CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
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Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
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| Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract] | ||||
| Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ 5,785 | $ 3,157 | $ 15,291 | $ 13,374 |
| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net of Taxes: | ||||
| Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives, net of reclassifications | 170 | (296) | (457) | (99) |
| Benefit plan net gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost), net of amortization | 74 | (13) | 48 | (28) |
| Cumulative translation adjustment | (25) | 299 | 152 | (83) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | 219 | (10) | (257) | (210) |
| Comprehensive Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ 6,004 | $ 3,147 | $ 15,034 | $ 13,164 |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Statement of Financial Position [Abstract] | ||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ 93 | $ 89 |
| Inventories classified in other assets | 5,412 | 4,193 |
| Accumulated depreciation | $ 20,605 | $ 19,155 |
| Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ 0.50 | $ 0.50 |
| Common stock, authorized (in shares) | 6,500,000,000 | 6,500,000,000 |
| Common stock, issued (in shares) | 3,577,103,522 | 3,577,103,522 |
| Treasury stock (in shares) | 1,089,754,712 | 1,049,466,187 |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
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| Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract] | ||||
| Restricted cash | $ 91 | $ 76 | $ 95 | $ 68 |
Basis of Presentation |
9 Months Ended |
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
| Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S.) for complete consolidated financial statements are not included herein. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in Merck’s Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2025. The results of operations of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the full year. In the Company’s opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of these interim statements have been included and are of a normal and recurring nature. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and disaggregation of information in the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures by jurisdiction. The guidance also includes other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures by removing certain previously required disclosures. The guidance is effective for 2025 annual reporting and will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance intended to improve financial reporting by requiring entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories at interim and annual reporting periods. The guidance is effective for 2027 annual reporting and 2028 interim reporting. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance, which can be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis, will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements. In September 2025, the FASB issued guidance intended to clarify and modernize the accounting for costs related to internal-use software. The guidance removes all references to software development project stages and clarifies the criteria entities should apply to begin capitalizing costs. The guidance is effective for 2028 annual and interim reporting and can be applied on a prospective, retrospective, or modified retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
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Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements |
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| Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, Transaction between Entities under Common Control, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements | Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements The Company continues to pursue acquisitions and the establishment of external alliances such as research collaborations and licensing agreements to complement its internal research capabilities. These arrangements often include upfront payments; expense reimbursements or payments to the third party; milestone, royalty or profit share arrangements contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development; and can also include option and continuation payments. The Company also reviews its marketed products and pipeline to examine candidates which may provide more value through out-licensing and, as part of its portfolio assessment process, may also divest certain assets. Pro forma financial information for acquired businesses is not presented if the historical financial results of the acquired entity are not significant when compared with the Company’s financial results. 2025 Transactions In November 2025, Merck reached an agreement with Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (Falk) to discontinue an existing contract concerning co-development and co-commercialization rights in certain territories for MK-8690 (formerly PRA-052), and for Merck to assume full responsibility for the development program going forward. MK-8690 is an investigational anti-CD30 ligand monoclonal antibody being evaluated by the Company in an early-stage clinical trial. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Falk have discontinued their collaboration based on their existing co-development contract resulting in Merck having secured global rights to MK-8690. In exchange, Falk will receive a $150 million upfront payment, which the Company will record as a charge to Research and development expenses in the fourth quarter of 2025. Falk is also eligible to receive a developmental milestone payment, as well as tiered low-single-digit royalties on sales in certain territories. In October 2025, Merck acquired Verona Pharma plc (Verona Pharma), a biopharmaceutical company focused on respiratory diseases, for total consideration of approximately $10.5 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards). Through this acquisition, Merck acquired Ohtuvayre (ensifentrine), a first-in-class selective dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 3 and 4 (PDE3 and PDE4), which was approved in the U.S. in June 2024 for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adult patients and is also being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. The Company is in the process of determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in this transaction; however, it expects to capitalize most of the purchase price as an intangible asset for Ohtuvayre. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. Also in October 2025, Merck and Blackstone Life Sciences (Blackstone) entered into a funding arrangement under which Blackstone will pay Merck $700 million (which is non-refundable, subject to the termination provisions of the agreement) to fund a portion of the Company’s development costs for MK-2870, sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT), expected to be incurred throughout 2026. The funding will be recognized as a reduction to Research and development expenses as Merck incurs applicable development costs for the sac-TMT program. Sac-TMT is an investigational trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2)-directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being developed as part of an exclusive license and collaboration agreement with Kelun-Biotech that is currently in clinical development for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The agreement between Merck and Kelun-Biotech with respect to sac-TMT is unchanged by the new agreement with Blackstone. Merck will retain decision-making authority and control over the development, manufacturing, and commercial activities relating to sac-TMT provided for in the agreement with Kelun-Biotech, and Blackstone will not receive any rights to sac-TMT. Upon receipt of regulatory approval for an indication in the U.S. for first-line triple-negative-breast cancer (TroFuse-011 trial), Blackstone will be eligible to receive low-to-mid single-digit royalties on net sales of sac-TMT subsequent to such approval across all approved indications in Merck’s marketing territories. In July 2025, the technology transfer for MK-2010 (LM-299), a novel investigational PD-1/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) bispecific antibody that was licensed from LaNova Medicines Ltd (LaNova) in 2024, was completed. Accordingly, Merck made a $300 million payment to LaNova (which has been acquired by Sino Biopharmaceutical Limited) that was recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025. In May 2025, Merck and Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hengrui Pharma) closed an exclusive license agreement for MK-7262 (HRS-5346), an investigational oral small molecule Lipoprotein(a) inhibitor, which is currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial in China. Under the agreement, Hengrui Pharma granted Merck exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize MK-7262 (HRS-5346) worldwide, excluding the Greater China region. The agreement provided for an upfront payment of $200 million, which was recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in the first nine months of 2025. Hengrui Pharma is also eligible to receive future contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $92.5 million, regulatory milestone payments of up to $177.5 million, and sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.5 billion, as well as tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales of MK-7262 (HRS-5346), if approved. In March 2025, Merck acquired the Dundalk, Ireland facility of WuXi Vaccines (a wholly owned subsidiary of WuXi Biologics), which was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Merck paid $437 million at closing which, combined with previous consideration transferred under a prior manufacturing arrangement with WuXi Vaccines related to this facility, resulted in $759 million being recorded as assets under construction within Property, Plant and Equipment. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. 2024 Transactions In September 2024, Merck acquired MK-1045 (formally CN201), a novel investigational clinical-stage bispecific antibody for the treatment of B-cell associated diseases, from Curon Biopharmaceutical (Curon) for an upfront payment of $700 million. In addition, Curon is eligible to receive future contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $300 million and regulatory milestone payments of up to $300 million. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Merck recorded a charge of $750 million (reflecting the upfront payment and other related costs) to Research and development expenses in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024 related to the execution of the transaction. In connection with the agreement, Merck is also obligated to pay a third party future contingent developmental, regulatory and sales-based milestone payments of up to $128 million in the aggregate, as well as tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales of MK-1045, if approved. In July 2024, Merck acquired the aqua business of Elanco Animal Health Incorporated (Elanco aqua business) for total consideration of $1.3 billion. The Elanco aqua business consists of an innovative portfolio of medicines and vaccines, nutritionals and supplements for aquatic species; two related aqua manufacturing facilities in Canada and Vietnam; as well as a research facility in Chile. The acquisition broadens Animal Health’s aqua portfolio with products, such as Clynav, a new generation DNA-based vaccine that protects Atlantic salmon against pancreas disease, and Imvixa, an anti-parasitic sea lice treatment. This acquisition also brings a portfolio of water treatment products for warm water production, complementing Animal Health’s warm water vaccine portfolio. In addition to these products, the DNA-based vaccine technology that is a part of the business has the potential to accelerate the development of novel vaccines to address the unmet needs of the aqua industry. There are no contingent payments associated with the acquisition, which was accounted for as a business combination. The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the Elanco aqua business (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) are as follows:
(1) The estimated fair values of Clynav and other product rights were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 8.5%. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. (2) The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Animal Health segment. This amount is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Also in July 2024, Merck acquired Eyebiotech Limited (EyeBio), a privately held ophthalmology-focused biotechnology company for $1.2 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred $207 million of transaction costs. The acquisition agreement also provides for former EyeBio shareholders to receive contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $1.0 billion (of which $200 million has since been paid associated with the achievement of milestones as noted below), regulatory milestone payments of up to $200 million and sales-based milestone payments of up to $500 million. EyeBio’s development work focused on candidates for the prevention and treatment of vision loss associated with retinal vascular leakage, a known risk factor for retinal diseases. EyeBio’s lead candidate, MK-3000 (formerly EYE103), is an investigational, potentially first-in-class tetravalent, tri-specific antibody that acts as an agonist of the Wingless-related integration site signaling pathway, which is in clinical development for the treatment of diabetic macular edema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since MK-3000 accounted for substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $21 million, as well as a charge of $1.35 billion to Research and development expenses in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024 related to the acquisition. Additionally, a $100 million developmental milestone was recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024 and an additional $100 million developmental milestone was charged to Research and development expenses in the first nine months of 2025. In March 2024, Merck acquired Harpoon Therapeutics, Inc. (Harpoon), a clinical-stage immunotherapy company developing a novel class of T-cell engagers designed to harness the power of the body’s immune system to treat patients suffering from cancer and other diseases, for $765 million and also incurred $56 million of transaction costs. Harpoon’s lead candidate, gocatamig (MK-6070, formerly HPN328), is a T-cell engager targeting delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an inhibitory canonical Notch ligand that is expressed at high levels in small cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since gocatamig represented substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $165 million, as well as a charge of $656 million to Research and development expenses in the first nine months of 2024 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. In August 2024, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo expanded their existing global co-development and co-commercialization agreement to include gocatamig. See Note 3 for more information on Merck’s collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo. In February 2024, Merck and Alteogen Inc. (Alteogen) converted their existing non-exclusive license agreement into an exclusive license for the use of Alteogen’s proprietary berahyaluronidase alfa for the formulation of subcutaneous pembrolizumab. Pursuant to the amended agreement, Alteogen is eligible to receive regulatory approval milestone payments of up to $51 million, as well as annual and cumulative sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.0 billion in the aggregate. After the achievement of all sales-based milestones, a 2% royalty on net sales is payable to Alteogen. In September 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Keytruda Qlex (pembrolizumab and berahyaluronidase alfa-pmph) injection, which triggered regulatory milestone payments of $25 million in the aggregate from Merck to Alteogen. Additionally, following FDA approval, the Company determined that it was probable that sales of Keytruda Qlex in the future would trigger $680 million of sales-based milestone payments from Merck to Alteogen. Accordingly, in the third quarter of 2025, Merck recorded a $705 million liability for these regulatory and sales-based milestone payments and a corresponding intangible asset related to Keytruda Qlex included in Other Intangibles, Net. The intangible asset will be amortized over its estimated useful life through December 2030. The $25 million of regulatory milestone payments were made in October 2025; the future sales-based milestone payments will be paid upon achievement of the corresponding milestone.
