (5) (6)}					LIBOR + 1.55%	⁽⁶⁾	02/01/25
$250M Unsecured Term Loan	250,000			⁽⁷⁾	250,000				LIBOR + 1.60%	⁽⁷⁾	03/31/23
Deferred Financing Costs, Net	(12,857		)		(13,988		)
	$	3,710,327			$	3,830,195


(1)	TRG has provided a limited guarantee of the repayment of the City Creek Center loan, which could be triggered only upon a decline in center occupancy to a level that we believe is remote.


(2)	The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2019 was $55.3 million, after considering $9.7 million of letters of credit outstanding on the facility.

(3)

TRG is the borrower under the $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2019, the interest rate on the facility was a range of LIBOR plus 1.05% to 1.60% and a facility fee of 0.20% to 0.25% based on our total leverage ratio. The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2019 was $367.5 million. The LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 2.14% until February 2022 on $25 million of the $1.1 billion TRG revolving credit facility. This results in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.19% to 3.74% until February 2022 on $25 million of the credit facility balance (Note 10).

(4)

The $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit includes an accordion feature, which in combination with the $275 million unsecured term loan would increase our maximum aggregate total commitment to $2.0 billion between the two facilities if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of December 31, 2019, we could not fully utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to the unencumbered asset pool.

(5)

In October 2019, we amended and restated our unsecured term loan, which reduced the loan amount from $300 million to $275 million and extended the maturity date from February 2022 to February 2025. The $300 million loan bore interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.25% to 1.90% based on our total leverage ratio. The LIBOR rate was swapped to a fixed interest rate of 2.14%, resulting in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.39% to 4.04%.


(6)	The $275 million unsecured term loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.15% to 1.80% based on our total leverage ratio. The LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 2.14% until February 2022, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.29% to 3.94% until February 2022.

(7)

The $250 million unsecured term loan includes an accordion feature, which would increase our maximum aggregate total commitment to $400 million if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of December 31, 2019, we could not utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to the unencumbered asset pool. The loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.25% to 1.90% based on our total leverage ratio. Through the term of the loan, the LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 3.02%, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% (Note 10).


(8)	Amounts in table may not add due to rounding.

Schedule of Future Minimum Principal Payments for Notes Payable [Table Text Block]

The following table presents scheduled principal payments on notes payable as of December 31, 2019:



2020	$	161,747
2021	262,329			₍₁₎
2022	12,867
2023	502,278
2024	692,715			₍₂₎
Thereafter	2,091,249
Total principal maturities	$	3,723,185
Net unamortized deferred financing costs	(12,857		)
Total notes payable, net	$	3,710,327


(1)	Includes $250.0 million with two one-year extension options.

(2)

Includes $675.0 million with two, six-month extension options

Operating Partnership's beneficial interest

TRG's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of our consolidated subsidiaries and our UJVs is summarized in the following table. TRG's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interest in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%) and International Market Place (6.5%).



	At 100%					At Beneficial Interest
	Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Debt as of:
December 31, 2019	$	3,710,327		$	3,049,737	$	3,419,625		$	1,508,506
December 31, 2018	3,830,195			2,815,617		3,539,588			1,437,445

Capitalized interest:
Year Ended December 31, 2019	$	7,807	⁽¹⁾	$	330	$	7,767	⁽¹⁾	$	196
Year Ended December 31, 2018	15,221		⁽¹⁾	30		15,133		⁽¹⁾	18

Interest expense:
Year Ended December 31, 2019	$	148,407		$	139,756	$	136,694		$	69,749
Year Ended December 31, 2018	133,197			132,669		121,166			68,225

(1)

We capitalize interest costs incurred in funding our equity contributions to development projects accounted for as UJVs. The capitalized interest cost is included at our basis in our investment in UJVs. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.

Noncontrolling Interests (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Table Text Block]

Reconciliation of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest



	2019			2018
Balance, January 1	$	7,800		$	7,500
Former Asia President adjustment of redeemable equity	(1,800		)	300
Distributions	(6,000		)
Allocation of net loss	(237		)	(280		)
Adjustments of redeemable noncontrolling interest	237			280
Balance, December 31	$	—		$	7,800

Net equity balance of noncontrolling interests

Equity Balances of Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The net equity balance of the non-redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following:



	2019			2018
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	$	(153,343	)	$	(156,470	)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(13,840		)	(58,554		)
	$	(167,183	)	$	(215,024	)

Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 included the following:



	2019			2018			2017
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	5,251		$	6,548		$	7,699
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	95,884			25,988			25,277
	$	101,135		$	32,536		$	32,976
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(237		)	(280		)	(924		)
	$	100,898		$	32,256		$	32,052

Effects of changes in ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on equity

Equity Transactions

The following table presents the effects of changes in TCO's ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on TCO's equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:



	2019		2018			2017
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	$	203,925	$	57,952		$	55,267
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
Increase (decrease) in TCO's paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest ⁽¹⁾	55,695		(601		)	(1,197		)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	55,695		(601		)	(1,197		)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	$	259,620	$	57,351		$	54,070

(1)

In 2019, 2018, and 2017, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in our ownership of TRG in connection with our share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13) and issuances of stock pursuant to the continuing offer (Note 15), and in connection with the accounting for the Former Asia President's redeemable ownership interest. In 2019, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were also made as a result of the issuances of TRG Units in connection with the acquisition of The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

Derivative and Hedging Activities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

As of December 31, 2019, we had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.



Instrument Type	Ownership		Notional Amount	Swap Rate		Credit Spread on Loan			Total Swapped Rate on Loan			Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	100,000	2.14	%	1.55	%	⁽¹⁾	3.69	%	⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	100,000	2.14	%	1.55	%	⁽¹⁾	3.69	%	⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	50,000	2.14	%	1.55	%	⁽¹⁾	3.69	%	⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽¹⁾	100	%	50,000	2.14	%	1.55%/1.38%		⁽¹⁾	3.69%/3.51%		⁽¹⁾	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) / pay-fixed swap⁽²⁾	100	%	125,000	3.02	%	1.60	%	⁽²⁾	4.62	%	⁽²⁾	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) / pay-fixed swap⁽²⁾	100	%	75,000	3.02	%	1.60	%	⁽²⁾	4.62	%	⁽²⁾	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) / pay-fixed swap⁽²⁾	100	%	50,000	3.02	%	1.60	%	⁽²⁾	4.62	%	⁽²⁾	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽³⁾	100	%	12,000	2.09	%	1.40	%		3.49	%		March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap ⁽⁴⁾	50.1	%	158,590	1.83	%	1.75	%		3.58	%		December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed Korean Won (KRW) cross-currency interest rate swap ⁽⁵⁾	17.15	%	52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW	1.52	%	1.60	%		3.12	%		September 2020

(1)

The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $275 million unsecured term loan and $25 million on the $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit. The credit spread on these loans can vary within a range of 1.15% to 1.80% on the $275 million unsecured term loan and 1.05% to 1.60% on the $1.1 billion unsecured revolving line of credit, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.29% to 3.94% on the $275 million unsecured term loan and 3.19% to 3.74% on $25 million of the $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit during the remaining swap period.

(2)

The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow beginning with the March 2019 effective date of these swaps. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $250 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.9%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% during the swap period.


(3)	The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.


(4)	The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.

(5)

The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Starfield Hanam. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to KRW in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.

Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income

The following tables present the effect of derivative instruments on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. The tables include the amount of gains or losses on outstanding derivative instruments recognized in OCI in cash flow hedging relationships and the location and amount of gains or losses reclassified from AOCI into income resulting from outstanding derivative instruments.



	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion)								Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
	2019			2018			2017			2019			2018			2017
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(13,239	)	$	(2,636	)	$	3,994	Interest Expense	$	(628	)	$	1,133		$	(2,879	)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,757		)	943			2,898		Equity in Income of UJVs	355			(188		)	(2,406		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	28			(154		)	201		Equity in Income of UJVs	1,203			864			(2,279		)
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(14,968	)	$	(1,847	)	$	7,093		$	930		$	1,809		$	(7,564	)

Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet

We record all derivative instruments at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of our derivative financial instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.



		Fair Value
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location	December 31 2019			December 31 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Asset derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Deferred Charges and Other Assets				$	3,530
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs				1,345
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		$	—		$	4,875

Liability derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiary	Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities	$	(15,419	)	$	(5,710	)
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(412		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	Investment in UJVs	(91		)	(963		)
Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments		$	(15,922	)	$	(6,673	)

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of pertinent information about a derivative or group of derivatives on a disaggregated basis, such as for individual instruments, or small groups of similar instruments. May include a combination of the type of instrument, risks being hedged, notional amount, hedge designation, related hedged item, inception date, maturity date, or other relevant item.

+ References

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+ Details

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]

Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating Leases [Table Text Block]

Shopping center space is leased to tenants and certain anchors pursuant to lease agreements. Future rental revenues under operating leases in effect at December 31, 2019 for operating centers, assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:



2020	$	449,665
2021	407,615
2022	361,062
2023	328,486
2024	301,404
Thereafter	742,806

Lessee, Operating Lease, Disclosure [Table Text Block]

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:



2020	$	14,357
2021	12,586
2022	13,982
2023	14,142
2024	14,144
Thereafter	708,924

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award Restricted Profits Units, Vested and Expected to Vest [Table Text Block]

Restricted TRG Profits Units



	Number of Restricted TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	45,940		$	59.49
Granted	46,076		57.84
Forfeited	(30,885	)	57.85
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	61,131		$	59.08
Granted	8,154		49.29
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	69,285		$	57.93
Units recovered and cancelled ⁽¹⁾	(368	)	59.49
Vested and converted ⁽²⁾	(46,506	)	59.45
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	22,411		$	54.73


(1)	This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted Restricted TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period.

