C
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-K

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
or
		
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from ____________ to ____________
Commission file number: 001-11015

Viad Corp
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

			
Delaware	 	36-1169950	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	
7000 East 1st Avenue
Scottsdale, Arizona	 	85251-4304	
(Address of principal executive offices)	 	(Zip Code)	
(602) 207-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	 	Trading Symbol(s)	 	Name of each exchange on which registered	
Common Stock, $1.50 Par Value	 	VVI	 	New York Stock Exchange	
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights	 	__	 	New York Stock Exchange	
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.) Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.‌

Large accelerated filer	 	☒	 	Accelerated filer	 	☐	
Non-accelerated filer	 	☐	 	Smaller reporting company	 	☐	
 	 	 	 	Emerging growth company	 	☐	
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the Common Stock (based on its closing price per share on such date) held by non-affiliates on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2021) was approximately $992.3 million.
Registrant had 20,561,062 shares of Common Stock ($1.50 par value) outstanding as of February 15, 2022.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Viad Corp Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for May 24, 2022, is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report.
			
Auditor Firm Id: 34	Auditor Name: Deloitte & Touche LLP	Auditor Location: Phoenix, AZ USA	

 

INDEX

 	 	Page	
Part I	 	 	
Item 1.	Business	2	
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	11	
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	15	
Item 2.	Properties	15	
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	16	
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	16	
Other.	Information about our Executive Officers	17	
Part II	 	 	
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	18	
Item 6.	Reserved	19	
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20	
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	30	
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	32	
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	77	
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	77	
Item 9B.	Other Information	80	
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 	80	
Part III	 	 	
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	81	
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	81	
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	81	
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	81	
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	81	
Part IV	 	 	
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	81	
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	86	
 
In this report, for periods presented, “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and “Viad Corp” refer to Viad Corp and its subsidiaries.

 
PART I
Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“2021 Form 10-K”) contains a number of forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this 2021 Form 10-K, including the following sections: “Business” (Part I, Item 1), “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A), “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (Part II, Item 7), and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” (Part II, Item 7A). Words, and variations of words, such as “will,” “may,” “expect,” “would,” “could,” “might,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “deliver,” “seek,” “aim,” “potential,” “target,” “outlook,” and similar expressions are intended to identify our forward-looking statements. Similarly, statements that describe our business strategy, outlook, objectives, plans, initiatives, intentions, or goals also are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are subject to a host of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Such risks, uncertainties, and other important factors include, among others: the short- and longer-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the demand for travel, event business and travel experiences, and levels of consumer confidence; actions that governments, businesses, and individuals take in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or any future resurgence, including limiting or banning travel; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, or any future resurgence, on global and regional economies, travel, and economic activity, including the duration and magnitude of its impact on unemployment rates and consumer discretionary spending; and the pace of recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic or any future resurgence.‌
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial condition, liquidity, and cash flow;•our ability to anticipate and adjust for the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our businesses;•general economic uncertainty in key global markets and a worsening of global economic conditions;•travel industry disruptions;•seasonality of our businesses;•unanticipated delays and cost overruns of our capital projects, and our ability to achieve established financial and strategic goals for such projects;•our exposure to labor shortages, turnover, and labor cost increases;•the importance of key members of our account teams to our business relationships;•the competitive nature of the industries in which we operate;•our dependence on large exhibition event clients;•adverse effects of show rotation on our periodic results and operating margins;•transportation disruptions and increases in transportation costs;•natural disasters, weather conditions, accidents, and other catastrophic events;•our exposure to labor cost increases and work stoppages related to unionized employees;•our multi-employer pension plan funding obligations;•our ability to successfully integrate and achieve established financial and strategic goals from acquisitions;•our exposure to cybersecurity attacks and threats;•our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations;•liabilities relating to prior and discontinued operations; and•compliance with laws governing the storage, collection, handling, and transfer of personal data and our exposure to legal claims and fines for data breaches or improper handling of such data.
For a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties that may affect our business or financial results, refer to “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A of this 2021 Form 10-K). The forward-looking statements in this 2021 Form 10-K are made as of the date hereof. We disclaim and do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this 2021 Form 10-K except as required by applicable law or regulation.
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Item 1. BUSINESS
We are a leading global provider of extraordinary experiences, including hospitality and leisure activities, experiential marketing, and live events. Our mission is to drive significant and sustainable growth by delivering extraordinary experiences for our teams, clients, and guests.
We operate through two reportable business segments: Pursuit and GES:‌
•Pursuit is a vertically-integrated attractions and hospitality company in iconic destinations with a collection of world-class attractions, distinctive lodges, and sightseeing tours.•GES is a global, full-service live events company offering a comprehensive range of services for exhibitions/conferences, brand experiences, and venue services.

Pursuit is an attractions and hospitality company that provides a collection of inspiring and unforgettable travel experiences in iconic destinations. From world-class attractions, distinctive lodges, and engaging tours in stunning national parks and renowned global travel locations, Pursuit’s elevated attraction and hospitality experiences enable visitors to discover and connect with these iconic destinations. With a strategic direction to build an expanding portfolio of extraordinary experiences, Pursuit remains focused on refreshing, improving, and growing its collection in outstanding places around the globe. Pursuit draws its guests from major markets, including the United States, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand, Asia Pacific, and Europe. Pursuit markets directly to consumers, as well as through distribution channels that include tour operators, tour wholesalers, destination management companies, and retail travel agencies. Pursuit comprises the following:

Banff Jasper Collection	The Banff Jasper Collection provides experiential travel experiences in the Canadian Rockies. Featuring lake cruises in Banff and Jasper National Parks, top-of-the-mountain views at the Banff Gondola, glacier exploration at the toe of the Columbia Icefield, and a suspension bridge spanning over deep canyons, the collection offers visitors unique hotel experiences, attractions, culinary destinations, and retail offerings. The collection is also complemented by a sightseeing tour and transportation portfolio.	
Alaska Collection	The Alaska Collection offers wilderness tours and glacier cruises complemented by unique lodging experiences in Denali and Kenai Fjords National Parks. From the port town of Seward, to the mountain town of Talkeetna, to the end of the road in Denali National Park, Pursuit offers a collection of unique attractions and hotels, complemented by culinary and retail services.	
 
Glacier Park Collection
 	Located in and around Glacier and Waterton Lakes National Parks, the Glacier Park Collection features lodging, culinary and retail experiences and attractions designed to enable guests to experience both Montana and Southern Alberta’s stunning outdoors.‌	
FlyOver Attractions	Pursuit’s FlyOver flight ride attractions provide guests with an exhilarating flying experience over iconic natural wonders, hard to reach locations, and picturesque scenery. Utilizing state-of-the-art ride and audio-visual technology, each FlyOver experience features moving ride vehicles with six degrees of motion, multi-sensory special effects, and a spherical screen that provides guests with a flight across stunning landscapes.‌	
Sky Lagoon	Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon is an oceanfront geothermal lagoon located in Reykjavik, Iceland. It features an ocean-side infinity-edge in addition to cold pool and sauna experiences. It also features an in-lagoon bar, dining experiences and retail offerings. Sky Lagoon opened in April of 2021.	
 
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Pursuit’s collection of experiences focuses on four distinct lines of business: Attractions (including food and beverage services and retail operations); Hospitality (including food and beverage services and retail operations); Transportation; and Travel planning.‌

 
Attractions

BANFF JASPER COLLECTION
Banff Gondola transports visitors to an elevation of over 7,000 feet above sea level to the top of Sulphur Mountain in Banff, Alberta, Canada offering an unobstructed view of the Canadian Rockies and overlooking the town of Banff and the Bow Valley. The Banff Gondola was a 2021 Trip Advisor Travelers Choice award winner and the Sky Bistro restaurant, which is located at the top of the Banff Gondola, is currently #1 of 109 restaurants in Banff on Trip Advisor.‌
Lake Minnewanka Cruise provides guests a unique sightseeing experience through interpretive boat cruises on Lake Minnewanka in the Canadian Rockies. The Lake Minnewanka Cruise operations are located adjacent to the town of Banff and include boat tours, small boat rentals, and charter fishing expeditions. The Lake Minnewanka Cruise was a 2021 Trip Advisor Travelers Choice award winner.
Glacier Adventure is a tour of the Athabasca Glacier on the Columbia Icefield, and provides guests a view of one of the largest accumulations of ice and snow south of the Arctic Circle. Guests ride in a giant “Ice Explorer,” a unique vehicle specially designed for glacier travel.‌
Columbia Icefield Skywalk is a 1,312-foot guided interpretive walkway with a 98-foot glass-floored observation area overlooking the Sunwapta Valley, near our Glacier Adventure attraction in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. Since opening in 2014, the Columbia Icefield Skywalk has won awards and received international recognition for its innovative design and environmentally sound architecture, including the prestigious Governor General’s Medals in Architecture in 2016.
Maligne Lake Cruise provides interpretive boat tours at Maligne Lake, the largest lake in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. In addition to boat tours, Maligne Lake has a marina and day lodge that offers food and beverage and retail services, an historic chalet complex and boat house that offers canoes, kayaks, and rowboats for rental.
Golden Skybridge is one of Pursuit’s newest attractions located in the mountain town of Golden, British Columbia, which is 90 minutes from Banff. It consists of two suspension bridges that are connected through forested trails. The first bridge is 426 feet above the canyon floor while the second bridge is 262 feet above the canyon floor. The attraction also includes a zip line and a canyon challenge course. The Golden Skybridge opened in June 2021. A mountain coaster is in development and is scheduled to open in late summer 2022.
ALASKA COLLECTION
Kenai Fjords Tours is a leading Alaska wildlife and glacier day cruise, offering guests unforgettable sights of towering glaciers, humpback and grey whales, orcas, arctic birdlife, sea lions, seals, and porpoises in Kenai Fjords National Park. Tours range from a few hours to full days, with some tours including a full meal of wild Alaskan salmon, prime rib, and Alaskan King Crab on Fox Island.
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SKY LAGOON
Sky Lagoon is a 230-foot premium oceanfront geothermal lagoon. Located in Kársnes Harbour, Kópavogur, just minutes from Reykjavik’s vibrant city centre and iconic urban landmarks, Sky Lagoon showcases expansive ocean vistas punctuated by awe-inspiring sunsets, Northern Lights, and dark sky views. Sky Lagoon opened in April 2021.
FLYOVER ATTRACTIONS
FlyOver flight ride attractions provide guests with an exhilarating flying experience over iconic natural wonders, hard to reach locations, and picturesque scenery. Utilizing state-of-the-art ride and audio-visual technology, each FlyOver experience features moving ride vehicles with six degrees of motion and multi-sensory special effects before a spherical screen.
•FlyOver Canada is located along Vancouver’s waterfront in the heart of downtown.•FlyOver Iceland is located in Reykjavik’s Grandi Harbour District.•FlyOver Las Vegas is located on Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas, Nevada. It opened in September 2021.•With the goal of expanding our FlyOver attractions to other major tourism markets, we currently have two additional locations in development:•FlyOver Chicago, located near the front entrance of Chicago’s Navy Pier, is expected to open during late 2023.•FlyOver Canada Toronto, located at the base of the CN Tower in Toronto’s Entertainment District, is expected to open during 2024.

 
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Hospitality

 
BANFF JASPER COLLECTION
•Elk + Avenue Hotel (164 rooms)•Sawridge Inn & Conference Centre (152 rooms)•Lobstick Lodge (139 rooms)•Mount Royal Hotel (133 rooms)•Chateau Jasper Hotel (119 rooms)•The Crimson Hotel (99 rooms)•Forest Park Hotel (88 rooms) (scheduled to open in early summer of 2022)•Marmot Lodge (107 rooms)•Pyramid Lake Resort (62 rooms)•Pocahontas Cabins (56 rooms)•Glacier View Lodge (32 rooms)
GLACIER PARK COLLECTION
•Glacier Park Lodge (162 rooms)•Grouse Mountain Lodge (145 rooms)•St. Mary Lodge (116 rooms)•Prince of Wales Hotel (86 rooms)•Apgar Village Lodge (48 rooms)•West Glacier Motel & Cabins (32 rooms)•Glacier Basecamp Lodge (32 rooms)•Belton Chalet (27 rooms)•Motel Lake McDonald (27 rooms)•West Glacier RV Park & Cabins (20 rooms)
ALASKA COLLECTION
•Windsong Lodge (216 rooms)•Talkeetna Alaskan Lodge (212 rooms)•Denali Cabins (46 rooms)•Denali Backcountry Lodge (42 rooms)•Kenai Fjords Wilderness Lodge (8 rooms)

 
Transportation
 	
BANFF JASPER COLLECTION
Transportation operations include sightseeing tours, airport shuttle services, and seasonal charter motorcoach services. The sightseeing services include seasonal half- and full-day tours from Calgary, Banff, Lake Louise, and Jasper, Canada and bring guests to the most scenic areas of Banff, Jasper, and Yoho National Parks. The charter business operates a fleet of luxury motorcoaches, available for groups of any size, for travel throughout the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia during the winter months.
ALASKA COLLECTION
Transportation includes a Denali Backcountry Adventure, which is a unique photo safari tour 92 miles deep into Denali National Park.
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Travel Planning
 	
BANFF JASPER COLLECTION
Travel planning services include a full suite of corporate and event management services for meetings, conferences, incentive travel, sports, and special events. Event-related service offerings include staffing, off-site events, tours/activities, team building, accommodations, event management, theme development, production, and audio-visual services. The Banff Jasper Collection also owns and operates eight Pursuit Adventure Centers, which help guests book their leisure activities in Banff and Jasper National Parks.
ALASKA COLLECTION
Travel planning services provide complete travel planning services throughout Alaska.
Pursuit Seasonality
Pursuit’s peak activity occurs during the summer months. During 2021, 82% of Pursuit’s revenue was earned in the second and third quarters. During 2020, health and travel restrictions including border closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in lower visitation to all of Pursuit’s properties. During 2021, as pandemic-related restrictions lessened and as people started to feel more comfortable traveling, visitation to Pursuit’s properties improved from 2020. Pursuit’s experiences in the United States saw a strong recovery in visitation primarily from domestic travelers, while tourism in Canada and Iceland remained constrained by border closures and travel restrictions. Canada reopened its border with the United States in early August 2021 to fully vaccinated travelers and to travelers from other countries beginning in September 2021, which accelerated short-term bookings from travelers to our Pursuit operations in Canada.
Pursuit Competition
Pursuit generally competes based on location, uniqueness of facilities, service, quality, and price. Competition exists both locally and regionally across all four lines of business. The hospitality industry has a large number of competitors and competes for leisure travelers (both individual and tour groups) across the United States and Canada. Pursuit’s competitive advantages are its distinctive attractions, iconic destinations, and strong culture of hospitality and guest services.
Pursuit Growth Strategy‌
Pursuit’s growth strategy is to become a leading attractions hospitality company through its Refresh-Build-Buy initiatives:
•Refresh. Refreshing our existing assets and processes to optimize guest experience, market position, and maximize returns•Build. Building new assets that create new guest experiences and additional revenue streams with economies of scale and scope•Buy. Buying strategic assets that drive guest experience, economies of scale and scope, and improve financial performance
We continue to search for opportunities to acquire or to build high return tourism assets in iconic natural and cultural destinations that enjoy perennial demand, bring meaningful scale and market share, and offer cross-selling advantages with a combination of attractions and hotels.
Recent Pursuit Developments
•Pursuit opened three new world-class attractions in three countries in 2021:•On March 18, 2021, we acquired a 60% controlling interest in the Golden Skybridge attraction, which is located in the mountain town of Golden, British Columbia. The Golden Skybridge opened in June 2021. This attraction is part of the Banff Jasper Collection.•On April 30, 2021, we opened Sky Lagoon in Reykjavik, Iceland.•On September 1, 2021, we opened FlyOver’s newest attraction, FlyOver Las Vegas.•Construction has begun of the Forest Park Hotel, a new 88-room hotel in Jasper, which is scheduled to open in early summer of 2022.•With the goal of expanding our FlyOver attractions to other major tourism markets, we currently have two additional locations in development:•FlyOver Chicago, located near the front entrance of Chicago’s Navy Pier, is expected to open during late 2023.•FlyOver Canada Toronto located at the base of the CN Tower in Toronto’s Entertainment District, is expected to open during 2024.
 
6

 
GES is a global, full-service provider for live, hybrid, and digital events that partners with brand marketers, exhibitors, and show organizers to create high-value events and experiences. GES offers a comprehensive range of event services, from the design and production of compelling, immersive live and digital experiences that engage audiences and build brand awareness, through to logistics, including material handling, rigging, electrical, and other on-site event services. In addition, GES offers clients a full suite of audio-visual services from creative and technology to content and design, along with registration, data analytics, engagement, and online tools powered by next generation technologies that help clients easily manage the complexities of their event.‌
GES’ clients include event organizers and corporate brand marketers. Event organizers schedule and run the event from start to finish. Corporate brand marketers include exhibitors and domestic and international corporations that want to promote their brands, services and innovations, feature new products, and build business relationships. GES serves corporate brand marketers when they exhibit at shows and when GES is engaged to manage their global exhibit program or produce their proprietary corporate events.‌
GES has a leading position in the United States, serving every major exhibition market, including Las Vegas, Chicago, and Orlando. Additionally, GES produces events at many of the most active and popular international event destinations and venues in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands.
Service Lines‌
GES offers a comprehensive range of services and innovative technology for exhibitions/conferences, brand experiences, and venue services.‌

EXHIBITIONS/CONFERENCES
GES is a global, full-service strategic marketing and logistics partner for exhibitions and conferences. GES helps clients to easily manage the complexities of their events. GES provides strategy, creative/design, accommodations, official show services, including material handling, rigging, electrical and other on-site services, and audio visual/technology solutions to show organizers and exhibitors. GES assists clients in optimizing show floor presence and sponsorships, and provides data driven solutions to boost revenue.‌
BRAND EXPERIENCES
Within the brand experiences service line, GES partners with leading brands around the world to manage and elevate their global experiential marketing activities. GES builds immersive experiences with its clients starting with the strategic plan, creating the content and design, and finishing with the delivery and execution. GES delivers a broad range of unique and impactful experiences for its clients, including corporate meetings and events, digital experiences, brand and sports activations, product launches, strategic exhibition program management, corporate customer centers, consumer pop-up events, on-site services, and audio visual/technology solutions.‌
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VENUE SERVICES
GES is the in-house audio visual, lighting, rigging, and power service provider of choice to hotels, convention centers, and resorts. With a team of hospitality focused staff, GES supplies on-site scalable production resources and technical AV solutions. Clients range from large venues including the Georgia World Congress, San Diego Convention Center and Metro Toronto Convention Centre to hotel conference centers and resorts.
GES Seasonality and Show Rotation
GES’ exhibition and event activity can vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on the frequency and timing of shows. Some shows are not held annually and some shift between quarters. Show rotation refers to shows that occur less frequently than annually, as well as annual shows that shift quarters from one year to the next. Starting in mid-March 2020, in-person live event activity was largely cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The live event markets began to re-open in 2021 with smaller scale live events starting to take place during the first half of the year. During the second half of 2021, we began to see an acceleration in the recovery of in-person trade shows as event organizers began to hold larger-scale face-to-face live events.‌
GES Competition
In the live events industry, GES generally competes across all classes of services and all markets on the basis of discernible differences, value, quality, price, convenience, and service. GES has a competitive advantage through its worldwide network of resources, history of serving as an extension of clients’ teams, experienced and knowledgeable personnel, client focus, creativity, reliable execution, proprietary technology platforms, and financial strength. All known United States competitors and most international competitors are privately held companies that provide limited public information regarding their operations. GES’ primary competitor within its exhibitions and conferences is a privately-held, United States-headquartered company; however, there is substantial competition from a large number of service providers in GES’ other service offerings.‌
GES Transformation Strategy‌
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing GES’ more profitable market segments. In 2020, GES exited 21 leased facilities across its warehouse and office network and sold its San Diego area production warehouse. In 2021, GES sold its Orlando area production warehouse. As additional leases come to an end at other facilities, GES will continue to evaluate its physical presence and look for additional opportunities to improve its cost structure. Additionally, GES outsourced capital-intensive services by closing its United Kingdom-based audio-visual services business, which will now be serviced by third parties in the United Kingdom, and outsourced the management, cleaning, and storage of aisle carpet in the United States. GES has partnered with a third-party staffing agency to roll out an industry-wide Flex Talent Pool program. Through this program, GES can offer flexible and temporary work opportunities for exhibition professionals as business operations return, while managing its costs.
Intellectual Property‌
Our intellectual property rights (including trademarks, patents, copyrights, registered designs, technology, and know-how) are material to our business.‌
We own or have the right to use numerous trademarks and patents in many countries. Depending on the country, trademarks remain valid for as long as we use them, or as long as we maintain their registration status. Trademark registrations are generally for renewable, fixed terms. We also have patents for current and potential products. Our patents cover inventions ranging from a modular structure having a load-bearing surface that we use in our event and exhibition services, to a surface-covering installation tool and method that reduces our labor costs and improves worker safety. Our United States issued utility patents extend for 20 years from the patent application filing date, and our United States issued design patents are currently granted for 14 years from the grant date. We also have an extensive design library. Many of the designs have copyright protection and we have also registered many of the copyrights. In the United States, copyright protection is for 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. While we believe that certain of our patents, trademarks, and copyrights have substantial value, we do not believe the loss of any one of them would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Our Trademarks
Our United States registered trademarks and trademarks pending registration include Global Experience Specialists & design®, GES®, GES Servicenter®, GES National Servicenter®, GES MarketWorks®, GES Measurement & Insight®, GES Project Central, The Art and Science of Engagement®, Trade Show Rigging TSR®, TSE Trade Show Electrical & design®, Earth Explorers®, Compass Direct®, ethnoMetrics®, eXPRESSO®, FIT®, ON Services, a GES Company & design®, ON Site Audio Visual & design®, FLYOVER® & design, FLYOVER Canada & design®, FLYOVER Iceland & design®, eco-sense®, ONPEAK®, Above Banff®, Alaska Denali Travel®, Alaska Denali Escapes®, Alaska Heritage Tours®, by Pursuit, Kenai Fjords Tours & design®, Kenai Fjords Wilderness Lodge® &‌
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design, Seward Windsong Lodge & design®, Talkeetna Alaskan Lodge®, Explore Rockies®, Denali Backcountry Adventure®, Denali Backcountry Lodge®, and Denali Cabins & design®.‌
We also own or have the right to use many registered trademarks and trademarks pending registration outside of the United States, including GES®, ShowTech®, Poken®, Visit®, Visit by GES®, Blitz, a GES Company & design®, Brewster Inc. & design®, Brewster Attractions Explore & design®, Brewster Hospitality Refresh & design®, Glacier Skywalk®, Above Banff®, Explore Rockies®, FLYOVER & design®, FLYOVER ICELAND & design, FLYOVER Canada & design, Mount Royal, GES Event Intelligence AG®, Pursuit®, by Pursuit®, Kaffi Grandi, Ský Lagoon®, Soaring Over Canada®, Elk + Avenue Hotel®, Brewster Epic Summer Pass®, and escape.connect.refresh.explore®.‌
Government Regulation and Compliance‌
The principal rules and regulations affecting our day-to-day business relate to our employees (such as regulations implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, equal employment opportunity laws, guidelines implemented pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act, and general federal and state employment laws), unionized labor (such as guidelines imposed by the National Labor Relations Act), United States and Canadian regulations relating to national parks (such as regulations established by Parks Canada, the United States Department of the Interior, and the United States National Park Service), United States and Canadian regulations relating to boating (such as regulations implemented by the United States and Canadian Coast Guard and state boating laws), and transportation (such as regulations promulgated by the United States Department of Transportation and its state counterparts).
Our current and former businesses are subject to federal and state environmental regulations. Compliance with these provisions, and environmental stewardship generally, is key to our ongoing operations. To date, these provisions have not had, and we do not expect them to have, a material effect on our results of current and discontinued operations.‌
On July 18, 2020, an off-road Ice Explorer operated by our Pursuit business was involved in an accident while enroute to the Athabasca Glacier, resulting in three fatalities and multiple other serious injuries. We continue to support the victims and their families, and we are fully cooperating with the applicable regulatory authorities to investigate this accident.‌
Human Capital‌
Our business strategy focuses on providing superior experiential services to our customers to generate financial results that create attractive returns on invested capital to our shareholders. We employ the highest quality individuals who embody our values, provide innovative leadership, and deliver superior guest experiences and client services. We are committed to providing great places to work that are diverse and inclusive, creating safe and environmentally conscious experiential services, and giving back to our communities.
We had the following number of employees as of December 31, 2021:

 	 	Number of
Employees (1)	 	
GES	 	 	2,058	 	
Pursuit	 	 	1,423	 	
Viad Corporate	 	 	31	 	
Total	 	 	3,512	 	
(1)Includes 620 employees covered by collective bargaining agreements and excludes seasonal or temporary employees. The employees covered by collective bargaining agreements are largely used to staff GES’ shows, events, and production facilities pursuant to business demands. We believe that relations with our employees are good and that collective bargaining agreements expiring in 2022 will be renegotiated in the ordinary course of business without adverse effects on our operations.
We are governed by a Board of Directors comprising eight non-employee directors and one employee director, and we have an executive management team with six executive officers.
GES hires temporary employees on a show-by-show basis, including operations and exhibitor service positions. The number of temporary employees fluctuates depending on the size and location of the exhibition or event. Pursuit hires approximately 2,000 seasonal employees during the peak summer months to help operate its attractions and hospitality properties.
Safety and well-being:‌
The safety and well-being of team members, clients, and guests is a leading core value. We believe that maintaining strong standards of health and safety improves employee productivity and operational efficiency and enhances employee well-being.‌
Our employees have a responsibility to maintain a safe and healthy work environment. We take prompt action to correct unsafe or hazardous conditions; we promptly report work-related accidents and injuries in accordance with established procedures; we follow all established work rules related to safety; we ensure that our workers understand the risks, know how to handle hazardous products safely,‌
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and are familiar with available information for all hazardous materials used. In response to mitigating the spread of the COVID-19 virus, we implemented enhanced health and safety protocols including employees working from home and additional safety measures for employees continuing critical on-site work. Our Experience Modification Rating assigned by the National Council on Compensation Insurance was 0.82 as of December 31, 2021 and 0.77 as of December 31, 2020, which are considered ratings of better than average.
Both Pursuit and GES have implemented business-specific programs that support our commitment to the safety and well-being of our team members, clients, and guests. Through Pursuit’s Safety Promise, we ensure that our team members and guests feel safe at our experiences and that these places can continue to make a positive impact. GES’s Always On Health and Safety Program was designed by our safety team to protect our employees, customers, partners, and event attendees and provide safe and reliable delivery of events.‌
Compliance and ethics:
As leaders in the live event and adventure travel industries, we uphold and are dedicated to being a responsible corporate citizen and a good steward of our environment. This is reinforced every day in our businesses through our Always Honest Compliance and Ethics Program. Our Always Honest Program was established in 1994 and is our guide to operating with integrity. The Always Honest Program guides our employees in conducting themselves on behalf of the Company, with each other, and with everyone the Company partners with. It guides employees to act honestly, ethically, and always in compliance with the law. We believe that maintaining a culture of high ethical standards gives us a distinct advantage in recruiting and retaining top talent, driving the best value for our customers, and attracting shareholders.‌
Community involvement:
Giving back to the community is very important to us. We are committed to making a positive impact within the communities we serve through educational programs such as GES’ Exhibition Sponsorships, volunteer services, and environmental/economic sustainable efforts in the community. Many of our offices pull together to volunteer and support local and national organizations. For example, Pursuit was the first corporate donor to Banff Canmore Community Foundation’s “Funding the Future” campaign reinforcing our commitment to the Bow Valley community. Also, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the temporary closure of Pursuit’s operations, Pursuit quickly developed an at-cost, ready-made meal program for its staff and community members in Banff and Jasper. Led by Pursuit’s food and beverage team and staffed by volunteers from across its operations, more than 20,000 takeaway meals were served to the communities.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion:‌
We believe diversity and gender equality are critical to building a thriving workplace. We strive to create an environment where people of all different backgrounds feel a sense of belonging and contribute to our continued success. To make our workplace as inclusive and safe as possible, we have diversity and inclusion training integrated into our Always Honest Compliance and Ethics Program.
We do not discriminate against employees or applicants based on race, color, age, disability, ethnicity, citizenship, religion, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, genetics or genetic information, or any other categories protected by law. We are committed to equal opportunity in all of our employment activities, including, but not limited to, recruitment, hiring, compensation, determination of benefits, training, promotion, and discipline. We also provide reasonable accommodations to disabled persons, so all employees can achieve success in the workplace.‌
We take pride in the diverse and talented group of people that make up our Board of Directors, executive management team, and employees. We understand the value that a diverse workforce of varying genders, ethnicity, background, and experience brings to the Company and we are focused on improving diversity at all levels. With our recent appointment of Beverly K. Carmichael to our Board of Directors, we now have three female Board members out of a total of eight non-employee Board members. In 2021, more than 40% of our overall global workforce were female.‌
As a devoted steward to our communities, we are committed to increasing the diversity of our workforce to better reflect the communities in which we operate. We have undertaken initiatives, which go beyond legal compliance, to recruit from diverse audiences, such as minorities, veterans, and women. These efforts include leveraging inclusive job-posting sites and sharing job postings with community partners.
As part of our commitment to developing our employees and furthering their professional growth, we have mentorship programs in place, including our Sales Leadership Program. This program connects new hires, which are recent graduates, with leaders within our organization and is designed to accelerate their career trajectory.‌
Our emphasis on equality permeates throughout the organization and helps drive our success. For example, Pursuit conducted its first diversity, equity, and inclusion survey in 2020. Pursuit’s Promise to People census was designed to help us understand, recognize, and‌
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respect the diversity we have within our team. The key learnings from this voluntary survey shaped our training and development plans for 2022 and beyond.‌
Rewards and performance management:‌
Beyond a competitive salary, we offer a range of healthcare benefits to full-time employees, their spouses, and dependents. We encourage our employees to grow professionally with ongoing training and internal career opportunities. We utilize a performance management cycle, which provides a framework designed to maximize performance and cultivate talent. Salary increases are based on merit. Short- and long-term incentive compensation for senior managers and executives is based on the Company’s performance and/or stock performance.
Impact of COVID-19‌
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. COVID-19 continues to spread rapidly, with a high concentration of confirmed cases in the United States and other countries in which we operate. Starting in mid-March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant and negative impact on our operations and financial performance, with severe disruptions in live event and tourism activity. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (Part II, Item 7 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further discussion regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our 2021 financial results.‌
Due to the evolving and uncertain nature of COVID-19, and depending on the success of ongoing vaccination and other mitigation efforts as well as the scope and magnitude of infections and hospitalizations, we are not able at this time to fully estimate the effect of these factors on our business; however, the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and cash flows has been significant. Refer to “Risk Factors” (Part I. Item 1A of this 2021 Form 10-K) for a discussion of risks and uncertainties that may affect our business.‌
Available Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in 1991. Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VVI.”
Our website address is www.viad.com. All of our Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is neither a part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this 2021 Form 10-K.
Our investor relations website is www.viad.com/investors/investor-center/default.aspx and includes key information about our corporate governance initiatives, including our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Board of Directors committee charters, our Code of Ethics, and information concerning our Board members and how to communicate with them.‌
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our operations and financial results are subject to known and unknown risks. As a result, past financial performance and historical trends may not be reliable indicators of our future performance.
Macroeconomic Risks
The COVID-19 pandemic and related responsive actions have adversely affected our financial condition, liquidity, and cash flow, and may continue to do so in the future. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the cancellation of many of our events and the temporary closure of substantially all of our attractions, hotels, and other operations. The substantial reduction in our operations resulted in significant losses and negative cash flow from operations in 2020 and 2021.‌
COVID-19 has been and continues to be a complex and evolving situation, with governments, public institutions, and other organizations imposing or recommending, and businesses and individuals implementing, at various times and to varying degrees, restrictions on various activities or other actions to combat its spread, such as restrictions and bans on travel or transportation; limitations on the size of in-person gatherings; closures of, or occupancy or other operating limitations on, work facilities, lodging facilities, food and beverage establishments, schools, public buildings, and businesses; cancellation of events, including exhibitions, sporting events, conferences and meetings; and quarantines and lock-downs. COVID-19 and its consequences also dramatically reduced travel and demand for travel related services, which has and may continue to impact our business, operations, and financial results. Although many of these restrictions, bans, limitations, closures and mandates have eased or been lifted, they have been reinstituted from time to time in varying degrees by various jurisdictions as resurgences and variants such as Delta and Omicron have emerged and then subsided. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business, operations, and financial results will depend on the factors described above and numerous other evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or assess, including the duration and scope of COVID-19; the availability and distribution of effective vaccines or treatments; COVID-19’s impact on global and regional economies and economic activity, its short and longer-term impact on the demand for travel, transient and group business, and levels of consumer confidence; and how quickly economies, travel activity, and demand for lodging recovers after the pandemic subsides.
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Our GES business depends on exhibitions, conferences, and other live events and the size of marketing expenditures relating to those events. Existing or future government orders prohibiting large group gatherings would significantly and adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Even though exhibitions and live events have increased as compared to 2020, we have experienced and continue to experience reduced spending for our services related to reduced marketing budgets. Additionally, when exhibitions and live events have occurred, we have experienced reduced attendance as compared to exhibitions and live events that occurred pre-pandemic.‌
Further, the current circumstances are dynamic and the impacts of COVID-19 on our business operations, including the duration and impact on overall customer demand, are ongoing and uncertain (for example, since travel restrictions have been lifted, some guests have chosen to not travel or visit attractions and hospitality operations within our Pursuit business as a result of health concerns, which adversely affects our profitability and cash flow). Future revenue from our Pursuit operations will depend on any further spread of the virus, or variants of the virus, our ability to keep our operations open, the willingness of people to travel to our locations, and the amount of disposable income that consumers have available for travel and vacations, which decreases during periods of weak general economic conditions. Both our Pursuit and GES businesses have also experienced increased costs in order to supply our customers or guests with personal protection equipment, to conduct comprehensive cleaning regimens, and in taking other measures that we have determined are in the best interests of our employees, customers, guests, and/or event participants. The potential adverse COVID-19 impacts to our businesses could have a correspondingly negative effect on our overall liquidity. Our new senior secured credit facility requires us to maintain a minimum liquidity of $75 million under the revolving credit facility through June 2022, with liquidity defined as unrestricted cash and available capacity on our revolving credit facility, and financial covenants tested beginning September 30, 2022. If we are unable to maintain compliance with these covenants, our lenders may exercise remedies against us, including the acceleration of any outstanding indebtedness on our revolving credit facility. A prolonged recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic or a resurgence in cases of COVID-19 could further materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.‌
Our businesses will face new challenges presented by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the direct economic impacts of the pandemic, it is clear that as our businesses have begun to recover, they are operating in new environments in light of societal, regulatory, and industry changes that have occurred since March 2020. Our ability to continue to adjust to these changes and deliver expected business results may be hampered by ongoing uncertainty presented by the pandemic in terms of proper safety protocols, social norms, and a potential of uneven demand for our services. In addition, our ability to deliver such services and otherwise execute against our recovery and growth strategies may be impacted by the extreme reduction of our workforce over the past two years and the resulting loss of knowledge of and experience in our businesses. Moreover, our go-forward strategy includes a heightened use of temporary employees in the delivery of our services, and while those employees will likely include those who were previously employed by us on a full-time basis, the level of execution may not be consistent with previous performance. Taken together, our ability to anticipate and adjust to these ongoing changes and new conditions may lead to additional costs, which may materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations.
We are vulnerable to deterioration in general economic conditions. Our business is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in general economic conditions in the United States and other global markets in which we operate, including as a result of the economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The success of our GES business largely depends on the number of exhibitions or other live events held, the size of marketing expenditures at those events, and on the strength of particular industries that support those events. The number and size of exhibitions generally decrease when the economy weakens, which our business has experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also could suffer from reduced spending for our services because many live event marketing budgets are partly discretionary and are frequently among the first expenditures reduced when economic conditions deteriorate. In addition, revenue from our Pursuit operations depends largely on the amount of disposable income that consumers have available for travel and vacations, which decreases during periods of weak general economic conditions. As a result, any deterioration in general economic conditions could further materially and adversely affect our business, product sales, financial condition, and results of operations.
Travel industry disruptions, particularly those affecting the hotel and airline industries, could adversely affect our business. Our business depends largely on the ability and willingness of people, whether exhibitors, event attendees, tourists, or others, to travel. Factors adversely affecting the travel industry, and particularly the airline and hotel industries, generally also adversely affect our business and results of operations. Factors that could adversely affect the travel industry include high or rising fuel prices, increased security and passport requirements, weather conditions, health epidemics, pandemics and endemics, airline accidents, acts of terrorism, and international political instability and hostilities. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing orders resulted in severe global travel restrictions, reduction in capacity of event venues, hotels, attractions and other operations, and reluctance of customers to travel. These circumstances had severe effects on our businesses. The occurrence of additional disruptions, a prolonged recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic or a spike or resurgence in cases of COVID-19, or other unexpected events that affect the availability and pricing of air travel and accommodations, could further materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Transportation disruptions and increases in transportation costs could adversely affect our business and results of operations. GES relies on independent transportation carriers to send materials and exhibits to and from exhibition, warehouse, and customer facilities. If our customers and suppliers are unable to secure the services of those independent transportation carriers at favorable rates, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, disruption of transportation services due to‌
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weather-related problems; labor strikes; lockouts; shortage of supply chain labor, including CDL truck drivers; shipping capacity constraints, including shortages of related equipment; or other events could adversely affect our ability to supply services to customers and could cause the cancellation of exhibitions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.‌
Natural disasters, weather conditions, accidents, and other catastrophic events could negatively affect our business. The occurrence of catastrophic events ranging from natural disasters (such as hurricanes, fires, floods, and earthquakes), acts of war or terrorism, accidents involving our travel offerings or experiences, the effects of climate change, including any impact of global warming, or the prospect of these events could disrupt our business. Changes in climates may increase the frequency and intensity of adverse weather patterns and make certain destinations less desirable.
Such catastrophic events have, and could have, an adverse impact on Pursuit, which is heavily dependent on the ability and willingness of its guests to travel and/or visit our attractions. Pursuit guests tend to delay or postpone vacations if natural conditions differ from those that typically prevail at competing lodges, resorts, and attractions, and catastrophic events and heightened travel security measures instituted in response to such events could impede the guests’ ability to travel, and interrupt our business operations, including damaging our properties. For example, the accident on July 18, 2020, at Pursuit’s Glacier Adventure attraction, which involved one of our off-road Ice Explorers and resulted in three fatalities and other serious injuries, may have a negative impact on our reputation and traveler willingness to visit that attraction in the future.‌
Such catastrophic events could also have a negative impact on GES, causing a cancellation of exhibitions and other events held in public venues or disrupt the services we provide to our customers at convention centers, exhibition halls, hotels, and other public venues. Such events could also have a negative impact on GES’ production facilities, preventing us from timely completing exhibit fabrication and other projects for customers. In addition, unfavorable media attention, or negative publicity, in the wake of any catastrophic event or accident could damage our reputation or reduce the demand for our services. If the conditions arising from such events persist or worsen, they could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Strategic, Business, and Operational Risks
The seasonality of our business makes us particularly sensitive to adverse events during peak periods. The peak activity for our Pursuit business is during the summer months, as the vast majority of Pursuit’s revenue is earned in the second and third quarters. Our GES exhibition and event activity varies significantly because it is based on the frequency and timing of shows, many of which are not held each year, and which may shift between quarters. If adverse events or conditions occur during these peak periods, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or natural disasters such as forest fires, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
New capital projects may not be commercially successful. From time to time, we pursue capital projects, such as our current development of FlyOver Chicago and FlyOver Canada Toronto, and other efforts to upgrade some of our Pursuit offerings, in order to enhance and expand our business. Capital projects are subject to a number of risks, including unanticipated delays, cost overruns, and the failure to achieve established financial and strategic goals, as well as additional project-specific risks. For example, we had to delay FlyOver Canada Toronto due to poor market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a need to preserve capital. Although FlyOver Canada Toronto’s opening is planned for 2024, this attraction may be further delayed by market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or other poor conditions. A prolonged delay in these capital projects, or our failure to accurately predict the revenue or profit that will be generated from these projects, could prevent them from performing in accordance with our commercial expectations and could materially and adversely affect our future success, business, and results of operations.
We operate in highly competitive and dynamic industries. Competition in the live events markets is driven by price and service quality, among other factors. To the extent competitors seek to gain or retain market presence through aggressive underpricing strategies, we may be required to lower our prices and rates to avoid the loss of related business. Moreover, customer consolidations and other actions within the industry have caused downward pricing pressure for our products and services and could affect our ability to negotiate favorable terms with our customers. If we are unable to anticipate and respond as effectively as our competitors to changing business conditions, including new technologies and business models, we could lose market share. Our inability to meet the challenges presented by the competitive and dynamic environment of our industry could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We depend on our large exhibition event clients to renew their service contracts and on our exclusive right to provide those services. GES has a number of large exhibition event organizers and large customer accounts. If any of these large clients do not renew their service contracts, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Moreover, when event organizers hire GES as the official services contractor, they usually also grant GES an exclusive right to perform material handling, electrical, rigging, and other services at the exhibition facility. However, some exhibition facilities have taken certain steps to in-source certain event services (either by performing the services themselves or by hiring a separate service provider) as a result of conditions generally affecting their industry, such as an increased supply of or reduced demand for exhibition space. If exhibition facilities choose to in-source certain event services, GES will lose the ability to provide certain event services, and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.‌
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Show rotation affects our profitability and makes comparisons between periods difficult. GES results are largely dependent upon the frequency, timing, and location of exhibitions and events. Some large exhibitions are not held annually (they may be held once every two, three, or four years) or may be held at different times of the year from when they were previously held. In addition, the same exhibition may change locations from year to year resulting in lower margins if the exhibition shifts to a higher-cost location. Any of these factors could cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter or from year to year, making periodic comparisons difficult.
Completed acquisitions may not perform as anticipated or be integrated as planned. We regularly evaluate and pursue opportunities to acquire businesses that complement, enhance, or expand our current business, or offer growth opportunities. Our acquired businesses might not meet our financial and non-financial expectations or yield anticipated benefits. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to conform controls, policies and procedures, and business cultures; consolidate and streamline operations and infrastructures; identify and eliminate redundant and underperforming operations and assets; manage inefficiencies associated with the integration of operations; and retain the acquired business’s key personnel and customers. Moreover, our acquisition activity may subject us to new regulatory requirements, distract our senior management and employees, and expose us to unknown liabilities or contingencies that we may fail to identify prior to closing. If we are forced to make changes to our business strategy or if external conditions adversely affect our business operations, such as the impact of COVID-19, we may be required to record additional future impairment charges, as we did in 2020. Additionally, we may borrow funds to finance strategic acquisitions. Debt leverage resulting from future acquisitions would reduce our debt capacity, increase our interest expense, and limit our ability to capitalize on future business opportunities. Such borrowings may also be subject to fluctuations in interest rates. Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, product and service sales, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations. We have operations outside of the United States primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, and Germany. During 2021 and 2020, our international operations accounted for approximately 38% and 30% of our consolidated revenue, respectively, and 19% and 36% of our segment operating loss, respectively. Consequently, a significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations. We do not currently hedge equity risk arising from the translation of non-United States denominated assets and liabilities. Our financial results and capital ratios are sensitive to movements in currency exchange rates because a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the currency translation are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also have certain loans in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency, which results in gains or losses as exchange rates fluctuate. As a result, significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates could result in material changes to the net equity position we report in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and could adversely affect our results of operations.‌
Liabilities relating to prior and discontinued operations may adversely affect our results of operations. We and our predecessors have a corporate history spanning decades and involving diverse businesses. Some of those businesses owned properties and used raw materials that have been, and may continue to be, subject to litigation. Moreover, some of the raw materials used and the waste produced by those businesses have been and are the subject of United States federal and state environmental regulations, including laws enacted under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or its state law counterparts. In addition, we may incur other liabilities resulting from indemnification claims involving previously sold properties and subsidiaries, or obligations under defined benefit plans or other employee plans, as well as claims from past operations of predecessors or their subsidiaries. Although we believe we have adequate reserves and sufficient insurance coverage to cover those potential liabilities, future events or proceedings could render our reserves or insurance protections inadequate, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Labor and Employment Risks
Our business has been and may continue to be adversely affected by labor shortages, turnover, and labor cost increases. We rely heavily on our global workforce, including many seasonal and temporary employees. Several factors, including factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, have resulted and may continue to result in labor shortages, turnover, and increased labor costs, including high employment levels and demand for employees; unemployment subsidies; the freezing of visa programs; increased wages offered by other employers; vaccine mandates and other government regulations and our responses thereto. Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our ability to hire qualified team members and, therefore negatively impact our business and results of operations.
Our business is relationship driven. Our GES business is heavily focused on client relationships, and, specifically, on having close collaboration and interaction with our clients. To be successful, our account teams must be able to understand clients’ desires and expectations in order to provide top-quality service. If we are unable to maintain our client relationships, including due to the loss of key members of our account teams, we could also lose customers and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.‌
Union-represented labor increases our risk of higher labor costs and work stoppages. Significant portions of our employees are unionized. We have approximately 100 collective bargaining agreements, and we are required to renegotiate approximately one-third of those each year. If we increase wages or benefits as a result of labor negotiations, either our operating margins will suffer, or we could‌
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increase the cost of our services to our customers, which could lead those customers to turn to other vendors with lower prices. Either event could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Additionally, if we are unable to reach an agreement with a union during the collective bargaining process, the union may strike or carry out other types of work stoppages. If this were to occur, we might be unable to find substitute workers with the necessary skills to perform many of the services, or we may incur additional costs to do so, both of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our participation in multi-employer pension plans could substantially increase our pension costs. We sponsor a number of defined benefit plans for our United States and Canada-based employees. In addition, we are obligated to contribute to multi-employer pension plans under collective bargaining agreements covering our union-represented employees. We contributed $7.1 million in 2021, $8.6 million in 2020, and $27.3 million in 2019 to those multi-employer pension plans. Third-party boards of trustees manage these multi-employer plans. Based upon the information we receive from plan administrators, we believe that several of those multi-employer plans are underfunded. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires us to reduce the underfunded status over defined time periods. Moreover, we would be required to make additional payments of our proportionate share of a plan’s unfunded vested liabilities if a plan terminates, or other contributing employers withdraw, due to insolvency or other reasons, or if we voluntarily withdraw from a plan. In 2019, we withdrew from the underfunded Central States Pension Plan and accordingly, we recorded a charge of $15.5 million, which represented the estimated present value of future contributions we will be required to make as a result of the union’s withdrawal. At this time, we do not anticipate triggering any significant withdrawal from any other multi-employer pension plan to which we currently contribute. However, significant plan contribution increases could materially and adversely affect our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further information.
Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Risks‌
We are vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks and threats. Our devices, servers, cloud-based solutions, computer systems, and business systems are vulnerable to cybersecurity risk, including cyberattacks, or we may be the target of email scams that attempt to acquire personal information and company assets. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of our employees switched to working remotely, which magnifies the importance of integrity of our remote access security measures. Despite our efforts to protect ourselves with insurance, and create security barriers to such threats, including regularly reviewing our systems for vulnerabilities and continually updating our protections, we might not be able to entirely mitigate these risks. Our failure to effectively prevent, detect, and recover from the increasing number and sophistication of information security threats could lead to business interruptions, delays or loss of critical data, misuse, modification, or destruction of information, including trade secrets and confidential business information, reputational damage, and third-party claims, any of which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Moreover, the cost of protecting against cybersecurity attacks and threats is expensive and expected to increase going forward.
Laws and regulations relating to the handling of personal data are evolving and could result in increased costs, legal claims, or fines. We store and process the personally identifiable information of our customers, employees, and third parties with whom we have business relationships. The legal requirements restricting the way we store, collect, handle, and transfer personal data continue to evolve, and there are an increasing number of authorities issuing privacy laws and regulations. These data privacy laws and regulations are subject to differing interpretations, creating uncertainty and inconsistency across jurisdictions. Our compliance with these myriad requirements could involve making changes in our services, business practices, or internal systems, any of which could increase our costs, lower revenue, or reduce efficiency. Our failure to comply with existing or new rules could result in significant penalties or orders to stop the alleged noncompliant activity, litigation, adverse publicity, or could cause our customers to lose trust in our services. In addition, if the third parties we work with violate applicable laws, contractual obligations, or suffer a security breach, those violations could also put us in breach of our obligations under privacy laws and regulations. In addition, the costs of maintaining adequate protection, including insurance protection against such threats, as they develop in the future (or as legal requirements related to data security increase) are expected to increase and could be material. Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.‌
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
Item 2. PROPERTIES‌
We lease our corporate headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona. Our other principal properties are owned or leased by Pursuit and GES.
Pursuit primarily owns its properties, both domestically and internationally, and leases its properties related to the FlyOver attractions. Pursuit’s properties mainly include attractions, hotels and lodges, retail stores, and offices. Properties located in Canada are subject to‌
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multiple long-term ground leases with their respective governments. For further information on Pursuit’s attractions and hospitality assets, refer to “Business” (Part I, Item 1 of this 2021 Form 10-K), which information is incorporated by reference herein.
GES leases its properties, both domestically and internationally. GES properties consist of offices and multi-use facilities. Multi-use facilities include manufacturing, sales and design, office, storage and/or warehouse, and truck marshaling yards. Multi-use facilities vary in size up to approximately 609,000 square feet in the United States and approximately 136,000 square feet in the United Kingdom.‌
We believe our owned and leased properties are adequate and suitable for our business operations and that capacity is sufficient for current needs. For additional information related to our lease obligations, refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations and Note 20 – Leases and Other of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K),which information is incorporated by reference herein.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Refer to Note 21 – Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved, which information is incorporated by reference herein.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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Other. INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS‌
Our executive officers as of the date of this 2021 Form 10-K were as follows:

Name	 	Age	 	Business Experience During the Past Five Years and Other Information	
Steven W. Moster	 	52	 	President and Chief Executive Officer of Viad since 2014; President of GES from November 2010 to February 2019; prior thereto, held various executive management roles within the GES organization, including Executive Vice President-Chief Sales & Marketing Officer from 2008 to February 2010; Executive Vice President-Products and Services from 2006 to 2008; and Vice President-Products & Services Business from 2005 to 2006; and prior thereto, Engagement Manager, Management Strategy Consulting for McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm, from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Moster is a director of Cavco Industries, Inc (NASDAQ: CVCO), which designs and produces factory-built housing products, and serves as the Chair of the Compensation Committee.	
 	 	 	 	 	
Ellen M. Ingersoll	 	57	 	Chief Financial Officer since July 2002; prior thereto, Vice President-Controller or similar position since 2002; prior thereto, Controller of CashX, Inc., a service provider of stored value internet cards, from June 2001 through October 2001; prior thereto, Operations Finance Director of LeapSource, Inc., a provider of business process outsourcing, since January 2000; and prior thereto, Vice President and Controller of Franchise Finance Corporation of America, a real estate investment trust, from 1992 to 2000.	
 	 	 	 	 	
David W. Barry	 	59	 	President of Pursuit since June 2015; prior thereto, Chief Executive Officer and President of Trust Company of America, an independent registered investment adviser custodian, from 2011 to June 2015; prior thereto, Chief Executive Officer of Alpine/CMH, a helicopter skiing company, from 2007 to 2011; and prior thereto, Chief Operating Officer for all United States resort operations of Intrawest Corporation (formerly NYSE: IDR) (now Alterra Mountain Company) a North American mountain resort and adventure company, from 2004 to 2007.	
 	 	 	 	 	
Derek P. Linde	 	46	 	General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since 2018; prior thereto, Deputy General Counsel and Assistant Secretary at Illinois Tool Works Inc. (NYSE: ITW), a diversified manufacturer of specialized industrial equipment, from 2014 to 2018, and Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary from 2011 to 2014; prior thereto, a partner at the law firm of Winston & Strawn LLP, from 2008 to 2011, and an Associate from 2000 to 2008.	
 	 	 	 	 	
Jeffrey A. Stelmach	 	54	 	President of GES Brand Experiences since August 2021; prior thereto, Group President of Stadium Red Group, a collective of specialist agencies, from 2020 to 2021; prior thereto, President of Opus Holding Group of Opus Agency, a global event design and experiential agency, from 2018 to 2020; prior thereto, President of U.S. Experiential Marketing and Shopper Marketing of Mosaic, a sales and merchandising, experiential marketing and interactive firm, from 2009 to 2018.	
 	 	 	 	 	
Leslie S. Striedel
 	 	59	 	Chief Accounting Officer since 2014; prior thereto, Vice President of Finance from March 2014 to April 2014; prior thereto, Vice President of Finance and Administration or similar positions with Colt Defense LLC, a firearms manufacturer, from 2010 to 2013; prior thereto, Vice President of Finance, Director of Financial Reporting and Compliance, and Corporate Controller of White Electronics Designs Corp. (formerly NASDAQ: WEDC) (now a wholly owned subsidiary of Microchip Technology Inc.), a circuits and semiconductors manufacturer, from 2004 to 2010; prior thereto, Corporate Controller of MD Helicopters, an international helicopter manufacturer, from 2002 to 2004; prior thereto, Corporate Controller of Fluke Networks (formerly Microtest, Inc. NASDAQ: MTST), a manufacturing and technology company, from 1999 to 2002; and prior thereto, Senior Tax Manager for KPMG LLP, a global firm providing audit, tax, and advisory services, from 1998 to 1999.	
Our executive officers’ term of office is until our next Board of Directors annual organization meeting scheduled to be held on May 24, 2022.
17

PART II
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol VVI.‌
Holders
As of February 15, 2022, there were 4,556 shareholders of record of our common stock, including 135 shareholders that had not converted their shares following a reverse stock split effective on July 1, 2004.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	 	Total Number of Shares Purchased	 	 	Average Price Paid
Per Share	 	 	Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of Publicly
Announced Plans or Programs	 	 	Maximum Number of Shares
That May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans or Programs	 	
October 1, 2021 - October 31, 2021	 	 	416	 	 	$	45.72	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	546,283	 	
November 1, 2021 - November 30, 2021	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	546,283	 	
December 1, 2021 - December 31, 2021	 	 	77	 	 	$	42.96	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	546,283	 	
Total	 	 	493	 	 	$	45.29	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	546,283	 	
Pursuant to previously announced authorizations, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. Effective February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 500,000 shares. In March 2020, our Board of Directors suspended future dividend payments and our share repurchase program for the foreseeable future. The Board of Directors’ authorization does not have an expiration date. During the fourth quarter of 2021, certain previously owned shares of common stock were surrendered by employees, former employees, and non-employee directors for tax withholding requirements on vested share-based awards.‌
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Performance Graph‌
The following graph compares the change in the cumulative total shareholder return, from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2021, on our common stock, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Media Index, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Commercial Services & Supplies Index, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Index, the Russell 2000 Index, and Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (assuming reinvestment of dividends, as applicable). The graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2016.

 
																									
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2016	 	 	2017	 	 	2018	 	 	2019	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	
Viad Corp	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	126.64	 	 	$	115.36	 	 	$	156.45	 	 	$	84.11	 	 	$	99.51	 	
S&P 500	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	121.82	 	 	$	116.47	 	 	$	153.13	 	 	$	181.29	 	 	$	233.28	 	
Russell 2000	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	114.63	 	 	$	101.99	 	 	$	127.98	 	 	$	153.49	 	 	$	176.18	 	
S&P SmallCap 600	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	113.15	 	 	$	103.51	 	 	$	127.05	 	 	$	141.33	 	 	$	179.12	 	
S&P SmallCap 600 Comm. Services & Supplies	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	107.08	 	 	$	95.90	 	 	$	118.42	 	 	$	104.10	 	 	$	111.47	 	
S&P SmallCap 600 Media	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	115.28	 	 	$	134.71	 	 	$	144.64	 	 	$	136.92	 	 	$	222.38	 	
S&P SmallCap 600 Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure	 	$	100.00	 	 	$	136.87	 	 	$	144.28	 	 	$	159.35	 	 	$	202.10	 	 	$	196.22	 	

Item 6. RESERVED

 
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes. The MD&A is intended to assist in understanding our financial condition and results of operations. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated due to various factors discussed under “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” and elsewhere in this 2021 Form 10-K.
Overview
We are a leading provider of experiential leisure travel and live events and marketing experiences company with operations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, continental Europe, the United Arab Emirates, and Iceland. We are committed to providing unforgettable experiences to our clients and guests. We operate through two reportable business segments: Pursuit and GES.
Impact of COVID-19‌
Starting in mid-March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant and negative impact on our operations and financial performance, with severe disruptions in live event and tourism activity. In response, we implemented aggressive cost reduction measures to preserve cash, including furloughs, layoffs, mandatory unpaid time off or salary reductions for all employees, and the reduction of discretionary spending. We also accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing GES’ more profitable market segments. In 2020, GES exited 21 leased facilities across its warehouse and office network and sold its San Diego area production warehouse. We also suspended future common stock dividend payments and share repurchases, and we availed ourselves of governmental assistance programs for wages and other expense relief. Additionally, in May and August 2020, we obtained waivers of the financial covenants under our then $450 million revolving credit facility (the “2018 Credit Facility”), which we subsequently refinanced in July 2021 as discussed below, and we secured additional capital to strengthen our liquidity position by entering into an investment agreement with funds managed by private equity firm Crestview Partners who made an investment of $135 million, offset in part by $9.2 million in fees, in newly issued perpetual convertible preferred stock. Refer to Note 15 – Common and Preferred Stock of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further information.‌
During 2021, we continued to preserve cash and closely managed our costs as pandemic-related restrictions slowly eased. GES continued to reduce costs as part of its transformation and streamlining efforts. In 2021, GES sold its Orlando area production warehouse. GES continues to evaluate its physical presence and look for additional opportunities to improve its cost structure. In connection with COVID-19 vaccination programs, we began to see signs of recovery in the travel and hospitality and live event sectors in mid-2021 as people started to feel more comfortable traveling and gathering in larger groups. Pursuit’s operations in the United States experienced strong visitation primarily from domestic travelers, while tourism in Canada and Iceland remained constrained by border closures and travel restrictions. Canada reopened its border with the United States in early August 2021 to fully vaccinated travelers and to travelers from other countries beginning in September 2021, which accelerated short-term bookings from travelers to our Pursuit operations in Canada. The live event markets also began to re-open in 2021 with smaller scale live events starting to take place during the first half of the year. During the second half of 2021, we began to see an acceleration in the recovery of in-person trade shows as event organizers began to schedule larger-scale face-to-face live events. However, as variants of COVID-19, including the predominant Delta and Omicron variants, became more widespread, we saw some cancellations of smaller events during the fourth quarter of 2021. For larger-scale in-person events that took place, the overall attendance was lower than pre-pandemic levels.
Effective July 30, 2021, we refinanced our 2018 Credit Facility, which was scheduled to mature on October 24, 2023, with the new $500 million senior secured credit facility (the “2021 Credit Facility”). The 2021 Credit Facility provides for a $400 million term loan with a maturity date of July 30, 2028 (“Term Loan B”) and a $100 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of July 30, 2026. The $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds were offset in part by $14.8 million in related fees. The proceeds from the Term Loan B were used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under the 2018 Credit Facility. The $100 million revolving credit facility and the remaining proceeds from the Term Loan B will be used to provide for financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and growth initiatives and for general corporate purposes. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further information.‌
Due to the evolving and uncertain nature of COVID-19, and depending on the success of ongoing vaccination and other mitigation efforts as well as the scope and magnitude of infections and hospitalizations, we are not able at this time to fully estimate the effect of these factors on our business; however, the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and cash flows has been significant. We will continue to evaluate and implement additional actions necessary to mitigate the negative financial and operational impact of COVID-19 on our business.‌
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Results of Operations
A discussion related to our results of operations for 2021 compared to 2020 is presented below. A discussion related to our results of operations for 2020 compared to 2019 can be found in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference. During the first quarter of 2021, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Accordingly, GES is now a single reportable segment. We did not include the prior year discussion as we believe the change in GES as a single reportable segment is not a material change to understand the financial condition, changes in financial condition, and results of operations of our business. Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K).
Financial Highlights

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	 	 	
(in thousands, except per share data)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	Change vs. 2020	 	
Total revenue	 	$	507,340	 	 	$	415,435	 	 	 	22.1	%	
Net loss attributable to Viad	 	$	(92,655	)	 	$	(374,094	)	 	 	75.2	%	
Segment operating loss(1)	 	$	(47,002	)	 	$	(116,240	)	 	 	59.6	%	
Diluted loss per common share from continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	$	(5.04	)	 	$	(18.55	)	 	 	72.8	%	
 
(1)Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure, segment operating income (loss), to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
** Change is greater than +/- 100%
•Total revenue increased $91.9 million, primarily due to increased revenue at Pursuit of $110.2 million. Although Pursuit continued to be affected by pandemic-related restrictions in certain international geographies, overall revenue at Pursuit improved from 2020 as health and travel restrictions lessened and people felt more comfortable traveling. Visitation from domestic travelers increased at Pursuit’s Glacier Park Collection and the Alaska Collection. Additionally, Canada’s border reopened to the United States in early August 2021 to fully vaccinated travelers and in September 2021 to other countries. There also continues to be strong regional and national demand from Canadians as they were required to stay closer to home. GES revenue decreased $18.3 million as live events remained largely shut down during the first half of 2021. Large scale in-person events started to take place during the second half of 2021 with generally lower exhibitor participation and lower attendance than pre-pandemic occurrences.•Net loss attributable to Viad improved $281.4 million during 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily reflecting impairment charges of $203.1 million recorded during 2020 and higher restructuring charges of $7.4 million recorded during 2020 as compared to 2021, as well as improved segment operating results during 2021 of $69.2 million.•Total segment operating loss(1) improved $69.2 million during 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily due to a 144% increase in revenue at Pursuit, offset in part by the elimination of performance-based incentives in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and GES’ 5.4% decrease in revenue.
21

Foreign Exchange Rate Variances‌
We conduct our foreign operations primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, Germany, and to a lesser extent, in certain other countries.‌
The following table summarizes the foreign exchange rate variance effects (or “FX Impact”) on revenue and segment operating income (loss) from our significant international operations:

 	 	Revenue	 	 	Segment Operating Income (Loss)	 	
 	 	Weighted-Average
Exchange Rates	 	 	FX Impact	 	 	Weighted-Average
Exchange Rates	 	 	FX Impact	 	
 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	(in thousands)	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Pursuit:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Canada (CAD)	 	$	0.80	 	 	$	0.75	 	 	$	5,202	 	 	$	0.80	 	 	$	0.75	 	 	$	(421	)	
Iceland (ISK)	 	$	0.01	 	 	$	0.01	 	 	 	211	 	 	$	0.01	 	 	$	0.01	 	 	 	(169	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	5,413	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(590	)	
GES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Canada (CAD)	 	$	0.79	 	 	$	0.74	 	 	$	340	 	 	$	0.80	 	 	$	0.74	 	 	$	(257	)	
United Kingdom (GBP)	 	$	1.37	 	 	$	1.28	 	 	 	2,147	 	 	$	1.34	 	 	$	1.32	 	 	 	(480	)	
Europe (EUR)	 	$	1.15	 	 	$	1.11	 	 	 	(388	)	 	$	1.18	 	 	$	1.14	 	 	 	(112	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	2,099	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(849	)	
Total	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	7,512	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(1,439	)	
Revenue and segment operating income (loss) were primarily impacted by variances of the British pound, the Canadian dollar, the Euro, and the Icelandic krona relative to the United States dollar. Future changes in exchange rates may impact overall expected profitability and historical period-to-period comparisons when revenue and segment operating income (loss) are translated into U.S. dollars.
Analysis of Revenue and Operating Results by Reportable Segment
Pursuit
The following table presents a comparison of Pursuit’s reported revenue and segment operating income (loss) to organic revenue(3) and organic segment operating income (loss)(3) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

 	 	Year Ended December 31, 2021	 	 	Year Ended December 31, 2020	 	 	Change vs. 2020	 	
(in thousands)	 	As Reported	 	 	Acquisitions(2)	 	 	FX Impact	 	 	Organic(3)	 	 	As Reported	 	 	Acquisitions(2)	 	 	Organic(3)	 	 	As Reported	 	 	Organic(3)	 	
Revenue(1):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Attractions	 	$	77,860	 	 	$	2,638	 	 	$	2,746	 	 	$	72,476	 	 	$	28,126	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	28,126	 	 	**	 	 	**	 	
Hospitality	 	 	98,878	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,411	 	 	 	96,467	 	 	 	45,838	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	45,838	 	 	**	 	 	**	 	
Transportation	 	 	5,578	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	161	 	 	 	5,417	 	 	 	2,696	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,696	 	 	**	 	 	**	 	
Travel planning and other	 	 	5,359	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	118	 	 	 	5,241	 	 	 	467	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	467	 	 	**	 	 	**	 	
Intra-segment eliminations	 	 	(627	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(23	)	 	 	(604	)	 	 	(317	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(317	)	 	 	(97.8	)%	 	 	(90.5	)%	
Total Pursuit	 	$	187,048	 	 	$	2,638	 	 	$	5,413	 	 	$	178,997	 	 	$	76,810	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	76,810	 	 	**	 	 	**	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Segment operating income (loss)(4):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total Pursuit	 	$	4,609	 	 	$	923	 	 	$	(590	)	 	$	4,276	 	 	$	(42,343	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	(42,343	)	 	**	 	 	**	 	
 
** Change is greater than +/- 100%
(1)Revenue by line of business does not agree to Note 2 – Revenue and Related Contract Costs and Contract Liabilities of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) as the amounts in the above table include product revenue from food and beverage and retail operations within each line of business.(2)Acquisitions include the Golden Skybridge (acquired March 2021 and opened June 2021). We did not adjust for Sky Lagoon (opened April 2021) or FlyOver Las Vegas (opened September 2021) as these attractions were new build projects.(3)Organic revenue and organic segment operating income (loss) are non-GAAP financial measures that adjust for the impacts of exchange rate variances and acquisitions, if any, until such acquisitions are included in the entirety of both comparable periods presented. For more information about organic revenue and organic segment operating income (loss), see the “Non-GAAP Measures” section of this MD&A.
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(4)Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure, segment operating income (loss), to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
Pursuit revenue increased $110.2 million, which reflects the continued strengthening of leisure travel demand during the second half of 2021 versus 2020 as pandemic-related restrictions lessened and as people started to feel more comfortable traveling. Pursuit is affected by consumer discretionary spending on tourism activities. Travel restrictions and border closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively affected long-haul travelers to Canada and Iceland, which have affected customer volumes and the results of operations. Pursuit’s seasonal attractions and properties were open starting in the second quarter of 2021 through the end of the year, although some operated at reduced capacities, whereas Pursuit’s properties and attractions were temporarily closed in 2020 from mid-March through most of the second quarter. The Glacier Park Collection and the Alaska Collection experienced increased visitation during the 2021 peak season from strong domestic leisure travel, which resulted in an increase in revenue from the Glacier Park Collection of $27.7 million and from the Alaska Collection of $31.1 million. Pursuit opened or acquired three new attractions in 2021, Sky Lagoon (opened April 2021), the Golden Skybridge (opened June 2021), and FlyOver Las Vegas (opened September 2021), which generated $15.6 million in incremental revenue during 2021. Organic revenue* increased $102.2 million.
Pursuit segment operating income was $4.6 million during 2021 as compared to a loss of $42.3 million during 2020. This improvement was primarily due to the increase in revenue. Organic segment operating income* was $4.3 million during 2021 as compared to a loss of $42.3 million during 2020.‌
* Refer to footnote (3) in the above table for more information about the non-GAAP financial measures of organic revenue and organic segment operating income (loss).
Performance Measures
We use the following key business metrics to evaluate the performance of Pursuit’s attractions business:
•Number of visitors. The number of visitors allows us to assess the volume of tickets sold at each attraction during the period.•Revenue per attraction visitor. Revenue per attraction visitor is calculated as total attractions revenue divided by the total number of visitors at all Pursuit attractions during the period. Total attractions revenue includes ticket sales and ancillary revenue generated by attractions, such as food and beverage and retail revenue. Total attractions revenue per visitor measures the total spend per visitor that attraction properties are able to capture, which is important to the profitability of the attractions business.•Effective ticket price. Effective ticket price is calculated as revenue from the sale of attraction tickets divided by the total number of visitors at all comparable Pursuit attractions during the period.
We use the following key business metrics, common in the hospitality industry, to evaluate Pursuit’s hospitality business:
•Revenue per Available Room. RevPAR is calculated as total rooms revenue divided by the total number of room nights available for all comparable Pursuit hospitality properties during the period. Total rooms revenue does not include non-rooms revenue, which consists of ancillary revenue generated by hospitality properties, such as food and beverage and retail revenue. RevPAR measures the period-over-period change in rooms revenue per available room for comparable hospitality properties. RevPAR is affected by average daily rate and occupancy, which have different implications on profitability.•Average Daily Rate. ADR is calculated as total rooms revenue divided by the total number of room nights sold for all comparable Pursuit hospitality properties during the period. ADR is used to assess the pricing levels that the hospitality properties are able to realize. Increases in ADR lead to increases in rooms revenue with no substantial effect on variable costs, therefore having a greater impact on margins than increases in occupancy.•Occupancy. Occupancy is calculated as the total number of room nights sold divided by the total number of room nights available for all comparable Pursuit hospitality properties during the period. Occupancy measures the utilization of the available capacity at the hospitality properties. Increases in occupancy result in increases in rooms revenue and additional variable operating costs (including housekeeping services, utilities, and room amenity costs), as well as increases in ancillary non-rooms revenue (including food and beverage and retail revenue).
The following table provides Pursuit’s same-store key performance indicators. The same-store metrics indicate the performance of all Pursuit’s properties and attractions that we owned and operated at full capacity, considering seasonal closures, for the entirety of both periods presented. For Pursuit properties and attractions located outside of the United States, comparisons to the prior year are on a‌
23

constant United States dollar basis, using the current year quarterly average exchange rates for previous periods, to eliminate the FX Impact. We believe this same-store constant currency basis provides better comparability between reporting periods.

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	Change vs. 2020	 	
Same-Store Key Performance Indicators (1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Attractions:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Number of visitors	 	 	1,187,285	 	 	 	677,858	 	 	 	75.2	%	
Revenue per attraction visitor	 	$	53	 	 	$	43	 	 	 	23.3	%	
Effective ticket price	 	$	40	 	 	$	30	 	 	 	33.3	%	
Hospitality:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Room nights available (2)	 	 	566,728	 	 	 	387,809	 	 	 	46.1	%	
RevPAR (2)	 	$	101	 	 	$	71	 	 	 	42.3	%	
ADR	 	$	188	 	 	$	145	 	 	 	29.7	%	
Occupancy (2)	 	 	53.9	%	 	 	49.0	%	 	 	4.9	%	
(1)The Same-Store Key Performance Indicators for attractions exclude Open Top Touring (opened September 2020), Sky Lagoon (opened April 2021), the Golden Skybridge (opened June 2021), and FlyOver Las Vegas (opened September 2021).(2)The rooms that were out of service as a result of property closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic were excluded from room nights available when calculating hospitality RevPAR and occupancy.
Attractions. The increase in same-store visitors during 2021 reflects the temporary closure of our attractions beginning in mid-March 2020 and extending through most of the second quarter of 2020 as a result of COVID-19 in addition to the reopening of the Canadian border with the United States in early August 2021 to fully vaccinated travelers and to travelers from other countries in September 2021, which accelerated visitation from international travelers. Revenue per attraction increased due to higher effective ticket prices and ancillary revenue.
Hospitality. Room nights available increased as all of Pursuit’s properties were fully open during the 2021 peak season, whereas in 2020, Pursuit temporarily closed its properties in mid-March 2020 through most of the second quarter of 2020. The increase in RevPAR and ADR was primarily driven by Pursuit’s properties being open in 2021.
GES
During the first quarter of 2021, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our CODM reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Accordingly, GES is now a single reportable segment.‌
The following table presents a comparison of GES’ reported revenue and segment operating loss to organic revenue(2) and organic segment operating loss(2) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

 	 	Year Ended December 31, 2021	 	 	Year Ended December 31, 2020	 	 	Change vs. 2020	 	
(in thousands)	 	As Reported	 	 	Acquisitions	 	 	FX
Impact	 	 	Organic(1)	 	 	As Reported	 	 	Acquisitions	 	 	Organic(1)	 	 	As Reported	 	 	Organic(1)	 	
Total GES revenue	 	$	320,292	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	2,099	 	 	$	318,193	 	 	$	338,625	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	338,625	 	 	 	(5.4	)%	 	 	(6.0	)%	
Total GES segment operating loss(2)	 	$	(51,611	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	(849	)	 	$	(50,762	)	 	$	(73,897	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	(73,897	)	 	 	30.2	%	 	 	31.3	%	
 
(1)Organic revenue and organic segment operating loss are non-GAAP financial measures that adjust for the impacts of exchange rate variances and acquisitions, if any, until such acquisitions are included in the entirety of both comparable periods presented. For more information about organic revenue and organic segment operating loss, see the “Non-GAAP Measures” section of this MD&A.(2)Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure, segment operating loss, to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
GES revenue decreased $18.3 million primarily due to show postponements and cancellations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in mid-March 2020. During the first half of 2021, GES serviced clients primarily with virtual and hybrid events while in-person events remained largely shut down. Larger-scale in-person events began to take place toward the end of the second quarter and during the second half of 2021 with generally lower exhibitor participation and lower attendance than pre-pandemic occurrences.‌
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Revenue earned during 2020 was primarily driven by shows completed during the first quarter of 2020 before the onset of the pandemic. Organic revenue* decreased $20.4 million during 2021.
GES segment operating loss improved $22.3 million during 2021, primarily due to the reduction in operating costs through the reduction of head count and facilities, implementation of a flex workforce, and a continued focus on managing discretionary costs. Additionally, GES’ operating results included a $9.1 million gain on sale of a GES warehouse in Orlando in 2021 and a $13.5 million gain on sale of a GES warehouse in San Diego in 2020. Organic segment operating loss* improved $23.1 million during 2021.
* Refer to footnote (1) in the above table for more information about the non-GAAP financial measures of organic revenue and organic segment operating loss.
Other Expenses
													
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	 	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	Change vs. 2019	 	
 Corporate activities	 	$	11,689	 	 	$	8,687	 	 	 	34.6	%	
 Interest expense	 	$	28,440	 	 	$	18,264	 	 	 	55.7	%	
 Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal	 	$	57	 	 	$	462	 	 	 	(87.7	)%	
 Other expense, net	 	$	2,013	 	 	$	1,132	 	 	 	77.8	%	
 Restructuring charges	 	$	6,066	 	 	$	13,440	 	 	 	(54.9	)%	
 Impairment charges	 	$	—	 	 	$	203,076	 	 	 	(100.0	)%	
 Income tax expense (benefit)	 	$	(1,788	)	 	$	14,246	 	 	**	 	
 Income (loss) from discontinued operations	 	$	558	 	 	$	(1,847	)	 	**	 	
** Change is greater than +/- 100%.
Corporate Activities – The increase in corporate activities expense during 2021 relative to 2020 was primarily due to higher performance-based compensation expense as we reduced our estimated performance achievement to zero in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, offset in part by fees and expenses related to the equity raise and credit facility amendment in 2020.
Interest Expense – The increase in interest expense relative to 2020 was primarily due to higher interest rates and higher debt balances during 2021. As a result of the refinance and the repayment of the 2018 Credit Facility, we recorded $2.1 million of interest expense related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs during 2021.‌
Restructuring Charges – Restructuring charges during 2021 and 2020 were primarily related to facility closures and the elimination of certain positions at GES. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing our more profitable market segments, as well as charges related to the closure of GES’ United Kingdom based audio-visual services business in 2020. Restructuring charges in 2020 also included the elimination of certain positions at our corporate office.
Impairment Charges – Due to the deteriorating macroeconomic environment in 2020 related to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in disruptions to our operations and the decline in our stock price, we recorded non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $185.8 million, a non-cash impairment charge to intangible assets of $15.7 million related to GES’ United States audio-visual production business, and a fixed asset impairment charge of $1.6 million.‌
Income Tax Expense – Our effective income tax rate was 1.9% for 2021 as compared to a negative 3.9% for 2020. The effective tax rate for 2021 was lower than the blended statutory rate primarily as a result of excluding the tax benefit on losses recognized in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European countries where we have a valuation allowance. The negative effective tax rate for 2020 was due to the recording of a $25.5 million valuation allowance against our remaining net deferred tax assets in the United States, United Kingdom, and other European countries, as well as no tax benefits on non-deductible goodwill impairments and losses recognized in those jurisdictions.
Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations – Income from discontinued operations during 2021 was primarily due to a favorable legal settlement and an insurance recovery related to a previously sold operation, offset in part by legal expenses. Loss from discontinued operations during 2020 was primarily due to a settlement and legal expenses related to previously sold operations.‌
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Liquidity and Capital Resources‌
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $64.3 million as of December 31, 2021, as compared to $42.0 million as of December 31, 2020. Our total available liquidity was $149.0 million, including the available capacity on our revolving credit facility of $87.4 million ($100 million total facility size, less $12.6 million in outstanding letters of credit) and unrestricted cash of $61.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $37.9 million.‌
On August 5, 2020, we entered into an investment agreement with funds managed by private equity firm Crestview Partners (the “Investment Agreement”) who made an investment of $135 million, offset in part by $9.2 million in fees, in newly issued perpetual convertible preferred stock that carries a 5.5% cumulative quarterly dividend, which is payable in cash or in-kind at Viad’s option (the “Convertible Preferred Stock”). The Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of our common stock at a conversion price of $21.25 per share. The proceeds from Crestview’s investment were used to repay a portion of our then 2018 Credit Facility, which we subsequently refinanced in July 2021 as discussed below, and provided us additional short-term liquidity to fund capital expenditures and supported general corporate purposes.
Effective July 30, 2021, we refinanced our 2018 Credit Facility, which was scheduled to mature on October 24, 2023, with a new $500 million 2021 Credit Facility. The 2021 Credit Facility provides for a $400 million Term Loan B and a $100 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of July 30, 2026. The $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds were offset in part by $14.8 million in related fees. The proceeds from the Term Loan B were used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under the 2018 Credit Facility. The $100 million revolving credit facility and the remaining proceeds from the Term Loan B will be used to provide for financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and growth initiatives and for general corporate purposes. The 2021 Credit Facility requires us to maintain liquidity of $75 million under the revolving credit facility through June 30, 2022, with liquidity defined as unrestricted cash and available capacity on our revolving credit facility, and other financial covenants beginning September 30, 2022. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for additional information.‌
As of December 31, 2021, we held approximately $45.7 million of our cash and cash equivalents outside of the United States, consisting of $29.2 million in Canada, $5.5 million in the Netherlands, $4.2 million in Iceland, $2.9 million in the United Arab Emirates, $2.2 million in the United Kingdom, and $1.7 million in other countries.‌
We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund operations and capital commitments, including approximately $75-$80 million in capital expenditures that includes approximately $30 million in select maintenance projects, for at least the next 12 months.‌
We have entered into two facility lease obligations that have not yet commenced for two new FlyOver attractions in development, FlyOver Chicago and FlyOver Canada Toronto. The lease commencement dates begin in 2022 with estimated future lease obligations of $27 million through a lease term of 20 years for both leases.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Net loss	 	$	(92,735	)	 	$	(376,952	)	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	53,750	 	 	 	56,565	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	 	6,012	 	 	 	15,097	 	
(Income) loss from discontinued operations	 	 	(558	)	 	 	1,847	 	
Restructuring charges	 	 	6,066	 	 	 	13,440	 	
Impairment charges	 	 	—	 	 	 	203,076	 	
 Gains on dispositions of property and other assets	 	 	(9,374	)	 	 	(14,935	)	
Share-based compensation expense	 	 	7,727	 	 	 	2,653	 	
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal	 	 	57	 	 	 	462	 	
Other non-cash items	 	 	5,318	 	 	 	8,056	 	
Changes in assets and liabilities	 	 	(14,115	)	 	 	10,443	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	 	$	(37,852	)	 	$	(80,248	)	
The decrease in net cash used in operating activities of $42.4 million was primarily due to improved segment operating results of $69.2 million at Pursuit and GES, offset in part by the increased use of working capital.
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Investing Activities

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Capital expenditures	 	$	(57,936	)	 	$	(53,567	)	
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies	 	 	—	 	 	 	24,767	 	
Cash paid for acquisitions, net	 	 	(8,227	)	 	 	—	 	
Proceeds from dispositions of property and other assets	 	 	14,360	 	 	 	22,027	 	
Net cash used in investing activities	 	$	(51,803	)	 	$	(6,773	)	
The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $45.0 million was primarily due to 2020 activity including proceeds from the termination of our life insurance policies and proceeds of $17.1 million from the sale of the GES warehouse in San Diego. In 2021, we used cash in investing activities for the acquisition of the Golden Skybridge, offset in part by the proceeds from the sale of a GES warehouse in Orlando.
Financing Activities

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Proceeds from borrowings	 	$	461,322	 	 	$	225,422	 	
Payments on debt and finance obligations	 	 	(345,297	)	 	 	(275,327	)	
Dividends paid on common stock	 	 	—	 	 	 	(4,064	)	
Dividends paid on preferred stock	 	 	(3,900	)	 	 	—	 	
Distributions to noncontrolling interest, net of contributions from noncontrolling interest	 	 	(843	)	 	 	(1,526	)	
Payments of debt issuance costs	 	 	(1,767	)	 	 	(1,585	)	
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld or repurchased	 	 	(1,626	)	 	 	(1,688	)	
Common stock purchased for treasury	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,785	)	
Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs	 	 	—	 	 	 	125,763	 	
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,077	 	
Net cash provided by financing activities	 	$	107,889	 	 	$	66,287	 	
The increase in net cash provided by financing activities of $41.6 million was primarily due to net debt proceeds of $116.0 million during 2021 compared to net debt payments of $49.9 million during 2020. In July 2021, we received $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds from the 2021 Credit Facility, which was used to repay the 2018 Credit Facility. Proceeds from the issuance of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock in 2020 were offset in part by the 2020 net debt payments.
Debt and Finance Obligations
Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further discussion all of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Guarantees
Refer to Note 21 – Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further discussion all of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Share Repurchases
Our Board of Directors previously authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. Effective February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 500,000 shares. In March 2020, our Board of Directors suspended our share repurchase program for the foreseeable future. Prior to the suspension, we had repurchased 53,784 shares on the open market for $2.8 million in 2020. As of December 31, 2021, 546,283 shares remained available for repurchase. The Board of Directors’ authorization does not have an expiration date.‌
Additionally, we repurchased shares related to tax withholding requirements on vested restricted share-based awards.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates‌
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States GAAP. We are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Critical accounting policies are those policies that are most important to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations, and that require us to make the most difficult‌
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and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. We identified and discussed with our audit committee the following critical accounting policies and estimates and the methodology and disclosures related to those estimates:
Revenue recognition — Revenue is measured based on a specified amount of consideration in a contract with a customer, net of commissions paid to customers and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of a product or service to a customer. Revenue for goods and services provided for which we do not have control of the goods or services before that good or service is transferred to a customer is recorded on a net basis to reflect only the fees received for arranging these services.‌
GES’ service revenue is primarily derived through its comprehensive range of marketing, event production, and other related services to event organizers and corporate brand marketers. GES’ service revenue is earned over time over the duration of the live event, which generally lasts one to three days. We recognize service revenue at the close of the event when we have the right to invoice, or when a customer cancels a contract. GES’ product revenue is derived from the build of exhibits and environments and graphics. GES’ product revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the product, or when a customer cancels a contract.‌
Pursuit’s service revenue is derived through its accommodations, admissions, transportation, and travel planning services. Pursuit’s product revenue is derived through food and beverage and retail sales. Pursuit’s revenue is recognized at the time services are performed or upon delivery of the product. Pursuit’s service revenue is recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits. Pursuit’s product revenue is recognized at a point in time.‌
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the intangible asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable.‌
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Our reporting units are defined, and goodwill is tested, at either an operating segment level or at the component level of an operating segment, depending on various factors including the internal reporting structure of the operating segment, the level of integration among components, the sharing of assets and other resources among components, and the benefits and likely recoverability of goodwill by the component’s operations.
For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, we use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows (the most significant being revenue and EBITDA margins), discount rates, and terminal values require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience.
The most critical assumptions and estimates in determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units relate to the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows for each reporting unit and the reporting unit cost of capital (discount rate) applied to those cash flows. We estimate the assumed reporting unit cost of capital rates (discount rates) using a build-up method based on the perceived risk associated with the cash flows pertaining to the specific reporting unit. In order to assess the reasonableness of our fair value estimates, we perform a reconciliation of the aggregate fair values of our reporting units to our market capitalization.
As noted above, the estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and terminal values require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience. These estimates have inherent uncertainties, and different assumptions could lead to materially different results. Our goodwill balance was $112.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and $99.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and pertained to our Pursuit business.‌
Pursuit’s goodwill was assigned to, and tested at, the reporting unit level. The results of our most recent impairment analysis performed as of October 31, 2021, indicated that no impairment existed for Pursuit’s reporting units with reported goodwill. The excess of the estimated fair value over the carrying value for Pursuit’s reporting units with reported goodwill under step one of the impairment test for the Banff Jasper Collection, the Alaska Collection, and FlyOver was significant. Significant reductions in our reporting unit’s expected future revenue, operating income, or cash flow forecasts and projections, or an increase in a reporting unit’s cost of capital, could trigger additional goodwill impairment testing, which may result in impairment charges.
If an impairment indicator related to intangible assets is identified, or if other circumstances indicate an impairment may exist, we perform an assessment to determine if an impairment loss should be recognized. This assessment includes a recoverability test to identify if the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the related assets. If the results of the recoverability test indicate that expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the related assets, we perform a measurement of impairment and we recognize any carrying amount in excess of fair value as an impairment. We periodically evaluate the continued‌
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recoverability of intangible assets which were previously evaluated due to an impairment indicator to determine if remeasurement is necessary.
Income taxes — We are required to estimate and record provisions for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Accordingly, we must estimate our actual current income tax liability, and assess temporary differences arising from the treatment of items for tax purposes, as compared to the treatment for accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We use significant judgment in forming conclusions regarding the recoverability of our deferred tax assets and evaluate all available positive and negative evidence to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent recovery does not appear likely, a valuation allowance must be recorded. We had gross deferred tax assets of $117.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and $99.2 million as of December 31, 2020. We had a valuation allowance against gross deferred tax assets of $103.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and $81.8 million as of December 31, 2020.
While we believe that the deferred tax assets, net of existing valuation allowances, will be utilized in future periods, there are inherent uncertainties regarding the ultimate realization of these assets. It is possible that the relative weight of positive and negative evidence regarding the realization of deferred tax assets may change, which could result in a material increase or decrease in our valuation allowance. Such a change could result in a material increase or decrease to income tax expense in the period the assessment was made.
We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process: first we determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position; and, if so, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
Pension and postretirement benefits — Our pension plans use traditional defined benefit formulas based on years of service and final average compensation. Funding policies provide that payments to defined benefit pension trusts shall be at least equal to the minimum funding required by applicable regulations. We presently anticipate contributing $0.9 million to our funded pension plans and $0.9 million to our unfunded pension plans in 2022.
We have defined benefit postretirement plans that provide medical and life insurance for certain eligible employees, retirees, and dependents. The related postretirement benefit liabilities are recognized over the employees’ service period. In addition, we retain the obligations for these benefits for retirees of certain sold businesses. While the plans have no funding requirements, we expect to contribute $0.8 million to the plans in 2022.
The discount rates used in determining future pension and postretirement benefit obligations are based on rates determined by actuarial analysis and management review and reflect the estimated rates of return on a high-quality, hypothetical bond portfolio whose cash flows match the timing and amounts of expected benefit payments. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further information.
Share-based compensation — We grant share-based compensation awards to our officers, directors, and certain key employees pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, which has a 10-year term and provides for the following types of awards: (a) incentive and non-qualified stock options; (b) restricted stock awards and restricted stock units; (c) performance units or performance shares; (d) stock appreciation rights; (e) cash-based awards; and (f) certain other stock-based awards.
Share-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements was $7.7 million in 2021, $2.7 million in 2020, and $7.2 million in 2019. We recorded total tax benefits related to such costs of $0.1 million in 2021 and $2.2 million in 2019. There was no income tax benefit related to such cost in 2020 due to the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. No share-based compensation costs were capitalized during 2021, 2020, or 2019.
We account for share-based payment awards that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals. These awards are remeasured on each reporting date based on our stock price and the Monte Carlo simulation model. A Monte Carlo simulation requires the use of several assumptions, including historical volatility and correlation between our stock price and the price of the common shares of a comparator group, a risk-free rate of return, and an expected term. We account for share-based awards that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated number of units to be achieved is updated each reporting period based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals, until the date of settlement. The fair value of stock option grants is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of several assumptions, including expected volatility, a risk-free interest rate, a forfeiture rate, and expected life. We measure share-based compensation for performance-based options on a straight-line basis over the performance period and the underlying shares expected to be settled are adjusted each reporting period based on estimated future achievement of the respective performance metrics. Service-based options are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period on a‌
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graded-vesting schedule. Refer to Note 3 – Share-Based Compensation of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further information.
Self-Insurance Liabilities — We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation and general liabilities, which includes automobile, product general liability, and client property loss claims. We have also retained and provided for certain workers’ compensation insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold businesses. We are also self-insured for certain employee health benefits. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on historical experience, claims frequency, and other factors. We have purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels.‌
Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 1 – Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for further information.
Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to disclosing financial results that are determined in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we also disclose the following non-GAAP financial measures: Segment operating income (loss), organic revenue, and organic segment operating income (loss) (collectively, the “Non-GAAP Measures”). Our use of Non-GAAP Measures is supplemental to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP. As not all companies use identical calculations, our Non-GAAP Measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We believe that our use of Non-GAAP Measures provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations for trending, analyzing, and benchmarking our performance and the value of our business.
•“Segment operating income (loss)” is net income (loss) attributable to Viad before income (loss) from discontinued operations, corporate activities, interest expense and interest income, income taxes, restructuring charges, impairment charges, and the reduction for income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests. Segment operating income (loss) is used to measure the profit and performance of our operating segments to facilitate period-to-period comparisons. Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of segment operating income (loss) to income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes.•“Organic revenue” and “organic segment operating income (loss)” are revenue and segment operating income (loss) (as defined above), respectively, without the impact of exchange rate variances and acquisitions, if any, until such acquisitions are included in the entirety of both comparable periods. The impact of exchange rate variances is calculated as the difference between current period activity translated at the current period’s exchange rates and the comparable prior period’s exchange rates. We believe the presentation of “organic” results permits investors to better understand our performance without the effects of exchange rate variances or acquisitions and to facilitate period-to-period comparisons and analysis of our operating performance. Refer to “Analysis of Revenue and Operating Results by Reportable Segment” of this MD&A for reconciliations of organic revenue and organic segment operating income (loss) to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
We believe non-GAAP Measures are useful operating metrics as they eliminate potential variations arising from taxes, debt service costs, impairment charges, restructuring charges, the reduction of income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, and the effects of discontinued operations, resulting in additional measures considered to be indicative of our ongoing operations and segment performance. Although we use Non-GAAP Measures to assess the performance of our business, the use of these measures is limited because these measures do not consider material costs, expenses, and other items necessary to operate our business. These items include debt service costs, expenses related to United States federal, state, local and foreign income taxes, impairment and restructuring charges, and the effects of discontinued operations, and amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests. As the Non-GAAP Measures do not consider these items, net income (loss) attributable to Viad should be considered as an important measure of financial performance because it provides a more complete measure of our performance.
Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our market risk exposure relates to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates. Foreign exchange risk is the risk that fluctuating exchange rates will adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. Interest rate risk is the risk that changing interest rates will adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.
Our foreign operations are primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, and Germany. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. Accordingly, for purposes of consolidation, we translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the translation of these foreign denominated assets and liabilities are included as a component of accumulated other‌
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comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As a result, significant fluctuations in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar may result in material changes to our net equity position reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not currently hedge our equity risk arising from the translation of foreign denominated assets and liabilities. We recorded cumulative unrealized foreign currency translation losses in stockholders’ equity of $16.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and $16.7 million as of December 31, 2020. We recorded unrealized foreign currency translation gains in other comprehensive income (loss) of $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 and $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020.
For purposes of consolidation, revenue, expenses, gains, and losses related to our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the period. As a result, our consolidated results of operations are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates as revenue and segment operating income (loss) of our foreign operations, when translated, may vary from period to period, even when the functional currency amounts have not changed. Such fluctuations may adversely impact overall expected profitability and historical period-to-period comparisons. We do not currently hedge our net earnings exposure arising from the translation of our foreign revenue and segment operating income (loss). Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Foreign Exchange Rate Variances” (Part II, Item 7 of this 2021 Form 10-K) for a further discussion.
A hypothetical change of 10% in the Canadian dollar exchange rate would result in a change to 2021 operating loss of approximately $0.3 million. A hypothetical change of 10% in the British pound exchange rate would result in a change to 2021 operating loss of approximately $0.6 million. A hypothetical change of 10% in the Euro exchange rate would result in a change to 2021 operating loss of approximately $0.1 million.
We are exposed to foreign exchange transaction risk, as our foreign subsidiaries have certain revenue transactions and loans denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective subsidiary. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we did not have any outstanding foreign currency forward contracts.
We are exposed to short-term and long-term interest rate risk on certain of our debt obligations. A hypothetical change of 10% in interest rates would result in a change to 2021 interest expense of approximately $3 million.
We do not currently use derivative financial instruments to hedge cash flows for such obligations.
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Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 	 	
 	Page	
Consolidated Balance Sheets 	33	
Consolidated Statements of Operations	34	
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	35	
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Mezzanine Equity	36	
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	37	
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	38	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	75	
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	87	
 