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Collaborative Arrangements |
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| Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collaborative Arrangements | Collaborative Arrangements Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. Both parties in these arrangements are active participants and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activities of the collaboration. Merck’s more significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below. AstraZeneca PLC In 2017, Merck and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) entered into a global strategic oncology collaboration to co-develop and co-commercialize AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib) for multiple cancer types. Independently, Merck and AstraZeneca are developing and commercializing Lynparza in combinations with their respective PD-1 and PD-L1 medicines, Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and Imfinzi. Under the terms of the agreement, AstraZeneca and Merck share the development and commercialization costs for Lynparza monotherapy and non-PD-1/PD-L1 combination therapy opportunities. Profits from Lynparza product sales generated through monotherapies or combination therapies are shared equally. AstraZeneca is the principal on Lynparza sales transactions. Merck records its share of Lynparza product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue, and its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Reimbursements received from AstraZeneca for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs. The initial collaboration agreement also included the joint development and commercialization of AstraZeneca’s Koselugo (selumetinib) for multiple indications, with revenues, costs and profits being accounted for similar to Lynparza. In August 2025, Merck and AstraZeneca amended the terms of the original collaboration agreement, which resulted in the discontinuation of the revenue and cost sharing provisions of the collaboration and simplified the governance structure related to Koselugo. In exchange, Merck received a $150 million upfront payment (which was recorded within Sales as alliance revenue) in the third quarter of 2025 and may receive future payments of $150 million in each of January 2026 and January 2027, and $100 million in January 2028, subject to an annual election by AstraZeneca. Additionally, the amended agreement provides for Merck to receive contingent regulatory and sales-based milestone payments, as well as mid-single-digit royalties on future net sales. Koselugo received a regulatory approval in August 2025 triggering a milestone payment (due from AstraZeneca in 2026) of $50 million (which was recorded within Sales as alliance revenue in the third quarter of 2025) and another regulatory approval in October 2025 triggering an additional milestone payment (due from AstraZeneca in 2027) of $50 million (which will be recorded within Sales as alliance revenue in the fourth quarter of 2025). Merck remains eligible to receive future contingent payments for the achievement of regulatory milestones of up to $75 million and sales-based milestones of up to $235 million. AstraZeneca has the option to revert back to the income and cost sharing terms of the original agreement (in which case any future annual, contingent milestone, and royalty payments referenced above would no longer be due) although Merck would retain any payments made by AstraZeneca prior to the exercise of that option and any amounts due from AstraZeneca would remain payable to Merck. As part of the initial collaboration agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to AstraZeneca and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain license options. In addition, the initial collaboration agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to AstraZeneca related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones. In the first nine months of 2025, Merck made sales-based milestone payments aggregating $700 million (related to the original collaboration agreement) to AstraZeneca of which $600 million related to Lynparza and $100 million related to Koselugo (both of which had been previously accrued for). Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.0 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. Lynparza received a regulatory approval triggering a capitalized milestone payment from Merck to AstraZeneca of $245 million in the first nine months of 2024 (which had been previously accrued for). The partners have agreed that no future regulatory milestone payments from Merck to AstraZeneca are likely. The intangible asset balances related to Lynparza and Koselugo (which reflect the capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments attributed to each product) were $926 million and $41 million, respectively, at September 30, 2025 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2028 for Lynparza and through 2029 for Koselugo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Amounts in 2025 include the $150 million upfront payment and $50 million regulatory milestone triggered in the third quarter as a result of the amendment to the collaboration agreement noted above. (2) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. (3) Balance at September 30, 2025 includes a milestone receivable. (4) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued milestone payments. Eisai Co., Ltd. In 2018, Merck and Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) announced a strategic collaboration for the worldwide co-development and co-commercialization of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovered by Eisai. Under the agreement, Merck and Eisai are developing and commercializing Lenvima jointly, both as monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda. Eisai records Lenvima product sales globally (Eisai is the principal on Lenvima sales transactions) and Merck and Eisai share applicable profits equally. Merck records its share of Lenvima product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. Expenses incurred during co-development are shared by the two companies in accordance with the collaboration agreement and reflected in Research and development expenses. Certain expenses incurred solely by Merck or Eisai are not shareable under the collaboration agreement, including costs incurred in excess of agreed upon caps, and costs related to certain combination studies of Keytruda and Lenvima, as well as Welireg (belzutifan) and Lenvima. Under the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Eisai and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain option rights. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to Eisai related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones. In the first nine months of 2024, Merck made a $125 million sales-based milestone payment to Eisai (which had been previously accrued for). Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.3 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. There are no regulatory milestone payments remaining under the agreement. The intangible asset balance related to Lenvima (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $261 million at September 30, 2025 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2026 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Bayer AG In 2014, the Company entered into a worldwide clinical development collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators including Bayer’s Adempas (riociguat) and Verquvo (vericiguat). The two companies have implemented a joint development and commercialization strategy. Under the agreement, Bayer commercializes Adempas in the Americas, while Merck commercializes in the rest of the world. For Verquvo, Merck commercializes in the U.S. and Bayer commercializes in the rest of the world. Both companies share in development costs and profits on sales. Merck records sales of Adempas and Verquvo in its marketing territories, as well as alliance revenue. Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs. Cost of sales includes Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. In addition, the agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to Bayer related to the successful achievement of sales-based milestones. There are no sales-based milestone payments remaining under this collaboration. The intangible asset balances related to Adempas (which includes the acquired intangible asset balance, as well as capitalized sales-based milestone payments attributed to Adempas) and Verquvo (which reflects the portion of the final sales-based milestone payment that was attributed to Verquvo) were $312 million and $41 million, respectively, at September 30, 2025 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2027 for Adempas and through 2031 for Verquvo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of intangible assets, cost of products sold by Merck, as well as Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP In 2020, Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), a closely held biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio (molnupiravir), an investigational orally available antiviral candidate for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize Lagevrio and related molecules. Following initial authorizations in certain markets in 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations. Under the terms of the agreement, Ridgeback received an upfront payment and is eligible to receive future contingent payments dependent upon the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory approval milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to reimburse Ridgeback for a portion of certain third-party contingent milestone payments and royalties on net sales, which is part of the profit-sharing calculation. Merck is the principal on sales transactions, recognizing sales and related costs, with profit-sharing amounts recorded within Cost of sales. Profits from the collaboration are split equally between the partners. Reimbursements from Ridgeback for its share of research and development costs (deducted from Ridgeback’s share of profits) are reflected as decreases to Research and development expenses. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes cost of products sold by Merck, Ridgeback’s share of profits, royalty expense, amortization of capitalized milestone payments and inventory reserves. (2) Includes accrued royalties. Daiichi Sankyo In 2023, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo entered into a global development and commercialization agreement for three of Daiichi Sankyo’s DXd ADC candidates: patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) (MK-1022), ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) (MK-2400) and raludotatug deruxtecan (R-DXd) (MK-5909). All three potentially first-in-class DXd ADCs are in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of multiple solid tumors both as monotherapy and/or in combination with other treatments. The companies will jointly develop and potentially commercialize these ADC candidates worldwide, except in Japan where Daiichi Sankyo will maintain exclusive rights. Daiichi Sankyo will be solely responsible for manufacturing and supply. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made payments to Daiichi Sankyo totaling $4.0 billion in 2023. These payments included $1.0 billion ($500 million each for patritumab deruxtecan and ifinatamab deruxtecan), which may be refundable on a pro-rated basis in the event of early termination of development with respect to either program. In addition, the agreement provided for a continuation payment of $750 million related to patritumab deruxtecan (which Merck paid in October 2024) and a continuation payment of $750 million related to raludotatug deruxtecan (which Merck paid in October 2025). The agreement also provides for contingent payments from Merck to Daiichi Sankyo of up to an additional $5.5 billion for each DXd ADC upon the successful achievement of certain sales-based milestones. In conjunction with this transaction, Merck recorded an aggregate pretax charge of $5.5 billion to Research and development expenses in 2023 for the $4.0 billion of upfront payments and the $1.5 billion of continuation payments. Merck and Daiichi Sankyo equally share research and development costs, except for raludotatug deruxtecan, where Merck is responsible for 75% of the first $2.0 billion of research and development expenses. Merck includes its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Following regulatory approval, Daiichi Sankyo will generally record sales worldwide (Daiichi Sankyo will be the principal on sales transactions) and the companies will equally share expenses as well as profits worldwide except for Japan where Daiichi Sankyo retains exclusive rights and Merck will receive a 5% sales-based royalty. Merck will record its share of product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. In August 2024, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo expanded their agreement to include gocatamig (MK-6070), an investigational DLL3 targeting T-cell engager, which Merck obtained through its acquisition of Harpoon (see Note 2). The companies are planning to evaluate gocatamig in combination with ifinatamab deruxtecan in certain patients with small cell lung cancer, as well as other potential combinations. Merck received an upfront cash payment of $170 million from Daiichi Sankyo (recorded within Other (income) expense, net) and has also satisfied a contingent quid obligation from the original collaboration agreement. The companies will jointly develop and commercialize gocatamig worldwide and share research and development, as well as commercialization expenses. Research and development expenses related to gocatamig in combination with ifinatamab deruxtecan will be shared in a manner consistent with the original agreement for ifinatamab deruxtecan. Merck will be solely responsible for manufacturing and supply of gocatamig. If approved, Merck will generally record sales for gocatamig worldwide (Merck will be the principal on sales transactions) and the companies will equally share expenses as well as profits worldwide, except for Japan where Merck retains exclusive rights and Daiichi Sankyo will receive a 5% sales-based royalty. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents Merck’s share of certain inventory-related costs. (2) Includes accrued continuation payment. Moderna, Inc. In 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize intismeran autogene (V940/mRNA-4157), an investigational individualized neoantigen therapy, pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna). Intismeran autogene is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda in multiple clinical trials. Merck and Moderna share costs and will share any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration. Merck records its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Any reimbursements received from Moderna for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs. Merck has also capitalized a net $235 million of shared facility costs at September 30, 2025, primarily reflected within Other Assets. These costs are amortized over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of shared facility costs. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is being commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS). Reblozyl is approved in the U.S., Europe and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. BMS is the principal on sales transactions for Reblozyl; however, Merck co-promotes Reblozyl (and may co-promote any future products approved under this collaboration) in North America, which is reimbursed by BMS. Merck receives tiered royalties ranging from 20% to 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck is eligible to receive future contingent sales-based milestone payments of up to $80 million. Alliance revenue related to this collaboration, consisting of royalties (recorded within Sales), was $136 million and $361 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, compared with $100 million and $261 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively.
