CONSUMERS ENERGY CO, 10-Q filed on 4/24/2025
Quarterly Report
v3.25.1
Cover Page - shares
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Apr. 07, 2025
Document Information [Line Items]    
Document Type 10-Q  
Document Quarterly Report true  
Document Period End Date Mar. 31, 2025  
Current Fiscal Year End Date --12-31  
Document Transition Report false  
Entity File Number 1-9513  
Entity Registrant Name CMS ENERGY CORPORATION  
Entity Tax Identification Number 38-2726431  
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code MI  
Entity Address, Address Line One One Energy Plaza  
Entity Address, City or Town Jackson  
Entity Address, State or Province MI  
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 49201  
City Area Code 517  
Local Phone Number 788-0550  
Entity Current Reporting Status Yes  
Entity Interactive Data Current Yes  
Entity Filer Category Large Accelerated Filer  
Entity Small Business false  
Entity Emerging Growth Company false  
Entity Shell Company false  
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding   299,123,745
Entity Central Index Key 0000811156  
Document Fiscal Year Focus 2025  
Document Fiscal Period Focus Q1  
Amendment Flag false  
Consumers Energy Company    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Entity File Number 1-5611  
Entity Registrant Name CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY  
Entity Tax Identification Number 38-0442310  
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code MI  
Entity Address, Address Line One One Energy Plaza  
Entity Address, City or Town Jackson  
Entity Address, State or Province MI  
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 49201  
City Area Code 517  
Local Phone Number 788-0550  
Entity Current Reporting Status Yes  
Entity Interactive Data Current Yes  
Entity Filer Category Non-accelerated Filer  
Entity Small Business false  
Entity Emerging Growth Company false  
Entity Shell Company false  
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding   84,108,789
Entity Central Index Key 0000201533  
CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock, $0.01 par value    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Title of 12(b) Security CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock  
Trading Symbol CMS  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2078    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Title of 12(b) Security CMS Energy Corporation 5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078  
Trading Symbol CMSA  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2078    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Title of 12(b) Security CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078  
Trading Symbol CMSC  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2079    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Title of 12(b) Security CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2079  
Trading Symbol CMSD  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
CMS Energy Corporation Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 4.200% Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Title of 12(b) Security CMS Energy Corporation Depositary Shares  
Trading Symbol CMS PRC  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series    
Document Information [Line Items]    
Title of 12(b) Security Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series  
Trading Symbol CMS-PB  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Operating Revenue $ 2,447 $ 2,176
Operating Expenses    
Fuel for electric generation 217 156
Purchased power – related parties 18 18
Maintenance and other operating expenses 405 402
Depreciation and amortization 388 368
General taxes 162 155
Total operating expenses 1,953 1,764
Operating Income 494 412
Other Income (Expense)    
Non-operating retirement benefits, net 42 44
Other income 14 44
Other expense (6) (2)
Total other income 50 86
Interest Charges    
Interest on long-term debt 187 172
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction (3) 0
Total interest charges 186 177
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 358 321
Income Tax Expense 63 58
Net Income 295 263
Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests (9) (24)
Net Income 304 287
Preferred Stock Dividends 2 2
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders $ 302 $ 285
Basic Earnings Per Average Common Share (in dollars per share) $ 1.01 $ 0.96
Diluted Earnings Per Average Common Share (in dollars per share) $ 1.01 $ 0.96
Related Party    
Interest Charges    
Other interest expense $ 3 $ 3
Nonrelated Party    
Interest Charges    
Other interest expense (1)  
Other interest expense   2
Purchased and interchange power    
Operating Expenses    
Cost of goods and services sold 380 314
Cost of gas sold    
Operating Expenses    
Cost of goods and services sold $ 383 $ 351
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]    
Net Income $ 295 $ 263
Retirement Benefits Liability    
Amortization of net actuarial loss 0 1
Other Comprehensive Income 0 1
Comprehensive Income 295 264
Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests (9) (24)
Comprehensive Income $ 304 $ 288
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]    
Amortization of net actuarial loss, tax $ 0 $ 0
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Cash Flows from Operating Activities    
Net Income $ 295 $ 263
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities    
Depreciation and amortization 388 368
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits 60 51
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments (46) (36)
Changes in assets and liabilities    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue (5) 27
Inventories 190 259
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds 13 (69)
Other current assets and liabilities 41 (1)
Other non‑current assets and liabilities 64 94
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,000 956
Cash Flows from Investing Activities    
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease) (888) (613)
Cost to retire property and other investing activities (30) (24)
Net cash used in investing activities (918) (637)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities    
Proceeds from issuance of debt 1,200 599
Retirement of debt (717) (319)
Decrease in notes payable (65) (93)
Issuance of common stock 3 272
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock (166) (156)
Proceeds from the sale of membership interests in VIEs 44 0
Other financing costs (33) (9)
Net cash provided by financing activities 266 294
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts 348 613
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period 178 248
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period 526 861
Non‑cash transactions    
Capital expenditures not paid $ 315 $ 156
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Current Assets    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 465 $ 103
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 61 75
Inventories at average cost    
Gas in underground storage 247 435
Materials and supplies 310 299
Generating plant fuel stock 23 35
Deferred property taxes 360 448
Regulatory assets 173 229
Prepayments and other current assets 115 103
Total current assets 2,782 2,790
Plant, Property, and Equipment    
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 35,281 34,932
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 9,798 9,569
Plant, property, and equipment, net 25,483 25,363
Construction work in progress 2,420 2,098
Total plant, property, and equipment 27,903 27,461
Other Non‑current Assets    
Regulatory assets 3,543 3,569
Accounts receivable 20 20
Investments 71 69
Postretirement benefits 1,666 1,627
Other 310 384
Total other non‑current assets 5,610 5,669
Total Assets 36,295 35,920
Current Liabilities    
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases 707 1,195
Notes payable 0 65
Accrued rate refunds 2 38
Accrued interest 168 156
Accrued taxes 474 654
Regulatory liabilities 99 111
Other current liabilities 226 209
Total current liabilities 2,627 3,521
Non‑current Liabilities    
Long-term debt 16,148 15,194
Non-current portion of finance leases 111 112
Regulatory liabilities 4,173 4,067
Postretirement benefits 95 96
Asset retirement obligations 725 728
Deferred investment tax credit 121 122
Deferred income taxes 3,002 2,925
Other non‑current liabilities 370 407
Total non‑current liabilities 24,745 23,651
Commitments and Contingencies
Common stockholders’ equity    
Common stock 3 3
Other paid-in capital 5,975 6,009
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (41) (41)
Retained earnings 2,174 2,035
Total common stockholders’ equity 8,111 8,006
Cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock 224 224
Total stockholders’ equity 8,335 8,230
Noncontrolling interests 588 518
Total equity 8,923 8,748
Total Liabilities and Equity 36,295 35,920
Nonrelated Party    
Current Assets    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $29 in 2025 and $23 in 2024 1,016 1,049
Current Liabilities    
Accounts payable 943 1,085
Related Party    
Current Assets    
Accounts receivable – related parties 12 14
Current Liabilities    
Accounts payable $ 8 $ 8
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($)
shares in Millions, $ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, allowance $ 29 $ 23
Common stock authorized (in shares) 350.0 350.0
Common stock outstanding (in shares) 299.1 298.8
Series C Preferred Stock Depositary Shares    
Preferred stock authorized (in shares) 9.2 9.2
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares) 9.2 9.2
v3.25.1
CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Total
Common Stock
Other Paid-in Capital
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Retirement benefits liability
Retained Earnings
Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C
Noncontrolling Interests
Total Equity at Beginning of Period at Dec. 31, 2023 $ 8,125 $ 3 $ 5,705   $ (46) $ 1,658 $ 224 $ 581
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]                
Common stock issued     281          
Common stock repurchased     (11)          
Sale of membership interests in VIEs     0         0
Amortization of net actuarial loss 1       1      
Net income (loss) 263         287   (24)
Dividends declared on common stock           (154)    
Dividends declared on preferred stock           (2)    
Other changes in noncontrolling interests               3
Total Equity at End of Period at Mar. 31, 2024 $ 8,506 3 5,975 $ (45)   1,789 224 560
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]                
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share) $ 0.5150              
Dividends declared per preferred stock Series C depositary share (in dollars per share) $ 0.2625              
Total Equity at Beginning of Period at Dec. 31, 2024 $ 8,748 3 6,009   (41) 2,035 224 518
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]                
Common stock issued     12          
Common stock repurchased     (12)          
Sale of membership interests in VIEs     (34)         78
Amortization of net actuarial loss 0       $ 0      
Net income (loss) 295         304   (9)
Dividends declared on common stock           (163)    
Dividends declared on preferred stock           (2)    
Other changes in noncontrolling interests               1
Total Equity at End of Period at Mar. 31, 2025 $ 8,923 $ 3 $ 5,975 $ (41)   $ 2,174 $ 224 $ 588
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]                
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share) $ 0.5425              
Dividends declared per preferred stock Series C depositary share (in dollars per share) $ 0.2625              
v3.25.1
Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Operating Revenue $ 2,447 $ 2,176
Operating Expenses    
Operating Income 494 412
Other Income (Expense)    
Non-operating retirement benefits, net 42 44
Other income 14 44
Other expense (6) (2)
Total other income 50 86
Interest Charges    
Interest on long-term debt 187 172
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction (3) 0
Total interest charges 186 177
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 358 321
Income Tax Expense 63 58
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 302 285
Related Party    
Interest Charges    
Other interest expense 3 3
Nonrelated Party    
Interest Charges    
Other interest expense   2
Consumers Energy Company    
Operating Revenue 2,348 2,097
Operating Expenses    
Fuel for electric generation 193 125
Purchased and interchange power 335 306
Purchased power – related parties 18 18
Cost of gas sold 382 350
Maintenance and other operating expenses 373 378
Depreciation and amortization 375 356
General taxes 159 152
Total operating expenses 1,835 1,685
Operating Income 513 412
Other Income (Expense)    
Non-operating retirement benefits, net 39 41
Other income 10 17
Other expense (3) (2)
Total other income 46 56
Interest Charges    
Interest on long-term debt 122 121
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction (2) 0
Total interest charges 130 129
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 429 339
Income Tax Expense 83 64
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 346 275
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party    
Interest Charges    
Other interest expense 10 6
Consumers Energy Company | Nonrelated Party    
Interest Charges    
Other interest expense $ 0 $ 2
v3.25.1
Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Net Income $ 304 $ 287
Other Comprehensive Income 0 1
Comprehensive Income 304 288
Consumers Energy Company    
Net Income 346 275
Other Comprehensive Income 0 0
Comprehensive Income $ 346 $ 275
v3.25.1
Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Cash Flows from Operating Activities    
Net Income $ 295 $ 263
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities    
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits 60 51
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments (46) (36)
Changes in assets and liabilities    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue (5) 27
Inventories 190 259
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds 13 (69)
Other current assets and liabilities 41 (1)
Other non‑current assets and liabilities 64 94
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,000 956
Cash Flows from Investing Activities    
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease) (888) (613)
Cost to retire property and other investing activities (30) (24)
Net cash used in investing activities (918) (637)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities    
Proceeds from issuance of debt 1,200 599
Retirement of debt (717) (319)
Increase (decrease) in notes payable (65) (93)
Other financing costs (33) (9)
Net cash provided by financing activities 266 294
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts 348 613
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period 178 248
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period 526 861
Non‑cash transactions    
Capital expenditures not paid 315 156
Consumers Energy Company    
Cash Flows from Operating Activities    
Net Income 346 275
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities    
Depreciation and amortization 375 356
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits 61 52
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments (43) (16)
Changes in assets and liabilities    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue 5 28
Inventories 187 258
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds 39 (57)
Other current assets and liabilities 9 (6)
Other non‑current assets and liabilities 52 89
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,031 979
Cash Flows from Investing Activities    
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease) (769) (584)
Cost to retire property and other investing activities (31) (23)
Net cash used in investing activities (800) (607)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities    
Proceeds from issuance of debt 0 599
Retirement of debt (42) 0
Increase (decrease) in notes payable (65) (93)
Stockholder contribution 150 320
Return of stockholder contribution 0 (320)
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock (271) (265)
Other financing costs (1) (3)
Net cash provided by financing activities (229) 238
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts 2 610
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period 119 56
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period 121 666
Non‑cash transactions    
Capital expenditures not paid $ 249 $ 152
v3.25.1
Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Current Assets    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 465 $ 103
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 61 75
Inventories at average cost    
Gas in underground storage 247 435
Materials and supplies 310 299
Generating plant fuel stock 23 35
Deferred property taxes 360 448
Regulatory assets 173 229
Prepayments and other current assets 115 103
Total current assets 2,782 2,790
Other Non‑current Assets    
Regulatory assets 3,543 3,569
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties 20 20
Postretirement benefits 1,666 1,627
Other 310 384
Total other non‑current assets 5,610 5,669
Total Assets 36,295 35,920
Current Liabilities    
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases 707 1,195
Notes payable 0 65
Accrued rate refunds 2 38
Accrued interest 168 156
Accrued taxes 474 654
Regulatory liabilities 99 111
Other current liabilities 226 209
Total current liabilities 2,627 3,521
Non‑current Liabilities    
Long-term debt 16,148 15,194
Non-current portion of finance leases 111 112
Regulatory liabilities 4,173 4,067
Postretirement benefits 95 96
Asset retirement obligations 725 728
Deferred investment tax credit 121 122
Deferred income taxes 3,002 2,925
Other non‑current liabilities 370 407
Total non‑current liabilities 24,745 23,651
Commitments and Contingencies
Common stockholders’ equity    
Common stock 3 3
Other paid-in capital 5,975 6,009
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (41) (41)
Retained earnings 2,174 2,035
Total common stockholders’ equity 8,111 8,006
Cumulative preferred stock 224 224
Total stockholders’ equity 8,335 8,230
Total Liabilities and Equity 36,295 35,920
Nonrelated Party    
Current Assets    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $29 in 2025 and $23 in 2024 1,016 1,049
Current Liabilities    
Accounts payable 943 1,085
Related Party    
Current Liabilities    
Accounts payable 8 8
Consumers Energy Company    
Current Assets    
Cash and cash equivalents 61 44
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 60 75
Inventories at average cost    
Gas in underground storage 247 435
Materials and supplies 302 291
Generating plant fuel stock 21 30
Deferred property taxes 360 448
Regulatory assets 173 229
Prepayments and other current assets 94 86
Total current assets 2,310 2,674
Plant, Property, and Equipment    
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 33,782 33,434
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 9,525 9,310
Plant, property, and equipment, net 24,257 24,124
Construction work in progress 1,990 1,766
Total plant, property, and equipment 26,247 25,890
Other Non‑current Assets    
Regulatory assets 3,543 3,569
Postretirement benefits 1,550 1,514
Other 262 323
Total other non‑current assets 5,472 5,524
Total Assets 34,029 34,088
Current Liabilities    
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases 458 456
Notes payable 0 65
Accrued rate refunds 2 38
Accrued interest 125 130
Accrued taxes 515 678
Regulatory liabilities 99 111
Other current liabilities 162 185
Total current liabilities 2,209 2,592
Non‑current Liabilities    
Non-current portion of finance leases 68 69
Regulatory liabilities 4,173 4,067
Postretirement benefits 69 70
Asset retirement obligations 691 694
Deferred investment tax credit 121 122
Deferred income taxes 3,130 3,053
Other non‑current liabilities 313 349
Total non‑current liabilities 20,164 20,065
Commitments and Contingencies
Common stockholders’ equity    
Common stock 841 841
Other paid-in capital 8,324 8,174
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (11) (11)
Retained earnings 2,465 2,390
Total common stockholders’ equity 11,619 11,394
Cumulative preferred stock 37 37
Total stockholders’ equity 11,656 11,431
Total Liabilities and Equity 34,029 34,088
Consumers Energy Company | Nonrelated Party    
Current Assets    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $29 in 2025 and $23 in 2024 982 1,019
Other Non‑current Assets    
Accounts receivable 26 26
Current Liabilities    
Accounts payable 832 917
Non‑current Liabilities    
Long-term debt 10,776 10,818
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party    
Current Assets    
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties 10 17
Other Non‑current Assets    
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties 91 92
Current Liabilities    
Accounts payable 16 12
Non‑current Liabilities    
Long-term debt $ 823 $ 823
v3.25.1
Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)
shares in Millions, $ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, allowance $ 29 $ 23
Common stock authorized (in shares) 350.0 350.0
Common stock outstanding (in shares) 299.1 298.8
Consumers Energy Company    
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, allowance $ 29 $ 23
Common stock authorized (in shares) 125.0 125.0
Common stock outstanding (in shares) 84.1 84.1
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) $ 4.50 $ 4.50
Preferred stock authorized (in shares) 7.5 7.5
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares) 0.4 0.4
v3.25.1
Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Total
Common Stock
Other Paid-in Capital
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Retained Earnings
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Consumers Energy Company
Consumers Energy Company
Common Stock
Consumers Energy Company
Other Paid-in Capital
Consumers Energy Company
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Consumers Energy Company
Retained Earnings
Consumers Energy Company
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Total Equity at Beginning of Period at Dec. 31, 2023 $ 8,125 $ 3 $ 5,705   $ 1,658 $ 224 $ 10,800 $ 841 $ 7,759 $ (15) $ 2,178 $ 37
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]                        
Stockholder contribution                 320      
Return of stockholder contribution                 (320)      
Net Income 287           275       275  
Dividends declared on common stock         (154)           (265)  
Total Equity at End of Period at Mar. 31, 2024 8,506 3 5,975 $ (45) 1,789 224 10,810 841 7,759 (15) 2,188 37
Total Equity at Beginning of Period at Dec. 31, 2024 8,748 3 6,009   2,035 224 11,431 841 8,174 (11) 2,390 37
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]                        
Stockholder contribution                 150      
Return of stockholder contribution                 0      
Net Income 304           346       346  
Dividends declared on common stock         (163)           (271)  
Total Equity at End of Period at Mar. 31, 2025 $ 8,923 $ 3 $ 5,975 $ (41) $ 2,174 $ 224 $ 11,656 $ 841 $ 8,324 $ (11) $ 2,465 $ 37
v3.25.1
Regulatory Matters
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]  
Regulatory Matters Regulatory Matters
Regulatory matters are critical to Consumers. The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, residential customer advocacy groups, environmental organizations, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers, such as Consumers’ rate cases and power supply cost recovery and gas cost recovery processes. Intervenors also participate in certain FERC matters, including FERC’s regulation of certain wholesale rates that affect Consumers’ power supply costs. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders. Depending upon the specific issues, the outcomes of rate cases and proceedings, including judicial proceedings challenging MPSC and FERC orders or other actions, could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings.