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VIAD CORP
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands, except share data)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	61,600	 	 	$	39,545	 	
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $1,808 and $5,310,
   respectively	 	 	91,966	 	 	 	17,837	 	
Inventories	 	 	8,581	 	 	 	8,727	 	
Current contract costs	 	 	11,105	 	 	 	7,923	 	
Prepaid insurance	 	 	10,284	 	 	 	4,297	 	
Other current assets	 	 	14,080	 	 	 	12,928	 	
Total current assets	 	 	197,616	 	 	 	91,257	 	
Property and equipment, net	 	 	549,108	 	 	 	492,154	 	
Other investments and assets	 	 	16,718	 	 	 	15,492	 	
Operating lease right-of-use assets	 	 	95,915	 	 	 	82,739	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	 	1,006	 	 	 	563	 	
Goodwill	 	 	112,078	 	 	 	99,847	 	
Other intangible assets, net	 	 	65,189	 	 	 	71,172	 	
Total Assets	 	$	1,037,630	 	 	$	853,224	 	
Liabilities, Mezzanine Equity, and Stockholders’ Equity	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	 	$	69,657	 	 	$	21,037	 	
Contract liabilities	 	 	39,141	 	 	 	18,595	 	
Accrued compensation	 	 	12,788	 	 	 	7,030	 	
Operating lease obligations	 	 	12,451	 	 	 	15,697	 	
Other current liabilities	 	 	28,289	 	 	 	27,039	 	
Current portion of debt and finance obligations	 	 	12,800	 	 	 	8,335	 	
Total current liabilities	 	 	175,126	 	 	 	97,733	 	
Long-term debt and finance obligations	 	 	446,580	 	 	 	285,356	 	
Pension and postretirement benefits	 	 	23,692	 	 	 	27,264	 	
Long-term operating lease obligations	 	 	93,406	 	 	 	70,150	 	
Other deferred items and liabilities	 	 	68,953	 	 	 	64,628	 	
Total liabilities	 	 	807,757	 	 	 	545,131	 	
Commitments and contingencies	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value, 180,000 shares authorized,
  141,827 and 135,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	 	 	132,591	 	 	 	128,769	 	
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	5,444	 	 	 	5,225	 	
Stockholders’ equity	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Viad Corp stockholders’ equity:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Common stock, $1.50 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 24,934,981 shares
   issued and outstanding	 	 	37,402	 	 	 	37,402	 	
Additional capital	 	 	566,741	 	 	 	568,100	 	
Accumulated deficit	 	 	(349,720	)	 	 	(253,164	)	
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	 	 	(27,429	)	 	 	(30,641	)	
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 4,381,606 and 4,475,489 shares, respectively	 	 	(220,712	)	 	 	(225,742	)	
Total Viad stockholders’ equity	 	 	6,282	 	 	 	95,955	 	
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	85,556	 	 	 	78,144	 	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	 	91,838	 	 	 	174,099	 	
Total Liabilities, Mezzanine Equity, and Stockholders’ Equity	 	$	1,037,630	 	 	$	853,224	 	
 
Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
33

VIAD CORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands, except per share data)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Services	 	$	401,142	 	 	$	351,528	 	 	$	1,101,534	 	
Products	 	 	106,198	 	 	 	63,907	 	 	 	201,202	 	
Total revenue	 	 	507,340	 	 	 	415,435	 	 	 	1,302,736	 	
Costs and expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Costs of services	 	 	440,383	 	 	 	457,827	 	 	 	1,031,187	 	
Costs of products	 	 	113,889	 	 	 	73,783	 	 	 	181,380	 	
Business interruption gain	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(141	)	
Corporate activities	 	 	11,689	 	 	 	8,687	 	 	 	10,865	 	
Interest income	 	 	(116	)	 	 	(377	)	 	 	(369	)	
Interest expense	 	 	28,440	 	 	 	18,264	 	 	 	14,199	 	
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal	 	 	57	 	 	 	462	 	 	 	15,693	 	
Other expense, net	 	 	2,013	 	 	 	1,132	 	 	 	1,586	 	
Restructuring charges	 	 	6,066	 	 	 	13,440	 	 	 	8,380	 	
Legal settlement	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	8,500	 	
Impairment charges	 	 	—	 	 	 	203,076	 	 	 	5,346	 	
Total costs and expenses	 	 	602,421	 	 	 	776,294	 	 	 	1,276,626	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	 	 	(95,081	)	 	 	(360,859	)	 	 	26,110	 	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	(1,788	)	 	 	14,246	 	 	 	2,506	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations	 	 	(93,293	)	 	 	(375,105	)	 	 	23,604	 	
Income (loss) from discontinued operations	 	 	558	 	 	 	(1,847	)	 	 	(81	)	
Net income (loss)	 	 	(92,735	)	 	 	(376,952	)	 	 	23,523	 	
Net (income) loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	(1,686	)	 	 	1,376	 	 	 	(2,309	)	
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	1,766	 	 	 	1,482	 	 	 	821	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad	 	$	(92,655	)	 	$	(374,094	)	 	$	22,035	 	
Diluted income (loss) per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	$	(5.04	)	 	$	(18.55	)	 	$	1.02	 	
Discontinued operations attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	 	0.03	 	 	 	(0.09	)	 	 	—	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	$	(5.01	)	 	$	(18.64	)	 	$	1.02	 	
Weighted-average outstanding and potentially dilutive common
   shares	 	 	20,411	 	 	 	20,279	 	 	 	20,284	 	
Basic income (loss) per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	$	(5.04	)	 	$	(18.55	)	 	$	1.02	 	
Discontinued operations attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	 	0.03	 	 	 	(0.09	)	 	 	—	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	$	(5.01	)	 	$	(18.64	)	 	$	1.02	 	
Weighted-average outstanding common shares	 	 	20,411	 	 	 	20,279	 	 	 	20,146	 	
Dividends declared per common share	 	$	—	 	 	$	0.10	 	 	$	0.40	 	
Amounts attributable to Viad	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations	 	$	(93,213	)	 	$	(372,247	)	 	$	22,116	 	
Income (loss) from discontinued operations	 	 	558	 	 	 	(1,847	)	 	 	(81	)	
Net income (loss)	 	$	(92,655	)	 	$	(374,094	)	 	$	22,035	 	
 
Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
34

VIAD CORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Net income (loss)	 	$	(92,735	)	 	$	(376,952	)	 	$	23,523	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	 	 	524	 	 	 	7,113	 	 	 	12,533	 	
Change in net actuarial loss, net of tax effects of $210, $(55), and $(44)	 	 	2,712	 	 	 	(1,955	)	 	 	(116	)	
Change in prior service cost, net of tax effects of $0, $(46), and $(48)	 	 	(24	)	 	 	(100	)	 	 	(141	)	
Comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	(89,523	)	 	 	(371,894	)	 	 	35,799	 	
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	(1,686	)	 	 	1,376	 	 	 	(2,309	)	
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	 	 	127	 	 	 	1,315	 	 	 	1,080	 	
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	1,766	 	 	 	1,482	 	 	 	821	 	
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Viad	 	$	(89,316	)	 	$	(367,721	)	 	$	35,391	 	

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
35

VIAD CORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND MEZZANINE EQUITY

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Mezzanine Equity	 	
(in thousands)	 	Common
Stock	 	 	Additional
Capital	 	 	Retained
Earnings (Deficit)	 	 	Unearned
Employee
Benefits
and Other	 	 	Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)	 	 	Common
Stock in
Treasury	 	 	Total
Viad
Equity	 	 	Non-Redeemable
Non-Controlling
Interest	 	 	Total
Stockholders’
Equity	 	 	 	Redeemable
Non-Controlling
Interest	 	 	Convertible
Series A
Preferred
Stock	 	
Balance, December 31, 2018	 	$	37,402	 	 	$	575,339	 	 	$	109,032	 	 	$	199	 	 	$	(47,975	)	 	$	(237,790	)	 	$	436,207	 	 	$	14,348	 	 	$	450,555	 	 	 	$	5,909	 	 	$	—	 	
Net income	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	22,035	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	22,035	 	 	 	2,309	 	 	 	24,344	 	 	 	 	(821	)	 	 	—	 	
Dividends on common stock ($0.40 per share)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(8,094	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(8,094	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(8,094	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Distributions to noncontrolling interest	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(407	)	 	 	(407	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,046	)	 	 	(3,046	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,046	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Employee benefit plans	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,659	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	9,189	 	 	 	5,530	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	5,530	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Share-based compensation - equity awards	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,755	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,755	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,755	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	12,533	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	12,533	 	 	 	1,080	 	 	 	13,613	 	 	 	 	(234	)	 	 	—	 	
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(116	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(116	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(116	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(141	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(141	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(141	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Acquisitions	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	62,401	 	 	 	62,401	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other, net	 	 	—	 	 	 	38	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	(199	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	(165	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(165	)	 	 	 	1,318	 	 	 	—	 	
Balance, December 31, 2019	 	$	37,402	 	 	$	574,473	 	 	$	122,971	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	(35,699	)	 	$	(231,649	)	 	$	467,498	 	 	$	79,731	 	 	$	547,229	 	 	 	$	6,172	 	 	$	—	 	
Net loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(374,094	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(374,094	)	 	 	(1,376	)	 	 	(375,470	)	 	 	 	(1,482	)	 	 	—	 	
Dividends on common stock ($0.10 per share)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,038	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,038	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,038	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Issuance of Series A convertible preferred stock	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	125,763	 	
Dividends on convertible preferred stock	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,006	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,006	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,006	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,006	 	
Distributions to noncontrolling interest	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,526	)	 	 	(1,526	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,688	)	 	 	(1,688	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,688	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Common stock purchased for treasury	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,785	)	 	 	(2,785	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,785	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Employee benefit plans	 	 	—	 	 	 	(7,901	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	10,380	 	 	 	2,479	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,479	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Share-based compensation - equity awards	 	 	—	 	 	 	4,444	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	4,444	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	4,444	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	7,113	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	7,113	 	 	 	1,315	 	 	 	8,428	 	 	 	 	(390	)	 	 	—	 	
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,955	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,955	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,955	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(100	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(100	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(100	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other, net	 	 	—	 	 	 	90	 	 	 	(3	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	87	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	87	 	 	 	 	925	 	 	 	—	 	
Balance, December 31, 2020	 	$	37,402	 	 	$	568,100	 	 	$	(253,164	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	(30,641	)	 	$	(225,742	)	 	$	95,955	 	 	$	78,144	 	 	$	174,099	 	 	 	$	5,225	 	 	$	128,769	 	
Net income (loss)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(92,655	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(92,655	)	 	 	1,686	 	 	 	(90,969	)	 	 	 	(1,766	)	 	 	—	 	
Dividends on convertible preferred stock	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,821	)	 	 	(3,900	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(7,721	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(7,721	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,821	 	
Capital contributions (distributions) to (from) noncontrolling interest	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,160	)	 	 	(1,160	)	 	 	 	341	 	 	 	—	 	
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(652	)	 	 	(652	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(652	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Employee benefit plans	 	 	—	 	 	 	(4,456	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	5,682	 	 	 	1,226	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,226	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Share-based compensation - equity awards	 	 	—	 	 	 	7,562	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	7,562	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	7,562	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	524	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	524	 	 	 	127	 	 	 	651	 	 	 	 	(153	)	 	 	—	 	
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,712	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,712	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,712	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(24	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(24	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(24	)	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Acquisitions	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	6,759	 	 	 	6,759	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other, net	 	 	—	 	 	 	(644	)	 	 	(1	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(645	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(645	)	 	 	 	1,797	 	 	 	1	 	
Balance, December 31, 2021	 	$	37,402	 	 	$	566,741	 	 	$	(349,720	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	(27,429	)	 	$	(220,712	)	 	$	6,282	 	 	$	85,556	 	 	$	91,838	 	 	 	$	5,444	 	 	$	132,591	 	
 
Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
36

VIAD CORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS‌

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	 	$	(92,735	)	 	$	(376,952	)	 	$	23,523	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	53,750	 	 	 	56,565	 	 	 	58,964	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	 	6,012	 	 	 	15,097	 	 	 	(10,398	)	
(Income) loss from discontinued operations	 	 	(558	)	 	 	1,847	 	 	 	81	 	
Restructuring charges	 	 	6,066	 	 	 	13,440	 	 	 	8,380	 	
Legal settlement	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	8,500	 	
Impairment charges	 	 	—	 	 	 	203,076	 	 	 	5,346	 	
Gains on dispositions of property and other assets	 	 	(9,374	)	 	 	(14,935	)	 	 	(1,475	)	
Share-based compensation expense	 	 	7,727	 	 	 	2,653	 	 	 	7,190	 	
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal	 	 	57	 	 	 	462	 	 	 	15,693	 	
Other non-cash items, net	 	 	5,318	 	 	 	8,056	 	 	 	3,791	 	
Change in operating assets and liabilities (excluding the impact of acquisitions):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Receivables	 	 	(75,450	)	 	 	106,082	 	 	 	(16,959	)	
Inventories	 	 	129	 	 	 	8,644	 	 	 	(328	)	
Current contract costs	 	 	(3,284	)	 	 	16,279	 	 	 	(6,333	)	
Accounts payable	 	 	46,694	 	 	 	(88,251	)	 	 	9,726	 	
Restructuring liabilities	 	 	(5,923	)	 	 	(7,427	)	 	 	(6,047	)	
Accrued compensation	 	 	4,221	 	 	 	(26,375	)	 	 	6,853	 	
Contract liabilities	 	 	20,881	 	 	 	(31,585	)	 	 	16,796	 	
Income taxes payable	 	 	1,003	 	 	 	770	 	 	 	195	 	
Other assets and liabilities, net	 	 	(2,386	)	 	 	32,306	 	 	 	(15,359	)	
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	 	 	(37,852	)	 	 	(80,248	)	 	 	108,139	 	
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Capital expenditures	 	 	(57,936	)	 	 	(53,567	)	 	 	(76,147	)	
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies	 	 	—	 	 	 	24,767	 	 	 	—	 	
Cash paid for acquisitions, net	 	 	(8,227	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(90,992	)	
Proceeds from dispositions of property and other assets	 	 	14,360	 	 	 	22,027	 	 	 	1,583	 	
Net cash used in investing activities	 	 	(51,803	)	 	 	(6,773	)	 	 	(165,556	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from borrowings	 	 	461,322	 	 	 	225,422	 	 	 	200,473	 	
Payments on debt and finance obligations	 	 	(345,297	)	 	 	(275,327	)	 	 	(115,708	)	
Dividends paid on common stock	 	 	—	 	 	 	(4,064	)	 	 	(8,094	)	
Dividends paid on preferred stock	 	 	(3,900	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Distributions to noncontrolling interest, net of contributions from noncontrolling interest	 	 	(843	)	 	 	(1,526	)	 	 	(407	)	
Payments of debt issuance costs	 	 	(1,767	)	 	 	(1,585	)	 	 	(39	)	
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld or repurchased	 	 	(1,626	)	 	 	(1,688	)	 	 	(3,046	)	
Common stock purchased for treasury	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,785	)	 	 	—	 	
Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs	 	 	—	 	 	 	125,763	 	 	 	—	 	
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,077	 	 	 	293	 	
Net cash provided by financing activities	 	 	107,889	 	 	 	66,287	 	 	 	73,472	 	
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	 	 	4,098	 	 	 	701	 	 	 	1,050	 	
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	 	 	22,332	 	 	 	(20,033	)	 	 	17,105	 	
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year	 	 	41,971	 	 	 	62,004	 	 	 	44,899	 	
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year	 	$	64,303	 	 	$	41,971	 	 	$	62,004	 	
 
Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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VIAD CORP
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
Note 1. Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of Viad and its subsidiaries. We have eliminated all significant intercompany account balances and transactions in consolidation.
Nature of Business
We are a leading global provider of extraordinary experiences, including hospitality and leisure activities, experiential marketing, and live events. We operate through two reportable business segments: Pursuit and GES:‌
Pursuit
Pursuit is a collection of inspiring and unforgettable travel experiences that includes recreational attractions, unique hotels and lodges, food and beverage, retail, sightseeing, and ground transportation services. Pursuit comprises the Banff Jasper Collection, the Alaska Collection, the Glacier Park Collection, FlyOver, and Sky Lagoon.
GES
GES is a global, full-service provider for live, hybrid, and digital events that partners with brand marketers, exhibitors, and show organizers to create high-value events and experiences. GES offers a comprehensive range of event services, from the design and production of compelling, immersive live and digital experiences that engage audiences and build brand awareness, through to logistics, including material handling, rigging, electrical, and other on-site event services. In addition, GES offers clients a full suite of audio-visual services from creative and technology to content and design, along with registration, data analytics, engagement, and online tools powered by next generation technologies that help clients easily manage the complexities of their event.‌
Impact of COVID-19‌
Starting in mid-March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant and negative impact on our operations and financial performance, with severe disruptions in live event and tourism activity. In response, we implemented aggressive cost reduction measures to preserve cash, including furloughs, layoffs, mandatory unpaid time off or salary reductions for all employees, and the reduction of discretionary spending. We also accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing GES’ more profitable market segments. In 2020, GES exited 21 leased facilities across its warehouse and office network and sold its San Diego area production warehouse. We also suspended future common stock dividend payments and share repurchases, and we availed ourselves of governmental assistance programs for wages and other expense relief. Additionally, in May and August 2020, we obtained waivers of the financial covenants under our then $450 million revolving credit facility (“the 2018 Credit Facility”), which we subsequently refinanced in July 2021 as discussed below, and we secured additional capital to strengthen our liquidity position by entering into an investment agreement with funds managed by private equity firm Crestview Partners who made an investment of $135 million, offset in part by $9.2 million in fees, in newly issued perpetual convertible preferred stock. Refer to Note 15 – Common and Preferred Stock for further information.‌
During 2021, we continued to preserve cash and closely managed our costs as pandemic-related restrictions slowly eased. GES continued to reduce costs as part of its transformation and streamlining efforts. In 2021, GES sold its Orlando area production warehouse. GES continues to evaluate its physical presence and look for additional opportunities to improve its cost structure. In connection with the COVID-19 vaccination programs, we began to see signs of recovery in the travel and hospitality and live event sectors in mid-2021 as people started to feel more comfortable traveling and gathering in larger groups. Pursuit’s operations in the United States experienced strong visitation primarily from domestic travelers, while tourism in Canada and Iceland remained constrained by border closures and travel restrictions. Canada reopened its border with the United States in early August 2021 to fully vaccinated travelers and to travelers from other countries beginning in September 2021, which accelerated short-term bookings from travelers to our Pursuit operations in Canada. The live event markets also began to re-open in 2021 with smaller scale live events starting to take place during the first half of the year. During the second half of 2021, we began to see an acceleration in the recovery of in-person trade shows as event organizers began to schedule larger-scale face-to-face live events. However, as variants of COVID-19, including the predominant Delta and Omicron variants, became more widespread, we saw some cancellations of smaller events during the fourth quarter of 2021. For larger-scale in-person events that took place, the overall attendance was lower than pre-pandemic levels.
Effective July 30, 2021, we refinanced our 2018 Credit Facility, which was scheduled to mature on October 24, 2023, with a new $500 million senior secured credit facility (the “2021 Credit Facility”). The 2021 Credit Facility provides for a $400 million term loan‌
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with a maturity date of July 30, 2028 (“Term Loan B”) and a $100 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of July 30, 2026. The $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds were offset in part by $14.8 million in related fees. The proceeds from the Term Loan B were used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under the 2018 Credit Facility. The $100 million revolving credit facility and the remaining proceeds from the Term Loan B will be used to provide for financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and growth initiatives and for general corporate purposes. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations for further information.
Due to the evolving and uncertain nature of COVID-19, and depending on the success of ongoing vaccination and other mitigation efforts as well as the scope and magnitude of infections and hospitalizations, we are not able at this time to fully estimate the effect of these factors on our business; however, the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and cash flows has been significant. We will continue to evaluate and implement additional actions necessary to mitigate the negative financial and operational impact of COVID-19 on our business.‌
Reclassifications
During the first quarter of 2021, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. As a result, we changed the presentation of certain items in GES’ disaggregation of revenue and reportable segments. Refer to Note 2 – Revenue and Related Contract Costs and Contract Liabilities and Note 23 – Segment Information for additional information. We reclassified certain prior-year amounts to conform to current-period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on our results of operations or cash flows.
Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Estimates and assumptions are used in accounting for, among other things: impairment testing of recorded goodwill and intangible assets and long-lived assets; allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable; sales reserve allowances; provisions for income taxes, including uncertain tax positions; valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets; liabilities for losses related to self-insured liability claims; liabilities for losses related to environmental remediation obligations; sublease income associated with restructuring liabilities; pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations; share-based compensation costs; the discount rates used to value lease obligations; the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests; and the allocation of purchase price of acquired businesses. Actual results could differ from these and other estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash equivalents are highly-liquid investments with remaining maturities when purchased of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and bank demand deposits and money market funds. Investments in money market funds are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Restricted cash represents collateral required for surety bonds, bank guarantees, and letters of credit.‌
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	61,600	 	 	$	39,545	 	
Restricted cash included in other current assets	 	 	2,703	 	 	 	2,426	 	
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows	 	$	64,303	 	 	$	41,971	 	
Allowances for Doubtful Accounts‌
Allowances for doubtful accounts reflect the best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The allowances for doubtful accounts, including a sales allowance for discounts at the time of sale, are based upon an evaluation of the aging of receivables, historical trends, and the current economic environment.‌
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Inventories
We state inventories, which consist primarily of exhibit design and construction materials and supplies, as well as retail inventory, at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out and specific identification methods) or net realizable value.‌
Property and Equipment‌
Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets: buildings, 15 to 40 years; equipment, 3 to 12 years; and leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the lease term or useful life. Property and equipment are tested for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows.
Leases
We recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability on the balance sheet and classify leases as either finance or operating leases. The classification of the lease determines whether we recognize the lease expense on an effective interest method basis (finance lease) or on a straight-line basis (operating lease) over the lease term. In determining whether an agreement contains a lease, we consider if we have a right to control the use of the underlying asset during the lease term in exchange for an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities at commencement date, which is when the underlying asset is available for use to a lessee, based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.‌
Our operating and finance leases are primarily facility, equipment, and land leases. Our facility leases comprise mainly manufacturing facilities, sales and design facilities, offices, storage and/or warehouses, and truck marshaling yards for our GES business. These facility leases generally have lease terms ranging up to 24 years. Our equipment leases comprise mainly vehicles, hardware, and office equipment, each with various lease terms. Our land leases comprise mainly leases in Canada and Iceland on which our Pursuit hotels or attractions are located and have lease terms ranging up to 46 years.
If a lease contains a renewal option that is reasonably certain to be exercised, then the lease term includes the optional periods in measuring a ROU asset and lease liability. We evaluate the reasonably certain threshold at lease commencement, and it is typically met if we identify substantial economic incentives or termination penalties. We do not include variable leases and variable non-lease components in the calculation of the ROU asset and corresponding lease liability. For facility leases, variable lease costs include the costs of common area maintenance, taxes, and insurance for which we pay our lessors an estimate that is adjusted to actual expense on a quarterly or annual basis depending on the underlying contract terms. We expense these variable lease payments as incurred. Our lease agreements do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.
Substantially all of our lease agreements do not specify an implicit borrowing rate, and as such, we utilize an incremental borrowing rate based on lease term and country, in order to calculate the present value of our future lease payments. The discount rate represents a risk-adjusted rate on a collateralized basis and is the expected rate at which we would borrow funds to satisfy the scheduled lease liability payment streams commensurate with the lease term and the country.
We are also a lessor to third party tenants who either lease certain portions of facilities that we own or sublease certain portions of facilities that we lease. We record lease income from owned facilities as rental income and we record sublease income from leased facilities as an offset to lease expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We classify all of our leases for which we are the lessor as operating leases.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) to estimate the fair value of our reporting units for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. The estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and terminal values require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience. These estimates, however, have inherent uncertainties and different assumptions could lead to materially different results.
Self-Insurance Liabilities‌
We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation and general liabilities, which includes automobile, product general liability, and client property loss claims. We have also retained and provided for certain workers’ compensation insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold operations. We are also self-insured for certain employee health benefits. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on historical experience, claims frequency, and other factors. We have purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels.
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Environmental Remediation Liabilities
Environmental remediation liabilities represent the estimated cost of environmental remediation obligations primarily associated with previously sold operations. The amounts accrued primarily consist of the estimated direct incremental costs, on an undiscounted basis, for contractor and other services related to remedial actions and post-remediation site monitoring. Environmental remediation liabilities are recorded when the specific obligation is considered probable and the costs are reasonably estimable. Subsequent recoveries from third parties, if any, are recorded through discontinued operations when realized. Environmental insurance is maintained that provides coverage for new and undiscovered pre-existing conditions at both our continuing and discontinued operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations for the estimated fair value of debt obligations.
Convertible Preferred Stock
We record shares of convertible preferred stock based on proceeds received net of costs on the date of issuance. Redeemable preferred stock (including preferred stock that features redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within our control) is classified as mezzanine equity and is reported between liabilities and stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Noncontrolling Interests – Non-redeemable and Redeemable‌
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us. We report non-redeemable noncontrolling interest within stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount of consolidated net income or loss attributable to Viad and the non-redeemable noncontrolling interest is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We consider noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within our control to be redeemable noncontrolling interests. Our redeemable noncontrolling interest relates to our 56.4% equity ownership interest in Esja Attractions ehf. (“Esja”), which owns the FlyOver Iceland attraction. The Esja shareholders agreement contains a put option that gives the minority Esja shareholders the right to sell (or “put”) their Esja shares to us based on a calculated formula within a predefined term. This redeemable noncontrolling interest is considered mezzanine equity and we report it between liabilities and stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount of the net income or loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the accretion of the redemption value is recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings (deficit) and is included in our income (loss) per share. Refer to Note 22 – Noncontrolling Interests – Redeemable and Non-redeemable for additional information.
Foreign Currency Translation‌
Our foreign operations are primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, Germany, and to a lesser extent, in certain other countries. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. Accordingly, for purposes of consolidation, we translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the translation of these foreign denominated assets and liabilities are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also have certain loans in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency, which results in gains or losses as exchange rates fluctuate. For purposes of consolidation, revenue, expenses, gains, and losses related to our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the period.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is measured based on a specified amount of consideration in a contract with a customer, net of commissions paid to customers and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of a product or delivering the service to a customer.‌
GES’ service revenue is primarily derived through its comprehensive range of marketing, event production, and other related services to event organizers and corporate brand marketers. GES’ service revenue is earned over time over the duration of the live event, which generally lasts one to three days. Revenue for goods and services provided for which we do not have control of the goods or services before that good or service is transferred to a customer is recorded on a net basis to reflect only the fees received for arranging these services. GES’ product revenue is derived from the build of exhibits and environments and graphics. GES’ product revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the product.
Pursuit’s service revenue is derived through its admissions, accommodations, transportation, and travel planning services. Pursuit’s product revenue is derived through food and beverage and retail sales. Pursuit’s revenue is recognized at the time services are performed‌
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or upon delivery of the product. Pursuit’s service revenue is recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits. Pursuit’s product revenue is recognized at a point in time.
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation costs related to all share-based payment awards are recognized and measured using the fair value method of accounting. These awards generally include restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”), and stock options, and contain forfeiture and non-compete provisions. We issue share-based payment awards from shares held in treasury. Future vesting is generally subject to continued employment. Holders of share-based awards have the right to receive dividends and vote the shares, but may not sell, assign, transfer, pledge, or otherwise encumber the stock, except to the extent restrictions have lapsed and in accordance with our stock trading policy.
We account for share-based payment awards that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards, which includes PRSUs and restricted stock units. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals. These awards are remeasured on each reporting date based on our stock price and the Monte Carlo simulation model. A Monte Carlo simulation requires the use of several assumptions, including historical volatility and correlation between our stock price and the price of the common shares of a comparator group, a risk-free rate of return, and an expected term. Share-based compensation expense related to liability-based awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period of approximately three years.
We account for share-based awards that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards, which include PRSUs, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated number of shares to be achieved is updated each reporting period based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals, until the date of settlement. Share-based compensation expense related to equity-based awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period ranging from one to three years.
The fair value of stock option grants is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option pricing model. We grant non-qualified stock options that are performance-based and service-based. The performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period ranging up to 3.4 years, and the underlying shares expected to be settled are adjusted each reporting period based on estimated future achievement of the respective performance metrics. The service-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period on a graded-vesting schedule ranging from one to three years. The exercise price of stock options is based on the market value of our common stock at the date of grant.‌
Common Stock in Treasury
Common stock purchased for treasury is recorded at historical cost. Subsequent share reissuances are primarily related to share-based compensation programs and recorded at weighted-average cost.
Income (Loss) Per Common Share
Diluted income (loss) per common share is calculated using the more dilutive of the two-class method or as-converted method. The two-class method uses net income (loss) available to common stockholders and assumes conversion of all potential shares other than the participating securities. The as-converted method uses net income (loss) available to common shareholders and assumes conversion of all potential shares including the participating securities. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, unvested restricted share units and convertible preferred stock. We apply the two-class method in calculating income (loss) per common share as unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends and preferred stock are considered participating securities. Accordingly, such securities are included in the earnings allocation in calculating income (loss) per share. The adjustment to the carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest is reflected in income (loss) per common share.
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Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The following table provides a brief description of recent accounting pronouncements:

							
Standard	 	Description	 	Date of adoption	 	Effect on the financial statements	
Standards Not Yet Adopted	
ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)	 	The amendment simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models available for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock. The amendment also requires expanded disclosures about the terms and features of convertible instruments.	 	1/1/2022	 	We do not expect this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.	
2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities
from Contracts with Customers	 	Amendment relates to the application of Topic 805, Business Combinations, to contracts with a customer acquired in a business combination after the acquirer has adopted Topic 606. ASU 2021-08 requires contract assets and contract liabilities to be accounted for as if they (the acquirer) entered into the original contract at the same time and same date as the acquiree.	 	1/1/2023	 	We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We do not expect this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.	
ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832) Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance	 	Amendment improves the transparency of government assistance received by most business entities by requiring the disclosure of: (1) the types of government assistance received; (2) the accounting for such assistance; and (3) the effect of the assistance on a business entity’s financial statements.	 	12/31/2022	 	We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We do not expect this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.	

Standard	 	Description	 	Date of adoption	 	Effect on the financial statements	
Standards Recently Adopted	
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes	 	The amendment enhances and simplifies various aspects of the income tax accounting guidance, including requirements such as ownership changes in investments, and interim-period accounting for enacted changes in tax law.	 	1/1/2021	 	The adoption of this new standard on January 1, 2021 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.	