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Restructuring |
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| Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring | Restructuring In July 2025, the Company approved a new restructuring program (2025 Restructuring Program) designed to position the Company for its next chapter of growth and to successfully advance its pipeline and launch new products across multiple therapeutic areas. As part of this program, the Company expects to eliminate certain positions in sales and administrative organizations, as well as research and development. The Company will, however, continue to hire employees into new roles across all strategic growth areas of the business. In addition, the Company will reduce its global real estate footprint and continue to optimize its manufacturing network, aligning the geography of its global manufacturing footprint to its customers and reflecting changes in the Company’s business. Most actions contemplated under the 2025 Restructuring Program are expected to be largely completed by the end of 2027, with the exception of certain manufacturing actions, which are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2029. The cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program are estimated to be approximately $3.0 billion, of which approximately 60% will be cash, relating primarily to employee separation expense and contractual termination costs. The remainder of the costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $302 million and $951 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, related to the 2025 Restructuring Program. In January 2024, the Company approved a restructuring program (2024 Restructuring Program) intended to continue the optimization of the Company’s Human Health global manufacturing network as the future pipeline shifts to new modalities and also optimize the Animal Health global manufacturing network to improve supply reliability and increase efficiency. The actions contemplated under the 2024 Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2031, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $4.0 billion. Approximately 60% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The remainder of the costs will result in cash outlays, relating primarily to facility shut-down costs. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $88 million and $279 million in the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $323 million and $701 million in the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to the 2024 Restructuring Program. Since inception of the 2024 Restructuring Program through September 30, 2025, Merck has incurred total cumulative pretax costs of $1.4 billion. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses. The following tables summarize the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:
Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities to be fully or partially closed or divested and equipment to be disposed of as part of the programs. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors. Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Other exit costs in 2025 and 2024 include asset impairment, facility shut-down, contractual termination, and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 10) and share-based compensation. The following table summarizes the charges and spending related to restructuring program activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:
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Financial Instruments |
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| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Instruments | Financial Instruments Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments. A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below. Foreign Currency Risk Management The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates. The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and foreign exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options. The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or Other comprehensive income (OCI), depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL) and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. The amount reclassified into earnings as a result of the discontinuation of cash flow hedges because it was no longer deemed probable the forecasted hedged transactions would occur was not material for the third quarter or first nine months of either 2025 or 2024. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of foreign exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of foreign exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the foreign exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument (primarily the euro, Swiss franc, Japanese yen, and Chinese renminbi). The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in foreign exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI. The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. Certain of the Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI. The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:
(1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary. Interest Rate Risk Management The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk. At September 30, 2025, the Company was a party to seven pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of a portion of fixed-rate notes as detailed in the table below.
The interest rate swap contracts are designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the SOFR swap rate are recorded in interest expense along with the offsetting fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:
Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments:
As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes:
The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:
(1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net. The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
(1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions. At September 30, 2025, the Company estimates $298 million of pretax net unrealized losses on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCL to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual foreign exchange rates at maturity. Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Information on investments in debt and equity securities is as follows:
(1) Unrealized net gains of $367 million and $630 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, on equity securities still held at September 30, 2025. Unrealized net losses (gains) of $42 million and $(82) million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively, on equity securities still held at September 30, 2024. At September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company also had $834 million and $848 million, respectively, of equity investments without readily determinable fair values included in Other Assets. The Company records unrealized gains on these equity investments based on favorable observable price changes from transactions involving similar investments of the same investee and records unrealized losses based on unfavorable observable price changes, which are included in Other (income) expense, net. During the first nine months of 2025, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $1 million and unrealized losses of $33 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at September 30, 2025. During the first nine months of 2024, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $12 million and unrealized losses of $25 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at September 30, 2024. Cumulative unrealized gains and cumulative unrealized losses based on observable price changes for investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values still held at September 30, 2025 were $293 million and $131 million, respectively. At September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company also had $226 million and $328 million, respectively, recorded in Other Assets for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds. Losses (gains) recorded in Other (income) expense, net relating to these investment funds were $2 million and $(21) million for the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $53 million and $(26) million for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest: Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:
(1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) Includes securities with an aggregate fair value of $81 million at December 31, 2024, which were subject to a contractual sale restriction that expired in April 2025. (3) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Cash and cash equivalents included $17.5 billion and $12.3 billion of cash equivalents, respectively (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy). Contingent Consideration Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:
(1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments. Amount in 2025 includes the reversal of $45 million for a Zerbaxa sales-based milestone as it was determined that payment was not probable. (2) Amount in both periods reflects payments related to the 2016 termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture. Amount in 2025 also includes a $25 million payment related to the achievement of a sales-based milestone for Zerbaxa. Other Fair Value Measurements Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at September 30, 2025, was $37.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $41.4 billion and at December 31, 2024, was $32.6 billion compared with a carrying value of $37.1 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Concentrations of Credit Risk On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines. The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the U.S. and Europe and are primarily due from drug wholesalers, distributors and retailers, hospitals and government agencies. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business. The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $1.7 billion and $2.1 billion of accounts receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions, generally within thirty days after receipt. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had collected $35 million and $55 million, respectively, on behalf of the financial institutions, which is reflected as restricted cash in Other current assets, and the related obligation to remit the cash is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities. The net cash flows related to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The cost of factoring such accounts receivable was de minimis. Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. Cash collateral received by the Company from various counterparties was $1 million and $165 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities.
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Inventories |
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| Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inventories | Inventories Inventories consisted of:
Amounts recognized as Other Assets are comprised almost entirely of raw materials and work in process inventories. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, these amounts included $5.2 billion and $3.8 billion, respectively, of inventories not expected to be sold within one year. In addition, these amounts included $167 million and $412 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, of inventories produced in preparation for product launches.
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Long-Term Debt |
9 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 | |
| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |
| Long-Term Debt | Long-Term Debt In September 2025, the Company issued $6.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $500 million of floating rate notes due 2027, $750 million of 3.85% notes due 2027, $750 million of 4.15% notes due 2030, $1.0 billion of 4.55% notes due 2032, $1.75 billion of 4.95% notes due 2035, and $1.25 billion of 5.70% notes due 2055. The Company used the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the approximately $10.5 billion cash consideration and related fees and expenses payable in connection with Merck’s acquisition of Verona Pharma in October 2025 (see Note 2).