Consumers Energy Company  
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]  
Regulatory Matters Regulatory Matters
Regulatory matters are critical to Consumers. The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, residential customer advocacy groups, environmental organizations, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers, such as Consumers’ rate cases and power supply cost recovery and gas cost recovery processes. Intervenors also participate in certain FERC matters, including FERC’s regulation of certain wholesale rates that affect Consumers’ power supply costs. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders. Depending upon the specific issues, the outcomes of rate cases and proceedings, including judicial proceedings challenging MPSC and FERC orders or other actions, could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings.
v3.25.1
Contingencies and Commitments
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Other Commitments [Line Items]  
Contingencies and Commitments Contingencies and Commitments
CMS Energy and Consumers are involved in various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. Depending on the specific issues, the resolution of these contingencies could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In their disclosures of these matters, CMS Energy and Consumers provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss when such an estimate can be made. Disclosures stating that CMS Energy or Consumers cannot predict the outcome of a matter indicate that they are unable to estimate a possible loss or range of loss for the matter.
CMS Energy Contingencies
Bay Harbor: CMS Land retained environmental remediation obligations for the collection and treatment of leachate at Bay Harbor after selling its interests in the development in 2002. Leachate is produced when water enters into cement kiln dust piles left over from former cement plant operations at the site. In 2012, CMS Land and EGLE finalized an agreement establishing the final remedies and the future water quality criteria at the site. CMS Land completed all construction necessary to implement the remedies required by the agreement and will continue to maintain and operate a system to discharge treated leachate into Little Traverse Bay under an NPDES permit, which is valid through 2025. CMS Land submitted a renewal request in March 2025, and will continue to operate under the existing permit until a renewal is issued.
At March 31, 2025, CMS Energy had a recorded liability of $48 million for its remaining obligations for environmental remediation. CMS Energy calculated this liability based on discounted projected costs, using a discount rate of 4.34 percent and an inflation rate of one percent on annual operating and maintenance costs. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $60 million. CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs during the remainder of 2025 and in each of the next five years:
In Millions
202520262027202820292030
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs$4 $4 $4 $4 $4 $4 
CMS Energy’s estimate of response activity costs and the timing of expenditures could change if there are changes in circumstances or assumptions used in calculating the liability. Although a liability for its present estimate of remaining response activity costs has been recorded, CMS Energy cannot predict the ultimate financial impact or outcome of this matter.
Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies
Electric Environmental Matters: Consumers’ operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations. Historically, Consumers has generally been able to recover, in customer rates, the costs to operate its facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations.
Cleanup and Solid Waste: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. Consumers believes that these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome. Consumers estimates its liability for NREPA sites for which it can estimate a range of loss to be between $4 million and $5 million. At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a
recorded liability of $4 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable NREPA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
Consumers is a potentially responsible party at a number of contaminated sites administered under CERCLA. CERCLA liability is joint and several. In 2010, Consumers received official notification from the EPA that identified Consumers as a potentially responsible party for cleanup of PCBs at the Kalamazoo River CERCLA site. The notification claimed that the EPA had reason to believe that Consumers disposed of PCBs and arranged for the disposal and treatment of PCB-containing materials at portions of the site. In 2011, Consumers received a follow-up letter from the EPA requesting that Consumers agree to participate in a removal action plan along with several other companies for an area of lower Portage Creek, which is connected to the Kalamazoo River. All parties asked to participate in the removal action plan, including Consumers, declined to accept liability. Until further information is received from the EPA, Consumers is unable to estimate a range of potential liability for cleanup of the river.
Based on its experience, Consumers estimates its share of the total liability for known CERCLA sites to be between $3 million and $8 million. Various factors, including the number and creditworthiness of potentially responsible parties involved with each site, affect Consumers’ share of the total liability. At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million for its share of the total liability at these sites, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable CERCLA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
The timing of payments related to Consumers’ remediation and other response activities at its CERCLA and NREPA sites is uncertain. Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. A change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, different remediation techniques, the nature and extent of contamination, and legal and regulatory requirements, could affect its estimates of NREPA and CERCLA liability.
Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: Consumers and DTE Electric, co-owners of Ludington, entered into a 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with Toshiba International Corporation, under which Toshiba International Corporation contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. Toshiba International Corporation later assigned the contract and all of its obligations to TAES. TAES’ work under the contract was incomplete, defective, and non‑conforming. Consumers and DTE Electric repeatedly documented TAES’ failure to perform under the contract and demanded that TAES provide a comprehensive plan to resolve those matters, including adherence to its warranty commitments and other contractual obligations. Consumers and DTE Electric engaged in extensive efforts to resolve these issues with TAES, including a formal demand to TAES’ parent, Toshiba, under a parent guaranty it provided. TAES did not provide a comprehensive plan or otherwise meet its performance obligations. As a result of TAES’ defaults, Consumers and DTE Electric terminated the contract.
In order to enforce their rights under the contract and parent guaranty, and to pursue appropriate damages, Consumers and DTE Electric filed a complaint against TAES and Toshiba in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in 2022. TAES and Toshiba filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, along with an answer and counterclaims seeking approximately $15 million in damages related to payments allegedly owed under the parties’ contract. As a co-owner of Ludington, Consumers would be liable for 51 percent of any such damages, if liability and damages were proven. The court denied the motion to dismiss filed by TAES and Toshiba. The parties are engaged in ongoing litigation pursuant to a court-ordered schedule. Consumers believes the counterclaims filed by TAES and Toshiba are without merit, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
In 2023, Toshiba announced that TBJH became the majority shareholder and new parent company of Toshiba through a common stock purchase. TBJH is a subsidiary of a Japanese private equity firm. Consumers and DTE Electric continue to monitor this development, but do not believe that this affects their rights under the parent guaranty provided by Toshiba.
In 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ and DTE Electric’s jointly-filed request for authority to defer as a regulatory asset the costs associated with repairing or replacing the defective work performed by TAES while the litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward. Although litigation is ongoing, Consumers currently estimates that its share of repair, replacement, and other damages resulting from TAES’ defective work is approximately $350 million, which may be offset in part or entirely by any potential future litigation proceeds received from TAES or Toshiba. Consumers and DTE Electric will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation, including any amounts not recovered from TAES or Toshiba, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of such proceedings.
Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies
Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. These sites include 23 former MGP facilities. Consumers operated the facilities on these sites for some part of their operating lives. For some of these sites, Consumers has no present ownership interest or may own only a portion of the original site.
At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a recorded liability of $60 million for its remaining obligations for these sites. Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs during the remainder of 2025 and in each of the next five years:
In Millions
202520262027202820292030
Remediation and other response activity costs$3 $7 $9 $24 $7 $1 
Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. Any significant change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, changes in remediation techniques, or legal and regulatory requirements, could affect Consumers’ estimates of annual response activity costs and the MGP liability.
Pursuant to orders issued by the MPSC, Consumers defers its MGP-related remediation costs and recovers them from its customers over a ten-year period. At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a regulatory asset of $88 million related to the MGP sites.
Guarantees
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Guarantee DescriptionIssue DateExpiration DateMaximum ObligationCarrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1
variousvarious$251 $— 
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2
variousindefinite153 1 
Guarantee3
2011indefinite30 — 
Consumers
Guarantee3
2011indefinite$30 $— 
1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.
3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.
Additionally, in the normal course of business, CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy have entered into various agreements containing tax and other indemnity provisions for which they are unable to estimate the maximum potential obligation. CMS Energy and Consumers consider the likelihood that they would be required to perform or incur substantial losses related to these indemnities and those disclosed in the table to be remote.
Other Contingencies
In addition to the matters disclosed in this Note and Note 1, Regulatory Matters, there are certain other lawsuits and administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, as well as unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business to which CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy are parties. These other lawsuits, proceedings, and unasserted claims may involve personal injury, property damage, contracts, environmental matters, federal and state taxes, rates, licensing, employment, and other matters. Further, CMS Energy and Consumers occasionally self-report certain regulatory non‑compliance matters that may
or may not eventually result in administrative proceedings. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that the outcome of any one of these proceedings and potential claims will not have a material negative effect on their consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
Consumers Energy Company  
Other Commitments [Line Items]  
Contingencies and Commitments Contingencies and Commitments
CMS Energy and Consumers are involved in various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. Depending on the specific issues, the resolution of these contingencies could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In their disclosures of these matters, CMS Energy and Consumers provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss when such an estimate can be made. Disclosures stating that CMS Energy or Consumers cannot predict the outcome of a matter indicate that they are unable to estimate a possible loss or range of loss for the matter.
CMS Energy Contingencies
Bay Harbor: CMS Land retained environmental remediation obligations for the collection and treatment of leachate at Bay Harbor after selling its interests in the development in 2002. Leachate is produced when water enters into cement kiln dust piles left over from former cement plant operations at the site. In 2012, CMS Land and EGLE finalized an agreement establishing the final remedies and the future water quality criteria at the site. CMS Land completed all construction necessary to implement the remedies required by the agreement and will continue to maintain and operate a system to discharge treated leachate into Little Traverse Bay under an NPDES permit, which is valid through 2025. CMS Land submitted a renewal request in March 2025, and will continue to operate under the existing permit until a renewal is issued.
At March 31, 2025, CMS Energy had a recorded liability of $48 million for its remaining obligations for environmental remediation. CMS Energy calculated this liability based on discounted projected costs, using a discount rate of 4.34 percent and an inflation rate of one percent on annual operating and maintenance costs. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $60 million. CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs during the remainder of 2025 and in each of the next five years:
In Millions
202520262027202820292030
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs$4 $4 $4 $4 $4 $4 
CMS Energy’s estimate of response activity costs and the timing of expenditures could change if there are changes in circumstances or assumptions used in calculating the liability. Although a liability for its present estimate of remaining response activity costs has been recorded, CMS Energy cannot predict the ultimate financial impact or outcome of this matter.
Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies
Electric Environmental Matters: Consumers’ operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations. Historically, Consumers has generally been able to recover, in customer rates, the costs to operate its facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations.
Cleanup and Solid Waste: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. Consumers believes that these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome. Consumers estimates its liability for NREPA sites for which it can estimate a range of loss to be between $4 million and $5 million. At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a
recorded liability of $4 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable NREPA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
Consumers is a potentially responsible party at a number of contaminated sites administered under CERCLA. CERCLA liability is joint and several. In 2010, Consumers received official notification from the EPA that identified Consumers as a potentially responsible party for cleanup of PCBs at the Kalamazoo River CERCLA site. The notification claimed that the EPA had reason to believe that Consumers disposed of PCBs and arranged for the disposal and treatment of PCB-containing materials at portions of the site. In 2011, Consumers received a follow-up letter from the EPA requesting that Consumers agree to participate in a removal action plan along with several other companies for an area of lower Portage Creek, which is connected to the Kalamazoo River. All parties asked to participate in the removal action plan, including Consumers, declined to accept liability. Until further information is received from the EPA, Consumers is unable to estimate a range of potential liability for cleanup of the river.
Based on its experience, Consumers estimates its share of the total liability for known CERCLA sites to be between $3 million and $8 million. Various factors, including the number and creditworthiness of potentially responsible parties involved with each site, affect Consumers’ share of the total liability. At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million for its share of the total liability at these sites, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable CERCLA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
The timing of payments related to Consumers’ remediation and other response activities at its CERCLA and NREPA sites is uncertain. Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. A change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, different remediation techniques, the nature and extent of contamination, and legal and regulatory requirements, could affect its estimates of NREPA and CERCLA liability.
Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: Consumers and DTE Electric, co-owners of Ludington, entered into a 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with Toshiba International Corporation, under which Toshiba International Corporation contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. Toshiba International Corporation later assigned the contract and all of its obligations to TAES. TAES’ work under the contract was incomplete, defective, and non‑conforming. Consumers and DTE Electric repeatedly documented TAES’ failure to perform under the contract and demanded that TAES provide a comprehensive plan to resolve those matters, including adherence to its warranty commitments and other contractual obligations. Consumers and DTE Electric engaged in extensive efforts to resolve these issues with TAES, including a formal demand to TAES’ parent, Toshiba, under a parent guaranty it provided. TAES did not provide a comprehensive plan or otherwise meet its performance obligations. As a result of TAES’ defaults, Consumers and DTE Electric terminated the contract.