Note 2. Revenue and Related Contract Costs and Contract Liabilities
GES’ performance obligations consist of services or product(s) outlined in a contract. While we often sign multi-year contracts for recurring events, the obligations for each occurrence are well defined and conclude upon the occurrence of each event. The obligations are typically the provision of services and/or sale of a product in connection with a live event. Revenue for goods and services provided for which we do not have control of the goods or services before that good or service is transferred to a customer is recorded on a net basis to reflect only the fees received for arranging these services. We recognize revenue for services generally at the close of the live event. We recognize revenue for products either upon delivery to the customer’s location, upon delivery to an event that we are serving, or when we have the right to invoice. In circumstances where a customer cancels a contract, we generally have the right to bill the customer for costs incurred to date. Payment terms are generally within 30-60 days and contain no significant financing components.
Pursuit’s performance obligations are short-term in nature. They include the provision of a hotel room, an attraction admission, a chartered or ticketed bus or van ride, the fulfillment of travel planning itineraries, and/or the sale of food, beverage, or retail products. We recognize revenue when the service has been provided or the product has been delivered. When we extend credit, payment terms are generally within 30 days and contain no significant financing components.
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Contract Liabilities
Pursuit and GES typically receive customer deposits prior to transferring the related product or service to the customer. We record these deposits as a contract liability, which are recognized as revenue upon satisfaction of the related contract performance obligation(s). GES also provides customer rebates and volume discounts to certain event organizers that we recognize as a reduction of revenue. We include these amounts in “Contract liabilities” and “Other deferred items and liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.‌
Changes to contract liabilities are as follows:

(in thousands)	 	 	 	
Balance at January 1, 2019	 	$	50,796	 	
Cash additions	 	 	154,057	 	
Revenue recognized	 	 	(186,518	)	
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	 	 	283	 	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	18,618	 	
Cash additions	 	 	147,814	 	
Revenue recognized	 	 	(126,573	)	
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	 	 	(197	)	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	39,662	 	
Contract Costs
GES capitalizes certain incremental costs incurred in obtaining and fulfilling contracts. Capitalized costs principally relate to direct costs of materials and services incurred in fulfilling services of future live events, and also include up-front incentives and commissions incurred upon contract signing. We expense costs associated with preliminary contract activities (i.e., proposal activities) as incurred. Capitalized contract costs are expensed upon the transfer of the related goods or services and are included in costs of services or costs of products, as applicable. We include the deferred incremental costs of obtaining and fulfilling contracts in “Current contract costs” and “Other investments and assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Changes to contract costs are as follows:

(in thousands)	 	 	 	
Balance at January 1, 2019	 	$	28,496	 	
Additions	 	 	19,517	 	
Expenses	 	 	(25,381	)	
Cancelled	 	 	(11,482	)	
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	 	 	(315	)	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	10,835	 	
Additions	 	 	31,923	 	
Expenses	 	 	(27,935	)	
Cancelled	 	 	(976	)	
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	 	 	(57	)	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	13,790	 	
As of December 31, 2021, capitalized contract costs consisted of $0.5 million to obtain contracts and $13.3 million to fulfill contracts. We did not recognize an impairment loss with respect to capitalized contract costs during the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020.
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Disaggregation of Revenue‌
The following tables disaggregate Pursuit and GES revenue by major service and product lines, timing of revenue recognition, and markets served:
Pursuit‌

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Services:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Admissions	 	$	61,166	 	 	$	19,939	 	 	$	85,371	 	
Accommodations	 	 	61,156	 	 	 	29,800	 	 	 	60,672	 	
Transportation	 	 	5,591	 	 	 	2,694	 	 	 	14,594	 	
Travel planning and other	 	 	5,638	 	 	 	467	 	 	 	5,979	 	
Intersegment eliminations	 	 	(627	)	 	 	(317	)	 	 	(1,686	)	
Total services revenue	 	 	132,924	 	 	 	52,583	 	 	 	164,930	 	
Products:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Food and beverage	 	 	28,953	 	 	 	10,295	 	 	 	31,838	 	
Retail operations	 	 	25,171	 	 	 	13,932	 	 	 	26,045	 	
Total products revenue	 	 	54,124	 	 	 	24,227	 	 	 	57,883	 	
Total revenue	 	$	187,048	 	 	$	76,810	 	 	$	222,813	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Timing of revenue recognition:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Services transferred over time	 	$	132,924	 	 	$	52,583	 	 	$	164,930	 	
Products transferred at a point in time	 	 	54,124	 	 	 	24,227	 	 	 	57,883	 	
Total revenue	 	$	187,048	 	 	$	76,810	 	 	$	222,813	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Markets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Banff Jasper Collection	 	$	82,728	 	 	$	46,913	 	 	$	133,229	 	
Alaska Collection	 	 	37,344	 	 	 	6,282	 	 	 	39,406	 	
Glacier Park Collection	 	 	45,276	 	 	 	17,596	 	 	 	37,121	 	
FlyOver	 	 	10,693	 	 	 	6,019	 	 	 	13,057	 	
Sky Lagoon(1)	 	 	11,007	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total revenue	 	$	187,048	 	 	$	76,810	 	 	$	222,813	 	
 
(1)We opened Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon attraction in Reykjavik, Iceland on April 30, 2021.
45

GES
During the first quarter of 2021, we changed GES’ presentation of certain items in the following disaggregation of revenue table to depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. All prior periods have been reclassified to conform to this new reporting structure.

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Service lines:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Exhibitions and Conferences	 	$	200,846	 	 	$	228,033	 	 	$	692,128	 	
Brand experiences	 	 	105,872	 	 	 	97,654	 	 	 	328,085	 	
Venue services	 	 	13,574	 	 	 	12,938	 	 	 	59,710	 	
Total revenue	 	$	320,292	 	 	$	338,625	 	 	$	1,079,923	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Timing of revenue recognition:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Services transferred over time	 	$	268,218	 	 	$	298,945	 	 	$	936,604	 	
Products transferred over time(1)	 	 	18,551	 	 	 	15,517	 	 	 	61,668	 	
Products transferred at a point in time	 	 	33,523	 	 	 	24,163	 	 	 	81,651	 	
Total revenue	 	$	320,292	 	 	$	338,625	 	 	$	1,079,923	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Geographical markets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
North America	 	$	243,983	 	 	$	288,921	 	 	$	884,105	 	
EMEA	 	 	82,242	 	 	 	53,384	 	 	 	216,559	 	
Intersegment eliminations	 	 	(5,933	)	 	 	(3,680	)	 	 	(20,741	)	
Total revenue	 	$	320,292	 	 	$	338,625	 	 	$	1,079,923	 	
 
(1)GES’ graphics product revenue is earned over time over the duration of an event as it is considered a part of the single performance obligation satisfied over time.
Note 3. Share-Based Compensation‌
We grant share-based compensation awards to our officers, directors, and certain key employees pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan has a 10-year term and provides for the following types of awards: (a) incentive and non-qualified stock options; (b) restricted stock awards and restricted stock units; (c) performance units or performance shares; (d) stock appreciation rights; (e) cash-based awards; and (f) certain other stock-based awards. In June 2017, we registered 1,750,000 shares of common stock issuable under the 2017 Plan. As of December 31, 2021, there were 672,648 shares available for future grant under the 2017 Plan.
The following table summarizes share-based compensation (income) expense:‌

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Performance-based restricted stock units	 	$	549	 	 	$	(2,187	)	 	$	3,990	 	
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units	 	 	5,451	 	 	 	4,523	 	 	 	3,200	 	
Stock options	 	 	1,727	 	 	 	317	 	 	 	—	 	
Share-based compensation expense before income tax	 	 	7,727	 	 	 	2,653	 	 	 	7,190	 	
Income tax benefit(1)	 	 	(82	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,241	)	
Share-based compensation expense, net of income tax	 	$	7,645	 	 	$	2,653	 	 	$	4,949	 	
(1)The 2021 income tax benefit amount primarily reflects the tax benefit associated with our Canadian-based employees. There was no income tax benefit in 2020 associated with our employees in the United States and the United Kingdom due to a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets within these jurisdictions. Refer to Note 17 – Income Taxes.
We recorded no share-based compensation expense through restructuring charges in 2021 or 2020, and $0.1 million in 2019. No share-based compensation costs were capitalized during 2021, 2020, or 2019.
Performance-based Restricted Stock Units
Performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) are tied to our stock price and the expected achievement of certain performance-based criteria. The vesting of PRSUs is based upon the achievement of the performance-based criteria over a three to four-year period. We account for PRSUs that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards. We measure share-based compensation‌
46

expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated number of units to be achieved is updated each reporting period.‌
We account for PRSUs that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we granted PRSUs with a grant date fair value of $3.2 million, all of which are payable in shares.‌
In 2021, PRSUs granted in 2018 vested; however, as performance metrics were not achieved, no awards were paid in cash or in shares. In 2020, PRSUs granted in 2017 vested and we paid $2.6 million in cash. No PRSUs were paid in shares in 2020. In 2019, PRSUs granted in 2016 vested and we paid $5.6 million in cash and $3.4 million in shares. In 2019, we withheld 25,771 shares for $1.5 million related to tax withholding requirements on vested PRSUs paid in shares.‌
As of December 31, 2021, the unamortized cost of outstanding equity-based PRSUs was $2.5 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years. Liabilities related to liability-based PRSUs were $0.7 million as of December 31, 2021 and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2020.‌
The following table summarizes the activity of the outstanding PRSU awards:

 	 	Equity-Based
PRSUs	 	 	Liability-Based
PRSUs	 	
 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value	 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value	 	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	61,208	 	 	$	57.18	 	 	 	121,485	 	 	$	56.34	 	
Granted	 	 	101,785	 	 	$	31.28	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Vested	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	(42,698	)	 	$	51.96	 	
Forfeited	 	 	(28,841	)	 	$	58.25	 	 	 	(1,041	)	 	$	56.90	 	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	 	134,152	 	 	$	37.30	 	 	 	77,746	 	 	$	57.13	 	
Service-based Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units are service-based awards. We account for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.
We account for restricted stock units that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur.‌
As of December 31, 2021, the unamortized cost of outstanding equity-based restricted stock awards and restricted stock units was $6.3 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.2 years. We repurchased 37,686 shares for $1.6 million during 2021, 42,185 shares for $1.7 million during 2020, and 24,995 shares for $1.5 million in 2019 related to tax withholding requirements on vested share-based awards.‌
Aggregate liabilities related to liability-based restricted stock units were $0.2 million as of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. In 2021, 3,174 restricted stock units vested, and we paid $0.1 million in cash. In 2020, 2,815 restricted stock units vested, and we paid $0.2 million in cash and $2.0 million in shares. In 2019, 9,250 restricted stock units vested, and we paid $0.6 million in cash and $0.2 million in shares.‌
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The following table summarizes the activity of the outstanding restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

 	 	Equity-Based
Restricted Stock Awards	 	 	Equity-Based
Restricted Stock Units	 	 	Liability-Based
Restricted Stock Units	 	
 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value	 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value	 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value	 	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	107,107	 	 	$	53.23	 	 	 	151,261	 	 	$	19.51	 	 	 	10,459	 	 	$	51.91	 	
Granted	 	 	22,560	 	 	$	44.77	 	 	 	155,110	 	 	$	43.24	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Vested	 	 	(50,596	)	 	$	49.92	 	 	 	(60,905	)	 	$	19.54	 	 	 	(3,174	)	 	$	52.24	 	
Forfeited	 	 	(2,279	)	 	$	56.63	 	 	 	(6,278	)	 	$	25.09	 	 	 	(1,007	)	 	$	37.20	 	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	 	76,792	 	 	$	52.83	 	 	 	239,188	 	 	$	34.74	 	 	 	6,278	 	 	$	55.93	 	
 
Stock Options
We grant non-qualified stock options that are performance-based, as well as non-qualified stock options that are service-based. The performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period ranging from 1.4 to 3.4 years, and the underlying shares expected to be settled are adjusted each reporting period based on estimated future achievement of the respective performance metrics. The service-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period on a graded-vesting schedule ranging from one to three years.
The following table summarizes stock option activity:

 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Exercise Price	 	 	Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1)	 	
Options outstanding at December 31, 2020	 	 	204,150	 	 	$	19.98	 	 	 	 	
Granted	 	 	137,858	 	 	$	44.80	 	 	 	 	
Exercised	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	 	
Forfeited	 	 	(30,000	)	 	$	19.30	 	 	 	 	
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021	 	 	312,008	 	 	$	31.01	 	 	$	3,952,701	 	
Options exercisable at December 31, 2021	 	 	27,075	 	 	$	21.85	 	 	$	566,951	 	
(1)The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding represents the difference between our closing stock price at the end of the reporting period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options.
The following table summarizes stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2021:

 	 	Options Outstanding	 	 	Options Exercisable	 	
Range of exercise prices	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Remaining Contractual Life
(in years)	 	 	Weighted-Average
Exercise Price	 	 	Shares	 	 	Weighted-Average
Exercise Price	 	
$19.30	 	 	120,000	 	 	 	7.00	 	 	$	19.30	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	
$21.85	 	 	54,150	 	 	 	5.65	 	 	$	21.85	 	 	 	27,075	 	 	$	21.85	 	
$44.80	 	 	137,858	 	 	 	6.15	 	 	$	44.80	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	
$19.30 - $44.80	 	 	312,008	 	 	 	6.39	 	 	$	31.01	 	 	 	27,075	 	 	$	21.85	 	
The fair value of stock options granted in 2021 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option pricing model.
Following is additional information on stock options granted during 2021 and the underlying assumptions used in assessing fair value:

 	 	Year Ended	 	
 	 	December 31, 2021	 	
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of stock options granted:	 	 	 	
Risk-free interest rate	 	 	0.5	%	
Expected term (in years)	 	 	4.5	 	
Expected volatility	 	 	55.8	%	
Expected dividend yield	 	 	—	 	
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of options granted	 	$	20.26	 	
 
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As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock option awards was $1.4 million. We expect to recognize such costs over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.‌
Note 4. Acquisitions‌
2021 Acquisitions
Golden Skybridge‌
On March 18, 2021, we acquired a 60% controlling interest in the Golden Skybridge attraction for total cash consideration of $15 million Canadian dollars (approximately $12 million U.S. dollars), of which $6 million Canadian dollars (approximately $4.8 million U.S. dollars) were primarily used to fund additional experiences. The Golden Skybridge opened in June 2021.‌
The fair value of net assets acquired as of the acquisition date included $2.2 million U.S. dollars in property and equipment and $6.8 million U.S. dollars in noncontrolling interest. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired of $11.8 million U.S. dollars was recorded as “Goodwill.” Goodwill is included in the Pursuit business group. The primary factor that contributed to the purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill related to future growth opportunities when combined with our other businesses. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. We included these assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets from the date of acquisition.
Transaction costs associated with the acquisition were $0.4 million U.S. dollars during 2021, which are included in “Costs of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.‌
2019 Acquisitions
Belton Chalet
On May 16, 2019, we acquired the Belton Chalet in Glacier National Park for total cash consideration of $3.2 million. Transaction costs associated with the acquisition were $0.3 million during 2019, which are included in “Cost of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We included these assets in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
Mountain Park Lodges
On June 8, 2019, we acquired a 60% equity interest in Mountain Park Lodges’ group of seven hotels and an undeveloped land parcel located in Jasper National Park for total consideration of $100.6 million Canadian dollars (approximately $76 million U.S. dollars).
As the majority owner of these properties, we consolidate 100% of the results of operations in our consolidated financial statements and record the 40% owners’ share of the net income or loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest.
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The following table summarizes the final allocation of the aggregate purchase price paid and amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon the estimated fair value at the date of acquisition.

(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchase price paid as:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash	 	 	 	 	$	75,837	 	
Net working capital adjustment	 	 	 	 	 	18	 	
Consideration transferred	 	 	 	 	 	75,855	 	
Right to manage	 	 	 	 	 	(1,276	)	
Purchase price, net	 	 	 	 	 	74,579	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fair value of net assets acquired:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	 	$	333	 	 	 	 	
Inventories	 	 	152	 	 	 	 	
Prepaid expenses	 	 	276	 	 	 	 	
Property and equipment	 	 	103,642	 	 	 	 	
Intangible assets	 	 	20,180	 	 	 	 	
Total assets acquired	 	 	124,583	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	 	 	329	 	 	 	 	
Advanced deposits payable	 	 	400	 	 	 	 	
Deferred tax liability	 	 	19,734	 	 	 	 	
Other liabilities	 	 	16	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities assumed	 	 	20,479	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Noncontrolling interest equity	 	 	49,719	 	 	 	 	
Total fair value of net assets acquired	 	 	 	 	 	54,385	 	
Excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired (“goodwill”)	 	 	 	 	$	20,194	 	
Under the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price as shown in the table above is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as “Goodwill.” Goodwill is included in the Pursuit business group. The primary factor that contributed to the purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill related to future growth opportunities when combined with our other businesses. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The estimated values of current assets and liabilities were based upon their historical costs on the acquisition date due to their short-term nature.‌
Transaction costs associated with the Mountain Park Lodges were $0.9 million in 2019, which are included in “Corporate activities” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The results of operations of Mountain Park Lodges have been included in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.‌
Identifiable intangible assets acquired in the Mountain Park Lodges acquisition were $20.2 million and consist primarily of in-place leases, customer relationships, and trade names. The weighted average amortization period related to the intangible assets was approximately 30.8 years.‌
Sky Lagoon Attraction
On July 25, 2019, we announced plans for Sky Lagoon in Reykjavik, Iceland. We acquired a 51% controlling interest for $13.2 million in the new entity that manages Sky Lagoon, which we operate in partnership with Geothermal Lagoon ehf., the Icelandic entity that owns the lagoon assets. The noncontrolling interest’s carrying value was determined by the fair value of the noncontrolling interest as of the acquisition date and the noncontrolling interest’s share of the subsequent net income or loss. The amortization of the resulting operating contract intangible is not deductible for tax purposes. We opened Sky Lagoon in April 2021.‌
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Supplementary pro forma financial information
The following table summarizes the unaudited pro forma results of operations attributable to Viad, assuming the completion of the Mountain Park Lodges acquisition was on January 1, 2019. We do not consider Sky Lagoon, the Belton Chalet, or the Golden Skybridge significant acquisitions and accordingly, they are not included in the following pro forma results of operations:

(in thousands, except per share data)	 	Year Ended December 31, 2019	 	
Revenue	 	$	1,310,997	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	$	61,597	 	
Income from continuing operations	 	$	22,195	 	
Net income attributable to Viad	 	$	21,337	 	
Diluted income per share	 	$	0.99	 	
Basic income per share	 	$	0.99	 	
 
Note 5. Inventories
The components of inventories consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Raw materials	 	$	2,350	 	 	$	3,362	 	
Finished goods	 	 	6,231	 	 	 	5,365	 	
Inventories	 	$	8,581	 	 	$	8,727	 	

Note 6. Other Current Assets
Other current assets consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Prepaid software maintenance	 	$	4,154	 	 	$	3,058	 	
Restricted cash	 	 	2,703	 	 	 	2,426	 	
Income tax receivable	 	 	1,901	 	 	 	337	 	
Prepaid vendor payments	 	 	1,604	 	 	 	1,835	 	
Prepaid taxes	 	 	456	 	 	 	345	 	
Prepaid other	 	 	1,165	 	 	 	1,296	 	
Other	 	 	2,097	 	 	 	3,631	 	
Other current assets	 	$	14,080	 	 	$	12,928	 	
 
Note 7. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Land and land interests(1)	 	$	30,532	 	 	$	32,849	 	
Buildings and leasehold improvements	 	 	407,930	 	 	 	386,751	 	
Equipment and other	 	 	413,684	 	 	 	401,288	 	
Gross property and equipment	 	 	852,146	 	 	 	820,888	 	
Accumulated depreciation	 	 	(364,060	)	 	 	(352,100	)	
Property and equipment, net (excluding finance leases)	 	 	488,086	 	 	 	468,788	 	
Finance lease ROU assets, net(2)	 	 	61,022	 	 	 	23,366	 	
Property and equipment, net	 	$	549,108	 	 	$	492,154	 	
(1)Land and land interests include certain leasehold interests in land within Pursuit for which we are considered to have perpetual use rights. The carrying amount of these leasehold interests was $8.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and $8.3 million as of December 31, 2020. These land interests are not subject to amortization.(2)The increase in finance lease ROU assets, net is primarily due to the commencement of Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon attraction in Iceland during 2021.
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Depreciation expense was $43.7 million during 2021, $46.5 million during 2020, and $45.6 million during 2019.
Property and equipment purchased through accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased $2.3 million during 2021, decreased $6.9 million during 2020, and increased $4.2 million during 2019.
We recorded fixed asset impairment charges of $1.6 million during 2020 primarily related to capitalized software and $3.8 million to equipment during 2019 primarily related to our audio-visual production business in the United Kingdom.
 
Note 8. Other Investments and Assets
Other investments and assets consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Self-insured liability receivable	 	$	6,847	 	 	$	6,358	 	
Other mutual funds	 	 	4,057	 	 	 	3,457	 	
Contract costs	 	 	2,685	 	 	 	2,912	 	
Other	 	 	3,129	 	 	 	2,765	 	
Other investments and assets	 	$	16,718	 	 	$	15,492	 	

 
Note 9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows:

(in thousands)	 	GES	 	 	Pursuit	 	 	Total	 	
Balance at December 31, 2019	 	$	186,105	 	 	$	101,878	 	 	$	287,983	 	
Goodwill impairment	 	 	(184,031	)	 	 	(1,758	)	 	 	(185,789	)	
Foreign currency translation adjustments	 	 	(2,074	)	 	 	1,659	 	 	 	(415	)	
Other	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,932	)	 	 	(1,932	)	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	—	 	 	 	99,847	 	 	 	99,847	 	
Business acquisition	 	 	—	 	 	 	11,776	 	 	 	11,776	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustments	 	 	—	 	 	 	455	 	 	 	455	 	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	—	 	 	$	112,078	 	 	$	112,078	 	
The following table summarizes the remaining goodwill by reporting unit:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Pursuit:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Banff Jasper Collection	 	$	66,898	 	 	$	54,856	 	
Alaska Collection	 	 	3,184	 	 	 	3,184	 	
FlyOver	 	 	41,996	 	 	 	41,807	 	
Total Goodwill	 	$	112,078	 	 	$	99,847	 	
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) to estimate the fair value of our reporting units for purposes of goodwill impairment testing.‌
We recorded non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $185.8 million during 2020 primarily related to the write-off of all of GES’ goodwill due to the deteriorating macroeconomic environment related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our remaining goodwill balance as of December 31, 2021 of $112.1 million pertains to our Pursuit business. Although certain of Pursuit’s reporting units continue to operate at a loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we did not record any impairment charges during 2021 as there were no significant changes to our outlook for the future years and the risk profile of the reporting units had not changed.
Given the evolving nature of COVID-19 and the uncertain government and consumer reactions, the estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and terminal values used in our goodwill impairment analysis require considerable judgment and are based on our current estimates of market conditions, financial forecasts, and industry trends. These estimates, however, have inherent uncertainties and different assumptions could lead to materially different results including additional impairment charges in the future.
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Our accumulated goodwill impairment was $415.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Other intangible assets consisted of the following:

 	 	 	 	December 31, 2021	 	 	December 31, 2020	 	
(in thousands)	 	Useful Life
(Years)	 	Gross Carrying
Value	 	 	Accumulated
Amortization	 	 	Net Carrying Value	 	 	Gross Carrying
Value	 	 	Accumulated
Amortization	 	 	Net Carrying Value	 	
Intangible assets subject to amortization:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Customer contracts and relationships	 	6.1	 	$	36,848	 	 	$	(28,372	)	 	$	8,476	 	 	$	38,214	 	 	$	(26,288	)	 	$	11,926	 	
Operating contracts and licenses	 	35.7	 	 	40,927	 	 	 	(2,660	)	 	 	38,267	 	 	 	42,012	 	 	 	(2,405	)	 	 	39,607	 	
In-place lease	 	13.1	 	 	15,464	 	 	 	(1,084	)	 	 	14,380	 	 	 	15,347	 	 	 	(656	)	 	 	14,691	 	
Tradenames	 	4.4	 	 	5,626	 	 	 	(2,819	)	 	 	2,807	 	 	 	5,940	 	 	 	(2,435	)	 	 	3,505	 	
Non-compete agreements	 	--	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	770	 	 	 	(616	)	 	 	154	 	
Other	 	6.2	 	 	824	 	 	 	(139	)	 	 	685	 	 	 	818	 	 	 	(102	)	 	 	716	 	
Total amortized intangible assets	 	 	 	 	99,689	 	 	 	(35,074	)	 	 	64,615	 	 	 	103,101	 	 	 	(32,502	)	 	 	70,599	 	
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Business licenses	 	 	 	 	574	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	574	 	 	 	573	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	573	 	
Other intangible assets	 	 	 	$	100,263	 	 	$	(35,074	)	 	$	65,189	 	 	$	103,674	 	 	$	(32,502	)	 	$	71,172	 	
Intangible asset amortization expense was $5.8 million during 2021, $6.4 million during 2020, and $10.6 million during 2019. We recorded a non-cash impairment charge to intangible assets of $15.7 million during 2020 related our United States audio-visual production business and $1.5 million during 2019 related to our United Kingdom audio-visual production business. The duration and impact of COVID-19 may result in additional future impairment charges as facts and circumstances evolve.
At December 31, 2021, the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:‌

(in thousands)	 	 	 	
Year ending December 31,	 	 	 	
2022	 	$	5,121	 	
2023	 	 	4,462	 	
2024	 	 	3,505	 	
2025	 	 	2,210	 	
2026	 	 	2,181	 	
Thereafter	 	 	47,136	 	
Total	 	$	64,615	 	
 
Note 10. Other Current Liabilities‌
Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Continuing operations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Self-insured liability	 	$	4,815	 	 	$	5,715	 	
Accrued employee benefit costs	 	 	4,164	 	 	 	2,363	 	
Commissions payable	 	 	4,119	 	 	 	903	 	
Accrued sales and use taxes	 	 	3,428	 	 	 	1,547	 	
Accrued professional fees	 	 	1,671	 	 	 	1,691	 	
Current portion of pension and postretirement liabilities	 	 	1,637	 	 	 	1,805	 	
Accommodation services deposits	 	 	892	 	 	 	304	 	
Accrued restructuring	 	 	864	 	 	 	2,479	 	
Accrued interest payable	 	 	228	 	 	 	3,042	 	
Other taxes	 	 	1,042	 	 	 	1,872	 	
Other	 	 	4,963	 	 	 	4,819	 	
Total continuing operations	 	 	27,823	 	 	 	26,540	 	
Discontinued operations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Self-insured liability	 	 	312	 	 	 	347	 	
Environmental remediation liabilities	 	 	60	 	 	 	61	 	
Other	 	 	94	 	 	 	91	 	
Total discontinued operations	 	 	466	 	 	 	499	 	
Total other current liabilities	 	$	28,289	 	 	$	27,039	 	
 
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Note 11. Other Deferred Items and Liabilities
Other deferred items and liabilities consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Continuing operations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign deferred tax liability	 	$	27,748	 	 	$	21,336	 	
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal liability	 	 	14,260	 	 	 	15,864	 	
Self-insured excess liability	 	 	6,847	 	 	 	6,358	 	
Accrued compensation	 	 	5,696	 	 	 	5,821	 	
Self-insured liability	 	 	5,119	 	 	 	6,662	 	
Accrued restructuring	 	 	2,571	 	 	 	2,751	 	
Other	 	 	2,758	 	 	 	1,479	 	
Total continuing operations	 	 	64,999	 	 	 	60,271	 	
Discontinued operations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Environmental remediation liabilities	 	 	2,168	 	 	 	2,179	 	
Self-insured liability	 	 	1,535	 	 	 	1,639	 	
Other	 	 	251	 	 	 	539	 	
Total discontinued operations	 	 	3,954	 	 	 	4,357	 	
Total other deferred items and liabilities	 	$	68,953	 	 	$	64,628	 	

 
Note 12. Debt and Finance Obligations
The components of debt and finance obligations consisted of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands, except interest rates)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
2021 Credit Facility, 5.5% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2021, due through 2028(1)	 	$	399,000	 	 	$	—	 	
2018 Credit Facility, 4.5% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2020(1)	 	 	—	 	 	 	266,762	 	
FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility, 4.9% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2021 and 2020, due through 2025(1)	 	 	5,566	 	 	 	5,820	 	
FlyOver Iceland Term Loans, 3.8% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2021 and 2020, due through 2024(1)	 	 	689	 	 	 	705	 	
Less unamortized debt issuance costs	 	 	(14,804	)	 	 	(2,737	)	
Total debt	 	 	390,451	 	 	 	270,550	 	
Finance lease obligations, 9.1% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2021 and 8.0% at December 31, 2020, due through 2067(2)	 	 	63,401	 	 	 	23,141	 	
Financing arrangements	 	 	5,528	 	 	 	—	 	
Total debt and finance obligations(3)(4)	 	 	459,380	 	 	 	293,691	 	
Current portion	 	 	(12,800	)	 	 	(8,335	)	
Long-term debt and finance obligations	 	$	446,580	 	 	$	285,356	 	
(1)Represents the weighted-average interest rate in effect at the respective periods, including any applicable margin. The interest rates do not include amortization of debt issuance costs or commitment fees.(2)The increase in finance lease obligations is primarily due to the commencement of Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon attraction in Iceland during 2021, which has a 46-year lease term.(3)The weighted-average interest rate on total debt (including unamortized debt issuance costs and commitment fees) was 6.4% for 2021, 4.6% for 2020 and 4.2% for 2019. The estimated fair value of total debt and finance leases was $328.9 million as of December 31, 2021 and $254.0 million as of December 31, 2020. The fair value of debt was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates currently available for debt of similar terms and maturity, which is a Level 2 measurement. Refer to Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements.(4)Cash paid for interest on debt was $25.9 million during 2021, $14.0 million during 2020, and $11.9 million during 2019.
 