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Contingencies |
9 Months Ended |
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |
| Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | |
| Contingencies | Contingencies The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property, commercial litigation, and securities litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters. In the opinion of the Company, it is unlikely that the resolution of these matters will be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Given the nature of the litigation discussed below and the complexities involved in these matters, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss for such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice, (ii) the extent of the claims, including the size of any potential class, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate, (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation, (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation and (v) any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation. The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. Generally, for product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. The Company’s decision to obtain insurance coverage is dependent on market conditions, including cost and availability, existing at the time such decisions are made. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities. Product Liability Litigation Dr. Scholl’s Foot Powder As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. arising from consumers’ alleged exposure to talc in Dr. Scholl’s foot powder, which Merck acquired through its merger with Schering-Plough Corporation and sold as part of the divestiture of Merck’s consumer care business to Bayer in 2014. In these actions, plaintiffs allege that they were exposed to asbestos-contaminated talc and developed mesothelioma as a result. As of September 30, 2025, approximately 605 cases were pending against Merck in various state courts. Gardasil/Gardasil 9 As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. involving Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant) and Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant). As of September 30, 2025, approximately 135 cases were filed and are pending against Merck in either federal or state court. In these actions, plaintiffs allege, among other things, that they suffered various personal injuries after vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) as a predominate alleged injury. In August 2022, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that Gardasil/Gardasil 9 product liability cases pending in federal courts nationwide be transferred to Judge Robert J. Conrad in the Western District of North Carolina for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. In February 2024, the multidistrict litigation (Gardasil MDL) was reassigned to Judge Kenneth D. Bell. On March 11, 2025, the court granted Merck’s motion for summary judgment in 16 bellwether cases on implied preemption grounds; plaintiffs have appealed to the Fourth Circuit. The parties’ letter submissions on next steps in the Gardasil MDL proceeding in light of the court’s decision were submitted on April 8, 2025. Expert discovery on the remaining alleged conditions and summary judgment briefing are to follow. On March 21, 2025, plaintiff’s co-lead counsel in the Gardasil MDL filed a seven-plaintiff complaint in New Jersey state court. On March 24, 2025, Merck removed the case to federal court and requested that the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfer the case to the Gardasil MDL. Plaintiffs opposed transfer to the Gardasil MDL and moved to have the case remanded to New Jersey state court. On August 7, 2025, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation issued an order transferring the case to the Gardasil MDL. On May 1, 2025, plaintiff’s co-lead counsel in the Gardasil MDL filed a new six-plaintiff complaint in New Jersey state court. On May 30, 2025, Merck removed the case to federal court and has requested that the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfer the case to the Gardasil MDL. Plaintiffs have opposed transfer to the Gardasil MDL and have moved to have the case remanded to New Jersey state court. On July 11, 2025, plaintiff’s co-lead counsel in the Gardasil MDL filed a new six-plaintiff complaint in New Jersey state court. On July 11, 2025, Merck removed the case to federal court and has requested that the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfer the case to the Gardasil MDL. Plaintiffs have opposed transfer to the Gardasil MDL and have moved to have the case remanded to New Jersey state court. On January 28, 2025, a trial commenced in California state court. Plaintiff claims that she suffers from POTS and fibromyalgia as a result of her Gardasil vaccinations. On February 14, 2025, after several weeks of trial and an opportunity to litigate plaintiff’s claims before a jury, plaintiff’s counsel approached Merck and proposed that the jury be discharged and the case adjourned. Merck agreed, subject to an explicit stipulation that Merck would provide no financial or other consideration in exchange for the agreement to adjourn. The case has thus been adjourned until a new trial date of February 2, 2026. Merck is vigorously defending this case and believes that evidence presented in court will show that Gardasil had no role in causing any of plaintiff’s conditions. In October 2025, Merck entered into a proposed agreement with plaintiffs’ counsel to substantially resolve the Gardasil product liability litigation. The proposed agreement sets forth various terms and conditions under which Merck would resolve the bulk of all pending Gardasil product liability claims in the U.S. in exchange for a total payment that is considerably less than Merck’s anticipated costs of defense in the litigation and that is not material to Merck. The proposed agreement requires that several conditions be met within specified time periods, including participation thresholds, in order for the proposed agreement to result in a final resolution of any pending litigation. As previously disclosed, there are fewer than 15 product liability cases pending outside the U.S. Governmental Proceedings Civil Investigative Demand In August 2025, the Company received a Civil Investigative Demand (CID) from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), pursuant to a False Claims Act investigation, seeking documents, information, and testimony related to the Company’s programs and practices concerning diversity, equity, and inclusion. The CID states that the DOJ is investigating whether, in connection with the Company’s claims for payments under its federal contracts, the Company falsely certified compliance with federal antidiscrimination laws. The Company is cooperating with the investigation. Other Matters As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company’s subsidiaries in China receive inquiries regarding their operations from various Chinese governmental agencies. Some of these inquiries may be related to matters involving other multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as Chinese entities doing business with such companies. The Company’s policy is to cooperate with these authorities and to provide responses as appropriate. As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company receives inquiries and is the subject of preliminary investigation activities from competition and other governmental authorities in markets outside the U.S. These authorities may include regulators, administrative authorities, and law enforcement and other similar officials, and these preliminary investigation activities may include site visits, formal or informal requests or demands for documents or materials, inquiries or interviews and similar matters. Certain of these preliminary inquiries or activities may lead to the commencement of formal proceedings. Should those proceedings be determined adversely to the Company, monetary fines and/or remedial undertakings may be required. Securities Litigation As previously disclosed, on February 12, 2025, a putative class action was filed against Merck and certain of its officers in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Cronin v. Merck & Co., Inc., et al., purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of Merck common stock between February 2022 and February 2025. Plaintiff alleges that Merck violated federal securities laws by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions regarding demand for Gardasil/Gardasil 9 in China. Plaintiff seeks unspecified monetary damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, and fees and costs. On April 7, 2025, the court entered a joint stipulation staying the defendants’ deadline to respond to the complaint until after a lead plaintiff is appointed and requiring the parties to confer and jointly propose deadlines for amending and responding to the complaint within 14 days of the lead plaintiff appointment. Lead plaintiff motions were filed on April 14, 2025, and remain pending. As previously disclosed, on July 18, 2025, purported Merck stockholder Terence Collins filed a derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Collins v. Davis, et al., against certain Merck officers and board members. The complaint asserts claims of violation of Section 14(a) of the Securities Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act), breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment based on the same allegations as in the putative securities class action. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, corporate governance reforms, injunctive relief, restitution, and fees and costs. On September 2, 2025, purported Merck stockholders Robert Daniel and Daniel Gershen filed a derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Daniel, et al. v. Frazier, et al., against certain current and former Merck officers and board members for violations of Sections 10(b), 14(a), and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment based on the same allegations as the putative securities class action and the earlier-filed Collins derivative lawsuit. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, corporate governance reforms, injunctive relief, restitution, and fees and costs. On September 19, 2025, the parties to the Collins and Daniel lawsuits concurrently filed joint stipulations to stay the lawsuits pending the earliest of the following: (i) dismissal of the securities class action; (ii) any defendant filing an answer in the securities class action; or (iii) any party to the stipulation giving 15 days’ notice that they no longer consent to the stay. The parties also filed joint stipulations to consolidate the Collins and Daniel derivative lawsuits. On October 1, 2025, the district court so-ordered the stay stipulations. The court has not yet taken action in response to the consolidation stipulations. On September 23, 2025, purported Merck shareholders Gary Weniger, Kathie McGinty, and Pamela Young filed a derivative lawsuit in the Superior Court of New Jersey (Union County), captioned Weniger, et al. v. Frazier, et al., against certain current and former Merck officers and board members. The complaint asserts claims of breach of fiduciary duty, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, unjust enrichment, insider trading, and a violation of New Jersey securities law based on the same allegations as the putative securities class action and the earlier-filed Collins and Daniel derivative lawsuits. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, disgorgement of any illicitly gained proceeds, corporate governance reforms, injunctive relief, restitution, and fees and costs. Commercial and Other Litigation Zetia Antitrust Litigation As previously disclosed, Merck, MSD, Schering Corporation, Schering-Plough Corporation, and MSP Singapore Company LLC (collectively, the Merck Defendants) were defendants in a number of lawsuits filed in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The cases were consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation (Zetia MDL) before Judge Rebecca Beach Smith in the Eastern District of Virginia. In April 2023, the Merck Defendants reached settlements with the direct purchaser and retailer plaintiffs, and a settlement with the indirect purchaser class that the court approved in October 2023. As previously disclosed, in 2020 and 2021, United HealthCare Services, Inc. (United HealthCare), Humana Inc. (Humana), Centene Corporation and others (Centene), and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (Kaiser) (collectively, the Insurer Plaintiffs), each filed a lawsuit in a jurisdiction outside of the Eastern District of Virginia against the Merck Defendants and others, making similar allegations as those made in the Zetia MDL, as well as additional allegations about Vytorin. These cases were transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia to proceed with the Zetia MDL. In December 2023, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation remanded the four Insurer Plaintiff cases to the transferor courts in the Northern District of California (Kaiser), the District of Minnesota (United HealthCare), and the District of New Jersey (Humana and Centene). The Merck Defendants filed motions to dismiss in each of the Insurer Plaintiff cases. In December 2024, the district court in the District of New Jersey granted in part and denied in part the motions to dismiss in the Humana and Centene cases and, on January 29, 2025, Humana and Centene filed amended complaints. On March 5, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed motions to dismiss the amended complaints. On March 24, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed a third-party complaint against AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp., AmerisourceBergen Corp., and Cencora, Inc., (collectively, Cencora) seeking indemnification and a declaration of rights for Humana’s direct purchaser claims. On June 23, 2025, Cencora moved to dismiss the third-party complaint or, in the alternative, to transfer the third-party action to the Eastern District of Virginia. On February 25, 2025, the district court in the District of Minnesota granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss in the United HealthCare case. On March 11, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed an answer and affirmative defenses in response to United HealthCare’s complaint. On March 24, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed a third-party complaint against Cardinal Health, Inc., Cardinal Health 110, LLC, and Cardinal Health 112, LLC (collectively, Cardinal), seeking indemnification and a declaration of rights for certain of United HealthCare’s direct and indirect purchaser claims. On June 6, 2025, Cardinal filed a motion to dismiss the Merck Defendants’ third-party complaint on forum grounds, or in the alternative, to stay the Merck Defendants’ third-party claims pending arbitration. On March 18, 2025, the district court in the Northern District of California granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss in the Kaiser case. The court granted Kaiser leave to amend its complaint, and Kaiser filed its second amended complaint on April 15, 2025. On May 20, 2025, the Merck Defendants moved to dismiss certain claims in the second amended complaint. Qui Tam Litigation As previously disclosed, in June 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania unsealed a complaint that had been filed against the Company under the federal False Claims Act by two former employees alleging, among other things, that the Company defrauded the U.S. government by falsifying data in connection with a clinical study conducted on the mumps component of the Company’s M-M-R II vaccine. The complaint alleged the fraud took place between 1999 and 2001. The U.S. government had the right to participate in and take over the prosecution of this lawsuit but notified the court that it declined to exercise that right. The two former employees pursued the lawsuit without the involvement of the U.S. government. In July 2023, the court denied relators’ motion for summary judgment, granted two of the Company’s motions for summary judgment, and denied the Company’s remaining motions for summary judgment as moot. The court entered judgment in favor of the Company and dismissed relators’ amended complaint in full with prejudice. Relators appealed that decision, and in August 2024, the Third Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision. In addition, as