(2)

This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, TSR Performance-Based Profits Units, Vested and Expected to Vest [Table Text Block]

Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units



	Number of relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	103,369		$	26.42
Granted	103,666		23.14
Forfeited	(77,302	)	23.42
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	129,733		$	25.59
Granted	18,345		22.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	148,078		$	25.17
Units recovered and cancelled ⁽¹⁾	(76,489	)	26.42
Vested and converted ⁽²⁾	(21,169	)	26.30
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	50,420		$	22.81

(1)

This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 22% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2)

This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, NOI Performance-Based Profits Units, Vested and Expected to Vest1 [Table Text Block]

NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units



	Number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	103,369		$	41.87
Granted	103,666		19.35
Forfeited	(75,431	)	20.59
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	131,604		$	19.69
Granted	18,345		16.43
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	149,949		$	19.29
Units recovered and cancelled ⁽¹⁾	(68,730	)	17.47
Vested and converted ⁽²⁾	(30,799	)	18.86
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	50,420		$	2.99

(1)

This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 30% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completions of applicable employee service requirements, the number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the NOI performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2)

This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

Schedule of Nonvested Performance-based Units Activity [Table Text Block]

TSR - Based Performance Share Units



	Number of TSR PSU			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	166,027			$	138.93
Granted	5,046			80.16
Vested - three-year grants	(50,459	)	⁽¹⁾	90.51
Vested - 2012 and 2013 special grants	(79,764	)	⁽²⁾	181.99
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	40,850			$	107.38
Granted	10,393			78.82
Vested	(37,046	)	⁽³⁾	110.09
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	14,197			$	79.13
Granted	20,936			85.44
Forfeited	(5,758	)		82.59
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	29,375			$	82.95

(1)

Based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017 was 30,601 shares for the TSR PSU three-year grants. The shares of common stock were issued at a weighted average rate of 0.60x and in the range of 0.00x to 1.00x. That is, despite the completion of the applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period. Included in the vested PSUs are awards that vested early due to a retirement and as a result of our restructuring and reduction in our workforce (Note 1).

(2)

Based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017 was zero shares for the 2012 and 2013 TSR PSU special grants. That is, despite the completion of the applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(3)

Based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2018 was 45,941 shares for the TSR PSU three-year grants. The shares of common stock were issued at a rate of 1.24x. That is, despite the completion of the applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

Schedule of Nonvested NOI Performance-based Units Activity [Table Text Block]

NOI - Based Performance Share Units



	Number of NOI PSU			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	—			$	—
Granted	5,046			67.04
Vested	(1,242	)	⁽¹⁾	67.50
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	3,804			$	67.00
Granted	10,393			58.28
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	14,197			$	60.59
Granted	20,936			52.41
Forfeited	(5,758	)		57.42
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	29,375			$	40.95

(1)

The actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017 was 1,242 shares (1.0x). That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of shares ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which NOI was achieved during the performance period. These NOI PSU vested as a result of our restructuring and reduction in our workforce (Note 1).

Schedule of Nonvested Restricted Stock Units Activity [Table Text Block]

Restricted Share Units



	Number of RSU			Weighted average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	231,903			$	70.40
Granted	102,568			63.33
Forfeited	(12,499	)		67.78
Vested	(126,951	)		66.98
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	195,021			$	69.22
Granted	69,931			58.28
Forfeited	(6,985	)		63.21
Vested	(73,294	)		73.91
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	184,673			$	63.44
Granted	87,720			52.41
Forfeited	(19,249	)		57.90
Vested	(73,298	)		66.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	179,846			$	57.73

Fully vested at December 31, 2019	10,133		⁽¹⁾	58.75

(1)

These RSU were vested and outstanding as of December 31, 2019. The related shares were issued on January 3, 2020.

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

Options

Options were granted to purchase TRG Units, which are exchangeable for new shares of our common stock under the Continuing Offer (Note 15). The options had ten-year contractual terms.



	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Range of Exercise Prices
Outstanding at January 1, 2017	202,586	$	48.35	0.7	$	45.9	-	$	51.15
Exercised	(202,586)	48.35
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	0	$	—

Commitments and Contingencies Business Insurance Recoveries (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Business Interruption Loss [Line Items]

Business Insurance Recoveries [Text Block]



Proceeds Description	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Location	Year ended December 31
Proceeds Description		2019				2018		2017
		(in thousands)
Business interruption insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	$	8,574
Revenue reduction related to business interruption ⁽¹⁾	Reduction of Rental Revenues	(1,202		)
Expense reimbursement insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	185				$	1,234	$	1,101
Reimbursement for capital items damaged in hurricane in 2017	Reversal of previously recognized Depreciation Expense	2,000			(2)	4,866		902
Gain in insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	1,418


(1)	Represents amounts recognized in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

(2) Represents reduction of depreciation expense recorded in June 2019 for proceeds received in the final settlement of our insurance claims, which offset the original deductible expensed in 2017.

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and diluted earnings per share



	Year Ended December 31
	2019		2018		2017
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders (Numerator):
Basic	$	203,925	$	57,952	$	55,267
Impact of additional ownership of TRG	2,828		85		114
Diluted	$	206,753	$	58,037	$	55,381

Shares (Denominator) – basic	61,181,983		60,994,444		60,675,129
Effect of dilutive securities	1,056,456		283,271		365,366
Shares (Denominator) – diluted	62,238,439		61,277,715		61,040,495

Earnings per common share - basic	$	3.33	$	0.95	$	0.91
Earnings per common share - diluted	$	3.32	$	0.95	$	0.91

Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Table Text Block]



	Year Ended December 31
	2019	2018	2017
Weighted average noncontrolling TRG Units outstanding	4,123,160	4,149,144	4,089,327
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections		871,262	871,262

Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis [Table Text Block]

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:



	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2019 Using					Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Using
Description	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Simon common shares (Note 7)						$	48,738
Insurance deposit	$	11,213				10,121
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)								$	3,530
Total assets	$	11,213	$	—		$	58,859	$	3,530

Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)			$	(15,419	)			$	(5,710	)
Total liabilities			$	(15,419	)			$	(5,710	)

Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping [Table Text Block]

The estimated fair values of notes payable at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:



	2019				2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Notes payable	$	3,710,327	$	3,753,531	$	3,830,195	$	3,755,757

Cash Flow Disclosures & Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Cash Flow, Noncash Investing and Financing Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures [Table Text Block]

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.



	December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	102,762	$	48,372	$	42,499
Restricted cash	656		94,557		121,905
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	$	103,418	$	142,929	$	164,404

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax [Abstract]

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were as follows:



	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments			Total
January 1, 2017	$	(23,147	)	$	(12,769	)	$	(35,916	)	$	(9,613	)	$	7,065		$	(2,548	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	23,615			41			23,656			9,688			16			9,704
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				5,364			5,364						2,200			2,200
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	23,615			5,405			29,020			9,688			2,216			11,904
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	(84		)	61			(23		)	84			(61		)	23
December 31, 2017	$	384		$	(7,303	)	$	(6,919	)	$	159		$	9,220		$	9,379
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(16,513		)	(26		)	(16,539		)	(6,727		)	(12		)	(6,739		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(1,286		)	(1,286		)				(523		)	(523		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(16,513		)	(1,312		)	(17,825		)	(6,727		)	(535		)	(7,262		)
Adjustment related to Simon common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (Note 1)				(679		)	(679		)				(276		)	(276		)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	1			46			47			(1		)	(46		)	(47		)
December 31, 2018	$	(16,128	)	$	(9,248	)	$	(25,376	)	$	(6,569	)	$	8,363		$	1,794
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(12,835		)	(9,806		)	(22,641		)	(1,336		)	(4,232		)	(5,568		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(649		)	(649		)				(281		)	(281		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(12,835		)	(10,455		)	(23,290		)	(1,336		)	(4,513		)	(5,849		)
Partial dispositions of ownership interests in UJVs	9,739						9,739
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	271			(347		)	(76		)	(271		)	347			76
December 31, 2019	$	(18,953	)	$	(20,050	)	$	(39,003	)	$	(8,176	)	$	4,197		$	(3,979	)

Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Table Text Block]

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2019:



Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (Gains) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	628		Interest Expense
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - UJVs	(355		)	Equity in Income in UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(1,203		)	Equity in Income in UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(930	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2018:



Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (Gains) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	(1,133	)	Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	188			Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(864		)	Equity in Income in UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(1,809	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2017:



Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI		Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	2,879	Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	2,406		Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized loss on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	2,279		Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	7,564

Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Dec. 31, 2018

Quarterly Financial Data [Abstract]

Schedule of Quarterly Financial Information [Table Text Block]



	2019
	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Revenues	$	160,208	$	161,604	$	162,506	$	176,736
Equity in income (loss) of UJVs	14,672		14,822		20,252		(580		)
Net income (loss)	29,738		16,877		316,390		(32,631		)
Net income (loss) attributable to TCO common shareholders	15,097		6,259		215,361		(32,792		)
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.25	$	0.10	$	3.52	$	(0.54	)
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.25	$	0.10	$	3.48	$	(0.54	)