2021 Credit Facility‌
Effective July 30, 2021, we refinanced the 2018 Credit Facility, which was scheduled to mature on October 24, 2023, with the new $500 million 2021 Credit Facility. The 2021 Credit Facility provides for a $400 million Term Loan B with a maturity date of July 30, 2028 and a $100 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of July 30, 2026. The proceeds will be used to provide for financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and growth initiatives and for general corporate purposes.
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Term Loan B
The $400 million Term Loan B proceeds were offset in part by $14.8 million in related fees. The proceeds from the Term Loan B were used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under the 2018 Credit Facility. Interest rate on the Term Loan B is London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 5.00%, with a LIBOR floor of 0.50%. There are no financial covenants under the Term Loan B.‌
Revolving Credit Facility
The following are significant terms under the revolving credit facility:
•Maintain minimum liquidity of $75 million through the earlier of (i) June 30, 2022 or (ii) the first fiscal quarter we are in compliance with the financial covenants, with liquidity defined as unrestricted cash and available capacity on our revolving credit facility;•Financial covenants will first be tested as of September 30, 2022 as described below:oMaintain a total net leverage ratio of not greater than 4.50 to 1.00 with a step-down to 4.00 to 1.00 on or after December 31, 2022 and a step-up of 0.5x for four quarters for any material acquisition; andoMaintain an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2.00 to 1.00, with a step-up to 2.50 to 1.00 on or after December 31, 2022;•Interest rate during minimum liquidity period is LIBOR plus 3.50% and a 0.50% commitment fee; and•Interest rates during the leverage test period are based on the net leverage ratio and range from LIBOR plus 2.50% with an undrawn fee of 0.30% to LIBOR plus 3.50% with an undrawn fee of 0.50%.
As of December 31, 2021, capacity remaining under the 2021 Credit Facility was $87.4 million, reflecting the $100 million revolving credit facility less $12.6 million in outstanding letters of credit.
2018 Credit Agreement
Effective October 24, 2018, we entered into the 2018 Credit Agreement. The 2018 Credit Agreement provided for a $450 million revolving credit facility. The 2018 Credit Facility was repaid in July 2021 from the proceeds of the 2021 Credit Facility.
As a result of the refinance and the repayment of the 2018 Credit Facility, we recorded $2.1 million of interest expense related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs during 2021.
FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility
Effective February 15, 2019, FlyOver Iceland ehf., (“FlyOver Iceland”) a wholly-owned subsidiary of Esja, entered into a credit agreement with a €5.0 million (approximately $5.6 million U.S. dollars) credit facility (the “FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility”) with a maturity date of March 1, 2022. The loan proceeds were used to complete the development of the FlyOver Iceland attraction.‌
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we entered into an addendum to the FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility effective January 8, 2021 wherein the principal payments were deferred for twelve months beginning December 1, 2020, with the first payment due December 1, 2021. The addendum also extended the maturity date to September 1, 2023. During the first quarter of 2021, we obtained a waiver of certain covenants to the FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility through December 2021. There were no other changes to the terms of the FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility.
Due to the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we entered into another addendum effective December 1, 2021 wherein the principal payments were deferred for twelve months beginning December 1, 2021, with the first payment due December 1, 2022. The addendum extended the maturity date to March 1, 2025 and provided for a semi-annual waiver of certain covenants through June 30, 2022 with the first testing date as of December 31, 2022. Conditions to the amendment included securing additional capital of ISK 75.0 million (approximately $0.6 million) in January 2022, which was completed, in order to strengthen FlyOver Iceland’s liquidity position. There were no other changes to the terms of the FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility.
FlyOver Iceland Term Loans
During 2020, FlyOver Iceland entered into three term loans totaling ISK 90.0 million (approximately $0.7 million U.S. dollars) (the “FlyOver Iceland Term Loans”). The first term loan for ISK 10.0 million was entered into effective October 15, 2020 with a maturity date of April 1, 2023 and bears interest on a seven-day term deposit at the Central Bank of Iceland. The second term loan for ISK 30.0 million was entered into effective October 15, 2020 with a maturity date of October 1, 2024 and bears interest on a seven-day term deposit at the Central Bank of Iceland plus 3.07%. The third term loan for ISK 50.0 million was entered into effective December 29, 2020 with a maturity date of February 1, 2023 and bears interest at one-month Reykjavik InterBank Offered Rate (“REIBOR”) plus 4.99%. The Icelandic State Treasury guarantees supplemental loans provided by credit institutions to companies impacted by the
55

COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, the Icelandic State Treasury guaranteed the repayment of up to 85% of the principal and interest on the ISK 10.0 million and ISK 30.0 million term loans and 70% of the principal amount on the ISK 50.0 million term loan. Loan proceeds were used to fund FlyOver Iceland operations.
Financing arrangements
We have insurance premium financing arrangements in order to finance certain of our insurance premium payments. The financing arrangements are payable within the next 12 months and bear a weighted average interest rate of 3.64%.
Future maturities
Aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt (excluding finance payments) as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:‌

(in thousands)	 	Credit Facilities	 	
Year ending December 31,	 	 	 	
2022	 	$	4,344	 	
2023	 	 	5,621	 	
2024	 	 	5,188	 	
2025	 	 	5,083	 	
2026	 	 	5,083	 	
Thereafter	 	 	379,936	 	
Total	 	$	405,255	 	
The aggregate annual maturities and the related amounts representing interest on finance lease obligations are included in Note 20 – Leases and Other.
Note 13. Fair Value Measurements‌
The fair value of an asset or liability is defined as the price that would be received by selling an asset or paying to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value guidance requires an entity to maximize the use of quoted prices and other observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value, and also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value.
Money market mutual funds and certain other mutual fund investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 1 inputs. The fair value information related to these assets is summarized in the following tables:

 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using	 	
(in thousands)	 	December 31, 2021	 	 	Quoted Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Money market funds(1)	 	$	11,003	 	 	$	11,003	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Other mutual funds(2)	 	 	4,057	 	 	 	4,057	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis	 	$	15,060	 	 	$	15,060	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	

 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using	 	
(in thousands)	 	December 31, 2020	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Money market funds(1)	 	$	2	 	 	$	2	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Other mutual funds(2)	 	 	3,457	 	 	 	3,457	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis	 	$	3,459	 	 	$	3,459	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
 
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(1)We include money market funds in “Cash and cash equivalents” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We classify these investments as available-for-sale and record them at fair value. There have been no realized gains or losses related to these investments and we have not experienced any redemption restrictions with respect to any of the money market mutual funds.(2)We include other mutual funds in “Other investments and assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations for the estimated fair value of debt obligations.
Note 14. Income (Loss) Per Share‌
The components of basic and diluted income (loss) per share are as follows:

 	 	 	 	
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands, except per share data)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad (diluted)	 	$	(92,655	)	 	$	(374,094	)	 	$	22,035	 	
Less: Allocation to participating securities	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(147	)	
Convertible preferred stock dividends paid in cash	 	 	(3,900	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Convertible preferred stock dividends paid in kind	 	 	(3,821	)	 	 	(3,006	)	 	 	—	 	
Adjustment to the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	(1,797	)	 	 	(926	)	 	 	(1,318	)	
Net income (loss) allocated to Viad common stockholders (basic)	 	$	(102,173	)	 	$	(378,026	)	 	$	20,570	 	
Add: Allocation to participating securities	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Net income (loss) allocated to Viad common stockholders (diluted)	 	$	(102,173	)	 	$	(378,026	)	 	$	20,570	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic weighted-average outstanding common shares	 	 	20,411	 	 	 	20,279	 	 	 	20,146	 	
Additional dilutive shares related to share-based compensation	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	138	 	
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares	 	 	20,411	 	 	 	20,279	 	 	 	20,284	 	
Income (loss) per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders	 	$	(5.01	)	 	$	(18.64	)	 	$	1.02	 	
Diluted income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders(1)	 	$	(5.01	)	 	$	(18.64	)	 	$	1.02	 	
 
(1)Diluted loss per share amount cannot exceed basic loss per share.
We excluded the following weighted-average potential common shares from the calculations of diluted net income (loss) per common share during the applicable periods because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Convertible preferred stock	 	 	6,674	 	 	 	6,406	 	 	 	—	 	
Unvested restricted share-based awards	 	 	176	 	 	 	115	 	 	 	8	 	
Unvested performance share-based awards	 	 	32	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Stock options	 	 	194	 	 	 	24	 	 	 	—	 	
 
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Note 15. Common and Preferred Stock‌
Preferred Stock‌
We authorized two million shares of Junior Participating Preferred Stock, none of which was outstanding on December 31, 2021 and five million shares of Preferred Stock of which 141,827 shares are outstanding.
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
On August 5, 2020, we entered into an Investment Agreement with funds managed by private equity firm Crestview Partners, relating to the issuance of 135,000 shares of newly issued Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $135 million or $1,000 per share. The $135 million issuance was offset in part by $9.2 million of expenses related to the capital raise. We have classified the convertible preferred stock as mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheet due to the existence of certain change in control provisions that are not solely within our control.
The Convertible Series A Preferred Stock carries a 5.5% cumulative quarterly dividend, which is payable in cash or in-kind at Viad’s option and is convertible at the option of the holders into shares of our common stock at a conversion price of $21.25 per share. Upon the occurrence of a change in control event, the holders have a right to require Viad to repurchase such preferred stock. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $7.7 million of dividends were deemed declared of which $3.8 million was paid in-kind during the first and second quarters of 2021 and $3.9 million was paid in cash during the third and fourth quarters of 2021. We intend to pay preferred stock dividends in cash for the foreseeable future.
Holders of the Convertible Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with holders of Viad’s common stock on an as-converted basis.‌
Common Stock Repurchases
Our Board of Directors previously authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. Effective February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 500,000 shares. In March 2020, our Board of Directors suspended our share repurchase program for the foreseeable future. Prior to the suspension, we had repurchased 53,784 shares on the open market for $2.8 million in 2020. No shares were repurchased on the open market during 2019. As of December 31, 2021, 546,283 shares remain available for repurchase. Additionally, we repurchase shares related to tax withholding requirements on vested restricted stock awards. Refer to Note 3 – Share-Based Compensation.
Note 16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)‌
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) by component are as follows:

													
(in thousands)	 	Cumulative
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments	 	 	Unrecognized Net Actuarial Loss and Prior Service Credit, Net	 	 	Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)	 	
Balance at December 31, 2019	 	$	(23,799	)	 	$	(11,900	)	 	$	(35,699	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	 	 	7,113	 	 	 	(27	)	 	 	7,086	 	
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,028	)	 	 	(2,028	)	
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	7,113	 	 	 	(2,055	)	 	 	5,058	 	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	$	(16,686	)	 	$	(13,955	)	 	$	(30,641	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	 	 	524	 	 	 	30	 	 	 	554	 	
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,658	 	 	 	2,658	 	
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	524	 	 	 	2,688	 	 	 	3,212	 	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	(16,162	)	 	$	(11,267	)	 	$	(27,429	)	
Amounts reclassified that relate to our defined benefit pension and postretirement plans include the amortization of prior service costs and actuarial net losses recognized during each period presented. We recorded these costs as components of net periodic cost for each period presented. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits for additional information.
58

Note 17. Income Taxes‌
We record current income tax expense for the amounts that we expect to report and pay on our income tax returns and deferred income tax expense for the change in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) that significantly changed United States tax law. One part of this Tax Act required us to pay a deemed repatriation tax of $5.2 million on our cumulative foreign earnings and profit. After application of tax payments and credits, $1.0 million of the liability remains outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and is due in 2024.‌
Income from continuing operations before income taxes consisted of the following:‌

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Foreign	 	$	(17,750	)	 	$	(95,919	)	 	$	49,171	 	
United States	 	 	(77,331	)	 	 	(264,940	)	 	 	(23,061	)	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	 	$	(95,081	)	 	$	(360,859	)	 	$	26,110	 	
Significant components of the income tax provision from continuing operations are as follows:

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Current:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Federal	 	$	49	 	 	$	(128	)	 	$	(2,260	)	
State	 	 	(581	)	 	 	674	 	 	 	1,400	 	
Foreign	 	 	(7,268	)	 	 	(1,397	)	 	 	13,764	 	
Total current	 	 	(7,800	)	 	 	(851	)	 	 	12,904	 	
Deferred:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Federal	 	 	—	 	 	 	17,171	 	 	 	(3,355	)	
State	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,896	 	 	 	(1,619	)	
Foreign	 	 	6,012	 	 	 	(4,970	)	 	 	(5,424	)	
Total deferred	 	 	6,012	 	 	 	15,097	 	 	 	(10,398	)	
Income tax (benefit) expense	 	$	(1,788	)	 	$	14,246	 	 	$	2,506	 	
We are subject to income tax in jurisdictions in which we operate. A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Computed income tax (benefit) expense at statutory federal income tax rate	 	$	(19,967	)	 	 	21.0	%	 	$	(75,780	)	 	 	21.0	%	 	$	5,483	 	 	 	21.0	%	
State income tax (benefit), net of federal benefit	 	 	(7,959	)	 	 	8.4	%	 	 	(4,138	)	 	 	1.1	%	 	 	(173	)	 	 	(0.2	)%	
Remeasurement of deferred taxes due to change in tax rates	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	 	 	(4,517	)	 	 	(17.3	)%	
Foreign tax rate differential	 	 	(672	)	 	 	0.7	%	 	 	(401	)	 	 	0.1	%	 	 	3,122	 	 	 	12.0	%	
U.S. tax (benefit) on current year foreign earnings, net of foreign tax credits	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	 	 	(1,792	)	 	 	(6.9	)%	
Goodwill impairment	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	 	 	16,471	 	 	 	(4.6	)%	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	
Change in valuation allowance	 	 	21,859	 	 	 	(23.0	)%	 	 	77,369	 	 	 	(21.3	)%	 	 	920	 	 	 	1.8	%	
Restructuring	 	 	4,676	 	 	 	(4.9	)%	 	 	(3,002	)	 	 	0.8	%	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.0	%	
Other adjustments, net	 	 	275	 	 	 	(0.3	)%	 	 	3,727	 	 	 	(1.0	)%	 	 	(537	)	 	 	(0.8	)%	
Income tax (benefit) expense	 	$	(1,788	)	 	 	1.9	%	 	$	14,246	 	 	 	(3.9	)%	 	$	2,506	 	 	 	9.6	%	

59

The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Deferred tax assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Tax credit carryforwards	 	$	6,491	 	 	$	5,326	 	
Pension, compensation, and other employee benefits	 	 	14,755	 	 	 	11,991	 	
Provisions for losses	 	 	3,979	 	 	 	4,623	 	
Net operating loss carryforwards	 	 	53,546	 	 	 	44,358	 	
Leases	 	 	2,557	 	 	 	660	 	
Goodwill and other intangible assets	 	 	17,781	 	 	 	18,055	 	
Other deferred income tax assets	 	 	17,964	 	 	 	14,175	 	
Total deferred tax assets	 	 	117,073	 	 	 	99,188	 	
Valuation allowance	 	 	(103,510	)	 	 	(81,795	)	
Foreign deferred tax assets included above	 	 	(5,037	)	 	 	(7,717	)	
United States net deferred tax assets	 	 	8,526	 	 	 	9,676	 	
Deferred tax liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property and equipment	 	 	(24,100	)	 	 	(24,017	)	
Goodwill and other intangible assets	 	 	(11,651	)	 	 	(8,846	)	
Leases	 	 	(339	)	 	 	(857	)	
Other deferred income tax liabilities	 	 	(4,254	)	 	 	(4,485	)	
Total deferred tax liabilities	 	 	(40,344	)	 	 	(38,205	)	
Foreign deferred tax liabilities included above	 	 	(31,778	)	 	 	(28,490	)	
United States net deferred tax liabilities included above	 	 	(8,566	)	 	 	(9,715	)	
United States net deferred tax liabilities	 	$	(40	)	 	$	(39	)	
 
Our state income tax benefit in 2021 includes $4.0 million related to the true up of our state net operating losses on an entity-by-entity approach. In 2020 and at the beginning of 2021, we filed certain tax elections to restructure how our foreign UK operations are taxed in the United States to maximize future tax benefits and minimize future compliance complexity. These elections resulted in a $3.0 million benefit in 2020 and a $4.7 million expense in 2021. Both of these amounts were offset by a change in the valuation allowance.
We use significant judgment in forming conclusions regarding the recoverability of our deferred tax assets and evaluate all available positive and negative evidence to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent recovery does not appear likely, a valuation allowance must be recorded. In determining the recoverability of our deferred assets, we considered our cumulative loss incurred over the four-year period ended December 31, 2021 in each tax jurisdiction. Given the weight of objectively verifiable historical losses from our operations, we recorded a valuation allowance on all deferred tax assets in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and our FlyOver operations in Iceland. We had gross deferred tax assets of $117.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and $99.2 million as of December 31, 2020.‌
The valuation allowance was $103.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and $81.8 million at December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to an increase for net operating losses, credit carryforwards, and deferred tax assets that do not meet the more likely-than-not threshold for recognition.
As of December 31, 2021, foreign tax credit carryforwards were $5.7 million, of which $3.8 million are foreign tax credits against United States income tax, which will begin to expire in 2022 and $1.9 million are creditable against United Kingdom taxes, which can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2021, we had $0.7 million of United States research and development credit carryforwards.
We had gross federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $366.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and $371.2 million as of December 31, 2020. Certain state net operating loss carryforwards of $154.3 million expire from 2022 through 2040, although many states now have unlimited carryforwards. We recorded a valuation allowance on all net operating losses except losses generated in Canada, the Netherlands, Sky Lagoon in Iceland, and Poland. The Canadian gross net operating loss carryforwards of $13.8 million may be carried back three years and carried forward 20 years. The gross net operating losses of Iceland and Poland of $13.9 million will expire between five and ten years. The remaining amount of foreign gross net operating losses of $28.5 million may be carried forward indefinitely.‌
We have not recorded deferred taxes for withholding taxes on current unremitted earnings of our subsidiaries located in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands as we expect to reinvest those earnings in operations outside of the United States.‌
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We exercise judgment in determining the income tax provision for positions taken on prior returns when the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We classify liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions as “Other deferred items and liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets unless expected to be paid or released within one year. We had liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions of $0.3 million as of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, these amounts do not include any accrual of interest nor penalties as none would be owed on these amounts. We elected that all uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, are classified as a component of income tax expense.
A reconciliation of the liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties) is as follows:

(in thousands)	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2018	 	$	370	 	
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years	 	 	151	 	
Reductions for lapse of applicable statutes	 	 	(296	)	
Balance at December 31, 2019	 	 	225	 	
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years	 	 	25	 	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	250	 	
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years	 	 	285	 	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	535	 	
 
Our 2018 through 2020 United States federal tax years and various state tax years from 2016 through 2020 remain subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities. The tax years 2017 through 2020 remain subject to examination by various foreign taxing jurisdictions.
We received net cash refunds from income taxes of $7.1 million during 2021 and $14.9 million during 2020 and paid cash for income taxes of $17.2 million during 2019.
Note 18. Pension and Postretirement Benefits
Domestic Plans
We have frozen defined benefit pension plans held in trust for certain employees which we funded. We also maintain certain unfunded defined benefit pension plans, which provide supplemental benefits to select management employees. These plans use traditional defined benefit formulas based on years of service and final average compensation. Funding policies provide that payments to defined benefit pension trusts shall be at least equal to the minimum funding required by applicable regulations.
We also have certain defined benefit postretirement plans that provide medical and life insurance for certain eligible employees, retirees, and dependents. The related postretirement benefit liabilities are recognized over the period that services are provided by employees. In addition, we retained the obligations for these benefits for retirees of certain sold businesses. While the plans have no funding requirements, we may fund the plans.
The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) of our pension plans consist of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Net periodic benefit cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Service cost	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	61	 	
Interest cost	 	 	419	 	 	 	653	 	 	 	861	 	
Expected return on plan assets	 	 	(47	)	 	 	(145	)	 	 	(99	)	
Recognized net actuarial loss	 	 	623	 	 	 	526	 	 	 	403	 	
Net periodic benefit cost	 	 	995	 	 	 	1,034	 	 	 	1,226	 	
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other
   comprehensive income:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial (gain) loss	 	 	(883	)	 	 	1,587	 	 	 	1,305	 	
Reversal of amortization item:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial loss	 	 	(623	)	 	 	(526	)	 	 	(403	)	
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	(1,506	)	 	 	1,061	 	 	 	902	 	
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other
   comprehensive income (loss)	 	$	(511	)	 	$	2,095	 	 	$	2,128	 	
 
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The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) of our postretirement benefit plans consist of the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Net periodic benefit cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Service cost	 	$	70	 	 	$	51	 	 	$	64	 	
Interest cost	 	 	181	 	 	 	296	 	 	 	458	 	
Amortization of prior service credit	 	 	(6	)	 	 	(146	)	 	 	(189	)	
Recognized net actuarial loss	 	 	115	 	 	 	18	 	 	 	112	 	
Net periodic benefit cost	 	 	360	 	 	 	219	 	 	 	445	 	
Settlement income	 	 	(65	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total expenses	 	 	295	 	 	 	219	 	 	 	445	 	
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other
   comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial (gain) loss	 	 	(642	)	 	 	688	 	 	 	(1,117	)	
Prior service credit	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Reversal of amortization items:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial loss	 	 	(115	)	 	 	(18	)	 	 	(112	)	
Prior service credit	 	 	6	 	 	 	146	 	 	 	189	 	
Settlement income	 	 	65	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	 	 	(686	)	 	 	816	 	 	 	(1,040	)	
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other
   comprehensive income (loss)	 	$	(391	)	 	$	1,035	 	 	$	(595	)	
The following table indicates the funded status of the plans as of December 31:

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Postretirement	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	 	Benefit Plans	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Change in benefit obligation:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	 	$	16,331	 	 	$	15,572	 	 	$	9,776	 	 	$	9,462	 	 	$	12,219	 	 	$	11,986	 	
Service cost	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	70	 	 	 	51	 	
Interest cost	 	 	266	 	 	 	406	 	 	 	153	 	 	 	247	 	 	 	180	 	 	 	296	 	
Actuarial adjustments	 	 	(385	)	 	 	1,242	 	 	 	(109	)	 	 	784	 	 	 	(641	)	 	 	688	 	
Benefits paid	 	 	(1,021	)	 	 	(889	)	 	 	(650	)	 	 	(717	)	 	 	(1,694	)	 	 	(802	)	
Benefit obligation at end of year	 	 	15,191	 	 	 	16,331	 	 	 	9,170	 	 	 	9,776	 	 	 	10,134	 	 	 	12,219	 	
Change in plan assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	 	 	11,878	 	 	 	11,291	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Actual return on plan assets	 	 	436	 	 	 	584	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Company contributions	 	 	354	 	 	 	892	 	 	 	650	 	 	 	717	 	 	 	1,694	 	 	 	802	 	
Benefits paid	 	 	(1,021	)	 	 	(889	)	 	 	(650	)	 	 	(717	)	 	 	(1,694	)	 	 	(802	)	
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	 	 	11,647	 	 	 	11,878	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Funded status at end of year	 	$	(3,544	)	 	$	(4,453	)	 	$	(9,170	)	 	$	(9,776	)	 	$	(10,134	)	 	$	(12,219	)	
The net amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the captions “Pension and postretirement benefits” and “Other Current Liabilities” as of December 31 are as follows:

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Postretirement	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	 	Benefit Plans	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Other current liabilities	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	701	 	 	$	687	 	 	$	755	 	 	$	931	 	
Non-current liabilities	 	 	3,544	 	 	 	4,453	 	 	 	8,469	 	 	 	9,089	 	 	 	9,379	 	 	 	11,288	 	
Net amount recognized	 	$	3,544	 	 	$	4,453	 	 	$	9,170	 	 	$	9,776	 	 	$	10,134	 	 	$	12,219	 	
 
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Amounts recognized in AOCI as of December 31 are as follows:‌

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Postretirement	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	 	Benefit Plans	 	 	Total	 	 	Total	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Net actuarial loss	 	$	8,025	 	 	$	9,252	 	 	$	3,129	 	 	$	3,409	 	 	$	1,299	 	 	$	1,990	 	 	$	12,453	 	 	$	14,651	 	
Prior service credit	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	195	 	 	 	189	 	 	 	195	 	 	 	189	 	
Subtotal	 	 	8,025	 	 	 	9,252	 	 	 	3,129	 	 	 	3,409	 	 	 	1,494	 	 	 	2,179	 	 	 	12,648	 	 	 	14,840	 	
Less tax effect	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	8,025	 	 	$	9,252	 	 	$	3,129	 	 	$	3,409	 	 	$	1,494	 	 	$	2,179	 	 	$	12,648	 	 	$	14,840	 	
The fair value of the domestic plans’ assets by asset class are as follows:‌

 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021	 	
 	 	 	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs	 	
(in thousands)	 	Total	 	 	(Level 1)	 	 	(Level 2)	 	 	(Level 3)	 	
Domestic pension plans:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed income securities	 	$	5,935	 	 	$	5,935	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Equity securities	 	 	5,297	 	 	 	5,297	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Cash	 	 	230	 	 	 	230	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other	 	 	185	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	185	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	11,647	 	 	$	11,462	 	 	$	185	 	 	$	—	 	

 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2020	 	
 	 	 	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs	 	
(in thousands)	 	Total	 	 	(Level 1)	 	 	(Level 2)	 	 	(Level 3)	 	
Domestic pension plans:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed income securities	 	$	6,430	 	 	$	6,430	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Equity securities	 	 	4,485	 	 	 	4,485	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Cash	 	 	774	 	 	 	774	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other	 	 	189	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	189	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	11,878	 	 	$	11,689	 	 	$	189	 	 	$	—	 	
We employ a total return investment approach whereby a mix of equities and fixed income securities is used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity and fixed income securities. Furthermore, equity securities are diversified across United States and non-United States stocks, as well as growth and value. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly investment portfolio reviews and annual liability measurements.
We utilize a building-block approach in determining the long-term expected rate of return on plan assets. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equity securities and fixed income securities are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return also considers diversification and rebalancing. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed relative to our assumed rates for reasonableness and appropriateness.
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The following pension and postretirement benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:

(in thousands)	 	Funded
Plans	 	 	Unfunded
Plans	 	 	Postretirement
Benefit
Plans	 	
2022	 	$	1,094	 	 	$	711	 	 	$	766	 	
2023	 	$	1,036	 	 	$	694	 	 	$	763	 	
2024	 	$	1,001	 	 	$	677	 	 	$	758	 	
2025	 	$	1,068	 	 	$	659	 	 	$	732	 	
2026	 	$	1,053	 	 	$	638	 	 	$	714	 	
2027-2031	 	$	4,578	 	 	$	2,851	 	 	$	3,035	 	
Foreign Pension Plans
Certain of our foreign operations also maintain defined benefit pension plans held in trust for certain employees which are funded by the companies, and unfunded defined benefit pension plans providing supplemental benefits to select management employees. These plans use traditional defined benefit formulas based on years of service and final average compensation. Funding policies provide that payments to defined benefit pension trusts shall be at least equal to the minimum funding required by applicable regulations. The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) included the following:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Net periodic benefit cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Service cost	 	$	457	 	 	$	444	 	 	$	405	 	
Interest cost	 	 	339	 	 	 	365	 	 	 	397	 	
Expected return on plan assets	 	 	(508	)	 	 	(530	)	 	 	(487	)	
Recognized net actuarial loss	 	 	171	 	 	 	162	 	 	 	127	 	
Settlement	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Net periodic benefit cost	 	 	459	 	 	 	441	 	 	 	442	 	
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other
   comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial (income) loss	 	 	(375	)	 	 	368	 	 	 	605	 	
Reversal of amortization of net actuarial loss	 	 	(171	)	 	 	(162	)	 	 	(127	)	
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	(546	)	 	 	206	 	 	 	478	 	
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other
   comprehensive income (loss)	 	$	(87	)	 	$	647	 	 	$	920	 	
 
The following table represents the funded status of the plans as of December 31:‌

 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Change in benefit obligation:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	 	$	10,916	 	 	$	9,990	 	 	$	2,449	 	 	$	2,331	 	
Service cost	 	 	457	 	 	 	444	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Interest cost	 	 	270	 	 	 	295	 	 	 	69	 	 	 	70	 	
Actuarial adjustments	 	 	(475	)	 	 	686	 	 	 	208	 	 	 	111	 	
Benefits paid	 	 	(462	)	 	 	(743	)	 	 	(185	)	 	 	(180	)	
Translation adjustment	 	 	84	 	 	 	244	 	 	 	(71	)	 	 	117	 	
Benefit obligation at end of year	 	 	10,790	 	 	 	10,916	 	 	 	2,470	 	 	 	2,449	 	
Change in plan assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	 	 	10,798	 	 	 	10,013	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Actual return on plan assets	 	 	623	 	 	 	1,044	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Company contributions	 	 	133	 	 	 	253	 	 	 	185	 	 	 	180	 	
Benefits paid	 	 	(462	)	 	 	(743	)	 	 	(185	)	 	 	(180	)	
Translation adjustment	 	 	79	 	 	 	231	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	 	 	11,171	 	 	 	10,798	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Funded status at end of year	 	$	381	 	 	$	(118	)	 	$	(2,470	)	 	$	(2,449	)	
 
64

The net amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the captions “Pension and postretirement benefits” and “Other Current Liabilities” as of December 31 were as follows:‌

 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Non-current assets	 	$	(384	)	 	$	(31	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Other current liabilities	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	181	 	 	 	187	 	
Non-current liabilities	 	 	—	 	 	 	149	 	 	 	2,300	 	 	 	2,262	 	
Net amount recognized	 	$	(384	)	 	$	118	 	 	$	2,481	 	 	$	2,449	 	
Net actuarial losses for the foreign funded plans recognized in AOCI were $2.0 million ($1.4 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2021 and $2.7 million ($2.0 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2020. Net actuarial losses for the foreign unfunded plans recognized in AOCI were $1.0 million ($0.8 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2021 and $0.8 million ($0.6 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2020.
The fair value information related to the foreign pension plans’ assets is summarized in the following tables:

 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using	 	
(in thousands)	 	December 31, 2021	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobserved
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed income securities	 	$	6,534	 	 	$	6,534	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Equity securities	 	 	4,439	 	 	 	4,439	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other	 	 	198	 	 	 	198	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	11,171	 	 	$	11,171	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	

 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using	 	
(in thousands)	 	December 31, 2020	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobserved
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed income securities	 	$	5,450	 	 	$	5,450	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Equity securities	 	 	5,153	 	 	 	5,153	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other	 	 	195	 	 	 	195	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	10,798	 	 	$	10,798	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
 
The following payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:‌

(in thousands)	 	Funded
Plans	 	 	Unfunded
Plans	 	
2022	 	$	1,872	 	 	$	182	 	
2023	 	$	384	 	 	$	181	 	
2024	 	$	384	 	 	$	181	 	
2025	 	$	383	 	 	$	180	 	
2026	 	$	381	 	 	$	179	 	
2027-2031	 	$	1,922	 	 	$	875	 	
Information for Pension Plans with an Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets
The accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of December 31 were as follows:

 	 	Domestic Plans	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Projected benefit obligation	 	$	15,191	 	 	$	16,331	 	 	$	9,170	 	 	$	9,776	 	
Accumulated benefit obligation	 	$	15,191	 	 	$	16,331	 	 	$	9,170	 	 	$	9,776	 	
Fair value of plan assets	 	$	11,647	 	 	$	11,878	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
 
65

 
																	
 	 	Foreign Plans	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Projected benefit obligation	 	$	10,790	 	 	$	10,916	 	 	$	2,470	 	 	$	2,449	 	
Accumulated benefit obligation	 	$	10,150	 	 	$	10,447	 	 	$	2,470	 	 	$	2,449	 	
Fair value of plan assets	 	$	11,171	 	 	$	10,798	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Contributions‌
In aggregate for both the domestic and foreign plans, we anticipate contributing $0.9 million to the funded pension plans, $0.9 million to the unfunded pension plans, and $0.8 million to the postretirement benefit plans in 2022.
Weighted-Average Assumptions
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31 were as follows:

 	 	Domestic Plans	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	 	Postretirement
Benefit Plans	 	 	Foreign Plans	 	
 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Discount rate	 	 	2.76	%	 	 	2.38	%	 	 	2.74	%	 	 	2.35	%	 	 	2.85	%	 	 	2.47	%	 	 	2.80	%	 	 	2.34	%	
Rate of compensation increase	 	N/A	 	 	N/A	 	 	 	3.00	%	 	 	3.00	%	 	N/A	 	 	N/A	 	 	 	2.35	%	 	 	2.35	%	
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs as of December 31 were as follows:

 	 	Domestic Plans	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Funded Plans	 	 	Unfunded Plans	 	 	Postretirement
Benefit Plans	 	 	Foreign Plans	 	
 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Discount rate	 	 	2.32	%	 	 	3.12	%	 	 	2.35	%	 	 	3.13	%	 	 	2.47	%	 	 	3.19	%	 	 	2.34	%	 	 	2.93	%	
Expected return on plan assets	 	 	4.75	%	 	 	5.50	%	 	N/A	 	 	N/A	 	 	 	0.00	%	 	 	0.00	%	 	 	3.76	%	 	 	4.39	%	
Rate of compensation increase	 	N/A	 	 	N/A	 	 	 	3.00	%	 	 	3.00	%	 	N/A	 	 	N/A	 	 	 	2.35	%	 	 	2.35	%	
 
Multi-employer Plans
We contribute to various defined benefit pension plans under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover our union-represented employees. The financial risks of participating in these multi-employer pension plans generally include the fact that the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by solvent participating employers. In addition, if we were to discontinue participating in some of our multi-employer pension plans, we could be required to pay a withdrawal liability amount based on the underfunded status of the plan. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we finalized the terms of the new collective bargaining agreement with the Teamsters 727 union. The terms included a withdrawal from the underfunded Central States pension plan. Accordingly, for the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a charge of $15.5 million, which represents the estimated present value of future contributions we will be required to make to the plan as a result of this withdrawal and $0.2 million of other withdrawal costs. Currently, we do not anticipate triggering any withdrawal from any other multi-employer pension plan to which we currently contribute. We also contribute to defined contribution plans pursuant to collective bargaining agreements, which are generally not subject to the funding risks inherent in defined benefit pension plans. The overall level of contributions to our multi-employer plans may significantly vary from year to year based on the demand for union-represented labor to support our operations. We do not have any minimum contribution requirements for future periods pursuant to our collective bargaining agreements for individually significant multi-employer plans.
66

Our participation in multi-employer pension plans for 2021 is outlined in the following table. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2021 and 2020 relates to the plan’s year end as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and is based on information received from the plan. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than 65% funded, plans in the yellow zone are less than 80% funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan is either pending or has been implemented.