In order to enforce their rights under the contract and parent guaranty, and to pursue appropriate damages, Consumers and DTE Electric filed a complaint against TAES and Toshiba in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in 2022. TAES and Toshiba filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, along with an answer and counterclaims seeking approximately $15 million in damages related to payments allegedly owed under the parties’ contract. As a co-owner of Ludington, Consumers would be liable for 51 percent of any such damages, if liability and damages were proven. The court denied the motion to dismiss filed by TAES and Toshiba. The parties are engaged in ongoing litigation pursuant to a court-ordered schedule. Consumers believes the counterclaims filed by TAES and Toshiba are without merit, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
In 2023, Toshiba announced that TBJH became the majority shareholder and new parent company of Toshiba through a common stock purchase. TBJH is a subsidiary of a Japanese private equity firm. Consumers and DTE Electric continue to monitor this development, but do not believe that this affects their rights under the parent guaranty provided by Toshiba.
In 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ and DTE Electric’s jointly-filed request for authority to defer as a regulatory asset the costs associated with repairing or replacing the defective work performed by TAES while the litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward. Although litigation is ongoing, Consumers currently estimates that its share of repair, replacement, and other damages resulting from TAES’ defective work is approximately $350 million, which may be offset in part or entirely by any potential future litigation proceeds received from TAES or Toshiba. Consumers and DTE Electric will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation, including any amounts not recovered from TAES or Toshiba, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of such proceedings.
Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies
Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. These sites include 23 former MGP facilities. Consumers operated the facilities on these sites for some part of their operating lives. For some of these sites, Consumers has no present ownership interest or may own only a portion of the original site.
At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a recorded liability of $60 million for its remaining obligations for these sites. Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs during the remainder of 2025 and in each of the next five years:
In Millions
202520262027202820292030
Remediation and other response activity costs$3 $7 $9 $24 $7 $1 
Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. Any significant change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, changes in remediation techniques, or legal and regulatory requirements, could affect Consumers’ estimates of annual response activity costs and the MGP liability.
Pursuant to orders issued by the MPSC, Consumers defers its MGP-related remediation costs and recovers them from its customers over a ten-year period. At March 31, 2025, Consumers had a regulatory asset of $88 million related to the MGP sites.
Guarantees
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Guarantee DescriptionIssue DateExpiration DateMaximum ObligationCarrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1
variousvarious$251 $— 
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2
variousindefinite153 1 
Guarantee3
2011indefinite30 — 
Consumers
Guarantee3
2011indefinite$30 $— 
1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.
3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.
Additionally, in the normal course of business, CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy have entered into various agreements containing tax and other indemnity provisions for which they are unable to estimate the maximum potential obligation. CMS Energy and Consumers consider the likelihood that they would be required to perform or incur substantial losses related to these indemnities and those disclosed in the table to be remote.
Other Contingencies
In addition to the matters disclosed in this Note and Note 1, Regulatory Matters, there are certain other lawsuits and administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, as well as unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business to which CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy are parties. These other lawsuits, proceedings, and unasserted claims may involve personal injury, property damage, contracts, environmental matters, federal and state taxes, rates, licensing, employment, and other matters. Further, CMS Energy and Consumers occasionally self-report certain regulatory non‑compliance matters that may
or may not eventually result in administrative proceedings. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that the outcome of any one of these proceedings and potential claims will not have a material negative effect on their consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
v3.25.1
Financings and Capitalization
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Debt Instrument [Line Items]  
Financings and Capitalization Financings and Capitalization
Financings: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Issuance DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Junior subordinated notes1
$1,000 6.500 February 2025June 2055
Term loan credit agreement110 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$1,110 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Construction financing agreement2
$90 variableFebruary 2025
Five years after conversion date2
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries$90 
Total CMS Energy$1,200 
1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness. On June 1, 2035, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 1.961 percent.
2At completion of project construction, scheduled for the first half of 2026, these financings will convert into a term loan that will mature five years after the conversion date.
Retirements: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Retirement DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Term loan credit agreement$400 variableFebruary 2025September 2025
Term loan credit agreement200 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$600 
Total CMS Energy$600 
Credit Facilities: The following credit facilities with banks were available at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Expiration DateAmount of FacilityAmount BorrowedLetters of Credit OutstandingAmount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271
$550 $— $37 $513 
September 30, 2025
50 — 50 — 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
May 7, 20272
$150 $75 $— $75 
September 25, 20253
37 — 37 — 
Upon completion of construction project4
19 — 12 7 
Consumers5
December 14, 2027
$1,100 $— $25 $1,075 
November 18, 2025
250 — 72 178 
March 31, 202850 — — 50 
1There were no borrowings under this facility during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
2Obligations under this facility are secured by certain pledged equity interests in subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy; under the terms of this facility, the interests may not be sold by NorthStar Clean Energy unless there is an agreed-upon substitution for the pledged equity interests. At March 31, 2025, the net book value of the pledged equity interests was $426 million. Also under the terms of this facility, NorthStar Clean Energy may be restricted from remitting cash dividends to CMS Energy in the event of default.
3This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
4The letter of credit facility is available to certain subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy. The letter of credit facility will expire upon completion of project construction scheduled for the first half of 2026.
5Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Regulatory Authorization for Financings: Consumers is required to maintain FERC authorization for financings. Any long-term issuances during the authorization period are exempt from FERC’s competitive bidding and negotiated placement requirements. Its current authorization ends on May 2, 2026. In February 2025, FERC approved Consumers’ application for authority to issue long-term debt securities. The authorization is effective February 21, 2025 through February 20, 2027.
Short-term Borrowings: Under Consumers’ commercial paper program, Consumers may issue, in one or more placements, investment-grade commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days at market interest rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and may have an aggregate principal amount outstanding of up to $500 million. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At March 31, 2025, there were no commercial paper notes outstanding under this program.
In December 2024, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million at an interest rate of the prior month’s average one‑month Term
SOFR minus 0.100 percent. At March 31, 2025, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreement.
NorthStar Clean Energy’s Supplier Financing Program: Under a supplier financing program, NorthStar Clean Energy agrees to pay a bank that is acting as its payment agent the stated amount of confirmed invoices from participating suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. The bank is required to pay the supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program in full within 135 days of the invoice date. NorthStar Clean Energy does not provide collateral or a guarantee to the bank in support of its payment obligations under the agreement, nor does it pay a fee for the service. NorthStar Clean Energy or the bank may terminate the supplier financing program agreement upon 30 days prior written notice to the other party. At March 31, 2025, obligations under this program accounted for as accounts payable on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets were $27 million.
Dividend Restrictions: At March 31, 2025, payment of dividends by CMS Energy on its common stock was limited to $8.1 billion under provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act of 1972.
Under the provisions of its articles of incorporation, at March 31, 2025, Consumers had $2.4 billion of unrestricted retained earnings available to pay dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy. Provisions of the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act appear to restrict dividends payable by Consumers to the amount of Consumers’ retained earnings. Several decisions from FERC suggest that, under a variety of circumstances, dividends from Consumers on its common stock would not be limited to amounts in Consumers’ retained earnings. Any decision by Consumers to pay dividends on its common stock in excess of retained earnings would be based on specific facts and circumstances and would be subject to a formal regulatory filing process.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Consumers paid $271 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.
Issuance of Common Stock: In 2023, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $1 billion in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, or through forward sales transactions.
Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its current equity offering program at March 31, 2025:
Forward Price Per Share
Contract DateMaturity DateNumber of SharesInitialMarch 31, 2025
December 16, 2024November 27, 2025400,581$69.43 $69.64 
February 25, 2025May 11, 2026757,68670.11 70.26 
March 14, 2025June 15, 2026551,16672.99 73.10 
Under these contracts, CMS Energy may either settle physically by issuing shares of its common stock at the then-applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or settle net by delivering or receiving cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock.
The initial forward price in the forward equity sale contracts includes a deduction for commissions and will be adjusted on a daily basis over the term based on an interest rate factor and decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments. No amounts are recorded on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets until settlements of the forward equity sale contracts occur.
If CMS Energy had elected to net share settle or net cash settle the contracts as of March 31, 2025, it would have been required to deliver 92,864 shares or pay $7 million in cash.
Consumers Energy Company  
Debt Instrument [Line Items]  
Financings and Capitalization Financings and Capitalization
Financings: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Issuance DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Junior subordinated notes1
$1,000 6.500 February 2025June 2055
Term loan credit agreement110 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$1,110 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Construction financing agreement2
$90 variableFebruary 2025
Five years after conversion date2
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries$90 
Total CMS Energy$1,200 
1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness. On June 1, 2035, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 1.961 percent.
2At completion of project construction, scheduled for the first half of 2026, these financings will convert into a term loan that will mature five years after the conversion date.
Retirements: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Retirement DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Term loan credit agreement$400 variableFebruary 2025September 2025
Term loan credit agreement200 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$600 
Total CMS Energy$600 
Credit Facilities: The following credit facilities with banks were available at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Expiration DateAmount of FacilityAmount BorrowedLetters of Credit OutstandingAmount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271
$550 $— $37 $513 
September 30, 2025
50 — 50 — 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
May 7, 20272
$150 $75 $— $75 
September 25, 20253
37 — 37 — 
Upon completion of construction project4
19 — 12 7 
Consumers5
December 14, 2027
$1,100 $— $25 $1,075 
November 18, 2025
250 — 72 178 
March 31, 202850 — — 50 
1There were no borrowings under this facility during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
2Obligations under this facility are secured by certain pledged equity interests in subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy; under the terms of this facility, the interests may not be sold by NorthStar Clean Energy unless there is an agreed-upon substitution for the pledged equity interests. At March 31, 2025, the net book value of the pledged equity interests was $426 million. Also under the terms of this facility, NorthStar Clean Energy may be restricted from remitting cash dividends to CMS Energy in the event of default.
3This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
4The letter of credit facility is available to certain subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy. The letter of credit facility will expire upon completion of project construction scheduled for the first half of 2026.
5Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Regulatory Authorization for Financings: Consumers is required to maintain FERC authorization for financings. Any long-term issuances during the authorization period are exempt from FERC’s competitive bidding and negotiated placement requirements. Its current authorization ends on May 2, 2026. In February 2025, FERC approved Consumers’ application for authority to issue long-term debt securities. The authorization is effective February 21, 2025 through February 20, 2027.
Short-term Borrowings: Under Consumers’ commercial paper program, Consumers may issue, in one or more placements, investment-grade commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days at market interest rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and may have an aggregate principal amount outstanding of up to $500 million. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At March 31, 2025, there were no commercial paper notes outstanding under this program.
In December 2024, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million at an interest rate of the prior month’s average one‑month Term
SOFR minus 0.100 percent. At March 31, 2025, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreement.
Dividend Restrictions: At March 31, 2025, payment of dividends by CMS Energy on its common stock was limited to $8.1 billion under provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act of 1972.
Under the provisions of its articles of incorporation, at March 31, 2025, Consumers had $2.4 billion of unrestricted retained earnings available to pay dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy. Provisions of the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act appear to restrict dividends payable by Consumers to the amount of Consumers’ retained earnings. Several decisions from FERC suggest that, under a variety of circumstances, dividends from Consumers on its common stock would not be limited to amounts in Consumers’ retained earnings. Any decision by Consumers to pay dividends on its common stock in excess of retained earnings would be based on specific facts and circumstances and would be subject to a formal regulatory filing process.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Consumers paid $271 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.
Issuance of Common Stock: In 2023, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $1 billion in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, or through forward sales transactions.
Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its current equity offering program at March 31, 2025:
Forward Price Per Share
Contract DateMaturity DateNumber of SharesInitialMarch 31, 2025
December 16, 2024November 27, 2025400,581$69.43 $69.64 
February 25, 2025May 11, 2026757,68670.11 70.26 
March 14, 2025June 15, 2026551,16672.99 73.10 
Under these contracts, CMS Energy may either settle physically by issuing shares of its common stock at the then-applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or settle net by delivering or receiving cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock.
The initial forward price in the forward equity sale contracts includes a deduction for commissions and will be adjusted on a daily basis over the term based on an interest rate factor and decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments. No amounts are recorded on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets until settlements of the forward equity sale contracts occur.
If CMS Energy had elected to net share settle or net cash settle the contracts as of March 31, 2025, it would have been required to deliver 92,864 shares or pay $7 million in cash.
NorthStar Clean Energy  
Debt Instrument [Line Items]  
Financings and Capitalization
NorthStar Clean Energy’s Supplier Financing Program: Under a supplier financing program, NorthStar Clean Energy agrees to pay a bank that is acting as its payment agent the stated amount of confirmed invoices from participating suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. The bank is required to pay the supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program in full within 135 days of the invoice date. NorthStar Clean Energy does not provide collateral or a guarantee to the bank in support of its payment obligations under the agreement, nor does it pay a fee for the service. NorthStar Clean Energy or the bank may terminate the supplier financing program agreement upon 30 days prior written notice to the other party. At March 31, 2025, obligations under this program accounted for as accounts payable on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets were $27 million.
v3.25.1
Fair Value Measurements
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When measuring fair value, CMS Energy and Consumers are required to incorporate all assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value according to their observability in the market. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 inputs are observable, market-based inputs, other than Level 1 prices. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in inactive markets, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ own assumptions about how market participants would value their assets and liabilities.
CMS Energy and Consumers classify fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:
In Millions
CMS Energy, including ConsumersConsumers
March 31
2025		December 31
2024		March 31
2025		December 31
2024
Assets1
Cash equivalents$269 $27 $— $— 
Restricted cash equivalents61 75 60 75 
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets33 34 24 25 
Derivative instruments1 2 1 2 
Total assets$364 $138 $85 $102 
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities$33 $34 $24 $25 
Derivative instruments3 — — — 
Total liabilities$36 $34 $24 $25 
1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 2 and 3.
Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities: The nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets consist of mutual funds, which are bought and sold only at the discretion of plan participants. The assets are valued using the daily quoted net asset values. CMS Energy and Consumers value their nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities based on the fair values of the plan assets, as they reflect the amount owed to the plan participants in accordance with their investment elections. CMS Energy and Consumers report the assets in other non‑current assets and the liabilities in other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.
Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers value their derivative instruments using either a market approach that incorporates information from market transactions, or an income approach that discounts future expected cash flows to a present value amount. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives are classified as Level 2 and 3.
The derivatives classified as Level 2 are interest rate swaps at NorthStar Clean Energy, which are valued using market-based inputs.
In February 2025, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the impact of interest rate fluctuations associated with interest payments on certain future long‑term variable-rate debt. The interest rate swaps economically hedge the future variability of interest payments on debt with a notional amount of $109 million. Gains or losses on these swaps are reported in other expense on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income. The amount recorded in other expense was $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The fair value of these swaps recorded in other non-current liabilities on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets totaled $3 million at March 31, 2025.
The majority of derivatives classified as Level 3 are FTRs held by Consumers. Due to the lack of quoted pricing information, Consumers determines the fair value of its FTRs based on Consumers’ average historical settlements. Consumers reports derivatives associated with FTRs in other current assets on its consolidated balance sheets.There was no material activity within the Level 3 category of derivatives during the periods presented.
Consumers Energy Company  
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When measuring fair value, CMS Energy and Consumers are required to incorporate all assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value according to their observability in the market. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 inputs are observable, market-based inputs, other than Level 1 prices. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in inactive markets, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ own assumptions about how market participants would value their assets and liabilities.
CMS Energy and Consumers classify fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:
In Millions
CMS Energy, including ConsumersConsumers
March 31
2025		December 31
2024		March 31
2025		December 31
2024
Assets1
Cash equivalents$269 $27 $— $— 
Restricted cash equivalents61 75 60 75 
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets33 34 24 25 
Derivative instruments1 2 1 2 
Total assets$364 $138 $85 $102 
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities$33 $34 $24 $25 
Derivative instruments3 — — — 
Total liabilities$36 $34 $24 $25 
1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 2 and 3.
Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities: The nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets consist of mutual funds, which are bought and sold only at the discretion of plan participants. The assets are valued using the daily quoted net asset values. CMS Energy and Consumers value their nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities based on the fair values of the plan assets, as they reflect the amount owed to the plan participants in accordance with their investment elections. CMS Energy and Consumers report the assets in other non‑current assets and the liabilities in other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.
Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers value their derivative instruments using either a market approach that incorporates information from market transactions, or an income approach that discounts future expected cash flows to a present value amount. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives are classified as Level 2 and 3.
The derivatives classified as Level 2 are interest rate swaps at NorthStar Clean Energy, which are valued using market-based inputs.
In February 2025, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the impact of interest rate fluctuations associated with interest payments on certain future long‑term variable-rate debt. The interest rate swaps economically hedge the future variability of interest payments on debt with a notional amount of $109 million. Gains or losses on these swaps are reported in other expense on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income. The amount recorded in other expense was $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The fair value of these swaps recorded in other non-current liabilities on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets totaled $3 million at March 31, 2025.
The majority of derivatives classified as Level 3 are FTRs held by Consumers. Due to the lack of quoted pricing information, Consumers determines the fair value of its FTRs based on Consumers’ average historical settlements. Consumers reports derivatives associated with FTRs in other current assets on its consolidated balance sheets.There was no material activity within the Level 3 category of derivatives during the periods presented.
v3.25.1
Financial Instruments
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Financial Instruments [Line Items]  
Financial Instruments Financial Instruments
Presented in the following table are the carrying amounts and fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. The table excludes cash, cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, and trade accounts receivable and payable whose carrying amounts approximate their fair values. For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 4, Fair Value Measurements.
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Carrying AmountFair ValueCarrying AmountFair Value
TotalLevelTotalLevel
123123
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Liabilities
Long-term debt2
16,852 15,493 1,971 11,598 1,924 16,386 14,876 1,018 11,952 1,906 
Long-term payables3
8 8 — — 8 9 9 — — 9 
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Notes receivable – related party4
93 93 — — 93 94 94 — — 94 
Liabilities
Long-term debt5
11,230 10,007 — 8,083 1,924 11,270 9,940 — 8,034 1,906 
Long-term debt – related party823 550 — 550 — 823 549 — 549 — 
Long-term payables3 3 — — 3 4 4 — — 4 
1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $3 million at March 31, 2025 and $4 million at December 31, 2024.
2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $704 million at March 31, 2025 and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024.
3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $1 million at March 31, 2025.
4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $454 million at March 31, 2025 and $452 million at December 31, 2024.
Notes receivable – related party represents Consumers’ portion of the DB SERP demand note payable issued by CMS Energy to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028.
Consumers Energy Company  
Financial Instruments [Line Items]  
Financial Instruments Financial Instruments
Presented in the following table are the carrying amounts and fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. The table excludes cash, cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, and trade accounts receivable and payable whose carrying amounts approximate their fair values. For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 4, Fair Value Measurements.
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Carrying AmountFair ValueCarrying AmountFair Value
TotalLevelTotalLevel
123123
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Liabilities
Long-term debt2
16,852 15,493 1,971 11,598 1,924 16,386 14,876 1,018 11,952 1,906 
Long-term payables3
8 8 — — 8 9 9 — — 9 
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Notes receivable – related party4
93 93 — — 93 94 94 — — 94 
Liabilities
Long-term debt5
11,230 10,007 — 8,083 1,924 11,270 9,940 — 8,034 1,906 
Long-term debt – related party823 550 — 550 — 823 549 — 549 — 
Long-term payables3 3 — — 3 4 4 — — 4 
1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $3 million at March 31, 2025 and $4 million at December 31, 2024.
2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $704 million at March 31, 2025 and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024.
3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $1 million at March 31, 2025.
4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $454 million at March 31, 2025 and $452 million at December 31, 2024.
Notes receivable – related party represents Consumers’ portion of the DB SERP demand note payable issued by CMS Energy to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028.
v3.25.1
Retirement Benefits
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]  
Retirement Benefits Retirement Benefits
CMS Energy and Consumers provide pension, OPEB, and other retirement benefits to eligible employees under a number of different plans.
Costs: Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:
In Millions
DB Pension PlansOPEB Plan
Three Months Ended March 312025202420252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost27 26 11 11 
Expected return on plan assets(57)(59)(28)(29)
Amortization of:
Net loss3 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (9)(8)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(17)$(19)$(23)$(22)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost26 24 10 10 
Expected return on plan assets(54)(55)(26)(27)
Amortization of:
Net loss2 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (8)(7)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(16)$(17)$(21)$(20)
In Consumers’ electric and gas rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer for future recovery or refund pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates. Amounts deferred will be collected from or refunded to customers over ten years. At March 31, 2025, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $1 million of pension credits and $4 million of OPEB credits under this mechanism related to 2025 expense. At March 31, 2024, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $5 million of pension credits and less than $1 million of OPEB costs under this mechanism related to 2024 expense.
Consumers Energy Company  
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]  
Retirement Benefits Retirement Benefits
CMS Energy and Consumers provide pension, OPEB, and other retirement benefits to eligible employees under a number of different plans.
Costs: Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:
In Millions
DB Pension PlansOPEB Plan
Three Months Ended March 312025202420252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost27 26 11 11 
Expected return on plan assets(57)(59)(28)(29)
Amortization of:
Net loss3 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (9)(8)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(17)$(19)$(23)$(22)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost26 24 10 10 
Expected return on plan assets(54)(55)(26)(27)
Amortization of:
Net loss2 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (8)(7)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(16)$(17)$(21)$(20)
In Consumers’ electric and gas rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer for future recovery or refund pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates. Amounts deferred will be collected from or refunded to customers over ten years. At March 31, 2025, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $1 million of pension credits and $4 million of OPEB credits under this mechanism related to 2025 expense. At March 31, 2024, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $5 million of pension credits and less than $1 million of OPEB costs under this mechanism related to 2024 expense.
v3.25.1
Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Income Taxes [Line Items]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate from continuing operations:
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect5.3 5.5 
Renewable energy tax credits(5.7)(6.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(3.4)(3.7)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests0.6 1.1 
Other, net(0.2)0.2 
Effective tax rate17.6 %18.1 %
Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect
4.8 4.9 
Renewable energy tax credits(3.3)(4.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(2.9)(3.2)
Other, net(0.3)0.2 
Effective tax rate19.3 %18.9 %
State Income Tax Claim: In February 2025, CMS Energy received an adverse ruling from the Michigan Tax Tribunal in regards to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. In March 2025, CMS Energy filed an appeal with the Michigan Court of Appeals and a final decision is not expected until 2026. CMS Energy and Consumers have evaluated and concluded their uncertain tax positions associated with this matter to be sufficient as of March 31, 2025. While CMS Energy and Consumers expect the appeal to prevail, if it were to fail, the companies would be required to revise the estimated value of their state deferred tax liabilities, which could result in a material impact to their results of operations.
Consumers Energy Company  
Income Taxes [Line Items]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate from continuing operations:
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect5.3 5.5 
Renewable energy tax credits(5.7)(6.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(3.4)(3.7)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests0.6 1.1 
Other, net(0.2)0.2 
Effective tax rate17.6 %18.1 %
Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect
4.8 4.9 
Renewable energy tax credits(3.3)(4.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(2.9)(3.2)
Other, net(0.3)0.2 
Effective tax rate19.3 %18.9 %
State Income Tax Claim: In February 2025, CMS Energy received an adverse ruling from the Michigan Tax Tribunal in regards to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. In March 2025, CMS Energy filed an appeal with the Michigan Court of Appeals and a final decision is not expected until 2026. CMS Energy and Consumers have evaluated and concluded their uncertain tax positions associated with this matter to be sufficient as of March 31, 2025. While CMS Energy and Consumers expect the appeal to prevail, if it were to fail, the companies would be required to revise the estimated value of their state deferred tax liabilities, which could result in a material impact to their results of operations.
v3.25.1
Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]  
Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s basic and diluted EPS computations based on income from continuing operations:
In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
Income available to common stockholders
Income from continuing operations$295 $263 
Less loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(9)(24)
Less preferred stock dividends2 2 
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted$302 $285 
Average common shares outstanding
Weighted-average shares – basic298.2 296.5 
Add dilutive nonvested stock awards0.9 0.7 
Weighted-average shares – diluted299.1 297.2 
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders
Basic$1.01 $0.96 
Diluted1.01 0.96 
Nonvested Stock Awards
CMS Energy’s nonvested stock awards are composed of participating and non‑participating securities. The participating securities accrue cash dividends when common stockholders receive dividends. Since the recipient is not required to return the dividends to CMS Energy if the recipient forfeits the award, the nonvested stock awards are considered participating securities. As such, the participating nonvested stock awards were included in the computation of basic EPS. The non‑participating securities accrue stock dividends that vest concurrently with the stock award. If the recipient forfeits the award, the stock dividends accrued on the non‑participating securities are also forfeited. Accordingly, the non‑participating awards and stock dividends were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS.
Forward Equity Sale Contracts
CMS Energy has entered into forward equity sale contracts. These forward equity sale contracts are non-participating securities. While the forward sale price in the forward equity sale contract is decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments, these price adjustments were set upon inception of the agreement and the forward contract does not give the owner the right to participate in undistributed earnings. Accordingly, the forward equity sale contracts were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. The impact to diluted EPS was de minimis.
The potentially dilutive impact from these forward equity sale contracts is reflected in diluted EPS using the treasury stock method. There will be a dilutive effect on EPS when the average market price of common stock shares is above the applicable adjusted forward sale price. Additionally, any physical settlement or net share settlement of the agreements would dilute EPS. For further details on the forward equity sale contracts, see Note 3, Financings and Capitalization.
Convertible Securities
In 2023, CMS Energy issued convertible senior notes. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Upon conversion, the convertible senior notes are required to be paid in cash with only amounts exceeding the principal permitted to be settled in shares. Accordingly, the convertible senior notes were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. The impact to diluted EPS was de minimis.
v3.25.1
Revenue
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]  
Revenue Revenue
Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,294 $1,047 $— $2,341 
Other— — 57 57 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $57 $2,398 
Leasing income— — 42 42 
Financing income3 2 — 5 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs2 — — 2 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$594 $731 $1,325 
Commercial418 239 657 
Industrial173 30 203 
Other109 47 156 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $2,341 
Financing income3 2 5 
Alternative-revenue programs2 — 2 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $31 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,129 $963 $— $2,092 
Other— — 52 52 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $52 $2,144 
Leasing income— — 27 27 
Financing income2 2 — 4 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs1 — — 1 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$525 $665 $1,190 
Commercial360 207 567 
Industrial156 24 180 
Other88 67 155 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $2,092 
Financing income2 2 4 
Alternative-revenue programs1 — 1 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,132 $965 $2,097 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Electric and Gas Utilities
Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.
•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.
•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled
product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.
In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.
Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.
CMS Energy and Consumers recorded uncollectible accounts expense of $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Unbilled revenues, which are recorded as accounts receivable and accrued revenue on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets, were $489 million at March 31, 2025 and $584 million at December 31, 2024.
Alternative‑revenue Program: Under a demand response incentive mechanism, Consumers earns a financial incentive when it meets demand response targets set by the MPSC. Consumers recognizes revenue related to this program once demand response incentive objectives are complete, the incentive amount is calculable, and the incentive revenue will be collected within a 24‑month period.
Consumers also accounts for its financial compensation mechanism as an alternative-revenue program. Consumers recognizes revenue related to the financial compensation mechanism as payments are made on MPSC-approved PPAs.
Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.
Consumers Energy Company  
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]  
Revenue Revenue
Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,294 $1,047 $— $2,341 
Other— — 57 57 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $57 $2,398 
Leasing income— — 42 42 
Financing income3 2 — 5 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs2 — — 2 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$594 $731 $1,325 
Commercial418 239 657 
Industrial173 30 203 
Other109 47 156 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $2,341 
Financing income3 2 5 
Alternative-revenue programs2 — 2 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $31 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,129 $963 $— $2,092 
Other— — 52 52 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $52 $2,144 
Leasing income— — 27 27 
Financing income2 2 — 4 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs1 — — 1 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$525 $665 $1,190 
Commercial360 207 567 
Industrial156 24 180 
Other88 67 155 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $2,092 
Financing income2 2 4 
Alternative-revenue programs1 — 1 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,132 $965 $2,097 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Electric and Gas Utilities
Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.
•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.
•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled
product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.
In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.
Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.
CMS Energy and Consumers recorded uncollectible accounts expense of $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Unbilled revenues, which are recorded as accounts receivable and accrued revenue on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets, were $489 million at March 31, 2025 and $584 million at December 31, 2024.
Alternative‑revenue Program: Under a demand response incentive mechanism, Consumers earns a financial incentive when it meets demand response targets set by the MPSC. Consumers recognizes revenue related to this program once demand response incentive objectives are complete, the incentive amount is calculable, and the incentive revenue will be collected within a 24‑month period.
Consumers also accounts for its financial compensation mechanism as an alternative-revenue program. Consumers recognizes revenue related to the financial compensation mechanism as payments are made on MPSC-approved PPAs.
Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.
v3.25.1
Reportable Segments
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]  
Reportable Segments Reportable Segments
Reportable segments consist of business units defined by the products and services they offer. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ chief operating decision-maker is the CEO. The chief operating decision-maker evaluates segment performance and profitability using net income available to CMS Energy’s common stockholders. This metric provides a clear, consistent basis for analyzing the financial results of each segment and supports decision-making regarding the allocation of resources.
Resource allocation to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ segments begins with the annual budgeting process, which establishes initial funding and resource levels for each segment. The budget incorporates key financial and operational inputs, including anticipated revenues, expenses, and capital requirements, aligning with CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ strategic objectives and regulatory obligations. The chief operating decision-maker reviews budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis and makes interim decisions to reallocate resources among segments as needed, ensuring a timely and effective response to changing conditions. For the electric utility and gas utility segments, the chief operating decision-maker uses this assessment to determine whether the segments are achieving their regulatory authorized return on equity.
CMS Energy
The segments reported for CMS Energy are:
•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan
•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan
•NorthStar Clean Energy, consisting of various subsidiaries engaging in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production
CMS Energy presents corporate interest and other expenses, discontinued operations, and Consumers’ other consolidated entities within other reconciling items.
Consumers
The segments reported for Consumers are:
•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan
•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan
Consumers’ other consolidated entities are presented within other reconciling items.
Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 $— $2,447 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 69 615 — 615 
Cost of gas sold— 382 1 383 — 383 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 30 403 2 405 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 13 388 — 388 
General taxes73 86 3 162 — 162 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 116 1,951 2 1,953 
Operating Income (Loss)202 311 (17)496 (2)494 
Other income27 19 1 47 3 50 
Interest charges82 48 — 130 56 186 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes147 282 (16)413 (55)358 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 11 103 (40)63 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations124 213 (27)310 (15)295 
Other segment items2
— — 9 9 (2)7 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$124 $213 $(18)$319 $(17)$302 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$1,505 $35,257 $24 $35,281 
Total assets20,875 
3
13,025 
3
1,977 35,877 418 36,295 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 $— $2,348 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 546 — 546 
Cost of gas sold— 382 382 — 382 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 373 — 373 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 375 — 375 
General taxes73 86 159 — 159 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 1,835 — 1,835 
Operating Income202 311 513 — 513 
Other income27 19 46 — 46 
Interest charges82 48 130 — 130 
Income Before Income Taxes147 282 429 — 429 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 92 (9)83 
Net Income124 213 337 9 346 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$124 $213 $337 $9 $346 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$33,752 $30 $33,782 
Total assets20,930 
3
13,068 
3
33,998 31 34,029 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 $— $2,176 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 39 488 — 488 
Cost of gas sold— 350 1 351 — 351 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 22 400 2 402 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 11 367 1 368 
General taxes71 81 3 155 — 155 
Total operating expenses971 714 76 1,761 3 1,764 
Operating Income (Loss)161 251 3 415 (3)412 
Other income34 22 6 62 24 86 
Interest charges81 48 1 130 47 177 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes114 225 8 347 (26)321 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 1 74 (16)58 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations97 169 7 273 (10)263 
Other segment items2
— — 24 24 (2)22 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$97 $169 $31 $297 $(12)$285 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$1,424 $33,216 $20 $33,236 
Total assets19,759 
3
12,305 
3
1,615 33,679 222 33,901 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $2,097 $— $2,097 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 449 — 449 
Cost of gas sold— 350 350 — 350 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 378 — 378 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 356 — 356 
General taxes71 81 152 — 152 
Total operating expenses971 714 1,685 — 1,685 
Operating Income161 251 412 — 412 
Other income34 22 56 — 56 
Interest charges81 48 129 — 129 
Income Before Income Taxes114 225 339 — 339 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 73 (9)64 
Net Income97 169 266 9 275 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$97 $169 $266 $9 $275 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$31,792 $28 $31,820 
Total assets19,818 
3
12,348 
3
32,166 43 32,209 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
Consumers Energy Company  
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]  
Reportable Segments Reportable Segments
Reportable segments consist of business units defined by the products and services they offer. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ chief operating decision-maker is the CEO. The chief operating decision-maker evaluates segment performance and profitability using net income available to CMS Energy’s common stockholders. This metric provides a clear, consistent basis for analyzing the financial results of each segment and supports decision-making regarding the allocation of resources.
Resource allocation to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ segments begins with the annual budgeting process, which establishes initial funding and resource levels for each segment. The budget incorporates key financial and operational inputs, including anticipated revenues, expenses, and capital requirements, aligning with CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ strategic objectives and regulatory obligations. The chief operating decision-maker reviews budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis and makes interim decisions to reallocate resources among segments as needed, ensuring a timely and effective response to changing conditions. For the electric utility and gas utility segments, the chief operating decision-maker uses this assessment to determine whether the segments are achieving their regulatory authorized return on equity.
CMS Energy
The segments reported for CMS Energy are:
•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan
•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan
•NorthStar Clean Energy, consisting of various subsidiaries engaging in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production
CMS Energy presents corporate interest and other expenses, discontinued operations, and Consumers’ other consolidated entities within other reconciling items.
Consumers
The segments reported for Consumers are:
•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan
•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan
Consumers’ other consolidated entities are presented within other reconciling items.
Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 $— $2,447 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 69 615 — 615 
Cost of gas sold— 382 1 383 — 383 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 30 403 2 405 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 13 388 — 388 
General taxes73 86 3 162 — 162 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 116 1,951 2 1,953 
Operating Income (Loss)202 311 (17)496 (2)494 
Other income27 19 1 47 3 50 
Interest charges82 48 — 130 56 186 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes147 282 (16)413 (55)358 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 11 103 (40)63 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations124 213 (27)310 (15)295 
Other segment items2
— — 9 9 (2)7 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$124 $213 $(18)$319 $(17)$302 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$1,505 $35,257 $24 $35,281 
Total assets20,875 
3
13,025 
3
1,977 35,877 418 36,295 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 $— $2,348 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 546 — 546 
Cost of gas sold— 382 382 — 382 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 373 — 373 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 375 — 375 
General taxes73 86 159 — 159 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 1,835 — 1,835 
Operating Income202 311 513 — 513 
Other income27 19 46 — 46 
Interest charges82 48 130 — 130 
Income Before Income Taxes147 282 429 — 429 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 92 (9)83 
Net Income124 213 337 9 346 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$124 $213 $337 $9 $346 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$33,752 $30 $33,782 
Total assets20,930 
3
13,068 
3
33,998 31 34,029 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 $— $2,176 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 39 488 — 488 
Cost of gas sold— 350 1 351 — 351 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 22 400 2 402 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 11 367 1 368 
General taxes71 81 3 155 — 155 
Total operating expenses971 714 76 1,761 3 1,764 
Operating Income (Loss)161 251 3 415 (3)412 
Other income34 22 6 62 24 86 
Interest charges81 48 1 130 47 177 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes114 225 8 347 (26)321 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 1 74 (16)58 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations97 169 7 273 (10)263 
Other segment items2
— — 24 24 (2)22 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$97 $169 $31 $297 $(12)$285 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$1,424 $33,216 $20 $33,236 
Total assets19,759 
3
12,305 
3
1,615 33,679 222 33,901 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $2,097 $— $2,097 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 449 — 449 
Cost of gas sold— 350 350 — 350 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 378 — 378 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 356 — 356 
General taxes71 81 152 — 152 
Total operating expenses971 714 1,685 — 1,685 
Operating Income161 251 412 — 412 
Other income34 22 56 — 56 
Interest charges81 48 129 — 129 
Income Before Income Taxes114 225 339 — 339 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 73 (9)64 
Net Income97 169 266 9 275 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$97 $169 $266 $9 $275 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$31,792 $28 $31,820 
Total assets19,818 
3
12,348 
3
32,166 43 32,209 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
v3.25.1
Variable Interest Entities
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Variable Interest Entities Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIEs: In March 2025, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a 50-percent interest in NWO Wind Equity Holdings for net proceeds of $36 million. NWO Wind Equity Holdings holds the Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco, the holding company of a 100‑MW wind project located in Paulding County, Ohio. Additionally in March 2025, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a 50-percent interest in Delta Solar Equity Holdings for net proceeds of $8 million. Delta Solar Equity Holdings is the holding company of a 24-MW solar project located in Delta Township, Michigan.
NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates these and other entities that it does not wholly own, but for which it manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary of these entities because it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. Presented in the following table is information about the VIEs NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates:
Consolidated VIENorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interestDescription of VIE
Aviator Wind Equity Holdings
51‑percent ownership interest1
Holds a Class B membership interest in Aviator Wind
Aviator Wind
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 525‑MW wind generation project in Coke County, Texas
Delta Solar Equity Holdings
50-percent ownership interest1
Holding company of a 24-MW solar generation project in Delta Township, Michigan
Newport Solar Holdings
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 180‑MW solar generation project in Jackson County, Arkansas
NWO Wind Equity Holdings
50-percent ownership interest1
Holds a Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco
NWO Holdco
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 100‑MW wind generation project in Paulding County, Ohio
1The remaining ownership interest is presented as noncontrolling interest on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets.
2The Class A membership interest in the entity is held by a tax equity investor and is presented as noncontrolling interest on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets. Under the associated limited liability company agreement, the tax equity investor is guaranteed preferred returns from the entity.
Earnings, tax attributes, and cash flows generated by the entities in which NorthStar Clean Energy holds a Class B membership are allocated among and distributed to the membership classes in accordance with the ratios specified in the associated limited liability company agreements; these ratios change over time and are not representative of the ownership interest percentages of each membership class. Since these entities’ income and cash flows are not distributed among their investors based on ownership interest percentages, NorthStar Clean Energy allocates the entities’ income (loss) among the investors by applying the hypothetical liquidation at book value method. This method calculates each investor’s earnings based on a hypothetical liquidation of the entities at the net book value of underlying assets as of the balance sheet date. The liquidation tax gain (loss) is allocated to each investor’s capital account, resulting in income (loss) equal to the period change in the investor’s capital account balance.
Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Current
Cash and cash equivalents$20 $18 
Accounts receivable5 4 
Prepayments and other current assets5 3 
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net1,046 1,024 
Other non-current assets6 3 
Total assets1
$1,082 $1,052 
Current
Accounts payable$6 $8 
Accrued taxes1 — 
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases23 23 
Asset retirement obligations34 33 
Other non-current liabilities3 — 
Total liabilities$67 $64 
1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.
NorthStar Clean Energy is obligated under certain indemnities that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. For additional details on these indemnity obligations, see Note 2, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.
Consumers’ wholly-owned subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, are VIEs designed to collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. These entities are considered VIEs primarily because their equity capitalization is insufficient to support their operations. Consumers is the primary beneficiary of and consolidates these VIEs, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. The VIEs’ primary assets and liabilities comprise non-current regulatory assets and long-term debt. The carrying value of the regulatory assets on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets was $638 million at March 31, 2025 and $666 million at December 31, 2024. The carrying value of securitization bonds on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets was $659 million at March 31, 2025 and $700 million at December 31, 2024.
Non-consolidated VIEs: NorthStar Clean Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While NorthStar Clean Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.
Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:
NameNature of the EntityNature of NorthStar Clean Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City Coal-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Employee assignment agreement
Grayling Wood waste-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
Operating and management contract
Genesee Wood waste-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
Operating and management contract
Craven Wood waste-fueled power generatorOperating and management contract
1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.
The creditors of these partnerships do not have recourse to the general credit of CMS Energy, NorthStar Clean Energy, or Consumers. NorthStar Clean Energy’s maximum risk exposure to these partnerships is generally limited to its investment in the partnerships, which is included in investments on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $66 million at March 31, 2025 and $64 million at December 31, 2024.
Consumers Energy Company  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Variable Interest Entities Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIEs: In March 2025, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a 50-percent interest in NWO Wind Equity Holdings for net proceeds of $36 million. NWO Wind Equity Holdings holds the Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco, the holding company of a 100‑MW wind project located in Paulding County, Ohio. Additionally in March 2025, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a 50-percent interest in Delta Solar Equity Holdings for net proceeds of $8 million. Delta Solar Equity Holdings is the holding company of a 24-MW solar project located in Delta Township, Michigan.
NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates these and other entities that it does not wholly own, but for which it manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary of these entities because it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. Presented in the following table is information about the VIEs NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates:
Consolidated VIENorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interestDescription of VIE
Aviator Wind Equity Holdings
51‑percent ownership interest1
Holds a Class B membership interest in Aviator Wind
Aviator Wind
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 525‑MW wind generation project in Coke County, Texas
Delta Solar Equity Holdings
50-percent ownership interest1
Holding company of a 24-MW solar generation project in Delta Township, Michigan
Newport Solar Holdings
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 180‑MW solar generation project in Jackson County, Arkansas
NWO Wind Equity Holdings
50-percent ownership interest1
Holds a Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco
NWO Holdco
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 100‑MW wind generation project in Paulding County, Ohio
1The remaining ownership interest is presented as noncontrolling interest on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets.
2The Class A membership interest in the entity is held by a tax equity investor and is presented as noncontrolling interest on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets. Under the associated limited liability company agreement, the tax equity investor is guaranteed preferred returns from the entity.
Earnings, tax attributes, and cash flows generated by the entities in which NorthStar Clean Energy holds a Class B membership are allocated among and distributed to the membership classes in accordance with the ratios specified in the associated limited liability company agreements; these ratios change over time and are not representative of the ownership interest percentages of each membership class. Since these entities’ income and cash flows are not distributed among their investors based on ownership interest percentages, NorthStar Clean Energy allocates the entities’ income (loss) among the investors by applying the hypothetical liquidation at book value method. This method calculates each investor’s earnings based on a hypothetical liquidation of the entities at the net book value of underlying assets as of the balance sheet date. The liquidation tax gain (loss) is allocated to each investor’s capital account, resulting in income (loss) equal to the period change in the investor’s capital account balance.
Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Current
Cash and cash equivalents$20 $18 
Accounts receivable5 4 
Prepayments and other current assets5 3 
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net1,046 1,024 
Other non-current assets6 3 
Total assets1
$1,082 $1,052 
Current
Accounts payable$6 $8 
Accrued taxes1 — 
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases23 23 
Asset retirement obligations34 33 
Other non-current liabilities3 — 
Total liabilities$67 $64 
1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.
NorthStar Clean Energy is obligated under certain indemnities that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. For additional details on these indemnity obligations, see Note 2, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.
Consumers’ wholly-owned subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, are VIEs designed to collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. These entities are considered VIEs primarily because their equity capitalization is insufficient to support their operations. Consumers is the primary beneficiary of and consolidates these VIEs, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. The VIEs’ primary assets and liabilities comprise non-current regulatory assets and long-term debt. The carrying value of the regulatory assets on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets was $638 million at March 31, 2025 and $666 million at December 31, 2024. The carrying value of securitization bonds on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets was $659 million at March 31, 2025 and $700 million at December 31, 2024.
Non-consolidated VIEs: NorthStar Clean Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While NorthStar Clean Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.
Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:
NameNature of the EntityNature of NorthStar Clean Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City Coal-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Employee assignment agreement
Grayling Wood waste-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
Operating and management contract
Genesee Wood waste-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
Operating and management contract
Craven Wood waste-fueled power generatorOperating and management contract
1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.
The creditors of these partnerships do not have recourse to the general credit of CMS Energy, NorthStar Clean Energy, or Consumers. NorthStar Clean Energy’s maximum risk exposure to these partnerships is generally limited to its investment in the partnerships, which is included in investments on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $66 million at March 31, 2025 and $64 million at December 31, 2024.
v3.25.1
Exit Activities
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]  
Exit Activities and Asset Sales Exit Activities
In accordance with its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. In order to ensure necessary staffing at J.H. Campbell through retirement, Consumers has implemented a retention incentive program. The aggregate cost of the J.H. Campbell program through 2025 is estimated to be less than $50 million. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for these costs; these expenses are deferred as a regulatory asset.
As of March 31, 2025, the cumulative cost incurred and deferred as a regulatory asset related to the J.H. Campbell retention incentive program was $45 million. Amounts deferred under the program are subsequently collected from customers over three years.
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period$14 $16 
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset
2 3 
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1
$16 $19 
1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $16 million at March 31, 2025 and $8 million at March 31, 2024.
Consumers Energy Company  
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]  
Exit Activities and Asset Sales Exit Activities
In accordance with its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. In order to ensure necessary staffing at J.H. Campbell through retirement, Consumers has implemented a retention incentive program. The aggregate cost of the J.H. Campbell program through 2025 is estimated to be less than $50 million. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for these costs; these expenses are deferred as a regulatory asset.
As of March 31, 2025, the cumulative cost incurred and deferred as a regulatory asset related to the J.H. Campbell retention incentive program was $45 million. Amounts deferred under the program are subsequently collected from customers over three years.
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period$14 $16 
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset
2 3 
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1
$16 $19 
1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $16 million at March 31, 2025 and $8 million at March 31, 2024.
v3.25.1
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Pay vs Performance Disclosure    
Net Income (Loss) $ 304 $ 287
v3.25.1
Insider Trading Arrangements
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Trading Arrangements, by Individual  
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated false
v3.25.1
Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy (Policies)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]  
EPS
Nonvested Stock Awards
CMS Energy’s nonvested stock awards are composed of participating and non‑participating securities. The participating securities accrue cash dividends when common stockholders receive dividends. Since the recipient is not required to return the dividends to CMS Energy if the recipient forfeits the award, the nonvested stock awards are considered participating securities. As such, the participating nonvested stock awards were included in the computation of basic EPS. The non‑participating securities accrue stock dividends that vest concurrently with the stock award. If the recipient forfeits the award, the stock dividends accrued on the non‑participating securities are also forfeited. Accordingly, the non‑participating awards and stock dividends were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS.
Forward Equity Sale Contracts
CMS Energy has entered into forward equity sale contracts. These forward equity sale contracts are non-participating securities. While the forward sale price in the forward equity sale contract is decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments, these price adjustments were set upon inception of the agreement and the forward contract does not give the owner the right to participate in undistributed earnings. Accordingly, the forward equity sale contracts were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. The impact to diluted EPS was de minimis.
The potentially dilutive impact from these forward equity sale contracts is reflected in diluted EPS using the treasury stock method. There will be a dilutive effect on EPS when the average market price of common stock shares is above the applicable adjusted forward sale price. Additionally, any physical settlement or net share settlement of the agreements would dilute EPS. For further details on the forward equity sale contracts, see Note 3, Financings and Capitalization.