	2018
	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Revenues	$	161,492	$	152,769	$	159,120	$	167,489
Equity in income of UJVs	19,728		14,042		16,910		18,724
Net income	34,596		30,093		38,115		12,938
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	18,590		15,307		20,976		3,079
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.31	$	0.25	$	0.34	$	0.05
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.30	$	0.25	$	0.34	$	0.05

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Line Items]

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Text Block]

Schedule II

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017

(in thousands)



			Additions
	Balance at beginning of year		Charged to costs and expenses		Charged to other accounts	Write-offs			Transfers, net	Balance at end of year
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Allowance for doubtful receivables	$	10,237	$	3,728		$	(3,605	)		$	10,360	⁽¹⁾
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Allowance for doubtful receivables	$	4,311	$	11,025		$	(5,099	)		$	10,237

(1)

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842 ("Leases") on January 1, 2019. we now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant’s historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balances of our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Refer to "Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Changes in Accounting Policies - Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues" in the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our adoption of ASC Topic 842 related accounts receivable and uncollectible tenant revenues.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]

SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Disclosure [Text Block]

Schedule III

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2019

(in thousands)



	Initial Cost to Company							Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
	Land		Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment			Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition		Land		BI&E		Total			Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)			Total Cost Net of A/D		Encumbrances		Year Opened / Expanded	Year Acquired	Depreciable Life
Shopping Centers:
Beverly Center Los Angeles, CA			$	200,902		$	472,892			$	673,794	$	673,794		$	208,109		$	465,685			1982		40 years
Cherry Creek Shopping Center Denver, CO			99,087			261,221				360,308		360,308			191,539			168,769		$	550,000	1990 / 1998 / 2015		40 years
City Creek Shopping Center Salt Lake City, UT			75,229			7,016				82,245		82,245			21,957			60,288		75,359		2012		30 years
Dolphin Mall, Miami, FL	$	34,881	222,301			134,603		$	34,881	356,904		391,785			149,059			242,726				2001 / 2007 / 2015		50 years
The Gardens on El Paseo Palm Desert, CA	23,500		131,858			14,365		23,500		146,223		169,723			33,386			136,337				1998 / 2010	2011	48 years
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets Auburn Hills, MI	15,506		188,773			77,840		15,506		266,613		282,119			140,261			141,858		193,515		1998		50 years
The Mall at Green Hills Nashville, TN	48,551		332,261			237,314		48,551		569,575		618,126			98,115			520,011		150,000		1955 / 2011 / 2019	2011	40 years
International Market Place Honolulu, HI			539,924			14,007				553,931		553,931			101,235			452,696		250,000		2016		50 years
The Mall of San Juan San Juan, PR	17,617		476,742			21,183		17,617		497,925		515,542			91,654			423,888				2015		50 years
The Mall at Short Hills Short Hills, NJ	25,114		167,595			271,485		25,114		439,080		464,194			220,912			243,282		1,000,000		1980 / 1994 / 1995 / 2011		40 years
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield Chesterfield, MO	16,079		3,697		(1)			16,079		3,697		19,776					(1)	19,776				2013		50 years
Twelve Oaks Mall Novi, MI	25,410		190,455			108,500		25,410		298,955		324,365			188,181			136,184		292,311		1977 / 1978 / 2007 / 2008		50 years

Other:
Office Facilities	5,123		12,519			51,564		5,123		64,083		69,206			29,201			40,005		12,000			2014	35 years
Peripheral Land	16,994							16,994				16,994						16,994
Construction in Process and Development - pre-construction costs	8,058					94,796		8,058		94,796		102,854						102,854
Assets under CDD Obligations	3,969		58,512			1,889		3,969		60,401		64,370			38,133			26,237
Other			21,729							21,729		21,729			3,249			18,480
Total	$	240,802	$	2,721,584		$	1,768,675	$	240,802	$	4,490,259	$	4,731,061	₍₂₎	$	1,514,992		$	3,216,069

Schedule III

The changes in total real estate assets and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 are as follows:

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2019

(in thousands)



	Total Real Estate Assets											Accumulated Depreciation
	2019				2018			2017				2019				2018			2017
Balance, beginning of year	$	4,717,569			$	4,461,045		$	4,173,954		Balance, beginning of year	$	(1,404,692	)		$	(1,276,916	)	$	(1,147,390	)
New development and improvements	172,027				306,032			320,977			Depreciation	(172,960		)		(155,133		)	(161,091		)
Disposals/Write-offs	(158,535		)	₍₁₎	(49,508		)	(33,886		)	Disposals/Write-offs	62,661			₍₁₎	27,357			31,565
Balance, end of year	$	4,731,061			$	4,717,569		$	4,461,045		Balance, end of year	$	(1,514,992	)		$	(1,404,692	)	$	(1,276,916	)

(1)

In May 2018, we closed on a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield, and all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG). We have deferred recognition of a sale until our termination right is no longer available, with the right ceasing upon TSG commencing construction of a redevelopment. TSG has made significant progress on its redevelopment plans and the commencement of construction is probable within the year, leading to an expected sale of the property in 2020. Accordingly, the center was classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2019 and an impairment charge of $72.2 million was recognized in the fourth quarter, which reduced the book value of the buildings, improvements, and equipment that were transferred to zero. As a result of the impairment, the related accumulated depreciation was set to zero.

(2) The unaudited aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2019 was $5.176 billion.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Recovery of Direct Costs			$ 205,514,000	$ 211,625,000
Number of urban and suburban shopping centers in the Company's owned portfolio		24
Number of states in which the Company has shopping centers		11
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Life Used for Depreciation, Range, Low		3
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Life Used for Depreciation, Range, High		50
Number of days, or less, to maturity for a highly liquid investment to be considered a cash equivalent		90
Number Of Financial Institutions In Which Majority of Cash Invested In		nine
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents		$ 656,000	94,557,000	121,905,000
Restricted Cash, Uninsured Amount		$ 400,000
Real Estate Investment Trust, required distribution		90.00%
Number of Reportable Segments		1
Percentage of revenues of which no single retail company exceeds		5.00%
Shopping Center and Other Operational Revenues		$ 55,243,000	48,434,000	40,902,000
Management, leasing, and development services		4,846,000	3,271,000	4,383,000
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax		$ 60,089,000	$ 257,219,000	$ 256,910,000
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent		70.00%	71.00%	71.00%
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption	$ 1,000,000.0	$ 4,919,000
Common stock, shares outstanding		61,228,579	61,069,108
Related Party Costs		$ 5,000,000.0
Restructuring Charges		3,543,000	$ 596,000	$ 13,848,000
Costs Associated With Shareowner Activism		17,305,000	12,500,000	14,500,000
Buildings and Improvements, Gross		4,395,463,000	4,342,664,000
Impairment of Real Estate		72,232,000	$ 0	$ 0
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment		(17,951,000)
Restructuring Reserve		$ 200,000
Limited Liability Company (LLC) or Limited Partnership (LP), Managing Member or General Partner, Ownership Interest		70.00%	71.00%	71.00%
Westfarms [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage		79.00%	79.00%
International Plaza [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage		50.10%	50.10%
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Buildings and Improvements, Gross		$ 0
Impairment Charge on Reclassified Assets		72,200,000
Stamford Town Center Member
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment		18,000,000.0
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption		3,200,000
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption		1,763,000
Noncontrolling Interest [Member] \| Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption		$ 1,800,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Operating Partnership) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	21.00%	21.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax	$ 60,089,000	$ 257,219,000	$ 256,910,000
Number of Days Invoices Generally Due	30 days
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Number Of Classes Of Preferred Equity	two
Number of Operating Partnership units outstanding (in shares)	87,644,651	85,946,862	85,788,252
Number Of Operating Partnership Units Outstanding Owned By Company	61,228,579	61,069,108	60,832,918
Number of Operating Partnership units outstanding owned by noncontrolling interests	26,416,072	24,877,754	24,955,334
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	70.00%	71.00%	71.00%
Average ownership percentage of the Company in the Operating Partnership (in hundredths)	70.00%	71.00%	71.00%
Relationship between TRG units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding	one-for-one
Common stock, shares outstanding	61,228,579	61,069,108
Restructuring Charges	$ 3,543,000	$ 596,000	$ 13,848,000
Restructuring Reserve	200,000
Costs Associated With Shareowner Activism	$ 17,305,000	12,500,000	14,500,000
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	30.00%
Substantial Doubt about Going Concern, Management's Evaluation	When preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management has the responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. No such conditions or events were identified as of the issuance date of the financial statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Impairment of Real Estate	$ 72,232,000	0	$ 0
Accounts Receivable, Credit Loss Expense (Reversal)		$ 10,400,000
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	26,398,473	24,862,994