 	 	 	 	Plan	 	 	Pension
Protection Act
Zone Status	 	FIP/RP
Status
Pending/ Implemented	 	Viad Contributions	 	 	Surcharge Paid	 	Expiration
Date of
Collective
Bargaining Agreement(s)	
(in thousands)	 	EIN	 	No.	 	 	2021	 	2020	 	 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	 	 	 	 	
Pension Fund:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Plan	 	91-6145047	 	 	1	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	No	 	$	2,571	 	 	$	2,898	 	 	$	6,754	 	 	No	 	Continuous	
Chicago Regional Council of Carpenters Pension Fund	 	36-6130207	 	 	1	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	Yes	 	 	658	 	 	 	608	 	 	 	2,877	 	 	No	 	5/31/2024	
IBEW Local Union No 357 Pension Plan A	 	88-6023284	 	 	1	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	No	 	 	628	 	 	 	843	 	 	 	1,074	 	 	No	 	Continuous	
Southwest Carpenters Pension Trust	 	95-6042875	 	 	1	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	No	 	 	352	 	 	 	195	 	 	 	717	 	 	No	 	7/31/2023	
Electrical Contractors Assoc. Chicago Local Union 134, IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chicago Plan #2	 	51-6030753	 	 	2	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	No	 	 	306	 	 	 	509	 	 	 	1,651	 	 	No	 	Continuous	
Southern California Local 831—Employer Pension Fund(1)	 	95-6376874	 	 	1	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	No	 	 	302	 	 	 	943	 	 	 	3,427	 	 	No	 	Continuous	
Machinery Movers Riggers & Mach Erect Local 136 Supplemental Retirement Plan(1)	 	36-1416355	 	 	11	 	 	Yellow	 	Yellow	 	Yes	 	 	176	 	 	 	337	 	 	 	797	 	 	Yes	 	6/30/2024	
New England Teamsters & Trucking Industry Pension	 	04-6372430	 	 	1	 	 	Red	 	Red	 	Yes	 	 	109	 	 	 	42	 	 	 	506	 	 	No	 	3/31/2022	
Sign Pictorial & Display Industry Pension Plan(1)	 	94-6278490	 	 	1	 	 	Green	 	Green	 	No	 	 	76	 	 	 	92	 	 	 	768	 	 	No	 	Continuous	
Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan	 	36-6044243	 	 	1	 	 	Red	 	Red	 	Yes	 	 	12	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	872	 	 	No	 	3/31/2023	
Southern California IBEW-NECA Pension Fund	 	95-6392774	 	 	1	 	 	Yellow	 	Yellow	 	Yes	 	 	7	 	 	 	89	 	 	 	799	 	 	Yes	 	Continuous	
All other funds(2)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	929	 	 	 	963	 	 	 	3,625	 	 	 	 	 	
Total contributions to defined benefit plans	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,126	 	 	 	7,526	 	 	 	23,867	 	 	 	 	 	
Total contributions to other plans	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	931	 	 	 	1,066	 	 	 	3,416	 	 	 	 	 	
Total contributions to multi-employer plans	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	7,057	 	 	$	8,592	 	 	$	27,283	 	 	 	 	 	
(1)We contributed more than 5% of total plan contributions for the plan year detailed in the plans’ most recent Form 5500s.(2)Represents participation in 27 pension funds during 2021.
Other Employee Benefits
We match United States employee contributions to the 401(k) Plan with shares of our common stock held in treasury up to 100% of the first 3% of a participant’s salary plus 50% of the next 2%. The expense associated with our match was $2.2 million for 2021, $1.7 million for 2020, and $5.0 million for 2019. In April 2020, we suspended our 401(k) Plan employer match contributions, which were later reinstated in October 2020.
 
Note 19. Restructuring Charges
GES‌
As part of our efforts to drive efficiencies and simplify our business operations, we took certain restructuring actions designed to simplify and transform GES for greater profitability. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing our more profitable market segments. These initiatives resulted in restructuring charges related to the elimination of certain positions and continuing to reduce our facility footprint at GES, as well as charges related to the closure and liquidation of GES’ United Kingdom-based audio-visual services business. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we entered into an agreement with a third-party to outsource the management, cleaning, and storage of the aisle carpeting that we use at live events, which resulted in restructuring charges in 2021 when we vacated a facility. During 2019, we completed some strategic simplification actions, including a facility consolidation in Las Vegas and other restructuring actions. As a result, we recorded restructuring charges primarily consisting of severance and related benefits as a result of workforce reductions and charges related to the consolidation and downsizing of facilities representing the remaining operating lease obligations (net of estimated sublease income) and related costs.
67

Other Restructurings
We recorded restructuring charges in connection with the consolidation of certain support functions at our corporate headquarters and certain reorganization activities within Pursuit. These charges primarily consist of severance and related benefits due to headcount reductions.
Changes to the restructuring liability by major restructuring activity are as follows:‌

 	 	GES	 	 	Other Restructurings	 	 	 	 	
(in thousands)	 	Severance &
Employee
Benefits	 	 	Facilities	 	 	Severance &
Employee
Benefits	 	 	Total	 	
Balance at December 31, 2018	 	$	2,039	 	 	$	200	 	 	$	12	 	 	$	2,251	 	
Restructuring charges	 	 	6,071	 	 	 	1,817	 	 	 	492	 	 	 	8,380	 	
Cash payments	 	 	(5,169	)	 	 	(752	)	 	 	(272	)	 	 	(6,193	)	
Adjustment to liability	 	 	(6	)	 	 	74	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	75	 	
Balance at December 31, 2019	 	 	2,935	 	 	 	1,339	 	 	 	239	 	 	 	4,513	 	
Restructuring charges	 	 	6,563	 	 	 	5,784	 	 	 	1,093	 	 	 	13,440	 	
Cash payments	 	 	(7,051	)	 	 	(2,573	)	 	 	(1,201	)	 	 	(10,825	)	
Non-cash items(1)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,789	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,789	)	
Adjustment to liability	 	 	(7	)	 	 	5	 	 	 	(107	)	 	 	(109	)	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	2,440	 	 	 	2,766	 	 	 	24	 	 	 	5,230	 	
Restructuring charges	 	 	1,829	 	 	 	4,107	 	 	 	130	 	 	 	6,066	 	
Cash payments	 	 	(2,302	)	 	 	(3,506	)	 	 	(91	)	 	 	(5,899	)	
Non-cash items(1)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,906	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,906	)	
Adjustment to liability	 	 	9	 	 	 	(28	)	 	 	(37	)	 	 	(56	)	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	1,976	 	 	$	1,433	 	 	$	26	 	 	$	3,435	 	
(1)Represents non-cash adjustments related to a write down of certain ROU assets as a result of vacating certain facilities prior to the lease term during the year ended December 31, 2021 and the closure and liquidation of GES’ United Kingdom-based audio-visual services business during the year ended December 31, 2020.
As of December 31, 2021, $1.5 million of the liabilities related to severance and employee benefits will remain unpaid by the end of 2022. The liabilities related to facilities primarily include non-lease expenses that will be paid over the remaining lease terms. Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information, for information regarding restructuring charges by segment.
Note 20. Leases and Other
The balance sheet presentation of our operating and finance leases is as follows:‌

 	 	 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	Classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating lease assets	 	Operating lease ROU assets	 	$	95,915	 	 	$	82,739	 	
Finance lease assets(1)	 	Property and equipment, net	 	 	61,022	 	 	 	23,366	 	
Total lease assets	 	 	 	$	156,937	 	 	$	106,105	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating lease obligations	 	Operating lease obligations	 	$	12,451	 	 	$	15,697	 	
Finance lease obligations	 	Current portion of debt and finance obligations	 	 	2,928	 	 	 	2,514	 	
Noncurrent:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating lease obligations	 	Long-term operating lease obligations	 	 	93,406	 	 	 	70,150	 	
Finance lease obligations(1)	 	Long-term debt and finance obligations	 	 	60,473	 	 	 	20,627	 	
Total lease liabilities	 	 	 	$	169,258	 	 	$	108,988	 	
(1)The increase in finance lease assets and obligations is primarily due to the commencement of Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon attraction in Iceland during the first quarter of 2021, which has a 46-year lease term.
68

The components of lease expense consisted of the following:

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Finance lease cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Amortization of ROU assets	 	$	4,280	 	 	$	3,662	 	
Interest on lease liabilities	 	 	5,580	 	 	 	1,668	 	
Operating lease cost	 	 	23,129	 	 	 	27,259	 	
Short-term lease cost	 	 	1,444	 	 	 	701	 	
Variable lease cost	 	 	4,372	 	 	 	5,672	 	
Total lease cost, net	 	$	38,805	 	 	$	38,962	 	
 
Other information related to operating and finance leases are as follows:
									
 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating cash flows from operating leases	 	$	23,320	 	 	$	26,250	 	
Operating cash flows from finance leases	 	$	3,926	 	 	$	1,948	 	
Financing cash flows from finance leases	 	$	3,223	 	 	$	3,543	 	
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating leases	 	$	38,838	 	 	$	659	 	
Finance leases	 	$	43,241	 	 	$	2,141	 	

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	December 31,	 	
 	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years):	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating leases	 	 	8.54	 	 	 	8.39	 	
Finance leases	 	 	34.95	 	 	 	13.97	 	
Weighted-average discount rate:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating leases	 	 	6.86	%	 	 	6.93	%	
Finance leases	 	 	9.06	%	 	 	7.99	%	
As of December 31, 2021, the estimated future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases, excluding variable leases and variable non-lease components, are as follows:

(in thousands)	 	Operating Leases	 	 	Finance Leases	 	 	Total	 	
2022	 	$	21,393	 	 	$	8,445	 	 	$	29,838	 	
2023	 	 	18,880	 	 	 	7,926	 	 	 	26,806	 	
2024	 	 	17,215	 	 	 	6,858	 	 	 	24,073	 	
2025	 	 	15,715	 	 	 	6,179	 	 	 	21,894	 	
2026	 	 	15,208	 	 	 	5,971	 	 	 	21,179	 	
Thereafter	 	 	57,297	 	 	 	183,142	 	 	 	240,439	 	
Total future lease payments	 	 	145,708	 	 	 	218,521	 	 	 	364,229	 	
Less: Amount representing interest	 	 	(39,851	)	 	 	(155,120	)	 	 	(194,971	)	
Present value of minimum lease payments	 	 	105,857	 	 	 	63,401	 	 	 	169,258	 	
Current portion	 	 	12,451	 	 	 	2,928	 	 	 	15,379	 	
Long-term portion	 	$	93,406	 	 	$	60,473	 	 	$	153,879	 	
 
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As of December 31, 2021, the estimated future minimum rental income under non-cancellable leases, which includes rental income from facilities that we own, are as follows:

(in thousands)	 	 	 	
2022	 	$	1,295	 	
2023	 	 	1,074	 	
2024	 	 	850	 	
2025	 	 	696	 	
2026	 	 	535	 	
Thereafter	 	 	924	 	
Total minimum rents	 	$	5,374	 	
Leases Not Yet Commenced
As of December 31, 2021, we had executed two facility leases for which we did not have control of the underlying assets. Accordingly, we did not record the lease liabilities and ROU assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These leases are for two new FlyOver attractions in development, FlyOver Chicago and FlyOver Canada Toronto. We expect the lease commencement dates to begin in fiscal year 2022 with a lease term of 20 years for both leases. 
Note 21. Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other
We are plaintiffs or defendants to various actions, proceedings, and pending claims, some of which involve, or may involve, compensatory, punitive, or other damages. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties and it is possible that some of the legal actions, proceedings, or claims could be decided against us. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded an $8.5 million charge to resolve a legal dispute at GES involving a former industry contractor, which is included under “Legal settlement” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other potential liabilities as of December 31, 2021 with respect to unresolved legal matters is not ascertainable, and we believe that any resulting liability, after taking into consideration amounts already provided for and insurance coverage, will not have a material effect on our business, financial position, or results of operations.
On July 18, 2020, an off-road Ice Explorer operated by our Pursuit business was involved in an accident while enroute to the Athabasca Glacier, resulting in three fatalities and multiple other serious injuries. We continue to support the victims and their families, and we are fully cooperating with the applicable regulatory authorities to investigate this accident. We immediately reported the accident to our relevant insurance carriers, who are also supporting the investigation and subsequent claims. Subject to customary deductibles, we believe that our insurance coverage is sufficient to cover potential claims related to this accident.‌
We are subject to various United States federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations governing the prevention of pollution and the protection of the environment in the jurisdictions in which we have or had operations. If we fail to comply with these environmental laws and regulations, civil and criminal penalties could be imposed, and we could become subject to regulatory enforcement actions in the form of injunctions and cease and desist orders. As is the case with many companies, we also face exposure to actual or potential claims and lawsuits involving environmental matters relating to our past operations. As of December 31, 2021, we had recorded environmental remediation liabilities of $2.2 million related to previously sold operations. Although we are a party to certain environmental disputes, we believe that any resulting liabilities, after taking into consideration amounts already provided for and insurance coverage, will not have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations.‌
As of December 31, 2021, on behalf of our subsidiaries, we had certain obligations under guarantees to third parties. These guarantees are not subject to liability recognition in the consolidated financial statements and relate to leased facilities and equipment leases entered into by our subsidiary operations. We would generally be required to make payments to the respective third parties under these guarantees in the event that the related subsidiary could not meet its own payment obligations. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we would be required to make under all guarantees existing as of December 31, 2021 would be $101.8 million. These guarantees relate to our leased equipment and facilities through January 2040. There are no recourse provisions that would enable us to recover from third parties any payments made under the guarantees. Furthermore, there are no collateral or similar arrangements pursuant to which we could recover payments.
A significant number of our employees are unionized and we are a party to approximately 100 collective bargaining agreements, with approximately one-third requiring renegotiation each year. If we are unable to reach an agreement with a union during the collective bargaining process, the union may call for a strike or work stoppage, which may, under certain circumstances, adversely impact our business and results of operations. We believe that relations with our employees are satisfactory and that collective bargaining agreements expiring in 2022 will be renegotiated in the ordinary course of business. Although our labor relations are currently stable, disruptions could occur, with the possibility of an adverse impact on the operating results of GES. During 2019, we finalized the terms of a new collective bargaining agreement with the Teamsters Local 727 union. The terms included a withdrawal from the underfunded Central States Pension Plan. Accordingly, during 2019 we recorded a charge of $15.5 million, which represents the estimated present‌
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value of future contributions we will be required to make to the plan as a result of this withdrawal. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits for additional information on specific union-related pension issues.‌
We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation and general liabilities, which includes automobile, product general liability, and client property loss claims. The aggregate amount of insurance liabilities (up to our retention limit) related to our continuing operations was $9.9 million as of December 31, 2021, which includes $6.2 million related to workers’ compensation liabilities, and $3.7 million related to general liability claims. We have also retained and provided for certain workers’ compensation insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold businesses of $1.8 million as of December 31, 2021. We are also self-insured for certain employee health benefits and the estimated employee health benefit claims incurred but not yet reported was $1.2 million as of December 31, 2021. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on our historical experience, claims frequency, and other factors. A change in the assumptions used could result in an adjustment to recorded liabilities. We have purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels, which generally range from $0.2 million to $0.5 million on a per claim basis. We do not maintain a self-insured retention pool fund as claims are paid from current cash resources at the time of settlement. Our net cash payments in connection with these insurance liabilities were $2.8 million for 2021, $5.0 million for 2020, and $6.9 million for 2019.
In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we have recorded insurance liabilities of $6.8 million related to continuing operations, which represents the amount for which we remain the primary obligor after self-insured insurance limits, without taking into consideration the above-referenced insurance coverage. Of this total $6.7 million is related to workers’ compensation liabilities and $0.1 million related to general/auto liability claims, which is recorded in “Other deferred items and liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding receivable in “Other investments and assets.”‌
Note 22. Noncontrolling Interests – Redeemable and Non-redeemable
Redeemable noncontrolling interest
On November 3, 2017, we acquired the controlling interest (54.5% of the common stock) in Esja, a private corporation in Reykjavik, Iceland. Subsequent to additional capital contributions, our equity ownership increased to 56.4% as of December 31, 2021. Through Esja and its wholly-owned subsidiary, we are operating the FlyOver Iceland attraction.
The minority Esja shareholders have the right to sell (or “put”) their Esja shares to us based on a multiple of 5.0x EBITDA as calculated on the trailing 12 months from the most recently completed quarter before the put option exercise. The put option is only exercisable after 36 months of business operation, which will be August 2022 (the “Reference Date”), and if the FlyOver Iceland attraction has earned a minimum of €3.25 million in unadjusted EBITDA during the most recent fiscal year and during the trailing 12-month period prior to exercise (the “Put Option Condition”). The put option is exercisable during a period of 12 months following the Reference Date (the “Option Period”) if the Put Option Condition has been met. If the Put Option Condition has not been met during the first Option Period, the Reference Date will be extended for an additional 12 months up to three times. If after 72 months, the FlyOver Iceland attraction has not achieved the Put Option Condition, the put option expires. If the Put Option Condition is met during any of the Option Periods, yet the shares are not exercised prior to the end of the 12-month Option Period, the put option will expire.
The noncontrolling interest’s carrying value is determined by the fair value of the noncontrolling interest as of the acquisition date and the noncontrolling interest’s share of the subsequent net income or loss. This value is benchmarked against the redemption value of the sellers’ put option. The carrying value is adjusted to the redemption value, provided that it does not fall below the initial carrying value, as determined by the purchase price allocation. We have made a policy election to reflect any changes caused by such an adjustment to retained earnings (accumulated deficit), rather than to current earnings (loss).‌
Changes in the redeemable noncontrolling interest are as follows:‌

(in thousands)	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2019	 	$	6,172	 	
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	(1,482	)	
Adjustment to the redemption value	 	 	926	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	(391	)	
Balance at December 31, 2020	 	 	5,225	 	
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	 	(1,766	)	
Adjustment to the redemption value	 	 	1,797	 	
Capital contributions	 	 	341	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	(153	)	
Balance at December 31, 2021	 	$	5,444	 	
 
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Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us. Our non-redeemable noncontrolling interest relates to the equity ownership interest that we do not own.
Changes in the non-redeemable noncontrolling interest are as follows:

(in thousands)	Glacier Park Inc.	 	 	Brewster (1)	 	 	Sky Lagoon	 	 	Total	 	
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	15,042	 	 	$	52,006	 	 	$	12,683	 	 	$	79,731	 	
Net loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	(1,091	)	 	 	(48	)	 	 	(237	)	 	 	(1,376	)	
Acquisitions	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Distributions to non-controlling interests	 	—	 	 	 	(1,526	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,526	)	
Foreign currency translation adjustments	 	2	 	 	 	863	 	 	 	450	 	 	 	1,315	 	
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	13,953	 	 	$	51,295	 	 	$	12,896	 	 	$	78,144	 	
Net income (loss) attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest	 	1,360	 	 	 	1,399	 	 	 	(1,073	)	 	 	1,686	 	
Acquisitions	 	—	 	 	 	6,759	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	6,759	 	
Distributions to non-controlling interests	 	—	 	 	 	(1,160	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,160	)	
Foreign currency translation adjustments	 	2	 	 	 	308	 	 	 	(183	)	 	 	127	 	
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	15,315	 	 	$	58,601	 	 	$	11,640	 	 	$	85,556	 	
Equity ownership interest that we do not own	 	20	%	 	 	40	%	 	 	49	%	 	 	 	
(1)Includes Mountain Park Lodges and our recently acquired Golden Skybridge at Brewster, part of the Banff Jasper Collection.

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Note 23. Segment Information
We measure the profit and performance of our operations on the basis of segment operating income (loss) which excludes restructuring charges and recoveries and impairment charges. Intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation and intersegment transfers are not significant. Corporate activities include expenses not allocated to operations. Depreciation and amortization and share-based compensation expense are the only significant non-cash items for the reportable segments.‌
An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by the CODM in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer.
During the first quarter of 2021, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our CODM reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Accordingly, GES is now a single operating and reportable segment. We made no changes to the Pursuit reportable segment.‌
Our reportable segments, with reconciliations to consolidated totals, are as follows:

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	$	187,048	 	 	$	76,810	 	 	$	222,813	 	
GES	 	 	320,292	 	 	 	338,625	 	 	 	1,079,923	 	
Total revenue	 	$	507,340	 	 	$	415,435	 	 	$	1,302,736	 	
Segment operating income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	$	4,609	 	 	$	(42,343	)	 	$	54,310	 	
GES	 	 	(51,611	)	 	 	(73,897	)	 	 	35,933	 	
Segment operating income (loss)	 	 	(47,002	)	 	 	(116,240	)	 	 	90,243	 	
Corporate eliminations (1)	 	 	70	 	 	 	65	 	 	 	67	 	
Corporate activities	 	 	(11,689	)	 	 	(8,687	)	 	 	(10,865	)	
Interest income	 	 	116	 	 	 	377	 	 	 	369	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(28,440	)	 	 	(18,264	)	 	 	(14,199	)	
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal	 	 	(57	)	 	 	(462	)	 	 	(15,693	)	
Other expense, net	 	 	(2,013	)	 	 	(1,132	)	 	 	(1,586	)	
Restructuring charges:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	 	(85	)	 	 	(132	)	 	 	(52	)	
GES	 	 	(5,936	)	 	 	(12,347	)	 	 	(7,888	)	
Corporate	 	 	(45	)	 	 	(961	)	 	 	(440	)	
Impairment charges:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,758	)	 	 	—	 	
GES	 	 	—	 	 	 	(201,318	)	 	 	(5,346	)	
Legal settlement:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
GES	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(8,500	)	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	 	$	(95,081	)	 	$	(360,859	)	 	$	26,110	 	
(1)Corporate eliminations represent the elimination of depreciation expense recorded by Pursuit associated with previously eliminated intercompany profit realized by GES for renovations to Pursuit’s Banff Gondola.

 
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 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	$	725,946	 	 	$	620,413	 	 	$	589,205	 	
GES	 	 	242,146	 	 	 	184,806	 	 	 	608,254	 	
Corporate and other	 	 	69,538	 	 	 	48,005	 	 	 	121,232	 	
 	 	$	1,037,630	 	 	$	853,224	 	 	$	1,318,691	 	
Depreciation and amortization:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	$	32,469	 	 	$	28,393	 	 	$	23,154	 	
GES	 	 	21,247	 	 	 	28,075	 	 	 	35,581	 	
Corporate and other	 	 	34	 	 	 	97	 	 	 	229	 	
 	 	$	53,750	 	 	$	56,565	 	 	$	58,964	 	
Capital expenditures:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pursuit	 	$	54,325	 	 	$	43,176	 	 	$	49,934	 	
GES	 	 	3,135	 	 	 	10,391	 	 	 	26,197	 	
Corporate and other	 	 	476	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	16	 	
 	 	$	57,936	 	 	$	53,567	 	 	$	76,147	 	
 
Geographic Areas
Our foreign operations are primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, Germany, and to a lesser extent, in certain other countries. GES revenue is designated as domestic or foreign based on the originating location of the product or service. Long-lived assets are attributed to domestic or foreign based principally on the physical location of the assets. Long-lived assets consist of “Property and equipment, net” and “Other investments and assets.” The table below presents the financial information by major geographic area:

 	 	December 31,	 	
(in thousands)	 	2021	 	 	2020	 	 	2019	 	
Revenue:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States	 	$	312,265	 	 	$	290,541	 	 	$	873,213	 	
EMEA	 	 	96,603	 	 	 	56,656	 	 	 	218,404	 	
Canada	 	 	98,472	 	 	 	68,238	 	 	 	211,119	 	
Total revenue	 	$	507,340	 	 	$	415,435	 	 	$	1,302,736	 	
Long-lived assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
United States	 	$	179,756	 	 	$	173,790	 	 	$	205,399	 	
EMEA	 	 	91,877	 	 	 	56,996	 	 	 	63,582	 	
Canada	 	 	294,193	 	 	 	276,860	 	 	 	277,039	 	
Total long-lived assets	 	$	565,826	 	 	$	507,646	 	 	$	546,020	 	
 
Note 24. Subsequent Event
On February 24, 2022, we announced the expansion of our fourth FlyOver attraction into Chicago, Illinois. It will be located near the front entrance of Chicago’s Navy Pier. We expect to open FlyOver Chicago during late 2023.
 
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM‌
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Viad Corp
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Viad Corp and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and mezzanine equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 25, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other—Self Insurance Reserves —Refer to Notes 1 and 21 to the financial statements‌
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company is self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation, automobile, product and general liability claims. Reserves for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not reported, are made by the Company based on historical experience, claims frequency, insurance coverage, and other factors. The Company purchases insurance for amounts in excess of self-insured levels. The aggregate amount of these insurance liabilities related to continuing operations was $16.7 million as of December 31, 2021.
Given the subjectivity of estimating the projected settlement value of reported and unreported claims, auditing the self-insurance reserves involved especially subjective auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists when auditing the self-insurance reserves, and therefore we have identified this as a critical audit matter.‌
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the self-insurance reserves included the following, among others:‌
•We tested the effectiveness of controls related to self-insurance reserves, including those over the projection of settlement value of reported and unreported claims.
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•We evaluated the methods and assumptions used by management to estimate the self-insurance reserves by:•Agreeing the underlying claims data to source documents that served as the basis for the Company’s actuarial analysis, to evaluate whether the inputs to the actuarial estimate were reasonable.•Comparing management’s prior-year assumptions of expected development and ultimate loss to actuals incurred during the current year to identify potential bias in the determination of the self-insurance reserves.•With the assistance of our actuarial specialists, we developed independent estimates of the self-insurance reserves, using standard traditional actuarial methodologies, and compared our estimates to management’s estimates.
Goodwill —FlyOver– Refer to Notes 1 and 9 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s evaluation of goodwill for impairment involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company used the discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to the discount rate and forecasts of future revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) margins. Changes in these assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value, the amount of goodwill impairment charge, or both.‌
Given the significant judgments made by management to estimate the fair value of these reporting units, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to selection of the discount rate and forecasts of future revenue and EBITDA margins required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.‌
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the discount rate and forecasts of future revenue and EBITDA margins (“forecasts”) used by management to estimate the fair value of the FlyOver reporting unit included the following procedures:‌
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s goodwill impairment evaluation, including those over the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit, such as the control related to management’s selection of the discount rate and forecasts.•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts by comparing the forecasts to (1) historical results of the Company, (2) internal communications to management, and (3) forecasted information included in industry reports.•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the (1) valuation methodology and (2) discount rate, including testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rate, testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculation, and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rate selected by management.
 
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
 
Phoenix, Arizona
February 25, 2022
 
We have served as the Company’s auditor since at least 1929; however, an earlier year could not be reliably determined.