previously disclosed, two putative class action lawsuits on behalf of direct purchasers of the M‑M‑R II vaccine, which charge that the Company misrepresented the efficacy of the M-M-R II vaccine in violation of federal antitrust laws and various state consumer protection laws, are pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The court granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment as to plaintiffs’ state law claims and denied the motion as to plaintiffs’ antitrust claim. The Company appealed and, in October 2024, the Third Circuit reversed-in-part the district court’s order and remanded the case with instructions to enter summary judgment for the Company. In November 2024, plaintiffs-appellees filed a petition for rehearing and rehearing en banc and, on February 10, 2025, the court denied the petition. On October 20, 2025, the Supreme Court denied the plaintiffs’ certiorari petition, ending the matter. Patent Litigation From time to time, generic and biosimilar manufacturers of pharmaceutical products file abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) and Biologics License Applications, respectively, with the FDA seeking to market generic and biosimilar forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned by the Company. To protect its patent rights, the Company may file patent infringement lawsuits against such generic and biosimilar companies. Similar lawsuits defending the Company’s patent rights may exist in other countries. The Company intends to vigorously defend its patents, which it believes are valid, against infringement by companies attempting to market products prior to the expiration of such patents. As with any litigation, there can be no assurance of the outcomes, which, if adverse, could result in significantly shortened periods of exclusivity for these products and, with respect to products acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, potentially significant intangible asset impairment charges. In addition to these matters, the Company may be involved in other litigation involving its intellectual property and intellectual property owned or licensed by other companies. Bridion — As previously disclosed, between January and November 2020, the Company received multiple Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that generic drug companies had filed applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Bridion (sugammadex) Injection. In March, April and December 2020, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Courts for the District of New Jersey and the Northern District of West Virginia against those generic companies. All actions in the District of New Jersey were consolidated. The West Virginia case was jointly dismissed with prejudice in August 2022 in favor of proceeding in New Jersey. The remaining defendants in the New Jersey action stipulated to infringement of the asserted claims and withdrew all remaining claims and defenses other than a defense seeking to shorten the patent term extension (PTE) of the sugammadex patent to December 2022. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey held a one-day trial in December 2022 on this remaining PTE calculation defense. In June 2023, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ruled in Merck’s favor. The court held that Merck’s calculation of PTE for the sugammadex patent covering the compound is not invalid and that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office correctly granted a full five-year extension. Also in June 2023, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a final judgment prohibiting the FDA from approving any of the pending or tentatively approved generic applications until January 27, 2026, except for any subsequent agreements between defendants and Merck or further order by the court. In July 2023, the defendants filed a notice of appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Oral argument took place on February 4, 2025. On March 13, 2025, the Federal Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision, holding that the patent term extension granted to the sugammadex patent covering Bridion was not invalid and that the patent is entitled to its full five-year patent term extension. The FDA has now granted Bridion six months of pediatric exclusivity. While the New Jersey action was pending, the Company settled with five generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Bridion to the market in January 2026 (which were subject to delay by any applicable pediatric exclusivity) or earlier under certain circumstances. The FDA has now granted Bridion six months of pediatric exclusivity. Thus, the Federal Circuit’s decision and these settlements secure Bridion’s exclusivity in the U.S. through July 27, 2026. Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR — As previously disclosed, the FDA granted pediatric exclusivity with respect to Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCI), and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release), which provides a further six months of exclusivity in the U.S. beyond the expiration of all patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Adding this exclusivity to the term of the key patent protection extended exclusivity on these products to January 2023. However, Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR contain sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and the Company has another patent covering certain phosphate salt and polymorphic forms of sitagliptin that expires in May 2027, including pediatric exclusivity (salt/polymorph patent). As previously disclosed, beginning in 2019, a number of generic drug companies filed ANDAs seeking approval of generic forms of Januvia and Janumet along with Paragraph IV certifications challenging the validity of the salt/polymorph patent. The Company has settled with over two dozen generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Januvia and Janumet to the market in the U.S. in May 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances, and their generic versions of Janumet XR to the market in July 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances. In March 2021, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Zydus Worldwide DMCC, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., and Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (collectively, Zydus). In that lawsuit, the Company alleged infringement of the salt/polymorph patent based on the filing of Zydus’s NDA seeking approval of a form of sitagliptin that is different from than that used in Januvia. In December 2022, the parties reached settlement that included dismissal of the case without prejudice enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product. In January 2023, the Company received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that Zydus filed an ANDA seeking approval of sitagliptin/metformin HCl tablets. In March 2023, the parties reached settlement enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Janumet. In November 2023, the Company received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that Zydus filed an ANDA seeking approval of sitagliptin/metformin HCl Extended Release tablets. In January 2024, the parties reached settlement enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable version containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Janumet XR. As a result of these settlement agreements related to the later expiring 2027 salt/polymorph patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that Januvia and Janumet will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026 and Janumet XR will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until July 2026, although Zydus has received FDA approval for a non-automatically substitutable form of sitagliptin that differs from the form in the Company’s sitagliptin products. In March 2024, the Company received another Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act from Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Azurity) asserting that a different sitagliptin product subject to its ANDA does not infringe the salt/polymorph patent. In May 2024, Merck filed a civil action in the U.S. District Court of Delaware alleging infringement. The case was dismissed without prejudice in July 2024. Following the dismissal, the Company granted Azurity a covenant not to assert the salt/polymorph patent against the Azurity product that is the subject of such ANDA. Supplementary Protection Certificates (SPCs) for Janumet expired in April 2023 for the majority of European countries. Prior to expiration, generic companies sought revocation of the Janumet SPCs in a number of European countries. In February 2022, a Finnish court referred certain questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union that could impact the validity of the Janumet SPCs in Europe. A decision rendered in December 2024 provides guidance on points of law and does not directly apply to the Janumet SPCs. Thus, additional proceedings in certain countries where generic companies were prevented from launching products during the SPC period may be necessary to determine whether the SPCs are valid and if not, whether damages are appropriate. Those countries include Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, and France. If the Janumet SPCs are ultimately upheld, the Company has reserved its rights related to the pursuit of damages for those countries where a generic launched prior to expiry of the Janumet SPC. In October 2023, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Sawai Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. and Medisa Shinyaku Co., Ltd (collectively, Defendants) in the Tokyo District Court seeking an injunction to stop the manufacture, sale and offer for sale of the Defendants’ sitagliptin dihydrogen phosphate product, while the Company’s patents and patent term extensions are in force. The lawsuit is in response to the Defendants’ application for marketing authorization to sell a generic sitagliptin dihydrogen phosphate product, in the anhydrate form, which was approved in August 2023. Merck asserts that the Defendants’ activity infringes a patent term extension associated with Merck’s patent directed to the sitagliptin compound patent. Keytruda — As previously disclosed, in November 2022, the Company filed a complaint against The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) in the U.S. District Court of Maryland. This action concerns a joint research collaboration between Merck and JHU regarding the use of Keytruda in certain indications. Merck and JHU partnered to design and conduct a clinical study administering Keytruda to cancer patients having tumors that had the genetic biomarker known as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) (the Joint Clinical Study). Subsequently JHU obtained a number of U.S. patents specifically relying on the Joint Clinical Study. Merck alleges that JHU breached the collaboration agreement by obtaining issuance of these patents without informing or involving Merck, which were licensed to others, and then trying to enforce these patents against Merck. Merck therefore brought an action for breach of contract, declaratory judgment of noninfringement, and promissory estoppel. JHU answered the complaint in April and May 2023, denying Merck’s claims, and counterclaiming for willful infringement of nine issued U.S. patents, including a demand for damages. Between November 30, 2023, and March 13, 2024, the Company filed inter partes review petitions with the United States Patent Office’s Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), challenging the patentability of all nine patents asserted in the district court. Between June 2024 and October 2024, the PTAB instituted a review of all nine challenged patents. In June 2024, the district court granted Merck’s motion to stay the case in its entirety pending the outcome of the PTAB proceeding instituted in June 2024. Between June and October of 2025, the PTAB issued Final Written Decisions finding all claims of the first six patents challenged unpatentable. JHU has filed notices of appeal to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals for two of the patents invalidated by the PTAB. Director Review Requests and/or Appeals are still possible for the four additional patents invalidated by the PTAB. The remaining three patents are expected to have Final Written Decisions issued by the PTAB in mid to late November 2025. The district court’s stay is expected to continue until at least the issuance of Final Written Decisions for the three remaining patents. Subcutaneous Pembrolizumab — Halozyme, Inc. has publicly alleged that certain patents in its modified hyaluronidase (MDASE) portfolio cover an ingredient in the Company’s subcutaneous pembrolizumab product. In November 2024, the Company began filing a series of post grant review (PGR) petitions before the PTAB alleging that certain patents in the MDASE portfolio are invalid. On June 2, 2025, the PTAB instituted the first petition filed by the Company. Since then, the PTAB also instituted ten additional petitions. Institution decisions on three additional patents in the MDASE portfolio are still pending. On April 24, 2025, Halozyme, Inc. filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that the Company’s activities related to subcutaneous pembrolizumab infringe or will infringe 15 patents belonging to the MDASE portfolio, 12 of which are the subject of the Company’s already filed PGR petitions. Although there are three patents that were not and cannot be challenged using the PGR process, the Company believes those patents are invalid and suffer from the same defects as the patents currently being challenged and those patents can be challenged in court proceedings if required. Between August and September 2025, the Company filed revocation actions against EP Patent No. 2 797 622 (the ‘622 patent) owned by Halozyme, Inc. in the UK, France, Germany and The Netherlands. Halozyme, Inc. counterclaimed for an injunction in the UK under the ‘622 patent as well as an additional patent but have undertaken not to enforce any injunction there until the validity of both patents, which is in dispute, is finally determined. On October 2, 2025, the Company accepted service of a preliminary injunction filed by Halozyme, Inc. under the ‘622 patent in Germany. A preliminary injunction hearing is scheduled to occur on December 4, 2025. Lynparza — As previously disclosed, between December 2022 and November 2024, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Natco Pharma Limited, Sandoz Inc., Cipla USA, Inc and Cipla Limited (collectively Cipla), and Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. have filed separate applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. Between February 2023 and January 2025, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a series of patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against each generic company asserting a number of Orange-Book listed patents. The filing of the initial infringement suit generally stays FDA approval for 30 months from the date of the Paragraph IV notice or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. In these cases, however, none of the generic companies are challenging the patent specifically claiming the olaparib compound which expires in September 2027. Thus, the earliest date the FDA can approve any of the currently pending generic applications is September 2027. All cases have been consolidated and a trial is expected in 2026. Capvaxive — On September 5, 2025, Pogona, LLC filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that the Company’s activities related to Capvaxive infringe U.S. Patent No. 11,058,757. Pogona, LLC is asserting the Company’s infringement is willful and is seeking monetary damages. The Company believes the asserted patent is invalid and not infringed. Other Litigation There are various other pending legal proceedings involving the Company, principally product liability and intellectual property lawsuits. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of such proceedings, in the opinion of the Company, either the likelihood of loss is remote or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows either individually or in the aggregate. Legal Defense Reserves Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company; the costs and outcomes of completed trials; and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 of approximately $220 million and $225 million, respectively, represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so.