Disposition, Acquisition, Partial Dispositions of Ownership Interests, Redevelopments, and Developments (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) ft²	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) ft² shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Feb. 14, 2019 USD ($)
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Notes payable, net (Note 8)	$ 3,710,327		$ 3,710,327	$ 3,830,195
Investment in UJVs	831,995		831,995	673,616
Gain on remeasurement of ownership interest in Unconsolidated Joint Venture			164,639
Proceeds from the Sale of Interests in Real Estate net of Transaction Costs			285,334
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Properties, Net of Applicable Income Taxes			154,466
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Portion Due To Gain on Disposition Net of Tax					$ 2,083
Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Expected Cash Proceeds from Agreement to Sell Partial Ownership Interests						$ 315,000
Earn Out Consideration for Agreement of Partial Sale of Ownership Interests						50,000
Equity Method Investment, Value of Ownership Interest Agreed to be Sold						$ 480,000
Starfield Anseong [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Investment in UJVs	$ 165,900		$ 165,900
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	49.00%		49.00%
Area of Real Estate Property \| ft²	1,100,000		1,100,000
Country Club Plaza - Valencia Place Office Tower [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage					50.00%
Sale Price of Joint Venture Real Estate					$ 75,200
Sale Price of Joint Venture Real Estate at Beneficial Interest					37,600
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Portion Due To Gain on Disposition Net of Tax					$ 2,100
The Gardens Mall [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Acquired			48.50%
Noncash or Part Noncash Acquisition, Debt Assumed			$ 94,600
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	24.50%		24.50%	49.00%
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member] \| Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	24.50%		24.50%
Gain on remeasurement of ownership interest in Unconsolidated Joint Venture			$ 17,800
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Sold			50.00%
Proceeds from the Sale of Interests in Real Estate net of Transaction Costs			$ 47,500
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Properties, Net of Applicable Income Taxes			$ 14,300
CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%	50.00%
CityOn.Xi'an [Member] \| Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage						25.00%
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Agreed to be Sold						50.00%
Starfield Hanam [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	17.15%		17.15%	34.30%
Starfield Hanam [Member] \| Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	17.15%		17.15%
Gain on remeasurement of ownership interest in Unconsolidated Joint Venture	$ 1,800	$ 145,000
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Sold			50.00%
Proceeds from the Sale of Interests in Real Estate net of Transaction Costs	1,800	235,700
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Properties, Net of Applicable Income Taxes	$ 1,800	$ 138,700
Preferred Stock [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Acquisitions \| shares			1,500,000
Preferred Stock [Member] \| The Gardens Mall [Member]
Acquisition, Redevelopments, Developments, and Service Agreement [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Acquisitions \| shares			1,500,000

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Feb. 14, 2019
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Deferred Federal Tax Expense due to Tax Cuts and Jobs Act			$ 300
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	21.00%	21.00%
Deferred Net Federal Tax Asset Adjustment due to Tax Cuts and Jobs Act			300
Income tax expense (benefit) [Abstract]
Federal current	$ 56	$ (373)	(2,509)
Federal deferred	1,724	(1,057)	1,632
Foreign current	1,775	1,160	849
Foreign deferred	2,518	307	158
State current	62	(128)	(208)
State deferred	197	(140)	$ 183
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	7,793	8,124
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance	(2,761)	(1,744)
Deferred Tax Assets, Net of Valuation Allowance	5,032	6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Net	$ 4,449	$ 2,454
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared	$ 2.7000	$ 2.6200	$ 2.5000
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Return of Capital	0	1.1167	0.4775
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Ordinary Income	1.2937	1.4766	1.3927
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Long Term Capital Gain	1.4063	0.0263	0.4397
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 Capital Gain	$ 0	$ 0.0004	0.1901
Common Stock, Dividends, Qualified REIT Dividends	82.26%	99.85%
Qualified REIT Dividends, Tax Deduction	20.00%	20.00%
State Administration of Taxation, China [Member]
Income tax expense (benefit) [Abstract]
Foreign deferred	$ 2,800
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Settlement, Foreign, Percent	10.00%
Domestic Tax Authority [Member]
Income tax expense (benefit) [Abstract]
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Limitations on Use	80%
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	$ 4,385	$ 5,662
Deferred tax liabilities:
Tax Credit Carryforward, Amount	4,400	3,600
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 4,900
Tax Credit Carryforward, Carryforward Period (in years)	P20Y
Foreign Country [Member]
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	$ 2,020	1,655
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance	(1,700)	(1,200)
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Net	4,449	2,454
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 8,800
Tax Credit Carryforward, Carryforward Period (in years)	P5Y
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	$ 1,388	807
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance	$ (1,100)	$ (500)
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared	$ 1.6250	$ 1.6250	1.6250
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Designated as Ordinary Income	0.7786	1.5961	1.0505
Preferred Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Long Term Capital Gain	0.8464	0.0284	0.4011
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Designated as Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 Capital Gain	0	0.0005	0.1734
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared	1.5625	1.5625	1.5625
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Designated as Ordinary Income	0.7487	1.5347	1.0101
Preferred Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Long Term Capital Gain	0.8138	0.0273	0.3857
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Designated as Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 Capital Gain	$ 0	$ 0.0005	$ 0.1667
Starfield Hanam [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Income Tax Expense on Promote Fee Income	$ 900
Income Tax Rate on Promote Fee Income	22.00%
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member] \| Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Sold	50.00%
CityOn.Xi'an [Member] \| Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Agreed to be Sold				50.00%
Indefinite Carryforward Period [Member] \| Foreign Country [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 7,700
Five-Year Carryforward Period [Member] \| Foreign Country [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 1,100

Properties (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Properties (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Land	$ 232,744	$ 233,301
Buildings, improvements, and equipment	4,395,463	4,342,664
Construction in process and pre-development costs	102,854	141,604
Real Estate Investment Property, at Cost	4,731,061	4,717,569
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,514,992)	(1,404,692)
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	3,216,069	3,312,877
Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation, Depreciation Expense	172,960	155,133	$ 161,091
Pre-development activities expense	$ 1,900	$ 3,800	$ 5,600

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Depreciable basis (in years) of Company's additional basis	40 years
Equity of certain joint ventures	less than zero
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment	$ (17,951)
CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	24.50%	49.00%
Country Club Plaza [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
Fair Oaks [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
International Plaza [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.10%	50.10%
The Mall at Millenia [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
Stamford Town Center [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
Starfield Hanam [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	17.15%	34.30%
Sunvalley [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
Outside Partner, Ownership Percentage	50.00%
The Mall at University Town Center [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
Waterside Shops [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%
Westfarms [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	79.00%	79.00%
Blackstone [Member] \| Starfield Hanam [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Purchased By Joint Venture Partner	14.70%
The Gardens Mall [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Acquired	48.50%
Starfield Hanam [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Promote Fee Income	$ 4,800
Stamford Town Center [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment	18,000
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Notes Receivable, Related Parties	$ 43,100	$ 43,600

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Combined Financial Information Balance Sheet) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$ 3,816,923	$ 3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(942,840)	(869,375)
Properties, net	2,874,083	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	201,501	161,311
Accounts and notes receivable (1)	122,569	131,767
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Operating Lease Right Of Use Assets	11,521
Deferred charges and other assets	178,708	140,444
Total Assets	3,388,382	3,292,993
Liabilities and accumulated deficiency in assets:
Notes payable, net	3,049,737	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	341,263	426,358
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets	(212,380)	(49,465)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated deficiency in assets	196,488	100,483
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Liabilities and Equity	3,388,382	3,292,993
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Operating Lease Liabilities	13,274
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	209,024	140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit	329,673	57,360
TCO's additional basis	32,625	47,178
Net investment in UJVs	358,942	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	473,053	477,800
Investment in UJVs	$ 831,995	$ 673,616

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Combined Financial Information Income Statement) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Equity method investment, summarized financial information, income statement [Abstract]
Revenues									$ 620,513	$ 601,272	$ 586,499
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses									226,014	211,285	218,004
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Impairment Charges									6,154
Interest expense									139,756	132,669	130,339
Depreciation and amortization									131,223	131,884	127,625
Total operating costs									503,147	475,838	475,968
Nonoperating income, net									2,870	1,923	2,894
Income tax expense									(8,541)	(5,935)	(5,226)
Gain on disposition, net of tax (2)											3,713
Net income									111,695	121,422	111,912
Net income attributable to TRG									58,020	62,964	59,994
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments									5,698	8,386	9,326
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis									(1,946)	(1,946)	(1,946)
Equity Method Investment Difference Between Net Income Attributable To Operating Partnership And Equity In Income Of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Impairment Of Company's Additional Basis									(12,606)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$ (580)	$ 20,252	$ 14,822	$ 14,672	$ 18,724	$ 16,910	$ 14,042	$ 19,728	49,166	69,404	67,374
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses									212,057	209,423	202,332
Interest expense									(69,749)	(68,225)	(67,283)
Depreciation and amortization									(71,583)	(68,894)	(66,933)
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment									(17,951)
Income tax expense									(3,608)	(2,900)	(2,825)
Gain on disposition, net of tax (1)											$ 2,083
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal

Accounts and Notes Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Trade	$ 39,575	$ 46,292
Notes	2,342	3,172
Straight-line rent and recoveries	53,499	38,626
Total Receivables, Gross	95,416	88,090
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(10,360)
Accounts and Financing Receivable, after Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 95,416	$ 77,730

Deferred Charges Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jan. 31, 2019
Leasing costs	$ 59,552	$ 52,507
Accumulated amortization	(9,904)	(7,577)
Deferred Costs, Leasing, Net	49,648	44,930
In-place leases, net	1,766	3,122
Investment in Simon common shares (Note 17)		48,738
Revolving credit facilities' deferred financing costs, net	8,229	4,374
Insurance deposit (Note 17)	11,213	10,121
Deposits	956	975
Prepaid expenses	6,091	6,671
Deferred tax asset, net	5,032	6,380
Other, net	9,724	9,825
Deferred Costs and Other Assets	92,659	135,136
Gain on Simon common share conversion (Note 7)			$ (11,613)
SPG Common Shares [Member]
Conversion of Simon Property Group Limited Partnership Units to SPG Common Stock			340,124
Gain on Simon common share conversion (Note 7)			$ 11,600
Available-For-Sale Securities Held	0	290,124
Simon Property Group Common Shares Sold		300,000		290,124
SPG Common Shares Average Sales Price		$ 182.37		$ 179.52