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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2021.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our board of directors, our management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:
•Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with United States GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria described in the “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The objective of this assessment was to determine whether our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
Based on our assessment, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued a report relating to our audit of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which appears on the following page of this 2021 Form 10-K.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Viad Corp
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Viad Corp and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, of the Company and our report dated February 25, 2022, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
 
Phoenix, Arizona
February 25, 2022

79

 
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
 
80

PART III
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information regarding our directors, director nomination procedures, and the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors is included in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 24, 2022 (the “Proxy Statement”), under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance,” and “Stock Ownership Information,” and are incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding our executive officers is located in Part I, “Other – Information about our Executive Officers” of this 2021 Form 10-K.
We adopted a Code of Ethics for all of our directors, officers and employees. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available at our website at www.viad.com/about-us/corporate-governance/documents-and-charters/default.aspx and is also available without charge to any shareholder upon written request to: Viad Corp, 7000 East 1st Avenue, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251-4304, Attention: Corporate Secretary.‌
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance,” and “Executive Compensation” is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Stock Ownership Information” is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information regarding principal accountant fees and services and the pre-approval policies and procedures for such fees and services, as adopted by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, is contained in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Ratification of the Selection of Deloitte & Touche LLP as Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2022” and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)Financial Statements and Schedules
See Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule at Item 8 of this 2021 Form 10-K.
(b)Exhibit Index
81

 
													
 	 	 	 	 	 	Incorporated by Reference	
Exhibit
Number	 	 	 	Exhibit Description	 	Form	 	Period
Ending	 	Exhibit	 	Filing Date	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2.A	 	 	 	Share Purchase Agreement, dated May 27, 2019, by and among Brewster Travel Canada Inc., Jas-Day Investments Ltd., and 2192449 Alberta Ltd.	 	8-K	 	 	 	2.1	 	5/30/2019	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2.B	 	 	 	Share and Unit Purchase Agreement, dated May 27, 2019, by and among Brewster Travel Canada Inc., Jas-Day Investments Ltd., 2187582 Alberta Ltd., and The Sawridge Hotels Limited Partnership.	 	8-K	 	 	 	2.2	 	5/30/2019	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.A	 	 	 	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Viad Corp, as amended through July 1, 2004 (SEC File No. 001-11015; SEC Film No. 04961107).	 	10-Q	 	6/30/2004	 	3.A	 	8/9/2004	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.B	 	 	 	Bylaws of Viad Corp, as amended through December 5, 2013.	 	8-K	 	 	 	3	 	12/9/2013	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.C	 	 	 	Certificate of Designations of 5.5% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.	 	8-K	 	 	 	3.1	 	8/5/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4.A1	 	 	 	Rights Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2020, between Viad Corp and Equiniti Trust Company, which includes the Form of Right Certificate as Exhibit A and the Summary of Rights to Purchase Preferred Stock as Exhibit B.	 	8-K	 	 	 	4.1	 	3/30/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4.A2	 	 	 	Amendment to Rights Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and between Viad Corp and Equiniti Trust Company.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.3	 	8/5/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4.B	 	 	 	Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among Viad Corp, Crestview IV VC TE Holdings, LLC, Crestview IV VC Holdings, L.P., and Crestview IV VC CI Holdings, L.P.	 	8-K	 	 	 	4.1	 	8/5/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4.C	 	*	 	Description of Viad Corp’s Securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A1	 	+	 	2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Appendix A to Viad Corp’s Proxy Statement for the 2012 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.	 	DEF 14A	 	 	 	 	 	4/13/2012	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A2	 	+	 	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement - Executives, (three-year cliff vesting), effective as of March 26, 2014, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.A	 	3/28/2014	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A3	 	+	 	Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, effective as of March 26, 2014, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.B	 	3/28/2014	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A4	 	+	 	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Outside Directors, effective as of February 25, 2008, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.F	 	2/28/2008	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A5	 	+	 	Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement, effective as of February 25, 2010, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.B	 	2/26/2010	

82

													
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Incorporated by Reference	
Exhibit
Number	 	 	 	Exhibit Description	 	Form	 	Period
Ending	 	Exhibit	 	Filing Date	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A6	 	+	 	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement, effective as of February 25, 2010, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.A	 	2/26/2010	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A7	 	+	 	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement, effective as of August 26, 2020, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Award Plan.	 	10-Q	 	9/30/2020	 	10.7	 	11/6/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A8	 	+	 	Viad Corp Performance Unit Incentive Plan, effective as of February 27, 2013, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.D	 	3/5/2013	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A9	 	+	 	Amendment to the Viad Corp Performance Unit Incentive Plan, as amended February 27, 2013 pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of February 24, 2016.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.B	 	3/1/2016	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A10	 	+	 	Form of Performance Unit Agreement, effective as of March 26, 2014, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.C	 	3/28/2014	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.A11	 	+	 	Form of Performance Unit Agreement, effective as of February 24, 2016, pursuant to the 2007 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.A	 	3/1/2016	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B1	 	+	 	2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.1	 	5/23/2017	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B2	 	+	 	Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, effective as of May 18, 2017, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.4	 	5/23/2017	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B3	 	+
 	 	Form of Management Incentive Plan (MIP) Administrative Guidelines, effective February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2017	 	10.B4	 	2/28/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B4	 	+
 	 	Form of Management Incentive Plan, effective as of February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2017	 	10.B5	 	2/28/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B5	 	 
+
 	 	Form of Performance Unit Incentive Plan (“PUP”) Administrative Guidelines, effective February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2017	 	10.B6	 	2/28/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B6	 	+
 	 	Form of 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Unit Agreement, effective February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2017	 	10.B7	 	2/28/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B7	 	+
 	 	Form of Viad Corp Performance Unit Incentive Plan, effective as of February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2017	 	10.B8	 	2/28/2018	

83

													

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Incorporated by Reference	
Exhibit
Number	 	 	 	Exhibit Description	 	Form	 	Period
Ending	 	Exhibit	 	Filing Date	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B8	 	+	 	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement – Non-Employee Directors, effective as of May 18, 2017, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.2	 	5/23/2017	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B9	 	+
 	 	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement – Non-Employee Directors, effective as of February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2017	 	10.B10	 	2/28/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.B10	 	+	 	Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, by and between Viad Corp and each of Steven W. Moster and Ellen M. Ingersoll, dated February 16, 2021.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.1	 	2/17/2021	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.C1	 	+	 	Forms of Viad Corp Executive Severance Plans (Tier I and II), amended and restated for Code Section 409A as of January 1, 2005.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.B	 	8/29/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.C2	 	+	 	Form of Viad Corp Executive Severance Plan (Tier I-2013) effective as February 27, 2013.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.B	 	3/5/2013	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.C3	 	+	 	Amendment No. 1 to Viad Corp Executive Severance Plan (Tier I), effective as of February 26, 2014.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10	 	3/4/2014	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.C4	 	+	 	Severance Agreement (No Change in Control) between Viad Corp and Steven W. Moster, effective as of December 3, 2014.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.B	 	12/5/2014	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.C5	 	+	 	Severance Agreement (No Change in Control) between Viad Corp and David W. Barry, effective as of April 22, 2015.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2015	 	10.H4	 	3/11/2016	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.D1	 	+	 	Viad Corp Supplemental Pension Plan, amended and restated as of January 1, 2005 for Code Section 409A.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.A	 	8/29/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.E1	 	+	 	Viad Corp Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective as of January 1, 2013.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.E	 	3/5/2013	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.F1	 	+	 	Executive Officer Pay Continuation Policy adopted February 7, 2007.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.A	 	2/13/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.G1	 	+‌	 	Viad Corp Directors’ Matching Gift Program, effective as of February 18, 1999.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2018	 	10.H1	 	2/27/2019	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.H1	 	+	 	Form of Indemnification Agreement between Viad Corp and Directors of Viad Corp, as approved by Viad Corp stockholders on October 16, 1987.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2008	 	10.1	 	2/27/2009	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.I1	 	+‌	 	Summary of Compensation Program of Non-Employee Directors of Viad Corp, effective as of February 25, 2020.	 	10-K	 	12/31/2020	 	10.J1	 	3/2/2021	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.J1	 	 	 	Investment Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among Viad Corp, Crestview IV VC TE Holdings, LLC, Crestview IV VC Holdings, L.P., and Crestview IV VC CI Holdings, L.P.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.1	 	8/5/2020	
 
84

													

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Incorporated by Reference	
Exhibit
Number	 	 	 	Exhibit Description	 	Form	 	Period
Ending	 	Exhibit	 	Filing Date	
10.J2	 	 	 	Stockholders Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among Viad Corp, Crestview IV VC TE Holdings, LLC, Crestview IV VC Holdings, L.P., and Crestview IV VC CI Holdings, L.P.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.2	 	8/5/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.J3	 	+	 	Form of Indemnification Agreement.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.4	 	8/5/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.J4	 	 	 	Form of Crestview Designee Indemnification Agreement.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.5	 	8/5/2020	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.K1	 	 	 	$500,000,000 Credit Agreement among Viad Corp, Bank of America, N.A., and other lenders party thereto, dated as of July 30, 2021.	 	8-K	 	 	 	10.1	 	8/2/2021	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
21	 	*	 	List of Viad Corp Subsidiaries.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
23	 	*	 	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm to the incorporation by reference into specified registration statements on Form S-8 of its report contained in this Annual Report.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
24	 	*	 	Power of Attorney signed by Viad Corp Directors.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.1	 	*	 	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.2	 	*	 	Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
32.1	 	**	 	Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.INS	 	***	 	XBRL Instance Document.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.SCH	 	****	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.CAL	 	****	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.LAB	 	****	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.PRE	 	****	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.DEF	 	****	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
104	 	***	 	Cover Page Interactive Data File	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
*** The XBRL Instance Document and Cover Page Interactive Data File do not appear in the Interactive Data File because their XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
**** Submitted electronically herewith
85

+ Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.
Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
86

VIAD CORP
SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

 	 	 	 	 	Additions	 	 	Deductions	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(in thousands)	 	Balance at Beginning of Year	 	 	Charged to
 Expense(1)	 	 	Charged to
 Other Accounts	 	 	Write-Offs	 	 	Other(2)	 	 	Balance at End of Year	 	
Allowances for doubtful accounts:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
December 31, 2019	 	 	1,288	 	 	 	1,050	 	 	 	45	 	 	 	(1,182	)	 	 	(1	)	 	 	1,200	 	
December 31, 2020	 	 	1,200	 	 	 	6,712	 	 	 	17	 	 	 	(2,628	)	 	 	9	 	 	 	5,310	 	
December 31, 2021	 	 	5,310	 	 	 	(2,700	)	 	 	1	 	 	 	(680	)	 	 	(123	)	 	 	1,808	 	
Deferred tax valuation allowance:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
December 31, 2019	 	 	3,356	 	 	 	884	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	36	 	 	 	4,276	 	
December 31, 2020	 	 	4,276	 	 	 	77,369	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	150	 	 	 	81,795	 	
December 31, 2021	 	 	81,795	 	 	 	21,859	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(144	)	 	 	103,510	 	
 
(1)Includes bad debt recoveries.(2)“Other” primarily includes foreign exchange translation adjustments.
87

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 25, 2022.

 	VIAD CORP	
 	 	 	
 	By:	/s/ Steven W. Moster	
 	 	Steven W. Moster	
 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Principal Executive Officer	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Date:	February 25, 2022	 	By:	/s/ Steven W. Moster	
 	 	 	 	Steven W. Moster	
 	 	 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer, Director	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Principal Financial Officer	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Date:	February 25, 2022	 	By:	/s/ Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	 	 	 	Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	 	 	 	Chief Financial Officer	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Principal Accounting Officer	
 	 	 	 	
Date:	February 25, 2022	 	By:	/s/ Leslie S. Striedel	
 	 	 	 	Leslie S. Striedel	
 	 	 	 	Chief Accounting Officer	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Directors	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Beverly K. Carmichael*	
 	 	 	Brian P. Cassidy*	
 	 	 	Denise M. Coll*	
 	 	 	Richard H. Dozer*	
 	 	 	Virginia L. Henkels*	
 	 	 	Edward E. Mace*	
 	 	 	Kevin M. Rabbit*	
 	 	 	Joshua E. Schechter*	
 	 	 	 	 	
Date:	February 25, 2022	 	By:	/s/ Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	 	 	 	Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	 	 	 	Attorney-in-Fact	
* Pursuant to power of attorney filed as Exhibit 24 to this 2021 Form 10-K
88

Exhibit 4C
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
The following summary of the capital stock of Viad Corp. does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to our restated certificate of incorporation (as amended, our “charter”), our bylaws (our “bylaws”, and together with our charter, our “organizational documents”), each of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit is a part, and certain provisions of Delaware law. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to “we”, “us,” “our” and “Viad” in this section refer solely to Viad Corp. and not to our subsidiaries.
General
Under our charter, our authorized capital stock consists of (i) 200,000,000 shares of common stock, $1.50 par value per share, (ii) 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, (iii) 442,532 shares of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock, stated value of $100 per share, (iv) 2,000,000 shares of Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share. and (v) 180,000 shares of 5.5% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share. As of December 31, 2021, there were 20,553,375 shares of Viad common stock outstanding, 141,827 shares of 5.5% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding and no shares of any other series of Viad preferred stock outstanding. All outstanding shares of Viad capital stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
Common Stock
Voting Rights. All shares of our common stock have identical rights and privileges. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters subject to a vote of stockholders, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Accordingly, holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors may elect all of the directors standing for election, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock.
Dividend Rights. Our common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends and distributions declared by our board of directors, to the extent permitted by the terms of outstanding shares of preferred stock, our credit agreement and our charter. If a dividend is declared, it will be distributed pro rata to our common stockholders, unless it is a dividend in kind.
Liquidation Rights. If Viad is liquidated or dissolved, our common stockholders will be entitled to receive our assets and funds available for distribution to common stockholders in proportion to the number of shares they hold. Our common stockholders may not receive any assets or funds until our creditors have been paid in full and any preferential or participating rights of our preferred stockholders have been satisfied.
Other. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is EQ Shareowner Services.
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, which may be issued from time to time in one or more series upon authorization by the board of directors. Our board of directors, without further approval of the stockholders, will be authorized to fix the designation of the series and number of shares within the series, as well as the dividend rights and terms, redemption rights and terms, liquidation preferences, conversion rights and terms, voting rights and terms and any other rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions applicable to each series of preferred stock. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could also adversely affect the voting power and dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could also, under certain circumstances, have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discouraging a third party from acquiring, a majority of our

outstanding voting stock or otherwise adversely affect the market price of our common stock. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock on the rights of holders of common stock until the board of directors determines the specific rights of that series of preferred stock.
You should refer to the certificate of designations establishing a particular series of preferred stock which will be filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with any offering of preferred stock.
Series $4.75 Preferred Stock
Conversion. The shares of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock are not convertible into any other of our securities.
Voting Rights. We must obtain the approval of two-thirds of holders of the outstanding shares of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock in order to:
 
•amend our charter;
 
•materially change the terms of the Series $4.75 Preferred Stock;
 
•issue any class or series of stock ranking prior to the Series $4.75 Preferred Stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights;
 
•sell or lease all or substantially all of our property or business
 
•voluntarily liquidate or dissolve; or
 
•merge or consolidate with or into any other corporation unless the Series $4.75 Preferred Stock will remain outstanding and retain its seniority.
 
We must obtain the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock in order to issue stock ranking equal to the Series $4.75 Preferred Stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights.
If we fail to pay dividends for six quarters, the holders of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock have the right to elect two directors to our board of directors who will serve until all dividend arrearages have been paid.
Dividend Rights. Each share of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock is entitled to cumulative annual dividends from the original issuance of $4.75 per share payable quarterly.
Liquidation Rights. Each share is entitled to a liquidation preference of $100 per share in the event of a voluntary liquidation and $101 per share in the event of an involuntary liquidation, plus, in each case, accrued but unpaid dividends.
Redemption and Sinking Fund. We may redeem the Series $4.75 Preferred Stock at any time, in whole or part, at a redemption price of $101 per share plus accrued but unpaid dividends. We are required to deposit into a sinking fund each year an amount sufficient to redeem 6,000 shares of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock. Alternatively, we may deposit shares of Series $4.75 Preferred Stock we acquire through repurchase or redemption in lieu of depositing the redemption amount. For this purpose, we may not deposit shares redeemed through the sinking fund. Each year we are required to use all funds in the sinking fund to redeem Series $4.75 Preferred Stock. The shares redeemed are chosen by lot.
Junior Participating Preferred Stock
Conversion. The shares of Junior Participating Preferred Stock are not convertible into any other of our securities.
Voting Rights. Holders of Junior Participating Preferred Stock are entitled to 25 votes for each share held on all matters subject to a vote of stockholders, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding senior preferred stock.

We must obtain the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Junior Participating Preferred Stock in order to amend the charter in any manner that would materially alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of the Junior Participating Preferred Stock.
Dividend Rights. Each share of Junior Participating Preferred Stock is entitled to a minimum preferential quarterly dividend payment of $0.25 per share, but is entitled to an aggregate dividend of 25 times the dividend declared per share of common stock.
Liquidation Rights. Each share is entitled to a minimum liquidation preference of $25 per share, but is entitled to an aggregate payment of 25 times the payment made per share of common stock.
Consolidation / Merger Rights. In the event of any merger, consolidation or other transaction in which shares of common stock are exchanged, each share of Junior Participating Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive 25 times the amount received per share of common stock. These rights are protected by customary anti-dilution provisions.
No Redemption. The shares of Junior Participating Preferred Stock are not redeemable.
5.5% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
On August 5, 2020, we entered into an investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with funds managed by private equity firm Crestview Partners, relating to the issuance of 135,000 shares of newly issued Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $135 million or $1,000 per share.
Ranking. With respect to dividends and distributions on liquidation, winding-up and dissolution, the preferred stock ranks (i) senior to the common stock and any other class or series of the Company’s stock whose terms do not expressly provide that such class or series will rank senior to, or equally with, the preferred stock, (ii) on parity with any class or series of the Company’s stock whose terms expressly provide that such class or series will rank equally with the preferred stock and (iii) junior to any class or series of the Company’s stock whose terms expressly provide that such class or series will rank senior to the preferred stock.
Liquidation Rights. Upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, each share of preferred stock will be entitled to receive an amount per share equal to the greater of (i) the liquidation preference and (ii) the amount that the holder of preferred stock would have been entitled to receive at such time if the preferred stock were converted into common stock (without giving effect to any Ownership Limitation (as defined below)) (the “Value of Converted Shares”).
Dividend Rights. The preferred stock will accrue a return on the liquidation preference at the rate of 5.5% per annum, which will be accreted into the liquidation preference on a quarterly basis or, at the option of the Company, payable in cash. The holders are also entitled to participate in dividends declared or paid on the common stock on an as-converted basis.
Conversion Rights. The shares of 5.5% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible into shares of common stock (i) at the option of each holder or (ii) at the Company’s election pursuant to its mandatory conversion right.
Conversion at the Option of the Holders. After the occurrence of August 21, 2020 (the “Antitrust Clearance Date”), each holder has the right, at its option, to convert its preferred stock, in whole or in part, into shares of common stock at an initial conversion price equal to $21.25 per share. The conversion price is subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, including in the event of any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or similar events. The conversion price is also subject to adjustment for certain dilutive issuances of common stock at a price below the then-current market price and repurchases of common stock at a price above the then-current market price.
Mandatory Conversion at the Company’s Election. Subject to certain conditions, the Company may, at its option after August 5, 2023, cause the conversion of all of the outstanding shares of preferred stock to common stock if, for at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date the Company notifies the holders of the Company’s election to mandatorily convert, the daily VWAP of the common stock is at least 200% of the conversion price. The Company will not exercise its right to mandatorily convert all outstanding shares of preferred stock unless certain liquidity conditions with regard to the shares of common stock to be issued upon such conversion are satisfied.
Limitations on Conversion Rights. Pursuant to the terms of the certificate of designations and the Investment Agreement, as applicable, unless and until approval of the Company’s stockholders is obtained as contemplated by NYSE listing rules, (i) Crestview may not convert shares of preferred stock through either an optional or a mandatory

conversion into shares of common stock to the extent that such conversion would result in Crestview, in the aggregate, beneficially owning (without counting any common stock transferred to a non-affiliated holder) in excess of 29.9% of then-outstanding common stock (treating shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of all of the preferred stock as outstanding for this purpose) (such limitation, the “Ownership Limitation”), (ii) Crestview may not exercise its preemptive rights to the extent stockholder approval is required as a result of Crestview’s status as affiliates of the Company or pursuant to the applicable rules and regulations of the NYSE, and (iii) the conversion price of the preferred stock cannot be adjusted below $15.23 in connection with certain dilutive issuances of common stock at a price below the then-current market price and repurchases of common stock at a price above the then-current market price.
Redemption Rights. If the Company undergoes certain change of control transactions, each holder has the right to cause the Company to redeem any or all of the preferred stock for cash consideration equal to the greater of (x) (i) 101% of the liquidation preference thereof at any time on or prior to August 5, 2023 and (ii) 100% of the liquidation preference thereof at any time after August 5, 2023 and (y) the Value of Converted Shares immediately prior to such change of control transaction.
Voting Rights. Following the Antitrust Clearance Date, the holders generally are entitled to vote with the holders of the shares of common stock on all matters submitted for a vote of holders of shares of common stock (voting together with the holders of shares of common stock as one class) on an as-converted basis, subject to the Ownership Limitation. Additionally, certain matters will require the approval of the majority of the outstanding preferred stock, voting as a separate class, including (i) the issuance of any additional preferred stock (other than pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement), Series $4.75 Preferred Stock (as defined in the Company’s charter), any class or series of senior or parity equity-linked securities or any rights, options or warrants to purchase or otherwise acquire any shares of senior or parity equity-linked securities, (ii) amendments, modifications, repeal or waiver of any provision of the Company’s charter or of the certificate of designations that would adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or powers of the preferred stock and (iii) subject to certain customary exceptions, the declaration or payment of any dividends or distributions on, or redemption or repurchase of, any junior securities. Following the Antitrust Clearance Date, the holders of preferred stock are entitled to the exclusive right to vote, as a separate class, to elect the directors designated by Crestview pursuant to the terms of the stockholders agreement dated August 5, 2020 (the “Stockholders Agreement”).
Registration Rights. The Company and each of the Crestview Partners (together with certain subsidiaries party to the Registration Rights Agreement, “Crestview”) entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which, among other things, the Company granted Crestview certain registration rights with respect to its Registrable Securities. “Registrable Securities” means (a) any shares of common stock now owned or hereafter acquired (in compliance with the terms of the Investment Agreement and the Stockholders Agreement), including any Conversion Shares, (b) any other shares of common stock issued in respect of preemptive rights of Crestview and (c) any common stock or other securities actually issued in respect of the securities described in clauses (a) or (b) above or this clause (c) upon any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, reclassification, merger, consolidation or similar event.
Under the Registration Rights Agreement, the Company is required to use its reasonable best efforts to file, at least 90 days prior to February 5, 2022, a registration statement for a shelf registration on Form S-3, or, if the Company is ineligible to use a Form S-3, another appropriate form, covering the resale of the Registrable Securities on a delayed or continuous basis (the “Resale Shelf Registration Statement”). If the Resale Shelf Registration Statement ceases to be effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, while Registrable Securities are still outstanding, the Company must use its reasonable best efforts to cause the Resale Shelf Registration Statement to be effective again or file an additional shelf registration statement.
Demand Registration Rights. After the Resale Shelf Registration Statement becomes effective, Crestview is entitled to five demand registrations to sell its Registrable Securities pursuant to an underwritten offering, with no more than two in any 12-month period, as long as the anticipated gross proceeds of such underwritten offering are not less than $25,000,000 or include all remaining Registrable Securities.
Piggyback Registration Rights. If at any time the Company determines to file a registration statement with respect to an offering or to make an underwritten public offering pursuant to a previously filed registration statement of its common stock, whether or not for its own account, Crestview will have piggyback registration rights pursuant to which Crestview may require the inclusion of some or all of its Registrable Securities in such registration. In any such

registration that is an underwritten offering, to the extent requested by the underwriters, the Company may reduce the number of Crestview’s Registrable Securities to be included in any such registration.
Expenses of Registration, Restrictions and Indemnification. The Company will pay all of the reasonable and documented fees and expenses incurred in connection with the registration rights described above. The Company will not be obligated to pay underwriting discounts, selling commissions or stock transfer taxes applicable to the securities registered by Crestview.
The Registration Rights Agreement provides for customary registration rights indemnification by each of the Company and Crestview.
Lock-Up Agreement. From August 5, 2020 through February 5, 2022, Crestview may not transfer any of the preferred shares purchased pursuant to the Investment Agreement (“Purchased Shares”) or common stock issued upon conversion of the Purchased Shares (the “Conversion Shares”) to any person without the prior written consent of the Company, except Crestview may transfer Purchased Shares and Conversion Shares (i) to (a) any affiliate of Crestview, (b) any successor entity of such Crestview or (c) any investment fund, vehicle or similar entity of which Crestview, or any affiliate, advisor or manager of Crestview serves as a general partner, manager or advisor or any successor entity to the person described in this subclause (c), (ii) pursuant to an amalgamation, merger, tender or exchange offer, business combination, acquisition of assets or similar transaction involving the Company or any of its affiliates or any transaction resulting in a change of control of the Company or (iii) following commencement by the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries of bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceedings. The restrictions on transfer in the Investment Agreement do not prohibit liens on Purchased Shares or Conversion Shares, or any exercise of remedies with respect thereto. Subject to certain exceptions, Crestview also agreed that it would not knowingly transfer Purchased Shares or Conversion Shares to (I) certain competitors of the Company or (II) any person who would, upon consummation of such transfer, beneficially own 5% or more of common stock on an as-converted basis.
Preemptive Rights. If the Company intends to issue new equity securities for cash to any person, then Crestview, as long as it holds, in the aggregate, record and beneficial ownership of, on an as-converted basis, at least 50% of the preferred shares acquired on August 5, 2020 (the “Initial Share Ownership”), has the right to participate in such equity offering on a pro rata basis, subject to customary exceptions.
Voting Agreement. Under the Stockholders Agreement, after the Antitrust Clearance Date and until the Sunset Date (defined below), Crestview has agreed to vote any shares of then held by them (i) in favor of each director nominated or recommended by the board of directors for election at any such meeting, and against the removal of any director who has been elected following nomination or recommendation by the board of directors, (ii) against any stockholder nomination for director that is not approved and recommended by the board of directors for election at any such meeting and (iii) in favor of stockholder approval, as contemplated by NYSE listing rules, as may be reasonably required for all equity interests beneficially owned by Crestview, its affiliates and permitted transferees, including shares of preferred stock, shares of common stock issued upon conversion of such preferred stock, and other shares of common stock owned, directly or indirectly, of record or beneficially by Crestview, its affiliates and permitted transferees. Crestview also agreed to vote any shares then held, regardless of class of shares, in excess of 34.9% of the then-outstanding common stock (treating shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of all of the preferred stock as outstanding for this purpose) in the same proportion as the non-Crestview stockholders of the Company.
Standstill Agreements. Subject to certain customary exceptions, Crestview is prohibited from, among other things, (i) acquiring equity securities of the Company in excess of 2,500,000 shares of common stock in the aggregate, (ii) effecting an acquisition, by tender or exchange offer, merger, amalgamation or a similar business combination, of the Company and (iii) soliciting proxies or seeking a director/management change in the Company until the later of (x) three years after the date of the Stockholders Agreement and (y) such time as Crestview holds, in the aggregate, record and beneficial ownership of, on an as-converted basis, less than 33% of the Initial Share Ownership (the “Sunset Date”). In addition, Crestview is prohibited from engaging in any short sale or any purchase, sale or grant of any security that includes, relates to or derives any significant part of its value from a decline in the market price or value of the Company’s securities.
Provisions of the Charter and Bylaws that May Have an Anti-Takeover Effect
Certain provisions in the charter and the bylaws, as well as Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), may have the effect of discouraging transactions that involve an actual or threatened change in control of Viad. In addition,

provisions of the charter, the bylaws and the DGCL may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, deter or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider to be in its best interests.
 
Special Meetings of Stockholders. A special meeting of stockholders may only be called by the chairman of the board or by a majority of the board of directors. No stockholder or other person may call any such special meeting.
No Written Consent of Stockholders. Any action taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly held meeting of stockholders and may not be effected by the written consent of such stockholders.
Blank Check Preferred Stock. The charter contains provisions that permit our board of directors to issue, without any further vote or action by the stockholders, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and, with respect to each such series, to fix the number of shares constituting the series and the designation of the series, the voting powers, if any, of the shares of the series, and the preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions, of the shares of such series. Such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers or takeover attempts.
Advance Notice of Stockholder Action at a Meeting. Stockholders seeking to nominate directors or to bring business before a stockholder meeting must comply with certain timing requirements and submit certain information to us in advance of such meeting.
Business Combinations. We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL. Subject to certain exceptions, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, unless the interested stockholder attained such status with the approval of the corporation’s board of directors or the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. A business combination includes, among other things, a merger or consolidation.
Elimination of Liability in Certain Circumstances
Our charter eliminates the liability of our directors to us or our stockholders for monetary damages resulting from breaches of their fiduciary duties as directors. Directors remain liable for breaches of their duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders, as well as for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, and transactions from which a director derives improper personal benefit. Our charter does not absolve directors of liability for payment of dividends or stock purchases or redemptions by us in violation of Section 174 (or any successor provision) of the DGCL.
The effect of this provision is to eliminate the personal liability of directors for monetary damages for actions involving a breach of their fiduciary duty of care, including any such actions involving gross negligence. We do not believe that this provision eliminates the liability of our directors to us or our stockholders for monetary damages under the federal securities laws. The charter and bylaws also provide indemnification for the benefit of our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL as it may be amended from time to time, including most circumstances under which indemnification otherwise would be discretionary.

Exhibit 21
Viad Corp
Foreign and Domestic Subsidiaries

Company Name	Jurisdiction	
2121885 Alberta Ltd.	Canada	
2187587 Alberta Ltd.	Canada	
2195137 Alberta Ltd.	Canada	
Alaskan Park Properties, Inc.	Arizona	
Banff Hospitality Residence Ltd.	Canada	
Banff-Jasper Collection Holding Corp.	Canada	
Blitz Communications Group Limited	United Kingdom	
Blitz Communications Limited	United Kingdom	
Brewster Inc.	Canada	
Brewster Travel Canada Inc.	Canada	
CATC Alaska Tourism Corporation	Alaska	
Esja Attractions ehf.	Iceland	
ESR Exposition Service, Inc.	New Jersey	
Expo Accessories, Inc.	New York	
Expo Display & Design, Inc.	New Jersey	
Exposervice Polska Spzoo	Poland	
FlyOver Attractions, Inc.	Delaware	
FlyOver Canada, Inc.	Canada	
Flyover Iceland ehf.	Iceland	
FlyOver Las Vegas LLC	Delaware	
FlyOver Vancouver, Inc	Canada	
G E S Global Experience Specialists Carpentry L.L.C.	United Arab Emirates	
GES Canada Limited	Canada	
GES Event Intelligence AG	Switzerland	
GES Event Intelligence Ltd.	United Kingdom	
GES Event Intelligence Services Limited	United Kingdom	
GES Event Intelligence Services, Inc.	Delaware	
GES Global Experience Specialists Events L.L.C.	United Arab Emirates	
GES GmbH & Co. KG	Germany	
GES Service Companies Limited	United Kingdom	
GES Verwaltungs GmbH	Germany	
Glacier Park, Inc.	Arizona	
Global Experience Specialists (GES) Asia Limited	Hong Kong	
Global Experience Specialists (GES) Exhibition Services L.L.C.	United Arab Emirates	
Global Experience Specialists (GES) Holdings Ltd.	United Kingdom	
Global Experience Specialists (GES) Limited	United Kingdom	
Global Experience Specialists (GES) Logistics GmbH	Germany	
Global Experience Specialists, Inc.	Nevada	
N200 Holding B.V.	Netherlands	
N200.com B.V.	Netherlands	
ON Services - AV Specialists, Inc.	Delaware	
onPeak LLC	Delaware	
GES Event Intelligence S.R.L.	Romania	
Pursuit Collection, Inc.	Delaware	
Pursuit Iceland ehf	Iceland	
Pursuit Investment Holdings, Inc.	Delaware	
Saudi Global Experience Specialists for Preparing and Organizing Exhibitions	United Arab Emirates	
Telecast Communications (Audio Visual) Limited	United Kingdom	
Tradeshow Convention Services Inc.	Washington	
Travel and Event Services, LLC	Delaware	

		
Viad Holding GmbH	Germany	
Viad Service Companies Limited	United Kingdom	
VREC, Inc.	Delaware	
Waterton Transport Company, Limited	Canada	

 

Exhibit 23
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-254540 on Form S-3 and Registration Statement No. 333-218682 on Form S-8 of our reports dated February 25, 2022, relating to the financial statements of Viad Corp and subsidiaries and the effectiveness of Viad Corp and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Viad Corp for the year ended December 31, 2021.

		
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP	 	
 	
Phoenix, Arizona	
February 25, 2022	

Exhibit 24
Power of Attorney
KNOW ALL BY THESE PRESENTS, that each director whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Steven W. Moster and Ellen M. Ingersoll, and each of them severally, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign the Form 10-K Annual Report of Viad Corp for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their or her substitutes or substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Power of Attorney has been signed on this 22nd day of February 2022, by the following persons:

 	
/s/ Beverly K. Carmichael	 	/s/ Virginia L. Henkels	
Beverly K. Carmichael	 	Virginia L. Henkels	
Director of Viad Corp	 	Director of Viad Corp	
 	 	 	
/s/ Brian P. Cassidy	 	/s/ Edward E. Mace	
Brian P. Cassidy	 	Edward E. Mace	
Director of Viad Corp	 	Director of Viad Corp	
 	 	 	
/s/ Denise M. Coll	 	/s/ Kevin M. Rabbit	
Denise M. Coll	 	Kevin M. Rabbit	
Director of Viad Corp	 	Director of Viad Corp	
 	 	 	
/s/ Richard H. Dozer	 	/s/ Joshua E. Schechter	
Richard H. Dozer	 	Joshua E. Schechter	
Director of Viad Corp	 	Director of Viad Corp	

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Steven W. Moster, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Viad Corp;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 25, 2022	 	By: /s/ Steven W. Moster	
 	 	Steven W. Moster	
 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	

Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Ellen M. Ingersoll, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Viad Corp;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 25, 2022	 	By: /s/ Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	 	Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	 	Chief Financial Officer	

Exhibit 32.1
Certifications of
Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant To 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant To Section 906 of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Steven W. Moster, Chief Executive Officer of Viad Corp, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that Viad Corp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in Viad Corp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, Viad Corp’s financial condition and results of operations.

 	
 	 	 	 	 	
Date: February 25, 2022	By: /s/ Steven W. Moster	
 	Steven W. Moster	
 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 
I, Ellen M. Ingersoll, Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that Viad Corp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in Viad Corp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, Viad Corp’s financial condition and results of operations.

 	
 	 	 	 	 	
Date: February 25, 2022	By: /s/ Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	Ellen M. Ingersoll	
 	Chief Financial Officer