Convertible Securities
In 2023, CMS Energy issued convertible senior notes. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Upon conversion, the convertible senior notes are required to be paid in cash with only amounts exceeding the principal permitted to be settled in shares. Accordingly, the convertible senior notes were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. The impact to diluted EPS was de minimis.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.
Consolidation, Variable Interest Entity
Non-consolidated VIEs: NorthStar Clean Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While NorthStar Clean Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.
Consumers Energy Company  
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]  
Consumers Utility Revenue
Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.
•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.
•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled
product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.
In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.
Unbilled Revenues Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class.
v3.25.1
Contingencies and Commitments (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Site Contingency [Line Items]  
Schedule of Remediation and Other Response Activity Costs by Year CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs during the remainder of 2025 and in each of the next five years:
In Millions
202520262027202820292030
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs$4 $4 $4 $4 $4 $4 
Summary of Guarantees
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Guarantee DescriptionIssue DateExpiration DateMaximum ObligationCarrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1
variousvarious$251 $— 
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2
variousindefinite153 1 
Guarantee3
2011indefinite30 — 
Consumers
Guarantee3
2011indefinite$30 $— 
1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.
3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.
Consumers Energy Company  
Site Contingency [Line Items]  
Schedule of Remediation and Other Response Activity Costs by Year Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs during the remainder of 2025 and in each of the next five years:
In Millions
202520262027202820292030
Remediation and other response activity costs$3 $7 $9 $24 $7 $1 
Summary of Guarantees
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Guarantee DescriptionIssue DateExpiration DateMaximum ObligationCarrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1
variousvarious$251 $— 
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2
variousindefinite153 1 
Guarantee3
2011indefinite30 — 
Consumers
Guarantee3
2011indefinite$30 $— 
1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in Aviator Wind, Newport Solar Holdings, and NWO Holdco, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.
3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.
v3.25.1
Financings and Capitalization (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Debt Instrument [Line Items]  
Schedule of Major Long-Term Debt Issuances and Retirements Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Issuance DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Junior subordinated notes1
$1,000 6.500 February 2025June 2055
Term loan credit agreement110 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$1,110 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Construction financing agreement2
$90 variableFebruary 2025
Five years after conversion date2
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries$90 
Total CMS Energy$1,200 
1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness. On June 1, 2035, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 1.961 percent.
2At completion of project construction, scheduled for the first half of 2026, these financings will convert into a term loan that will mature five years after the conversion date.
Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Retirement DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Term loan credit agreement$400 variableFebruary 2025September 2025
Term loan credit agreement200 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$600 
Total CMS Energy$600 
Schedule of Revolving Credit Facilities The following credit facilities with banks were available at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Expiration DateAmount of FacilityAmount BorrowedLetters of Credit OutstandingAmount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271
$550 $— $37 $513 
September 30, 2025
50 — 50 — 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
May 7, 20272
$150 $75 $— $75 
September 25, 20253
37 — 37 — 
Upon completion of construction project4
19 — 12 7 
Consumers5
December 14, 2027
$1,100 $— $25 $1,075 
November 18, 2025
250 — 72 178 
March 31, 202850 — — 50 
1There were no borrowings under this facility during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
2Obligations under this facility are secured by certain pledged equity interests in subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy; under the terms of this facility, the interests may not be sold by NorthStar Clean Energy unless there is an agreed-upon substitution for the pledged equity interests. At March 31, 2025, the net book value of the pledged equity interests was $426 million. Also under the terms of this facility, NorthStar Clean Energy may be restricted from remitting cash dividends to CMS Energy in the event of default.
3This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
4The letter of credit facility is available to certain subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy. The letter of credit facility will expire upon completion of project construction scheduled for the first half of 2026.
5Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Schedule of Forward Contracts Indexed to Issuer's Equity
Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its current equity offering program at March 31, 2025:
Forward Price Per Share
Contract DateMaturity DateNumber of SharesInitialMarch 31, 2025
December 16, 2024November 27, 2025400,581$69.43 $69.64 
February 25, 2025May 11, 2026757,68670.11 70.26 
March 14, 2025June 15, 2026551,16672.99 73.10 
Consumers Energy Company  
Debt Instrument [Line Items]  
Schedule of Major Long-Term Debt Issuances and Retirements Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Principal
(In Millions)		Interest Rate (%)Issuance DateMaturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Junior subordinated notes1
$1,000 6.500 February 2025June 2055
Term loan credit agreement110 variableFebruary 2025December 2025
Total CMS Energy, parent only$1,110 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Construction financing agreement2
$90 variableFebruary 2025
Five years after conversion date2
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries$90 
Total CMS Energy$1,200 
1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness. On June 1, 2035, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 1.961 percent.
2At completion of project construction, scheduled for the first half of 2026, these financings will convert into a term loan that will mature five years after the conversion date.
Schedule of Revolving Credit Facilities The following credit facilities with banks were available at March 31, 2025:
In Millions
Expiration DateAmount of FacilityAmount BorrowedLetters of Credit OutstandingAmount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271
$550 $— $37 $513 
September 30, 2025
50 — 50 — 
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
May 7, 20272
$150 $75 $— $75 
September 25, 20253
37 — 37 — 
Upon completion of construction project4
19 — 12 7 
Consumers5
December 14, 2027
$1,100 $— $25 $1,075 
November 18, 2025
250 — 72 178 
March 31, 202850 — — 50 
1There were no borrowings under this facility during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
2Obligations under this facility are secured by certain pledged equity interests in subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy; under the terms of this facility, the interests may not be sold by NorthStar Clean Energy unless there is an agreed-upon substitution for the pledged equity interests. At March 31, 2025, the net book value of the pledged equity interests was $426 million. Also under the terms of this facility, NorthStar Clean Energy may be restricted from remitting cash dividends to CMS Energy in the event of default.
3This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 11, Variable Interest Entities.
4The letter of credit facility is available to certain subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy. The letter of credit facility will expire upon completion of project construction scheduled for the first half of 2026.
5Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
v3.25.1
Fair Value Measurements (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]  
Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:
In Millions
CMS Energy, including ConsumersConsumers
March 31
2025		December 31
2024		March 31
2025		December 31
2024
Assets1
Cash equivalents$269 $27 $— $— 
Restricted cash equivalents61 75 60 75 
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets33 34 24 25 
Derivative instruments1 2 1 2 
Total assets$364 $138 $85 $102 
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities$33 $34 $24 $25 
Derivative instruments3 — — — 
Total liabilities$36 $34 $24 $25 
1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 2 and 3.
Consumers Energy Company  
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]  
Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:
In Millions
CMS Energy, including ConsumersConsumers
March 31
2025		December 31
2024		March 31
2025		December 31
2024
Assets1
Cash equivalents$269 $27 $— $— 
Restricted cash equivalents61 75 60 75 
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets33 34 24 25 
Derivative instruments1 2 1 2 
Total assets$364 $138 $85 $102 
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities$33 $34 $24 $25 
Derivative instruments3 — — — 
Total liabilities$36 $34 $24 $25 
1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 2 and 3.
v3.25.1
Financial Instruments (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Financial Instruments [Line Items]  
Schedule of Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 4, Fair Value Measurements.
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Carrying AmountFair ValueCarrying AmountFair Value
TotalLevelTotalLevel
123123
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Liabilities
Long-term debt2
16,852 15,493 1,971 11,598 1,924 16,386 14,876 1,018 11,952 1,906 
Long-term payables3
8 8 — — 8 9 9 — — 9 
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Notes receivable – related party4
93 93 — — 93 94 94 — — 94 
Liabilities
Long-term debt5
11,230 10,007 — 8,083 1,924 11,270 9,940 — 8,034 1,906 
Long-term debt – related party823 550 — 550 — 823 549 — 549 — 
Long-term payables3 3 — — 3 4 4 — — 4 
1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $3 million at March 31, 2025 and $4 million at December 31, 2024.
2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $704 million at March 31, 2025 and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024.
3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $1 million at March 31, 2025.
4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $454 million at March 31, 2025 and $452 million at December 31, 2024.
Consumers Energy Company  
Financial Instruments [Line Items]  
Schedule of Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 4, Fair Value Measurements.
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Carrying AmountFair ValueCarrying AmountFair Value
TotalLevelTotalLevel
123123
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Liabilities
Long-term debt2
16,852 15,493 1,971 11,598 1,924 16,386 14,876 1,018 11,952 1,906 
Long-term payables3
8 8 — — 8 9 9 — — 9 
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1
$8 $7 $— $— $7 $9 $8 $— $— $8 
Notes receivable – related party4
93 93 — — 93 94 94 — — 94 
Liabilities
Long-term debt5
11,230 10,007 — 8,083 1,924 11,270 9,940 — 8,034 1,906 
Long-term debt – related party823 550 — 550 — 823 549 — 549 — 
Long-term payables3 3 — — 3 4 4 — — 4 
1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $3 million at March 31, 2025 and $4 million at December 31, 2024.
2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $704 million at March 31, 2025 and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024.
3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $1 million at March 31, 2025.
4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $454 million at March 31, 2025 and $452 million at December 31, 2024.
v3.25.1
Retirement Benefits (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]  
Schedule of Net Benefit Costs Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:
In Millions
DB Pension PlansOPEB Plan
Three Months Ended March 312025202420252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost27 26 11 11 
Expected return on plan assets(57)(59)(28)(29)
Amortization of:
Net loss3 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (9)(8)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(17)$(19)$(23)$(22)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost26 24 10 10 
Expected return on plan assets(54)(55)(26)(27)
Amortization of:
Net loss2 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (8)(7)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(16)$(17)$(21)$(20)
Consumers Energy Company  
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]  
Schedule of Net Benefit Costs Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:
In Millions
DB Pension PlansOPEB Plan
Three Months Ended March 312025202420252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost27 26 11 11 
Expected return on plan assets(57)(59)(28)(29)
Amortization of:
Net loss3 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (9)(8)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(17)$(19)$(23)$(22)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost$6 $7 $2 $3 
Interest cost26 24 10 10 
Expected return on plan assets(54)(55)(26)(27)
Amortization of:
Net loss2 3 1 1 
Prior service cost (credit)1 1 (8)(7)
Settlement loss3 3 — — 
Net periodic credit$(16)$(17)$(21)$(20)
v3.25.1
Income Taxes (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Income Taxes [Line Items]  
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate from continuing operations:
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect5.3 5.5 
Renewable energy tax credits(5.7)(6.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(3.4)(3.7)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests0.6 1.1 
Other, net(0.2)0.2 
Effective tax rate17.6 %18.1 %
Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect
4.8 4.9 
Renewable energy tax credits(3.3)(4.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(2.9)(3.2)
Other, net(0.3)0.2 
Effective tax rate19.3 %18.9 %
Consumers Energy Company  
Income Taxes [Line Items]  
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate from continuing operations:
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
CMS Energy, including Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect5.3 5.5 
Renewable energy tax credits(5.7)(6.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(3.4)(3.7)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests0.6 1.1 
Other, net(0.2)0.2 
Effective tax rate17.6 %18.1 %
Consumers
U.S. federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect
4.8 4.9 
Renewable energy tax credits(3.3)(4.0)
TCJA excess deferred taxes
(2.9)(3.2)
Other, net(0.3)0.2 
Effective tax rate19.3 %18.9 %
v3.25.1
Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]  
Summary of Basic and Diluted EPS Computations
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s basic and diluted EPS computations based on income from continuing operations:
In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
Income available to common stockholders
Income from continuing operations$295 $263 
Less loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(9)(24)
Less preferred stock dividends2 2 
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted$302 $285 
Average common shares outstanding
Weighted-average shares – basic298.2 296.5 
Add dilutive nonvested stock awards0.9 0.7 
Weighted-average shares – diluted299.1 297.2 
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders
Basic$1.01 $0.96 
Diluted1.01 0.96 
v3.25.1
Revenue (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]  
Disaggregation of Revenue
Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,294 $1,047 $— $2,341 
Other— — 57 57 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $57 $2,398 
Leasing income— — 42 42 
Financing income3 2 — 5 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs2 — — 2 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$594 $731 $1,325 
Commercial418 239 657 
Industrial173 30 203 
Other109 47 156 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $2,341 
Financing income3 2 5 
Alternative-revenue programs2 — 2 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $31 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,129 $963 $— $2,092 
Other— — 52 52 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $52 $2,144 
Leasing income— — 27 27 
Financing income2 2 — 4 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs1 — — 1 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$525 $665 $1,190 
Commercial360 207 567 
Industrial156 24 180 
Other88 67 155 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $2,092 
Financing income2 2 4 
Alternative-revenue programs1 — 1 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,132 $965 $2,097 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Consumers Energy Company  
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]  
Disaggregation of Revenue
Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,294 $1,047 $— $2,341 
Other— — 57 57 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $57 $2,398 
Leasing income— — 42 42 
Financing income3 2 — 5 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs2 — — 2 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$594 $731 $1,325 
Commercial418 239 657 
Industrial173 30 203 
Other109 47 156 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,294 $1,047 $2,341 
Financing income3 2 5 
Alternative-revenue programs2 — 2 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $31 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas Utility
NorthStar Clean Energy1
Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue$1,129 $963 $— $2,092 
Other— — 52 52 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $52 $2,144 
Leasing income— — 27 27 
Financing income2 2 — 4 
Consumers alternative-revenue programs1 — — 1 
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential$525 $665 $1,190 
Commercial360 207 567 
Industrial156 24 180 
Other88 67 155 
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers$1,129 $963 $2,092 
Financing income2 2 4 
Alternative-revenue programs1 — 1 
Total operating revenue – Consumers$1,132 $965 $2,097 
1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities. Certain of NorthStar Clean Energy’s power sales agreements are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. NorthStar Clean Energy’s leasing income included variable lease payments of $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
v3.25.1
Reportable Segments (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]  
Schedule of Financial Information by Reportable Segments
Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 $— $2,447 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 69 615 — 615 
Cost of gas sold— 382 1 383 — 383 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 30 403 2 405 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 13 388 — 388 
General taxes73 86 3 162 — 162 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 116 1,951 2 1,953 
Operating Income (Loss)202 311 (17)496 (2)494 
Other income27 19 1 47 3 50 
Interest charges82 48 — 130 56 186 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes147 282 (16)413 (55)358 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 11 103 (40)63 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations124 213 (27)310 (15)295 
Other segment items2
— — 9 9 (2)7 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$124 $213 $(18)$319 $(17)$302 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$1,505 $35,257 $24 $35,281 
Total assets20,875 
3
13,025 
3
1,977 35,877 418 36,295 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 $— $2,348 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 546 — 546 
Cost of gas sold— 382 382 — 382 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 373 — 373 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 375 — 375 
General taxes73 86 159 — 159 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 1,835 — 1,835 
Operating Income202 311 513 — 513 
Other income27 19 46 — 46 
Interest charges82 48 130 — 130 
Income Before Income Taxes147 282 429 — 429 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 92 (9)83 
Net Income124 213 337 9 346 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$124 $213 $337 $9 $346 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$33,752 $30 $33,782 
Total assets20,930 
3
13,068 
3
33,998 31 34,029 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 $— $2,176 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 39 488 — 488 
Cost of gas sold— 350 1 351 — 351 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 22 400 2 402 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 11 367 1 368 
General taxes71 81 3 155 — 155 
Total operating expenses971 714 76 1,761 3 1,764 
Operating Income (Loss)161 251 3 415 (3)412 
Other income34 22 6 62 24 86 
Interest charges81 48 1 130 47 177 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes114 225 8 347 (26)321 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 1 74 (16)58 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations97 169 7 273 (10)263 
Other segment items2
— — 24 24 (2)22 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$97 $169 $31 $297 $(12)$285 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$1,424 $33,216 $20 $33,236 
Total assets19,759 
3
12,305 
3
1,615 33,679 222 33,901 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $2,097 $— $2,097 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 449 — 449 
Cost of gas sold— 350 350 — 350 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 378 — 378 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 356 — 356 
General taxes71 81 152 — 152 
Total operating expenses971 714 1,685 — 1,685 
Operating Income161 251 412 — 412 
Other income34 22 56 — 56 
Interest charges81 48 129 — 129 
Income Before Income Taxes114 225 339 — 339 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 73 (9)64 
Net Income97 169 266 9 275 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$97 $169 $266 $9 $275 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$31,792 $28 $31,820 
Total assets19,818 
3
12,348 
3
32,166 43 32,209 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
Consumers Energy Company  
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]  
Schedule of Financial Information by Reportable Segments
Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $99 $2,447 $— $2,447 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 69 615 — 615 
Cost of gas sold— 382 1 383 — 383 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 30 403 2 405 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 13 388 — 388 
General taxes73 86 3 162 — 162 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 116 1,951 2 1,953 
Operating Income (Loss)202 311 (17)496 (2)494 
Other income27 19 1 47 3 50 
Interest charges82 48 — 130 56 186 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes147 282 (16)413 (55)358 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 11 103 (40)63 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations124 213 (27)310 (15)295 
Other segment items2
— — 9 9 (2)7 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$124 $213 $(18)$319 $(17)$302 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$1,505 $35,257 $24 $35,281 
Total assets20,875 
3
13,025 
3
1,977 35,877 418 36,295 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,299 $1,049 $2,348 $— $2,348 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
546 — 546 — 546 
Cost of gas sold— 382 382 — 382 
Maintenance and other operating expenses257 116 373 — 373 
Depreciation and amortization221 154 375 — 375 
General taxes73 86 159 — 159 
Total operating expenses1,097 738 1,835 — 1,835 
Operating Income202 311 513 — 513 
Other income27 19 46 — 46 
Interest charges82 48 130 — 130 
Income Before Income Taxes147 282 429 — 429 
Income tax expense (benefit)23 69 92 (9)83 
Net Income124 213 337 9 346 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$124 $213 $337 $9 $346 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$20,340 
3
$13,412 
3
$33,752 $30 $33,782 
Total assets20,930 
3
13,068 
3
33,998 31 34,029 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilityNorthStar Clean EnergySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $79 $2,176 $— $2,176 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 39 488 — 488 
Cost of gas sold— 350 1 351 — 351 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 22 400 2 402 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 11 367 1 368 
General taxes71 81 3 155 — 155 
Total operating expenses971 714 76 1,761 3 1,764 
Operating Income (Loss)161 251 3 415 (3)412 
Other income34 22 6 62 24 86 
Interest charges81 48 1 130 47 177 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes114 225 8 347 (26)321 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 1 74 (16)58 
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations97 169 7 273 (10)263 
Other segment items2
— — 24 24 (2)22 
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders$97 $169 $31 $297 $(12)$285 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$1,424 $33,216 $20 $33,236 
Total assets19,759 
3
12,305 
3
1,615 33,679 222 33,901 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024Electric UtilityGas UtilitySegments TotalOther Reconciling ItemsConsolidated
Consumers
Operating revenue$1,132 $965 $2,097 $— $2,097 
Operating expenses
Power supply cost1
449 — 449 — 449 
Cost of gas sold— 350 350 — 350 
Maintenance and other operating expenses238 140 378 — 378 
Depreciation and amortization213 143 356 — 356 
General taxes71 81 152 — 152 
Total operating expenses971 714 1,685 — 1,685 
Operating Income161 251 412 — 412 
Other income34 22 56 — 56 
Interest charges81 48 129 — 129 
Income Before Income Taxes114 225 339 — 339 
Income tax expense (benefit)17 56 73 (9)64 
Net Income97 169 266 9 275 
Other segment items2
— — — — — 
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder$97 $169 $266 $9 $275 
Property, plant, and equipment, gross$19,317 
3
$12,475 
3
$31,792 $28 $31,820 
Total assets19,818 
3
12,348 
3
32,166 43 32,209 
1Power supply costs comprise of fuel for electric generation, purchased and interchange power, and purchased power – related parties.