Notes Payable, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Notes Payable, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 3,710,327	$ 3,830,195
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Noncurrent Liabilities	3,049,737	2,815,617
Debt Issuance Costs, Net	(12,857)	(13,988)
Debt Instrument, Collateral Amount	1,700,000
Maturities of Long-term Debt [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Next Twelve Months	161,747
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Two	262,329
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Three	12,867
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Four	502,278
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Five	692,715
Thereafter	2,091,249
Total principal maturities	$ 3,723,185
Debt covenants and guarantees [Abstract]
Restrictions on Payment of Dividends	95.00%
Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense [Abstract]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	30.00%
At 100% [Abstract]
Capitalized interest, consolidated subsidiaries at 100%	$ 7,807	15,221	$ 12,400
Capitalized interest, unconsolidated joint ventures at 100% (Asia Unconsolidated Joint Venture Construction Loans at Beneficial Interest)	330	30
Interest expense, consolidated subsidiaries at 100%	148,407	133,197	108,572
Interest Expense, unconsolidated joint ventures, at 100%	139,756	132,669
At beneficial interest [Abstract]
Debt, consoldiated subsidiaries at beneficial interest	3,419,625	3,539,588
Debt, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest	1,508,506	1,437,445
Capitalized interest, consolidated subsidiaries at beneficial interest	7,767	15,133
Capitalized interest, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest	196	18
Interest expense, consolidated subsidiaries at beneficial interest	136,694	121,166
Interest expense, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest	$ 69,749	68,225	$ 67,283
Secondary Line of Credit [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR + 1.40%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Apr. 25, 2020
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	$ 65,000
Long-term Line of Credit		34,675
Line of Credit Facility, Remaining Borrowing Capacity	55,300
Letters of Credit Outstanding, Amount	$ 9,700
Line of Credit [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR + 1.38%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2024
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	$ 1,100,000
Length Of Extension Option	six-month
Number of Extension Options	two
Long-term Line of Credit	$ 675,000	725,000
Line of Credit Facility, Remaining Borrowing Capacity	367,500
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity Including Accordion Feature	$ 2,000,000
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	LIBOR
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%
Primary Line of Credit Swapped Portion	$ 25,000
Unsecured Debt 300M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Unsecured Debt		300,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date
Unsecured Debt 275M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Unsecured Debt	$ 275,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR + 1.55%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2025
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	LIBOR
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%
Unsecured Debt 250M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000	250,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR + 1.60%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity Including Accordion Feature	$ 400,000
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	LIBOR
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 550,000	550,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.85%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Jun. 01, 2028
Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense [Abstract]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	50.00%
City Creek Center [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 75,359	77,068
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	4.37%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Aug. 01, 2023
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 193,515	198,625
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.60%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Jan. 06, 2023
The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 150,000	150,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR+1.45% LIBOR capped at 3.00%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Dec. 01, 2020
Length Of Extension Option	one-year
Number of Extension Options	one
International Market Place [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 250,000	250,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR + 2.15%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Aug. 09, 2021
Length Of Extension Option	one-year
Number of Extension Options	two
Debt covenants and guarantees [Abstract]
Unconditional Guaranty Liability, Principal Balance, Percent	100.00%
Unconditional Guaranty Liability, Interest, Percent	100.00%
Interest Payable	$ 800
Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense [Abstract]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	6.50%
International Market Place and The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 250,000
Length Of Extension Option	one-year
The Mall at Short Hills [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 1,000,000	1,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.48%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Oct. 01, 2027
Twelve Oaks Mall [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 292,311	296,815
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	4.85%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Mar. 06, 2028
International Plaza [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Interest Rate Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value	$ 800
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 175,000
Debt covenants and guarantees [Abstract]
Company's Percentage Share of Derivative Guarantee	50.10%
Interest Payable	$ 100
Minimum [Member] \| Line of Credit [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.05%
Line of Credit Facility, Commitment Fee Percentage	0.20%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.19%
Minimum [Member] \| Unsecured Debt 300M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.25%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.39%
Minimum [Member] \| Unsecured Debt 275M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.15%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.29%
Minimum [Member] \| Unsecured Debt 250M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.25%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.27%
Maximum [Member] \| Line of Credit [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%
Line of Credit Facility, Commitment Fee Percentage	0.25%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.74%
Maximum [Member] \| Unsecured Debt 300M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.90%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.04%
Maximum [Member] \| Unsecured Debt 275M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.80%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.94%
Maximum [Member] \| Unsecured Debt 250M Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.90%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.92%
Office Building [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
Notes Payable	$ 12,000	$ 12,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	LIBOR + 1.40% Swapped to 3.49%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2024

Noncontrolling Interests (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
Noncontrolling Interests (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	30.00%								30.00%
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	$ 0				$ 7,800,000				$ 0	$ 7,800,000
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	70.00%				71.00%				70.00%	71.00%	71.00%
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)									$ 1,800,000	$ (300,000)	$ 1,204,000
Adjustments of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									237,000	280,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									(237,000)	(280,000)	(924,000)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest									100,898,000	32,256,000	32,052,000
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Roll Forward
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	$ 0				$ 7,800,000				0	7,800,000
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)									1,800,000	(300,000)	1,204,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									(237,000)	(280,000)	(924,000)
Adjustments of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									237,000	280,000
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	(153,343,000)				(156,470,000)				(153,343,000)	(156,470,000)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(13,840,000)				(58,554,000)				(13,840,000)	(58,554,000)
Total Noncontrolling interests	(167,183,000)				(215,024,000)				(167,183,000)	(215,024,000)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures									5,251,000	6,548,000	7,699,000
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG									95,884,000	25,988,000	25,277,000
Net income (loss) attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interests									101,135,000	32,536,000	32,976,000
Effects of changes in ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on equity [Abstract]
Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners	(32,792,000)	$ 215,361,000	$ 6,259,000	$ 15,097,000	3,079,000	$ 20,976,000	$ 15,307,000	$ 18,590,000	203,925,000	57,952,000	55,267,000
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
Increase (decrease) in TCO's paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)									(237,000)	(280,000)	(924,000)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests									259,620,000	57,351,000	54,070,000
Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)									1,800,000	(300,000)	1,204,000
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Roll Forward
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)									1,800,000	(300,000)	1,204,000
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
Increase (decrease) in TCO's paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)									55,695,000	(601,000)	(1,197,000)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests									$ 55,695,000	(601,000)	(1,197,000)
Former Taubman Asia President Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage Of Asia President's interest To Which Is Puttable Beginning In 2019									5.00%
Payments for Repurchase of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(1,000,000.0)								$ (6,000,000)
Contribution From Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									$ 2,000,000.0
Percentage of dividends to which the President is entitled (in hundredths)									5.00%
Percentage of President's dividends withheld as contributions to capital (in hundredths)									85.00%
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	0				7,800,000				$ 0	7,800,000	7,500,000
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)									(1,800,000)	300,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									(237,000)	(280,000)	(924,000)
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Roll Forward
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	0				7,800,000				0	7,800,000	7,500,000
Former Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 9)									(1,800,000)	300,000
Payments for Repurchase of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	$ (1,000,000.0)								(6,000,000)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest									$ (237,000)	(280,000)	$ (924,000)
International Market Place [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	6.50%								6.50%
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	$ 0				0				$ 0	0
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	93.50%								93.50%
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Roll Forward
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9)	$ 0				$ 0				$ 0	$ 0
Finite Life Entities [Member]
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Total Noncontrolling interests	(153,300,000)								(153,300,000)
Finite Life Entities [Abstract]
Estimated fair value of noncontrolling interests in finite life entities	$ 201,000,000								$ 201,000,000
Limited Liability Company or Limited Partnership, Business, Cessation Date									Jan. 01, 2083
Taubman Successor Asia President Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of President's dividends withheld as contributions to capital (in hundredths)									100.00%

Derivative and Hedging Activities (Interest Rate Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges) (Details) ₩ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	70.00%	70.00%	71.00%	71.00%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 1 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 100,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.55%	1.55%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.69%	3.69%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 1 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 2 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 100,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.55%	1.55%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.69%	3.69%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 2 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 50,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.55%	1.55%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.69%	3.69%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 50,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.55%	1.55%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.69%	3.69%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Unsecured Debt	$ 25,000
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 5 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 125,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.62%	4.62%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2023
Derivative, Effective Date	Mar. 01, 2019
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.92%	4.92%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.27%	4.27%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 5 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 6 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 75,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.62%	4.62%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2023
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 6 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 7 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 50,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.62%	4.62%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2023
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 7 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 8 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 12,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.09%	2.09%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.40%	1.40%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.49%	3.49%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2024
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 8 [Domain] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 1 (Member)
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	50.10%	50.10%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 158,590
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	1.83%	1.83%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.75%	1.75%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.58%	3.58%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Dec. 01, 2021
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 2 (Member)
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	17.15%	17.15%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 52,065	₩ 60,500,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	1.52%	1.52%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.12%	3.12%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Sep. 01, 2020
Swapped Foreign Currency Exchange Rate	1,162.0
Unsecured Debt 275M Term Loan [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	LIBOR
Unsecured Debt	$ 275,000
Unsecured Debt 275M Term Loan [Member] \| Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Unsecured Debt	$ 275,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.15%	1.15%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.94%	3.94%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.80%	1.80%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.29%	3.29%
Line of Credit [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	LIBOR
Primary Line of Credit Swapped Portion	$ 25,000
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	1,100,000
Line of Credit [Member] \| Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Unsecured Debt	$ 1,100,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.05%	1.05%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.74%	3.74%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.19%	3.19%
Unsecured Debt 250M Term Loan [Member]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	LIBOR
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000		$ 250,000