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | Equity
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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. The net periodic benefit cost (credit) of such plans consisted of the following components:
The Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and similar benefits to their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The net credit of such plans consisted of the following components:
In connection with restructuring actions (see Note 4), termination charges were recorded on pension plans related to expanded eligibility for certain employees exiting Merck. Also, in connection with these restructuring activities, curtailments were recorded on certain pension plans. The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income) expense, net (see Note 11), with the exception of certain amounts for termination benefits which are recorded in Restructuring costs if the event giving rise to the termination benefits related to restructuring actions.
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Other (Income) Expense, Net |
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| Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other (Income) Expense, Net | Other (Income) Expense, Net Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:
(1) Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are owned directly are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. Other, net (as reflected in the table above) in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024 includes $170 million of income related to the expansion of the existing development and commercialization agreement with Daiichi Sankyo (see Note 3). Interest paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $849 million and $822 million, respectively.
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Income Taxes |
9 Months Ended |
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |
| Income Taxes | Income Taxes The effective income tax rates of 14.2% and 13.3% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, reflect the favorable impacts of geographical mix of income and expense, as well as certain discrete items. The effective income tax rate of 22.7% for the third quarter of 2024 reflects a 7.2 percentage point combined unfavorable impact of charges related to the acquisitions of EyeBio and MK-1045, which had minimal tax benefits. The effective income tax rate of 15.1% for the first nine months of 2024 reflects a 2.1 percentage point combined unfavorable impact of charges related to the acquisitions of Harpoon, EyeBio and MK-1045, which had minimal tax benefits. The effective income tax rate for the first nine months of 2024 also reflects a 1.6 percentage point favorable impact due to a $259 million reduction in reserves for unrecognized income tax benefits resulting from the expiration in June 2024 of the statute of limitations for assessments related to the 2019 federal tax return year. While many jurisdictions in which Merck operates have adopted the global minimum tax provision of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Pillar 2, effective for tax years beginning in January 2024, it resulted in a minimal impact to the Company’s 2024 effective income tax rate due to the accounting for the tax effects of intercompany transactions. In addition, in July 2025, H.R.1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted into law, which had an immaterial impact to the effective tax rates for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018, including the one-time transition tax enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA). In April 2025, Merck received Notices of Proposed Adjustment (NOPAs) that would increase the amount of the one-time transition tax on certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries by approximately $1.3 billion. In addition, the NOPAs included penalties of approximately $260 million. These amounts are exclusive of any interest that may be due. The Company disagrees with the proposed adjustments and will vigorously contest the NOPAs through all available administrative and, if necessary, judicial proceedings. It is expected to take a number of years to reach resolution of this matter. If the Company is ultimately unsuccessful in defending its position, the impact could be material to its financial statements. The statute of limitations for assessments with respect to the 2019 and 2020 federal tax return years expired in June 2024 (as noted above) and October 2024, respectively. The IRS is also currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2021 and 2022. In addition, various state and foreign examinations are in progress.
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Earnings Per Share |
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| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings Per Share | Earnings Per Share The calculations of earnings per share are as follows:
(1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans. For the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, 15 million and 7 million, respectively, and for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, 12 million and 6 million, respectively, of common shares issuable under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the computations of earnings per common share assuming dilution because the effect would have been antidilutive.
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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
(1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales. (2) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 10).
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Segment Reporting |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments. The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, distributors and government entities. A large component of pediatric and adolescent vaccine sales are made to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program, which is funded by the U.S. government. Additionally, the Company sells vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles. The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners. Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:
(1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3). (2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties (see Note 3). (3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3). (4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately. Also reflects total alliance revenue for Koselugo of $214 million and $39 million in the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $301 million and $114 million in the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively (see Note 3). (5) Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which (decreased) increased sales by $(61) million and $156 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon & Co.). Other for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 also includes $111 million and $91 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements. Product sales are recorded net of the provision for discounts, including chargebacks, which are customer discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesale purchaser, and rebates that are owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers, after the final dispensing of the product by a pharmacy to a benefit plan participant. These discounts, in the aggregate, reduced U.S. sales by $2.6 billion and $3.6 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $7.2 billion and $10.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:
A reconciliation of segment profits to Income Before Taxes is as follows:
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. (2) Human health-related research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories are not allocated to segment profits as noted below. (3) Includes equity (income) loss from affiliates and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses. Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs directly incurred by the segment. The chief operating decision maker (Merck’s Chief Executive Officer) uses segment profit to allocate resources predominately during the planning and forecasting process. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories (the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities), or general and administrative expenses not directly incurred by the segments, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. In addition, costs related to restructuring activities, as well as the amortization of intangible assets and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments are not allocated to segments. Other profits are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate profits, as well as operating profits (losses) related to third-party manufacturing arrangements. Other unallocated, net, includes expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers, intangible asset impairment charges, gains or losses on sales of businesses, expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration, and other miscellaneous income or expense items. Equity income from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:
Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:
The Company does not disaggregate assets on a products and services basis for internal management reporting and, therefore, such information is not presented.
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Insider Trading Arrangements |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 | |
| Trading Arrangements, by Individual | |
| Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted | false |
| Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted | false |
| Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated | false |
| Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated | false |
Basis of Presentation (Policies) |
9 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 | |
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
| Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S.) for complete consolidated financial statements are not included herein. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in Merck’s Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2025. The results of operations of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the full year. In the Company’s opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of these interim statements have been included and are of a normal and recurring nature.
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| Reclassifications | Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. |
| Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted | Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and disaggregation of information in the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures by jurisdiction. The guidance also includes other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures by removing certain previously required disclosures. The guidance is effective for 2025 annual reporting and will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance intended to improve financial reporting by requiring entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories at interim and annual reporting periods. The guidance is effective for 2027 annual reporting and 2028 interim reporting. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance, which can be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis, will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements. In September 2025, the FASB issued guidance intended to clarify and modernize the accounting for costs related to internal-use software. The guidance removes all references to software development project stages and clarifies the criteria entities should apply to begin capitalizing costs. The guidance is effective for 2028 annual and interim reporting and can be applied on a prospective, retrospective, or modified retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
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| Legal Costs | Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. |
Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sep. 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, Transaction between Entities under Common Control, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed | The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the Elanco aqua business (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) are as follows:
(1) The estimated fair values of Clynav and other product rights were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 8.5%. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. (2) The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Animal Health segment. This amount is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
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Collaborative Arrangements (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Collaboration Arrangements | Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Amounts in 2025 include the $150 million upfront payment and $50 million regulatory milestone triggered in the third quarter as a result of the amendment to the collaboration agreement noted above. (2) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. (3) Balance at September 30, 2025 includes a milestone receivable. (4) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued milestone payments. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of intangible assets, cost of products sold by Merck, as well as Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes cost of products sold by Merck, Ridgeback’s share of profits, royalty expense, amortization of capitalized milestone payments and inventory reserves. (2) Includes accrued royalties. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents Merck’s share of certain inventory-related costs. (2) Includes accrued continuation payment. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
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Restructuring (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Charges Related to Restructuring Program Activities by Type of Cost | The following tables summarize the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:
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| Schedule of Charges and Spending Relating to Restructuring Activities by Program | The following table summarizes the charges and spending related to restructuring program activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:
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Financial Instruments (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Effect of Net Investment Hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Operations | The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:
(1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.
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| Schedule of Interest Rate Swaps Held | At September 30, 2025, the Company was a party to seven pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of a portion of fixed-rate notes as detailed in the table below.