2Other segment items comprise of preferred stock dividends.
3Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.
v3.25.1
Variable Interest Entities (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Variable Interest Entities [Abstract]  
Schedule of Variable Interest Entities Presented in the following table is information about the VIEs NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates:
Consolidated VIENorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interestDescription of VIE
Aviator Wind Equity Holdings
51‑percent ownership interest1
Holds a Class B membership interest in Aviator Wind
Aviator Wind
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 525‑MW wind generation project in Coke County, Texas
Delta Solar Equity Holdings
50-percent ownership interest1
Holding company of a 24-MW solar generation project in Delta Township, Michigan
Newport Solar Holdings
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 180‑MW solar generation project in Jackson County, Arkansas
NWO Wind Equity Holdings
50-percent ownership interest1
Holds a Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco
NWO Holdco
Class B membership interest2
Holding company of a 100‑MW wind generation project in Paulding County, Ohio
1The remaining ownership interest is presented as noncontrolling interest on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets.
2The Class A membership interest in the entity is held by a tax equity investor and is presented as noncontrolling interest on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets. Under the associated limited liability company agreement, the tax equity investor is guaranteed preferred returns from the entity.
Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Current
Cash and cash equivalents$20 $18 
Accounts receivable5 4 
Prepayments and other current assets5 3 
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net1,046 1,024 
Other non-current assets6 3 
Total assets1
$1,082 $1,052 
Current
Accounts payable$6 $8 
Accrued taxes1 — 
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases23 23 
Asset retirement obligations34 33 
Other non-current liabilities3 — 
Total liabilities$67 $64 
1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.
Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:
NameNature of the EntityNature of NorthStar Clean Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City Coal-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Employee assignment agreement
Grayling Wood waste-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
Operating and management contract
Genesee Wood waste-fueled power generatorLong-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
Operating and management contract
Craven Wood waste-fueled power generatorOperating and management contract
1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.
v3.25.1
Exit Activities (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]  
Schedule of Retention Benefit Liability Roll Forward
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period$14 $16 
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset
2 3 
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1
$16 $19 
1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $16 million at March 31, 2025 and $8 million at March 31, 2024.
Consumers Energy Company  
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]  
Schedule of Retention Benefit Liability Roll Forward
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:
In Millions
Three Months Ended March 3120252024
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period$14 $16 
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset
2 3 
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1
$16 $19 
1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $16 million at March 31, 2025 and $8 million at March 31, 2024.
v3.25.1
Contingencies and Commitments (Narrative) (Details)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
USD ($)
facility
Dec. 31, 2022
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2024
USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Environmental Loss Contingency, Statement Of Financial Position, Extensible Enumeration, Not Disclosed Flag recorded liability    
Regulatory assets $ 3,543   $ 3,569
Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Regulatory assets 3,543   $ 3,569
Consumers Energy Company | MGP sites      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Regulatory assets $ 88    
Consumers Energy Company | Ludington      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Ownership share 51.00%    
Consumers Energy Company | Ludington Plant Overhaul Contract Dispute      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Damages sought   $ 15  
Estimate of shared costs $ 350    
Bay Harbor      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies $ 48    
Discount rate 4.34%    
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies, inflation rate 1.00%    
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies, gross $ 60    
NREPA | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies 4    
NREPA | Minimum | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Remediation and other response activity costs 4    
NREPA | Maximum | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Remediation and other response activity costs 5    
CERCLA Liability | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies 3    
CERCLA Liability | Minimum | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Remediation and other response activity costs 3    
CERCLA Liability | Maximum | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Remediation and other response activity costs 8    
MGP sites | Consumers Energy Company      
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]      
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies $ 60    
Number of former MGPs | facility 23    
Regulatory asset collection period 10 years    
v3.25.1
Contingencies and Commitments (Schedule of Remediation and Other Response Activity Costs by Year) (Details)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
USD ($)
Bay Harbor  
Site Contingency [Line Items]  
2025 $ 4
2026 4
2027 4
2028 4
2029 4
2030 4
Consumers Energy Company | MGP sites  
Site Contingency [Line Items]  
2025 3
2026 7
2027 9
2028 24
2029 7
2030 $ 1
v3.25.1
Contingencies and Commitments (Summary of Guarantees) (Details)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
USD ($)
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | Aviator Wind Equity Holdings  
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]  
Ownership percentage 49.00%
Guarantees  
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]  
Maximum Obligation $ 30
Carrying Amount 0
Guarantees | Consumers Energy Company  
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]  
Maximum Obligation 30
Carrying Amount 0
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs  
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]  
Maximum Obligation 251
Carrying Amount 0
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements  
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]  
Maximum Obligation 153
Carrying Amount $ 1
v3.25.1
Financings and Capitalization (Major Long-Term Debt Issuances and Retirements) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 01, 2035
Mar. 31, 2025
Jun. 30, 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Issuances (In Millions)   $ 1,200  
Principal Debt Retirements (In Millions)   600  
CMS Energy      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Issuances (In Millions)   1,110  
Principal Debt Retirements (In Millions)   600  
CMS Energy | Junior subordinated notes | 6.500% Junior Subordinated Notes Due June 2055      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Issuances (In Millions)   $ 1,000  
Interest Rate (%)   6.50%  
CMS Energy | Junior subordinated notes | 6.500% Junior Subordinated Notes Due June 2055 | Forecast      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Basis spread on variable rate 1.961%    
CMS Energy | Term loan facility | Term Loan Facility Due December 2025      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Issuances (In Millions)   $ 110  
Principal Debt Retirements (In Millions)   200  
CMS Energy | Term loan facility | Term Loan Facility Due September 2025      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Retirements (In Millions)   400  
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Issuances (In Millions)   90  
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Construction financing agreement | Construction Financing Agreement      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Principal Debt Issuances (In Millions)   $ 90  
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Construction financing agreement | Construction Financing Agreement | Forecast      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Debt Instrument, Term     5 years
v3.25.1
Financings and Capitalization (Schedule of Revolving Credit Facilities) (Details)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
USD ($)
Consumers Energy Company | Letter of Credit  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Borrowings $ 0
Consumers Energy Company | Revolving Credit Facilities December 14, 2027  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 1,100,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 25,000,000
Amount Available 1,075,000,000
Consumers Energy Company | Revolving Credit Facilities November 18, 2025  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 250,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 72,000,000
Amount Available 178,000,000
Consumers Energy Company | Revolving Credit Facilities March 31, 2028  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 50,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 0
Amount Available 50,000,000
CMS Energy | Revolving Credit Facilities December 14, 2027  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 550,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 37,000,000
Amount Available 513,000,000
CMS Energy | Revolving Credit Facilities December 14, 2027 | Letter of Credit  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Borrowings 0
CMS Energy | Revolving Credit Facilities September 30, 2025  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 50,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 50,000,000
Amount Available 0
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Revolving Credit Facilities May 7, 2027  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 150,000,000
Amount Borrowed 75,000,000
Letters of Credit Outstanding 0
Amount Available 75,000,000
Equity interests 426,000,000
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Revolving Credit Facilities September 25, 2025  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 37,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 37,000,000
Amount Available 0
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Revolving Credit Facilities To Be Determined  
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]  
Amount of Facility 19,000,000
Amount Borrowed 0
Letters of Credit Outstanding 12,000,000
Amount Available $ 7,000,000
v3.25.1
Financings and Capitalization (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 1 Months Ended 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2023
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]      
Notes payable $ 65 $ 0  
Supplier Finance Program, Obligation, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]   Accounts payable  
Limitation on payment of stock dividends   $ 8,100  
Dividends paid   $ 271  
Stock offering program maximum value     $ 1,000
Shares used if elected to settle contracts (in shares)   92,864  
Cash used if elected to settle contracts   $ 7  
Consumers Energy Company      
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]      
Notes payable 65 0  
Unrestricted retained earnings   2,400  
Consumers Energy Company | Credit Agreement | Related Party      
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]      
Maximum borrowing capacity $ 500    
Basis spread on variable rate (0.10%)    
Notes payable   $ 0  
NorthStar Clean Energy      
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]      
Supplier financing program, payment period   135 days  
Supplier financing program, termination period   30 days  
NorthStar Clean Energy | NorthStar Clean Energy's Supplier Financing Program      
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]      
Supplier finance obligations   $ 27  
Commercial Paper | Consumers Energy Company      
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]      
Short-term debt authorized borrowings   500  
Short-term borrowings outstanding   $ 0  
v3.25.1
Financings and Capitalization (Schedule of Forward Stock Contracts) (Details) - $ / shares
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 14, 2025
Feb. 25, 2025
Dec. 16, 2024
Forward contracts entered into December 16, 2024        
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]        
Number of Shares (in shares)       400,581
Initial forward price (in dollars per share) $ 69.64     $ 69.43
Forward contracts entered into February 25, 2025        
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]        
Number of Shares (in shares)     757,686  
Initial forward price (in dollars per share) 70.26   $ 70.11  
Forward contracts entered into March 14, 2025        
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]        
Number of Shares (in shares)   551,166    
Initial forward price (in dollars per share) $ 73.10 $ 72.99    
v3.25.1
Fair Value Measurements (Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Assets    
Restricted cash equivalents $ 61 $ 75
Consumers Energy Company    
Assets    
Restricted cash equivalents 60 75
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1, 2 and 3    
Assets    
Total assets 364 138
Liabilities    
Total liabilities 36 34
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1, 2 and 3 | Consumers Energy Company    
Assets    
Total assets 85 102
Liabilities    
Total liabilities 24 25
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1    
Assets    
Cash equivalents 269 27
Restricted cash equivalents 61 75
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets 33 34
Liabilities    
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities 33 34
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company    
Assets    
Cash equivalents 0 0
Restricted cash equivalents 60 75
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets 24 25
Liabilities    
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities 24 25
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 And Level 3    
Assets    
Derivative instruments 1 2
Liabilities    
Derivative instruments 3 0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 And Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company    
Assets    
Derivative instruments 1 2
Liabilities    
Derivative instruments $ 0 $ 0
v3.25.1
Fair Value Measurements - (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Other expense $ 6 $ 2
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Other expense 3  
Derivative instruments 3  
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest Rate Swap    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notional amount $ 109  
v3.25.1
Financial Instruments (Schedule of Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Liabilities    
Current accounts receivable and notes receivable $ 3 $ 4
Current portion of long-term debt 704 1,200
Current portion of long-term payables 1  
Carrying Amount    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 8 9
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 16,852 16,386
Long-term payables 8 9
Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 7 8
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 15,493 14,876
Long-term payables 8 9
Consumers Energy Company    
Liabilities    
Current accounts receivable and notes receivable 3 4
Current portion of long-term debt 454 452
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party    
Liabilities    
Notes receivable 7 7
Consumers Energy Company | Carrying Amount    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 8 9
Notes receivable related party 93 94
Liabilities    
Long-term payables 3 4
Consumers Energy Company | Carrying Amount | Nonrelated Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 11,230 11,270
Consumers Energy Company | Carrying Amount | Related Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 823 823
Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 7 8
Notes receivable related party 93 94
Liabilities    
Long-term payables 3 4
Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 10,007 9,940
Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 550 549
Level 1 | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 0 0
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 1,971 1,018
Long-term payables 0 0
Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 0 0
Notes receivable related party 0 0
Liabilities    
Long-term payables 0 0
Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 0 0
Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 0 0
Level 2 | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 0 0
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 11,598 11,952
Long-term payables 0 0
Level 2 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 0 0
Notes receivable related party 0 0
Liabilities    
Long-term payables 0 0
Level 2 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 8,083 8,034
Level 2 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 550 549
Level 3 | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 7 8
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 1,924 1,906
Long-term payables 8 9
Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value    
Assets    
Long-term receivables 7 8
Notes receivable related party 93 94
Liabilities    
Long-term payables 3 4
Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt 1,924 1,906
Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party    
Liabilities    
Long-term debt $ 0 $ 0
v3.25.1
Financial Instruments (Narrative) (Details)
Mar. 31, 2025
Consumers Energy Company | CMS Energy Note Payable  
Financial Instruments [Line Items]  
Interest Rate (%) 4.10%
v3.25.1
Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Net Benefit Costs) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
DB Pension Plans    
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]    
Service cost $ 6 $ 7
Interest cost 27 26
Expected return on plan assets (57) (59)
Amortization of:    
Net loss 3 3
Prior service cost (credit) 1 1
Settlement loss 3 3
Net periodic credit (17) (19)
DB Pension Plans | Consumers Energy Company    
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]    
Service cost 6 7
Interest cost 26 24
Expected return on plan assets (54) (55)
Amortization of:    
Net loss 2 3
Prior service cost (credit) 1 1
Settlement loss 3 3
Net periodic credit (16) (17)
OPEB Plan    
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]    
Service cost 2 3
Interest cost 11 11
Expected return on plan assets (28) (29)
Amortization of:    
Net loss 1 1
Prior service cost (credit) (9) (8)
Settlement loss 0 0
Net periodic credit (23) (22)
OPEB Plan | Consumers Energy Company    
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]    
Service cost 2 3
Interest cost 10 10
Expected return on plan assets (26) (27)
Amortization of:    
Net loss 1 1
Prior service cost (credit) (8) (7)
Settlement loss 0 0
Net periodic credit $ (21) $ (20)
v3.25.1
Retirement Benefits (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
DB Pension Plans | Volatility Mechanism    
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]    
Deferred credits $ 1 $ 5
OPEB Plan | Volatility Mechanism    
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]    
Deferred credits $ 4  
OPEB Plan | Volatility Mechanism    
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]    
Deferred credits   $ 1
v3.25.1
Income Taxes (Schedule of Effective Income Rate Reconciliation) (Details)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