Derivative and Hedging Activities (Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedge Gain (Loss) to be Reclassified During Next 12 Months, Net	$ (5,400)
Cash Flow Hedging [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	930	$ 1,809	$ (7,564)
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)	(14,968)	(1,847)	7,093
Consolidated Properties [Member] \| Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)	(13,239)	(2,636)	3,994
Consolidated Properties [Member] \| Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Interest expense [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(628)	1,133	(2,879)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] \| Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)	(1,757)	943	2,898
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] \| Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Equity Method Investments [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	355	(188)	(2,406)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] \| Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)	28	(154)	201
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] \| Cash Flow Hedging [Member] \| Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Equity Method Investments [Member]
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	$ 1,203	$ 864	$ (2,279)

Derivative and Hedging Activities (Location and Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as Reported in the Consoiidated Balance Sheet) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Total assets designated as hedging instruments	$ 0	$ 4,875
Total liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments	(15,922)	(6,673)
Default Option, Range, Minimum [Member]
Contingent features [Abstract]
Interest Rate Recourse Provisions	100
Default Option, Range, Maximum [Member]
Contingent features [Abstract]
Interest Rate Recourse Provisions	50,000
Consolidated Properties [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Deferred Charges And Other Assets [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		3,530
Consolidated Properties [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Total liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments	(15,419)	(5,710)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] \| Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Equity Method Investments [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		1,345
Total liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments	(412)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] \| Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] \| Equity Method Investments [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Total liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments	$ (91)	$ (963)

Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Discount Rate, Percent	5.80%
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term	51 years
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable [Abstract]
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Current	$ 449,665
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Two Years	407,615
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Three Years	361,062
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Four Years	328,486
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Five Years	301,404
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Thereafter	$ 742,806
Number of centers with option to extend lease term for three 10-year periods	One
Number of 10-year periods that one center has the option to extend	three
Number of centers with option to extend lease term for one 10-year period	one
Lessee, Operating Lease, Renewal Term	10 years
Number of Lease Extension Options	one
Operating Leases, Rent Expense	$ 16,200	$ 17,200	$ 16,300
Operating Leases, Rent Expense, Contingent Rentals	400	300	$ 0
Payables representing straightline rent adjustments under lease agreements		$ 64,800
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Next Twelve Months	14,357
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Two Years	12,586
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Three Years	13,982
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Four Years	14,142
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Five Years	14,144
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due Thereafter	$ 708,924
City Creek Center [Member]
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Company's ownership in leasehold interest	100.00%
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Effect of Change on Net Income	$ 4,400

The Manager (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
The Manager (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Related Party Transaction, Revenues from Transactions with Related Party	$ 2.4	$ 2.6	$ 2.5
Operating Partnership [Member]
Beneficial ownership percentage, Operating Partnership	99.80%
Taub Co Holdings [Member]
Beneficial Interest, Taub-Co Holdings	0.20%
Taubman Family [Member]
Beneficial ownership percentage, Taubman Family	100.00%

Share-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Share-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Share-based compensation, allocation and classification in financial statements [Abstract]
Compensation cost charged to income for the Company's share-based compensation plans	$ 6,400,000	$ 9,200,000	$ 10,800,000
Reversal of Prior Period Share Based Compensation Expense	300,000
Compensation cost capitalized as part of properties and deferred leasing costs	$ 300,000	$ 900,000	$ 900,000
2018 Omnibus Plan [Member]
Deferred compensation arrangements [Abstract]
Aggregate number of Company common shares or Operating Partnership units approved for awards under the 2008 Omnibus Plan, original (in shares)	2,800,000
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Option Deduction Basis	one share or TRG Profits Unit for every one share or TRG Profits Unit granted
Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description	represents a contingent right to receive a TRG Unit upon vesting and the satisfaction of certain tax-driven requirements and, as to the TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, the satisfaction of certain performance-based requirements. Until vested, a TRG Profits Unit entitles the holder to only one-tenth of the distributions otherwise payable by TRG on a TRG Unit. Therefore, we account for these TRG Profits Units as participating securities in TRG. A portion of the TRG Profits Units award represents estimated cash distributions that otherwise would have been payable during the vesting period and, upon vesting, there will be an adjustment in actual number of TRG Profits Units realized under each award to reflect TRG's actual cash distributions during the vesting period
TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Target Grant Amount	300.00%
Weighted Average Payout Rate for Vesting During Period	22.00%
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 200,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	1 year
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	148,078	129,733	103,369
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	50,420	148,078	129,733
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 25.17	$ 25.59	$ 26.42
Granted (in shares)		18,345	103,666
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)		$ 22.22	$ 23.14
Forfeited			(77,302)
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 23.42
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period	(21,169)	0	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 26.30
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Equity Instruments Other Than Options Recovered and Cancelled	(76,489)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Equity Instruments Other Than Options Recovered and Cancelled, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 26.42
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 22.81	$ 25.17	$ 25.59
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Number Of Forfeitures	0
NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Target Grant Amount	300.00%
Weighted Average Payout Rate for Vesting During Period	30.00%
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 100,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	1 year 2 months 12 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	149,949	131,604	103,369
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	50,420	149,949	131,604
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 19.29	$ 19.69	$ 41.87
Granted (in shares)		18,345	103,666
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)		$ 16.43	$ 19.35
Forfeited			(75,431)
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 20.59
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period	(30,799)	0	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 18.86
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Equity Instruments Other Than Options Recovered and Cancelled	(68,730)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Equity Instruments Other Than Options Recovered and Cancelled, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 17.47
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 2.99	$ 19.29	$ 19.69
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Number Of Forfeitures	0
Performance Shares [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description	represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the TSR PSU based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group. The TSR PSU grants include a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.
Weighted Average Payout Rate for Vesting During Period			60.00%
Payout Rate for Vesting During Period Low End of Range			0.00%
Payout Rate for Vesting During Period High End of Range			100.00%
Actual Shares Issued Upon Vesting During Period		45,941	30,601
Payout Rate for Vesting During Period		124.00%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested		$ 2,700,000	$ 2,100,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 1,300,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	1 year 9 months 18 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	14,197	40,850	166,027
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	29,375	14,197	40,850
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 79.13	$ 107.38	$ 138.93
Granted (in shares)	20,936	10,393	5,046
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 85.44	$ 78.82	$ 80.16
Forfeited	(5,758)		(50,459)
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 82.59		$ 90.51
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period		(37,046)	(79,764)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		$ 110.09	$ 181.99
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 82.95	$ 79.13	$ 107.38
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Number Of Forfeitures	0
NOI Performance Shares [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description	represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the NOI PSU based on our NOI performance, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period. These awards also provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three-year period.
Weighted Average Payout Rate for Vesting During Period			100.00%
Actual Shares Issued Upon Vesting During Period			1,242
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested			$ 100,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 800,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	1 year 10 months 24 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	14,197	3,804	0
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	29,375	14,197	3,804
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 60.59	$ 67.00	$ 0
Granted (in shares)	20,936	10,393	5,046
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 52.41	$ 58.28	$ 67.04
Forfeited	(5,758)		(1,242)
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 57.42		$ 67.50
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period		0	0
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 40.95	$ 60.59	$ 67.00
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Number Of Forfeitures	0
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description	represents the right to receive upon vesting one share of common stock, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Forfeiture Assumption	2.70%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested	$ 3,400,000	$ 4,600,000	$ 8,600,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 4,200,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	1 year 8 months 12 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	184,673	195,021	231,903
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	179,846	184,673	195,021
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 63.44	$ 69.22	$ 70.40
Granted (in shares)	87,720	69,931	102,568
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 52.41	$ 58.28	$ 63.33
Forfeited	(19,249)	(6,985)	(12,499)
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 57.90	$ 63.21	$ 67.78
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period	(73,298)	(73,294)	(126,951)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 66.22	$ 73.91	$ 66.98
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 57.73	$ 63.44	$ 69.22
Fully Vested	10,133
Fully Vested (in dollars per share)	$ 58.75
Restricted TRG Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 200,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	10 months 24 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	69,285	61,131	45,940
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	22,411	69,285	61,131
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 57.93	$ 59.08	$ 59.49
Granted (in shares)		8,154	46,076
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)		$ 49.29	$ 57.84
Forfeited			(30,885)
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 57.85
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period	(46,506)	0	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 59.45
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Equity Instruments Other Than Options Recovered and Cancelled	(368)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award Equity Instruments Other Than Options Recovered and Cancelled, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 59.49
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 54.73	$ 57.93	$ 59.08
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Number Of Forfeitures	0
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Summary of option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Total intrinsic value of options exercised during the period		$ 3,500,000
Cash received from options exercised during the period		$ 9,800,000
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding options at beginning of period (in shares)		0	202,586
Exercised, Number of Options			(202,586)
Outstanding options at end of period (in shares)			0
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)			$ 48.35
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)			$ 48.35
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term			21 days
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit			$ 45.9
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit			$ 51.15
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Terms of Award	ten-year
Non-Employee Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan [Member]
Non-Employee Directors' Stock Grant And Deferred Compensation [Abstract]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount	$ 125,000	$ 125,000	$ 125,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Outstanding, Number	74,632
Other Employee Plans [Member]
Non-Employee Directors' Stock Grant And Deferred Compensation [Abstract]
Defined Contribution Plan, Cost	$ 2,600,000	$ 3,000,000.0	$ 2,500,000
Unissued Partnership Units Under Unit Option Deferral Election Member
Employee service share-based compensation, aggregate disclosures [Abstract]
Options exercised under unit option deferral election plan (in shares)	3,000,000.0
The number of mature units tendered for the exercise of previously issued stock options under the unit option deferral election plan (in shares)	2,100,000
The number of units deferred under the unit option deferral election upon the exercise of previously issued stock options (in shares)	900,000
Date at which deferred partnership units begin to be issued	December 2022
Number of Annual Installments during which Deferred Partnership Units will be issued	five
Minimum [Member] \| Other Employee Plans [Member]
Non-Employee Directors' Stock Grant And Deferred Compensation [Abstract]
Defined Contribution Plan, Employer Discretionary Contribution Percent	0.00%
Defined Contribution Plan, Employer Matching Contribution, Percent of Match	2.00%
Defined Contribution Plan, Contribution Percent	0.00%
Maximum [Member] \| Other Employee Plans [Member]
Non-Employee Directors' Stock Grant And Deferred Compensation [Abstract]
Defined Contribution Plan, Employer Discretionary Contribution Percent	4.00%
Defined Contribution Plan, Employer Matching Contribution, Percent of Match	5.00%
Defined Contribution Plan, Contribution Percent	9.00%
2012 and 2013 Special Grants [Member] \| Performance Shares [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Actual Shares Issued Upon Vesting During Period			0