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| Schedule of Amounts Recorded on Balance Sheet Related to Fair Value Hedges | The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:
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| Schedule of Fair Value of Derivatives on a Gross Basis Segregated between those Derivatives that are Designated as Hedging Instruments and those that are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments:
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| Schedule of Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis | The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes:
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| Schedule of Location and Amount of Pretax Gains and Losses of Derivatives | The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:
(1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.
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| Schedule of Income Statement Effects of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
(1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.
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| Schedule of Information on Investments in Debt and Equity Securities | Information on investments in debt and equity securities is as follows:
(1) Unrealized net gains of $367 million and $630 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, on equity securities still held at September 30, 2025. Unrealized net losses (gains) of $42 million and $(82) million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively, on equity securities still held at September 30, 2024.
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| Schedule of Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis | Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:
(1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) Includes securities with an aggregate fair value of $81 million at December 31, 2024, which were subject to a contractual sale restriction that expired in April 2025. (3) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.
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| Schedule of Information About the Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration | Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:
(1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments. Amount in 2025 includes the reversal of $45 million for a Zerbaxa sales-based milestone as it was determined that payment was not probable. (2) Amount in both periods reflects payments related to the 2016 termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture. Amount in 2025 also includes a $25 million payment related to the achievement of a sales-based milestone for Zerbaxa.
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Inventories (Tables) |
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| Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Inventory, current | Inventories consisted of:
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| Schedule of Inventory, noncurrent | Inventories consisted of:
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Equity (Tables) |
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| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Equity |
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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Tables) |
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| Pension Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Net Benefit Costs | The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. The net periodic benefit cost (credit) of such plans consisted of the following components:
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| Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Net Benefit Costs | The Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and similar benefits to their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The net credit of such plans consisted of the following components:
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Other (Income) Expense, Net (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net | Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:
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Earnings Per Share (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Calculations of Earnings Per Share | The calculations of earnings per share are as follows:
(1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.
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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Changes in AOCI by Component | Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
(1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales. (2) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 10).
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Segment Reporting (Tables) |
9 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sep. 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Sales from Products | Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:
(1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3). (2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties (see Note 3). (3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3). (4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately. Also reflects total alliance revenue for Koselugo of $214 million and $39 million in the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $301 million and $114 million in the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively (see Note 3). (5) Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which (decreased) increased sales by $(61) million and $156 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon & Co.). Other for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 also includes $111 million and $91 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements.
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| Schedule of Consolidated Sales by Geographic Area | Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:
|
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| Schedule of Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income before Taxes | A reconciliation of segment profits to Income Before Taxes is as follows:
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. (2) Human health-related research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories are not allocated to segment profits as noted below. (3) Includes equity (income) loss from affiliates and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses.
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| Schedule of Equity Loss from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits | Equity income from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:
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| Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment, Net by Geographic Area | Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:
|
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Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements - Estimated Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Jul. 09, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Business Combination [Line Items] | |||
| Goodwill | $ 21,587 | $ 21,668 | |
| Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Aqua Business | |||
| Business Combination [Line Items] | |||
| Inventories | $ 65 | ||
| Property, plant and equipment | 66 | ||
| Deferred tax asset | 106 | ||
| Other assets and liabilities, net | 23 | ||
| Total identifiable net assets | 891 | ||
| Goodwill | 412 | ||
| Consideration transferred | $ 1,303 | ||
| Discount rate | 8.50% | ||
| Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Aqua Business | Product Rights | |||
| Business Combination [Line Items] | |||
| Product rights and other | $ 340 | ||
| Estimated useful life of intangible assets | 15 years | ||
| Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Aqua Business | Other Product Rights | |||
| Business Combination [Line Items] | |||
| Product rights and other | $ 291 | ||
| Estimated useful life of intangible assets | 15 years |
Collaborative Arrangements - Eisai Co., Ltd. - Narrative (Details) - Alliance revenue - Lenvima - USD ($) |
9 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
|
| Licenses and Other | ||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | ||
| Finite-lived intangible assets | $ 261,000,000 | |
| Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | ||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | ||
| Sales based milestone payments | $ 125,000,000 | |
| Sales milestone payments | 2,300,000,000 | |
| Aggregate, regulatory milestones payments, maximum | $ 0 |
Collaborative Arrangements - Eisai Co., Ltd. (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||||
| Cost of sales | $ 3,855 | $ 4,080 | $ 10,831 | $ 11,365 | |
| Selling, general and administrative | 2,633 | 2,731 | 7,835 | 7,952 | |
| Research and development | 4,234 | 5,862 | 11,903 | 13,354 | |
| Other current assets | 47,557 | 47,557 | $ 38,782 | ||
| Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |||||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||||
| Revenue from collaborative arrangement | 258 | 251 | 781 | 755 | |
| Cost of sales | 60 | 60 | 181 | 181 | |
| Selling, general and administrative | 33 | 40 | 99 | 120 | |
| Research and development | 2 | $ 4 | 10 | $ 18 | |
| Other current assets | $ 258 | $ 258 | $ 257 | ||
Collaborative Arrangements - Schedule of Daiicho Sankyo (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | ||||||
| Cost of sales | $ 3,855 | $ 4,080 | $ 10,831 | $ 11,365 | ||
| Selling, general and administrative | 2,633 | 2,731 | 7,835 | 7,952 | ||
| Research and development | 4,234 | 5,862 | 11,903 | 13,354 | ||
| Other current assets | 10,779 | 10,779 | $ 8,706 | |||
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 16,186 | 16,186 | 15,694 | |||
| Daiichi Sankyo | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | ||||||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | ||||||
| Cost of sales | 67 | 0 | 67 | 0 | ||
| Selling, general and administrative | 8 | 5 | 21 | 21 | ||
| Research and development | 110 | $ 94 | 379 | $ 227 | $ 5,500 | |
| Other current assets | 17 | 17 | 8 | |||
| Accrued and other current liabilities | $ 869 | $ 869 | $ 817 | |||
Collaborative Arrangements - Moderna, Inc. - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Moderna, Inc. | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |
| Capitalization of shared costs | $ 235 |
Collaborative Arrangements - Moderna, Inc. (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ 2,633 | $ 2,731 | $ 7,835 | $ 7,952 | |
| Research and development | 4,234 | 5,862 | 11,903 | 13,354 | |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 16,186 | 16,186 | $ 15,694 | ||
| Moderna, Inc. | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |||||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 7 | 5 | 19 | 11 | |
| Research and development | 96 | $ 93 | 272 | $ 255 | |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | $ 13 | $ 13 | $ 57 | ||
Restructuring - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items] | ||||
| Total pretax restructuring costs | $ 390 | $ 1,274 | ||
| Restructuring Program, 2025 | ||||
| Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items] | ||||
| Expected restructuring and related cost | 3,000 | $ 3,000 | ||
| Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will be cash | 60.00% | |||
| Total pretax restructuring costs | 302 | $ 951 | ||
| Restructuring Program, 2024 | ||||
| Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items] | ||||
| Expected restructuring and related cost | 4,000 | $ 4,000 | ||
| Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will be noncash | 60.00% | |||
| Total pretax restructuring costs | 88 | $ 279 | $ 323 | $ 701 |
| Cumulative costs since program inception | $ 1,400 | $ 1,400 | ||
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Effect of Net Investment Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Foreign exchange contracts | ||||
| Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items] | ||||
| Amount of Pretax Loss (Gain) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income | $ (20) | $ 1 | $ 45 | $ 4 |
| Foreign exchange contracts | Other (income) expense, net | ||||
| Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items] | ||||
| Amount of Pretax Gain Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing | 3 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
| Euro-denominated notes | ||||
| Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items] | ||||
| Amount of Pretax Loss (Gain) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income | (1) | 169 | 540 | 73 |
| Euro-denominated notes | Other (income) expense, net | ||||
| Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items] | ||||
| Amount of Pretax Gain Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Interest Rate Swaps Held (Details) |
Sep. 30, 2025
USD ($)
interest_rate_swap
|
Dec. 31, 2024
USD ($)
|
|---|---|---|
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| U.S dollar notional amount | $ 42,872,000,000 | $ 38,560,000,000 |