U.S. federal income tax rate 21.00% 21.00%
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:    
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect 5.30% 5.50%
Renewable energy tax credits (5.70%) (6.00%)
TCJA excess deferred taxes (3.40%) (3.70%)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests 0.60% 1.10%
Other, net (0.20%) 0.20%
Effective tax rate 17.60% 18.10%
Consumers Energy Company    
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
U.S. federal income tax rate 21.00% 21.00%
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:    
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect 4.80% 4.90%
Renewable energy tax credits (3.30%) (4.00%)
TCJA excess deferred taxes (2.90%) (3.20%)
Other, net (0.30%) 0.20%
Effective tax rate 19.30% 18.90%
v3.25.1
Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy (Basic And Diluted EPS Computations) (Details) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Income available to common stockholders    
Income from continuing operations $ 295 $ 263
Loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (9) (24)
Preferred stock dividends 2 2
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted $ 302 $ 285
Average common shares outstanding    
Weighted average shares - basic (in shares) 298.2 296.5
Dilutive nonvested stock awards (in shares) 0.9 0.7
Weighted average shares - diluted (in shares) 299.1 297.2
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders    
Basic (in dollars per share) $ 1.01 $ 0.96
Diluted (in dollars per share) $ 1.01 $ 0.96
v3.25.1
Revenue (Disaggregation of Revenue) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers $ 2,398 $ 2,144
Leasing income 42 27
Financing income 5 4
Total operating revenue 2,447 2,176
Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total operating revenue 2,447 2,176
Electric Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 1,294 1,129
Financing income 3 2
Total operating revenue 1,299 1,132
Gas Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 1,047 963
Financing income 2 2
Total operating revenue 1,049 965
NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 57 52
Leasing income 42 27
Total operating revenue 99 79
NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments | Power Sales Agreement    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Variable lease income 31 16
Consumers Energy Company    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 2,341 2,092
Financing income 5 4
Alternative-revenue programs 2 1
Total operating revenue 2,348 2,097
Consumers Energy Company | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total operating revenue 2,348 2,097
Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 1,294 1,129
Financing income 3 2
Alternative-revenue programs 2 1
Total operating revenue 1,299 1,132
Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 1,047 963
Financing income 2 2
Alternative-revenue programs 0 0
Total operating revenue 1,049 965
Residential | Consumers Energy Company    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 1,325 1,190
Residential | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 594 525
Residential | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 731 665
Commercial | Consumers Energy Company    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 657 567
Commercial | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 418 360
Commercial | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 239 207
Industrial | Consumers Energy Company    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 203 180
Industrial | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 173 156
Industrial | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 30 24
Other    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 57 52
Other | NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 57 52
Other | Consumers Energy Company    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 156 155
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers 109 88
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers $ 47 $ 67
v3.25.1
Revenue (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2024
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]      
Bad debt expense $ 12 $ 10  
Unbilled receivables 489   $ 584
Consumers Energy Company      
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]      
Bad debt expense 12 $ 10  
Unbilled receivables $ 489   $ 584
v3.25.1
Reportable Segments (Schedule of Financial Information by Reportable Segments, CMS Energy, including Consumers) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue $ 2,447 $ 2,176  
Power supply cost 615 488  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 405 402  
Depreciation and amortization 388 368  
General taxes 162 155  
Total operating expenses 1,953 1,764  
Operating Income 494 412  
Total other income 50 86  
Total interest charges 186 177  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 358 321  
Income tax expense (benefit) 63 58  
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations 295 263  
Other segment items 7 22  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 302 285  
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 35,281 33,236 $ 34,932
Total assets 36,295 33,901 $ 35,920
Cost of gas sold      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Cost of gas sold 383 351  
Operating Segments      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 2,447 2,176  
Power supply cost 615 488  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 403 400  
Depreciation and amortization 388 367  
General taxes 162 155  
Total operating expenses 1,951 1,761  
Operating Income 496 415  
Total other income 47 62  
Total interest charges 130 130  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 413 347  
Income tax expense (benefit) 103 74  
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations 310 273  
Other segment items 9 24  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 319 297  
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 35,257 33,216  
Total assets 35,877 33,679  
Operating Segments | Cost of gas sold      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Cost of gas sold 383 351  
Other Reconciling Items      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 0 0  
Power supply cost 0 0  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 2 2  
Depreciation and amortization 0 1  
General taxes 0 0  
Total operating expenses 2 3  
Operating Income (2) (3)  
Total other income 3 24  
Total interest charges 56 47  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes (55) (26)  
Income tax expense (benefit) (40) (16)  
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations (15) (10)  
Other segment items (2) (2)  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders (17) (12)  
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 24 20  
Total assets 418 222  
Other Reconciling Items | Cost of gas sold      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Cost of gas sold 0 0  
Electric Utility | Operating Segments      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 1,299 1,132  
Power supply cost 546 449  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 257 238  
Depreciation and amortization 221 213  
General taxes 73 71  
Total operating expenses 1,097 971  
Operating Income 202 161  
Total other income 27 34  
Total interest charges 82 81  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 147 114  
Income tax expense (benefit) 23 17  
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations 124 97  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 124 97  
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 20,340 19,317  
Total assets 20,875 19,759  
Electric Utility | Operating Segments | Cost of gas sold      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Cost of gas sold 0 0  
Gas Utility | Operating Segments      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 1,049 965  
Power supply cost 0 0  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 116 140  
Depreciation and amortization 154 143  
General taxes 86 81  
Total operating expenses 738 714  
Operating Income 311 251  
Total other income 19 22  
Total interest charges 48 48  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 282 225  
Income tax expense (benefit) 69 56  
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations 213 169  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 213 169  
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 13,412 12,475  
Total assets 13,025 12,305  
Gas Utility | Operating Segments | Cost of gas sold      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Cost of gas sold 382 350  
NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 99 79  
Power supply cost 69 39  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 30 22  
Depreciation and amortization 13 11  
General taxes 3 3  
Total operating expenses 116 76  
Operating Income (17) 3  
Total other income 1 6  
Total interest charges 0 1  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes (16) 8  
Income tax expense (benefit) 11 1  
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations (27) 7  
Other segment items 9 24  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders (18) 31  
Plant, property, and equipment, gross 1,505 1,424  
Total assets 1,977 1,615  
NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments | Cost of gas sold      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Cost of gas sold $ 1 $ 1  
v3.25.1
Reportable Segments (Schedule of Financial Information by Reportable Segments, Consumers) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue $ 2,447 $ 2,176  
Power supply cost 615 488  
Operating Income 494 412  
Total other income 50 86  
Total interest charges 186 177  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 358 321  
Income Tax Expense 63 58  
Net Income 304 287  
Other segment items 7 22  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 302 285  
Total assets 36,295 33,901 $ 35,920
Consumers Energy Company      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 2,348 2,097  
Power supply cost 546 449  
Cost of gas sold 382 350  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 373 378  
Depreciation and amortization 375 356  
General taxes 159 152  
Total operating expenses 1,835 1,685  
Operating Income 513 412  
Total other income 46 56  
Total interest charges 130 129  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 429 339  
Income Tax Expense 83 64  
Net Income 346 275  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 346 275  
Property, plant, and equipment, gross 33,782 31,820 33,434
Total assets 34,029 32,209 $ 34,088
Operating Segments      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 2,447 2,176  
Power supply cost 615 488  
Operating Income 496 415  
Total other income 47 62  
Total interest charges 130 130  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 413 347  
Income Tax Expense 103 74  
Other segment items 9 24  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 319 297  
Total assets 35,877 33,679  
Operating Segments | Consumers Energy Company      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 2,348 2,097  
Power supply cost 546 449  
Cost of gas sold 382 350  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 373 378  
Depreciation and amortization 375 356  
General taxes 159 152  
Total operating expenses 1,835 1,685  
Operating Income 513 412  
Total other income 46 56  
Total interest charges 130 129  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 429 339  
Income Tax Expense 92 73  
Net Income 337 266  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 337 266  
Property, plant, and equipment, gross 33,752 31,792  
Total assets 33,998 32,166  
Operating Segments | Electric Utility      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 1,299 1,132  
Power supply cost 546 449  
Operating Income 202 161  
Total other income 27 34  
Total interest charges 82 81  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 147 114  
Income Tax Expense 23 17  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 124 97  
Total assets 20,875 19,759  
Operating Segments | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 1,299 1,132  
Power supply cost 546 449  
Cost of gas sold 0 0  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 257 238  
Depreciation and amortization 221 213  
General taxes 73 71  
Total operating expenses 1,097 971  
Operating Income 202 161  
Total other income 27 34  
Total interest charges 82 81  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 147 114  
Income Tax Expense 23 17  
Net Income 124 97  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 124 97  
Property, plant, and equipment, gross 20,340 19,317  
Total assets 20,930 19,818  
Operating Segments | Gas Utility      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 1,049 965  
Power supply cost 0 0  
Operating Income 311 251  
Total other income 19 22  
Total interest charges 48 48  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 282 225  
Income Tax Expense 69 56  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 213 169  
Total assets 13,025 12,305  
Operating Segments | Gas Utility | Consumers Energy Company      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 1,049 965  
Power supply cost 0 0  
Cost of gas sold 382 350  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 116 140  
Depreciation and amortization 154 143  
General taxes 86 81  
Total operating expenses 738 714  
Operating Income 311 251  
Total other income 19 22  
Total interest charges 48 48  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 282 225  
Income Tax Expense 69 56  
Net Income 213 169  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 213 169  
Property, plant, and equipment, gross 13,412 12,475  
Total assets 13,068 12,348  
Other Reconciling Items      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 0 0  
Power supply cost 0 0  
Operating Income (2) (3)  
Total other income 3 24  
Total interest charges 56 47  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes (55) (26)  
Income Tax Expense (40) (16)  
Other segment items (2) (2)  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders (17) (12)  
Total assets 418 222  
Other Reconciling Items | Consumers Energy Company      
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]      
Operating Revenue 0 0  
Power supply cost 0 0  
Cost of gas sold 0 0  
Maintenance and other operating expenses 0 0  
Depreciation and amortization 0 0  
General taxes 0 0  
Total operating expenses 0 0  
Operating Income 0 0  
Total other income 0 0  
Total interest charges 0 0  
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 0 0  
Income Tax Expense (9) (9)  
Net Income 9 9  
Other segment items 0 0  
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders 9 9  
Property, plant, and equipment, gross 30 28  
Total assets $ 31 $ 43  
v3.25.1
Variable Interest Entities (Narrative) (Details)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
USD ($)
MW
Mar. 31, 2024
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2024
USD ($)
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Proceeds from the sale of membership interests in VIEs $ 44 $ 0  
Securitization bonds      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Total principal amount outstanding 659   $ 700
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Regulatory asset 638   666
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Investments $ 66   $ 64
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | T.E.S. Filer City      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Ownership interest 50.00%    
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Grayling      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Ownership interest 50.00%    
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Genesee      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Ownership interest 50.00%    
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Craven      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Ownership interest 50.00%    
NWO Wind Equity Holdings      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Proceeds from the sale of membership interests in VIEs $ 36    
NWO Wind Equity Holdings | Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Ownership interest 50.00%    
NWO Holdco | Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Nameplate capacity (in MW) | MW 100    
Delta Township, Michigan, Solar Project      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Proceeds from the sale of membership interests in VIEs $ 8    
Delta Township, Michigan, Solar Project | Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Ownership interest 50.00%    
Nameplate capacity (in MW) | MW 24    
v3.25.1
Variable Interest Entities (Summary of VIE Information) (Details) - Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
MW
Delta Township, Michigan, Solar Project  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Ownership interest 50.00%
Nameplate capacity (in MW) 24
Newport Solar Holdings  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Nameplate capacity (in MW) 180
NWO Wind Equity Holdings  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Ownership interest 50.00%
NWO Holdco  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Nameplate capacity (in MW) 100
Aviator Wind Equity Holdings  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Ownership interest 51.00%
Aviator Wind  
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]  
Nameplate capacity (in MW) 525
v3.25.1
Variable Interest Entities (Schedule of Variable Interest Entities) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Mar. 31, 2024
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Cash and cash equivalents $ 465 $ 103  
Prepayments and other current assets 115 103  
Plant, property, and equipment, net 27,903 27,461  
Other non-current assets 310 384  
Total Assets 36,295 35,920 $ 33,901
Accrued taxes 474 654  
Non-current portion of finance leases 111 112  
Asset retirement obligations 725 728  
Other non‑current liabilities 370 407  
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary      
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]      
Cash and cash equivalents 20 18  
Accounts receivable 5 4  
Prepayments and other current assets 5 3  
Plant, property, and equipment, net 1,046 1,024  
Other non-current assets 6 3  
Total Assets 1,082 1,052  
Accounts payable 6 8  
Accrued taxes 1 0  
Non-current portion of finance leases 23 23  
Asset retirement obligations 34 33  
Other non‑current liabilities 3 0  
Total liabilities $ 67 $ 64  
v3.25.1
Exit Activities (Narrative) (Details) - Retention Benefits - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended 34 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Mar. 31, 2025
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]      
Cost deferred $ 2 $ 3  
D.E. Karn Generating Complex and J.H. Campbell Generating Units | Retention Incentive Program      
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]      
Regulatory asset collection period 3 years   3 years
J.H. Campbell Generating Units      
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]      
Expected cost $ 50   $ 50
J.H. Campbell Generating Units | Retention Incentive Program      
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]      
Cost deferred     $ 45
v3.25.1
Exit Activities (Schedule of Retention Benefit Liability Roll Forward) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Mar. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2024
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]      
Other current liabilities $ 226   $ 209
Retention Benefits      
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]      
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period 14 $ 16  
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset 2 3  
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period 16 19  
Other current liabilities $ 16 $ 8