Preferred Stock of TCO (Details) - Series B Preferred Stock [Member] - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Preferred Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosures [Abstract]
Convertible Preferred Stock, Issuance In Correlation With Issuance of Partnership Units	one Series B Preferred Share for each of the TRG Units held by the noncontrolling partners.
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion	ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock
Preferred Stock, Voting Rights	Each Series B Preferred Share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to our shareholders. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of TCO. On all other matters on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Shares will vote with the holders of common stock.
Conversion of Stock, Number of shares of Common Stock issued from the conversion of Series B Preferred Stock	two	four	five
Conversion of Stock, Shares Converted	55,704	75,120	90,945

- Definition

Specific terms relevant to convertibility. Includes class of preferred stock and number of shares convertible into, exercise (or conversion) price or rates, dates relevant to conversion timing and events relevant to conversion. Describe also any beneficial conversion features. where convertible preferred stock with a nondetachable conversion feature is in-the-money at commitment date. For contingently convertible preferred stock, discuss the circumstances of the contingency, including the events or changes in circumstance that would cause the contingency to be met and any of the significant features necessary to understand the conversion rights and the timing of those rights. Include also an events or changes in circumstance, if any, that could adjust or change the contingency, conversion price, or number of shares, including significant terms of those changes.

+ References + Details

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jun. 28, 2019
Cash tender [Abstract]
Minimum aggregate value of Operating Partnership units to be tendered	$ 50,000
Fair Value of Written Option, Cash Tender Agreement	$ 0
Share Price	$ 31.09			$ 40.83
Approximate aggregate value of interests in the Operating Partnership that may be tendered	$ 752,100
Additional interest the Company would have owned in the Operating Partnership upon purchase of interests (in hundredths)	28.00%
Continuing offer [Abstract]
Common Stock, Conversion Basis	one TRG Unit is exchangeable for one share of common stock
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) Related to Litigation Settlement	$ 10,095
Partial Reimbursement of Anchor Allowance	$ 20,000
Loss from Catastrophes			$ 7,800
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Continuing offer [Abstract]
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion	ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Partial Reimbursement of Anchor Allowance, Future Installment Payment Amounts	$ 3,000
Gain (Loss) Related to Litigation Settlement	10,100
Partial Reimbursement of Anchor Allowance, Total Agreed Upon Amount	26,000
Partial Reimbursement of Anchor Allowance	20,000
Business Interruption Insurance Proceeds Received	8,574
Insurance Recoveries - Revenue Reduction	(1,202)
Insurance Recoveries - Expense Items	185	1,234	1,101
Insurance Recoveries - Capital Items	2,000	4,866	$ 902
Gain on Business Interruption Insurance Recovery	$ 1,418

Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners (Numerator):
Basic									$ 203,925	$ 57,952	$ 55,267
Impact of additional ownership of TRG									2,828	85	114
Diluted									$ 206,753	$ 58,037	$ 55,381
Shares (Denominator) – basic									61,181,983	60,994,444	60,675,129
Effect of dilutive securities									1,056,456	283,271	365,366
Shares (Denominator) – diluted									62,238,439	61,277,715	61,040,495
Earnings per common share – basic	$ (0.54)	$ 3.52	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.05	$ 0.34	$ 0.25	$ 0.31	$ 3.33	$ 0.95	$ 0.91
Earnings per common share – diluted	$ (0.54)	$ 3.48	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.05	$ 0.34	$ 0.25	$ 0.30	$ 3.32	$ 0.95	$ 0.91
Weighted average noncontrolling TRG Units outstanding
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive effect (in shares)									4,123,160	4,149,144	4,089,327
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive effect (in shares)										871,262	871,262

Fair Value Disclosures (Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investment in Simon common shares (Note 17)		$ 48,738
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)	0	4,875
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investment in Simon common shares (Note 17)		48,738
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
Insurance deposit	11,213	10,121
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	11,213	58,859
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)		3,530
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	0	3,530
Derivative interest rate contract (Note 10)	(15,419)	(5,710)
Total liabilities	$ (15,419)	$ (5,710)

Fair Value Disclosures (Details) - SPG Common Shares [Member] - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2019	Jan. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Nonrecurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Simon Property Group Common Shares Sold			290,124	300,000
Available-For-Sale Securities Held		0		290,124
Conversion of Simon Property Group Limited Partnership Units to SPG Common Stock	340,124
SPG Common Shares Average Sales Price			$ 179.52	$ 182.37

Fair Value Disclosures (Estimated Fair Value of Notes Payable) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Estimated fair values of notes payable [Abstract]
Notes payable, net (Note 8)	$ 3,710,327	$ 3,830,195
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Estimated fair values of notes payable [Abstract]
Notes payable, fair value disclosure	$ 3,753,531	$ 3,755,757
Notes Payable Fair Values Hypothetical Percent Increase In Interest Rates	1.00%
Impact Of Overall One Percent Increase In Interest Rates Decrease In Fair Values Of Notes Payable	$ 131,800
Impact Of Overall One Percent Increase In Interest Rates Decrease In Fair Values Of Notes Payable Percent	3.50%

Cash Flow Disclosures & Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2016
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	$ 102,762	$ 48,372	$ 42,499
Interest Costs Capitalized	7,807	15,221	12,400
Interest Paid, Excluding Capitalized Interest, Operating Activities	143,700	125,500	100,900
Income Taxes Paid, Net	900	500	2,500
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents	656	94,557	121,905
Other non-cash additions to properties	77,700	99,400	79,000
Effect of Exchange Rate on Cash and Cash Equivalents	(1,215)	(5,314)	2,261
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents	103,418	142,929	164,404		$ 152,965
Cash Paid for Operating Leases	14,400
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset	173,796			$ 178,100
Business Acquisition, Equity Interest Issued or Issuable, Value Assigned	79,300
Deposit Assets, Foreign [Member]
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents		92,500	119,200
Restricted Cash Stipulated by Lenders and Various Agreements [Member]
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents	$ 700	$ 94,600	$ 121,900
Preferred Stock [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Acquisitions	1,500,000
Preferred Stock [Member] \| The Gardens Mall [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Acquisitions	1,500,000