| 4.50% note due 2033 | 4.50% note due 2033 | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Stated interest rate | 4.50% | |
| 5.00% note due 2053 | 5.00% note due 2053 | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Stated interest rate | 5.00% | |
| Interest rate swap contracts | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Number of Interest Rate Swaps Held | interest_rate_swap | 7 | |
| Interest rate swap contracts | 4.50% note due 2033 | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Par Value of Debt | $ 1,500,000,000 | |
| Number of Interest Rate Swaps Held | interest_rate_swap | 6 | |
| U.S dollar notional amount | $ 1,500,000,000 | |
| Interest rate swap contracts | 5.00% note due 2053 | ||
| Derivative [Line Items] | ||
| Par Value of Debt | $ 1,500,000,000 | |
| Number of Interest Rate Swaps Held | interest_rate_swap | 1 | |
| U.S dollar notional amount | $ 250,000,000 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Amounts Recorded on Balance Sheet Related to Fair Value Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Hedged Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] | Long-Term Debt | Long-Term Debt |
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities | $ 1,819 | $ 1,509 |
| Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount | $ 80 | $ 17 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, asset | $ 316 | $ 729 |
| Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the condensed balance sheet, asset | (246) | (299) |
| Cash collateral received, asset | (1) | (165) |
| Net amounts, asset | 69 | 265 |
| Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, liability | 492 | 345 |
| Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the condensed balance sheet, liability | (246) | (299) |
| Cash collateral received, liability | 0 | 0 |
| Net amounts, liability | $ 246 | $ 46 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Income Statement Effects on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Currency Swap | Other (income) expense, net | ||||
| Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items] | ||||
| Amount of Derivative Pretax Loss (Gain) Recognized in Income | $ 39 | $ (139) | $ (217) | $ (65) |
| Foreign Exchange Future | Sales | ||||
| Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items] | ||||
| Amount of Derivative Pretax Loss (Gain) Recognized in Income | $ (8) | $ 10 | $ 26 | $ (10) |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Information About Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
9 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward] | ||
| Fair value, beginning balance | $ 193 | $ 354 |
| Changes in estimated fair value | (52) | 2 |
| Payments | (141) | (148) |
| Fair value, ending balance | 0 | $ 208 |
| Zerbaxa | ||
| Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward] | ||
| Changes in estimated fair value | (45) | |
| Payments | $ (25) | |
Inventories - Schedule of Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Finished goods | $ 2,249 | $ 2,022 |
| Raw materials and work in process | 10,165 | 8,831 |
| Supplies | 325 | 289 |
| Total | 12,739 | 11,142 |
| Decrease to LIFO cost | (883) | (840) |
| Total current and noncurrent inventories | 11,856 | 10,302 |
| Recognized as: | ||
| Inventories | 6,444 | 6,109 |
| Other Assets | $ 5,412 | $ 4,193 |
Inventories - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Inventory [Line Items] | ||
| Inventories classified in other assets | $ 5,412 | $ 4,193 |
| Inventories Not Expected to be Sold Within One Year | ||
| Inventory [Line Items] | ||
| Inventories classified in other assets | 5,200 | 3,800 |
| Inventories Produced in Preparation for Product Launches | ||
| Inventory [Line Items] | ||
| Inventories classified in other assets | $ 167 | $ 412 |
Long-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
1 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Oct. 31, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
|
| Verona Pharma plc | Subsequent Event | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Consideration transferred, asset acquisition | $ 10,500 | |
| Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | $ 6,000 | |
| Floating Rate Notes Due 2027 | Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | 500 | |
| 3.85% notes due 2027 | Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | $ 750 | |
| Stated interest rate | 3.85% | |
| 4.15% notes due 2030 | Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | $ 750 | |
| Stated interest rate | 4.15% | |
| 4.55% notes due 2032 | Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | $ 1,000 | |
| Stated interest rate | 4.55% | |
| 4.95% notes due 2035 | Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | $ 1,750 | |
| Stated interest rate | 4.95% | |
| 5.70% notes due 2055 | Senior Notes | ||
| Debt Instrument [Line Items] | ||
| Face amount of debt | $ 1,250 | |
| Stated interest rate | 5.70% |
Other (Income) Expense, Net - Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | ||||
| Interest income | $ (96) | $ (127) | $ (274) | $ (269) |
| Interest expense | 327 | 330 | 946 | 943 |
| Exchange losses | 56 | 33 | 224 | 177 |
| (Income) loss from investments in equity securities, net | (373) | 31 | (563) | (169) |
| Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost | (152) | (157) | (452) | (476) |
| Other, net | 0 | (272) | (162) | (357) |
| Other (income) expense, net | $ (238) | $ (162) | $ (281) | $ (151) |
Other (Income) Expense, Net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
1 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|---|
Aug. 31, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items] | |||
| Interest paid | $ 849 | $ 822 | |
| Daiichi Sankyo | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |||
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items] | |||
| Upfront cash payment | $ 170 | ||
Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
1 Months Ended | 3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apr. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Significant Change in Unrecognized Tax Benefits is Reasonably Possible [Line Items] | |||||
| Effective income tax rate | 14.20% | 22.70% | 13.30% | 15.10% | |
| Income tax rate, unfavorable discrete impact | 7.20% | 2.10% | |||
| Effective income tax rate reconciliation, tax contingency, favorable impact, percent | 1.60% | ||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits | $ 259 | ||||
| Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | |||||
| Significant Change in Unrecognized Tax Benefits is Reasonably Possible [Line Items] | |||||
| Income tax examination, estimate of possible loss | $ 1,300 | ||||
| Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Penalties | |||||
| Significant Change in Unrecognized Tax Benefits is Reasonably Possible [Line Items] | |||||
| Income tax examination, estimate of possible loss | $ 260 | ||||
Earnings Per Share - Calculations of Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | ||||
| Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., basic | $ 5,785 | $ 3,157 | $ 15,291 | $ 13,374 |
| Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., diluted | $ 5,785 | $ 3,157 | $ 15,291 | $ 13,374 |
| Average common shares outstanding (in shares) | 2,495 | 2,534 | 2,509 | 2,534 |
| Common shares issuable (in shares) | 3 | 7 | 5 | 9 |
| Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution (in shares) | 2,498 | 2,541 | 2,514 | 2,543 |
| Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ 2.32 | $ 1.25 | $ 6.09 | $ 5.28 |
| Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ 2.32 | $ 1.24 | $ 6.08 | $ 5.26 |
Earnings Per Share - Narrative (Details) - shares shares in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | ||||
| Antidilutive shares (in shares) | 15 | 7 | 12 | 6 |
Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details) $ in Billions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sep. 30, 2025
USD ($)
|
Sep. 30, 2024
USD ($)
|
Sep. 30, 2025
USD ($)
segment
|
Sep. 30, 2024
USD ($)
|
|
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | ||||
| Number of operating segments | segment | 2 | |||
| Sales discounts | $ | $ 2.6 | $ 3.6 | $ 7.2 | $ 10.1 |
Segment Reporting - Schedule of Consolidated Sales by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | $ 17,276 | $ 16,657 | $ 48,611 | $ 48,544 |
| United States | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 10,012 | 8,736 | 27,371 | 24,089 |
| Europe, Middle East and Africa | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 3,680 | 3,583 | 10,789 | 10,661 |
| Latin America | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 905 | 936 | 2,556 | 2,591 |
| Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 764 | 823 | 2,238 | 2,294 |
| Japan | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 712 | 938 | 2,007 | 2,445 |
| China | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 405 | 1,017 | 1,553 | 4,606 |
| Other | ||||
| Revenue from External Customer [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | $ 798 | $ 624 | $ 2,097 | $ 1,858 |
Segment Reporting - Schedule of Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income before Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | $ 17,276 | $ 16,657 | $ 48,611 | $ 48,544 |
| Less segment costs: | ||||
| Cost of sales | 3,855 | 4,080 | 10,831 | 11,365 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 2,633 | 2,731 | 7,835 | 7,952 |
| Research and development | (4,234) | (5,862) | (11,903) | (13,354) |
| Other segment items | 238 | 162 | 281 | 151 |
| Total segment profits | 6,745 | 4,090 | 17,647 | 15,766 |
| Other profits | 6,745 | 4,090 | 17,647 | 15,766 |
| Unallocated: | ||||
| Interest income | 96 | 127 | 274 | 269 |
| Interest expense | (327) | (330) | (946) | (943) |
| Amortization | (1,820) | (1,720) | ||
| Depreciation | (1,552) | (1,582) | ||
| Research and development | (4,234) | (5,862) | (11,903) | (13,354) |
| Restructuring costs | (47) | (56) | (676) | (258) |
| Total segment profits | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 17,226 | 16,430 | 48,148 | 47,838 |
| Less segment costs: | ||||
| Total segment profits | 13,049 | 12,057 | 36,001 | 35,225 |
| Other profits | 13,049 | 12,057 | 36,001 | 35,225 |
| Unallocated: | ||||
| Depreciation | (83) | (86) | (207) | (214) |
| Total segment profits | Pharma- ceutical | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 15,611 | 14,943 | 43,299 | 43,358 |
| Less segment costs: | ||||
| Cost of sales | 1,664 | 1,904 | 4,838 | 5,319 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 1,469 | 1,519 | 4,327 | 4,462 |
| Research and development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other segment items | (60) | (27) | (130) | (74) |
| Total segment profits | 12,538 | 11,547 | 34,264 | 33,651 |
| Other profits | 12,538 | 11,547 | 34,264 | 33,651 |
| Unallocated: | ||||
| Depreciation | (1) | (1) | (4) | (3) |
| Research and development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total segment profits | Animal Health | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 1,615 | 1,487 | 4,849 | 4,480 |
| Less segment costs: | ||||
| Cost of sales | 710 | 613 | 1,968 | 1,838 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 277 | 268 | 822 | 791 |
| Research and development | (118) | (95) | (323) | (276) |
| Other segment items | (1) | 1 | (1) | 1 |
| Total segment profits | 511 | 510 | 1,737 | 1,574 |
| Other profits | 511 | 510 | 1,737 | 1,574 |
| Unallocated: | ||||
| Depreciation | (82) | (85) | (203) | (211) |
| Research and development | (118) | (95) | (323) | (276) |
| Other profits | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Sales | 50 | 227 | 463 | 706 |
| Less segment costs: | ||||
| Research and development | (3,839) | (5,716) | (11,159) | (12,926) |
| Total segment profits | 4 | 117 | 235 | 391 |
| Other profits | 4 | 117 | 235 | 391 |
| Unallocated: | ||||
| Interest income | 96 | 127 | 274 | 269 |
| Interest expense | (327) | (330) | (946) | (943) |
| Amortization | (623) | (633) | (1,820) | (1,720) |
| Depreciation | (449) | (467) | (1,345) | (1,368) |
| Research and development | (3,839) | (5,716) | (11,159) | (12,926) |
| Restructuring costs | (47) | (56) | (676) | (258) |
| Other unallocated, net | $ (1,119) | $ (1,009) | $ (2,917) | $ (2,904) |
Segment Reporting - Schedule of Equity Income from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
Sep. 30, 2025 |
Sep. 30, 2024 |
|
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Depreciation | $ 1,552 | $ 1,582 | ||
| Operating Segments | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Equity income from affiliates | $ 62 | $ 43 | 148 | 121 |
| Depreciation | 83 | 86 | 207 | 214 |
| Operating Segments | Pharma- ceutical | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Equity income from affiliates | 62 | 43 | 148 | 121 |
| Depreciation | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| Operating Segments | Animal Health | ||||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | ||||
| Equity income from affiliates | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Depreciation | $ 82 | $ 85 | $ 203 | $ 211 |