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		$ (39,003)	$ (25,376)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income		(930)	(1,809)	$ 7,564
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption	$ 1,000	4,919
Adjustments To Equity For Partial Disposition of Ownership Interest In Unconsolidated Joint Venture		0
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income		(930)	(1,809)	7,564
Amount of gain/loss on interest rate contract reclassfied from AOCI		628	(1,133)	2,879
Amount of gain/loss on interest rate contract reclassfied from AOCI for unconsolidated joint ventures		(355)	188	2,406
Amount of gain/loss on cross-currency interest rate contract reclassified from AOCI for Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		(1,203)	(864)	2,279
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		(18,953)	(16,128)	384	$ (23,147)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cumulative Changes in Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges, Effect Net of Tax		(20,050)	(9,248)	(7,303)	(12,769)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		(39,003)	(25,376)	(6,919)	(35,916)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax		(12,835)	(16,513)	23,615
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax		(9,806)	(26)	41
OCI, before Reclassifications, Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent		(22,641)	(16,539)	23,656
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income		(649)	(1,286)	5,364
Cumulative Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax, Period Increase (Decrease)		(12,835)	(16,513)	23,615
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Derivatives Qualifying as Hedges, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent		(10,455)	(1,312)	5,405
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent		(23,290)	(17,825)	29,020
OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossAdjustmentForeignCurrencyAttributableToParent		271	1	(84)
Other comprehensive income (loss), adjustments, attributable to parent		(347)	46	61
Other comprehensive income (loss), total adjustments attributable to parent		(76)	47	(23)
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption			(679)
Adjustments To Equity For Partial Disposition of Ownership Interest In Unconsolidated Joint Venture		9,739
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		(8,176)	(6,569)	159	(9,613)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cumulative Changes in Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges, Effect Net of Tax		4,197	8,363	9,220	7,065
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		(3,979)	1,794	9,379	$ (2,548)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax		(1,336)	(6,727)	9,688
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax		(4,232)	(12)	16
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), before Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest		(5,568)	(6,739)	9,704
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income		(281)	(523)	2,200
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest		(1,336)	(6,727)	9,688
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Derivatives Qualifying as Hedges, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest		(4,513)	(535)	2,216
Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest		(5,849)	(7,262)	11,904
Other Comprehensive Income Loss Adjustment Foreign Currency Attributable To Noncontrolling Interest		(271)	(1)	84
Other comprehensive income (loss), adjustments, attributable to noncontrolling interests		347	(46)	(61)
Other comprehensive income (loss), total adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests		$ 76	(47)	$ 23
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption			$ (276)

Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Revenues	$ 176,736	$ 162,506	$ 161,604	$ 160,208	$ 167,489	$ 159,120	$ 152,769	$ 161,492	$ 661,054	$ 640,870	$ 629,165
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	(580)	20,252	14,822	14,672	18,724	16,910	14,042	19,728	49,166	69,404	67,374
Net income	(32,631)	316,390	16,877	29,738	12,938	38,115	30,093	34,596	330,374	115,742	112,757
Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners	$ (32,792)	$ 215,361	$ 6,259	$ 15,097	$ 3,079	$ 20,976	$ 15,307	$ 18,590	$ 203,925	$ 57,952	$ 55,267
Earnings per common share – basic	$ (0.54)	$ 3.52	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.05	$ 0.34	$ 0.25	$ 0.31	$ 3.33	$ 0.95	$ 0.91
Earnings per common share – diluted	$ (0.54)	$ 3.48	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.05	$ 0.34	$ 0.25	$ 0.30	$ 3.32	$ 0.95	$ 0.91
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment									$ (17,951)
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield [Member]
Impairment Charge on Reclassified Assets									72,200
Stamford Town Center Member
Income Loss From Equity Method Investments Potion Due To Impairment									$ 18,000

Subsequent Events (Details)	Feb. 09, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares $ / operating_partnership_units Rate	Dec. 31, 2019 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018 $ / shares
Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Percent Exchanged, Call Option	100.00%
Call Option Consideration, Percent, Simon Operation Partnership Units	50.00%
Call Option Consideration, Percent, Cash	50.00%
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Percent Exchanged, Put Option, Second Anniversary	20.00%
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Percent Exchanged, Put Option, Third Anniversary	40.00%
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Percent Exchanged, Put Option, Fourth Anniversary	60.00%
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Percent Exchanged, Put Option, Fifth Anniversary	80.00%
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Percent Exchanged, Put Option, Sixth Anniversary and Thereafter	100.00%
Taubman Family Equity in Joint Venture, Minimum Percent Exchanged, Put Option	10.00%
Minimum Required Distribution to Joint Venture Partners, Percent of REIT Taxable Income \| Rate	95.00%
Taubman Family Non-Competition Obligation, Minimum Percent of Joint Venture Common Units	2.00%
Taubman Centers Inc. [Member] \| Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Taubman Partnership Units to Simon Partnership Units, Terms of Conversion \| $ / operating_partnership_units	0.3814
Business Acquisition Termination Fee Go Shop Period Conclusion \| $	$ 111,900,000
Business Acquisition, Ownership Percentage, Simon Operating Partnership \| Rate	80.00%
Business Acquisition, Ownership Percentage, Taubman Family \| Rate	20.00%
Business Acquisition Termination Fee Go Shop Period \| $	$ 46,600,000
Business Acquisition, Share Price	$ 52.50
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference Per Share		$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Series B Preferred Stock [Member] \| Taubman Centers Inc. [Member] \| Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion	$ 14,000
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference Per Share		25.00	25.00
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference Per Share		$ 25.00	$ 25.00

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Details) - Allowance for doubtful receivables [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 10,237	$ 4,311
Charged to costs and expenses	3,728	11,025
Write-offs	(3,605)	(5,099)
Transfers, net
Balance at end of year	$ 10,360	$ 10,237

Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 240,802
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	2,721,584
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	1,768,675
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	240,802
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	4,490,259
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	4,731,061	$ 4,717,569	$ 4,461,045	$ 4,173,954
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	1,514,992	1,404,692	$ 1,276,916	$ 1,147,390
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	3,216,069	$ 3,312,877
Beverly Center [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	200,902
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	472,892
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	673,794
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	673,794
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	208,109
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	$ 465,685
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1982
Depreciable Life	40 years
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	$ 99,087
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	261,221
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	360,308
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	360,308
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	191,539
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	168,769
Encumbrances	$ 550,000
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1990 / 1998 / 2015
Depreciable Life	40 years
City Creek Center [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	$ 75,229
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	7,016
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	82,245
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	82,245
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	21,957
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	60,288
Encumbrances	$ 75,359
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	2012
Depreciable Life	30 years
Dolphin Mall [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 34,881
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	222,301
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	134,603
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	34,881
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	356,904
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	391,785
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	149,059
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	$ 242,726
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	2001 / 2007 / 2015
Depreciable Life	50 years
The Gardens on El Paseo [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 23,500
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	131,858
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	14,365
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	23,500
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	146,223
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	169,723
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	33,386
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	136,337
Encumbrances
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1998 / 2010
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date Acquired	Dec. 28, 2011
Depreciable Life	48 years
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 15,506
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	188,773
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	77,840
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	15,506
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	266,613
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	282,119
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	140,261
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	141,858
Encumbrances	$ 193,515
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1998
Depreciable Life	50 years
The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 48,551
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	332,261
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	237,314
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	48,551
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	569,575
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	618,126
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	98,115
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	520,011
Encumbrances	$ 150,000
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1955 / 2011 / 2019
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date Acquired	Dec. 28, 2011
Depreciable Life	40 years
International Market Place [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	$ 539,924
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	14,007
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	553,931
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	553,931
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	101,235
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	452,696
Encumbrances	$ 250,000
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	2016
Depreciable Life	50 years
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 17,617
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	476,742
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	21,183
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	17,617
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	497,925
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	515,542
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	91,654
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	423,888
Encumbrances
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	2015
Depreciable Life	50 years
The Mall at Short Hills [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 25,114
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	167,595
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	271,485
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	25,114
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	439,080
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	464,194
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	220,912
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	243,282
Encumbrances	$ 1,000,000
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1980 / 1994 / 1995 / 2011
Depreciable Life	40 years
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 16,079
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	3,697
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	16,079
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	3,697
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	19,776
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	$ 19,776
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	2013
Depreciable Life	50 years
Twelve Oaks Mall [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 25,410
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	190,455
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	108,500
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	25,410
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	298,955
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	324,365
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	188,181
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	136,184
Encumbrances	$ 292,311
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)	1977 / 1978 / 2007 / 2008
Depreciable Life	50 years
Assets under CDD Obligations [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 3,969
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	58,512
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	1,889
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	3,969
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	60,401
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	64,370
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	38,133
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	26,237
Construction In Process And Development Pre Construction Costs [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	8,058
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	94,796
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	8,058
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	94,796
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	102,854
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	102,854
Encumbrances
Office Facilities [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	5,123
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	12,519
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition	51,564
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	5,123
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	64,083
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	69,206
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	29,201
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	40,005
Encumbrances	$ 12,000
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date Acquired	Feb. 28, 2014
Depreciable Life	35 years
Peripheral Land [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Land, Initial Cost of Company	$ 16,994
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	16,994
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	16,994
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	16,994
Other Property [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company	21,729
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	21,729
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period	21,729
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)	3,249
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	$ 18,480

Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Changes in Total Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Real Estate Investment Property, Accumulated Depreciation	$ 1,514,992	$ 1,404,692
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Initial Cost of Building and Improvements	2,721,584
Tax Basis of Investments, Cost for Income Tax Purposes	5,176,000
Reconciliation of Carrying Amount of Real Estate Investments [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of year	4,717,569	4,461,045	$ 4,173,954
New development and improvements	172,027	306,032	320,977
Disposals/Write-offs	(158,535)	(49,508)	(33,886)
Balance, end of year	4,731,061	4,717,569	4,461,045
Reconciliation of Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of year	(1,404,692)	(1,276,916)	(1,147,390)
Disposals/Write-offs	62,661	27,357	31,565
Depreciation	(172,960)	(155,133)	(161,091)
Balance, end of year	(1,514,992)	$ (1,404,692)	$ (1,276,916)
Assets under CDD Obligations [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Initial Cost of Building and Improvements	58,512
Reconciliation of Carrying Amount of Real Estate Investments [Roll Forward]
Balance, end of year	64,370
Reconciliation of Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation [Roll Forward]
Balance, end of year	(38,133)
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Real Estate Investment Property, Accumulated Depreciation	$ 0