Audit Information |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Audit Information [Abstract] | |
| Auditor Name | PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |
| Auditor Location | Florham Park, New Jersey |
| Auditor Firm ID | 238 |
Consolidated Statement of Income - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
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| Income Statement [Abstract] | |||
| Sales | $ 65,011 | $ 64,168 | $ 60,115 |
| Costs, Expenses and Other | |||
| Cost of sales | 16,382 | 15,193 | 16,126 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 10,733 | 10,816 | 10,504 |
| Research and development | 15,789 | 17,938 | 30,531 |
| Restructuring costs | 889 | 309 | 599 |
| Other (income) expense, net | 151 | (24) | 466 |
| Total costs, expenses and other | 43,944 | 44,232 | 58,226 |
| Income Before Taxes | 21,067 | 19,936 | 1,889 |
| Taxes on Income | 2,804 | 2,803 | 1,512 |
| Net Income | 18,263 | 17,133 | 377 |
| Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests | 9 | 16 | 12 |
| Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ 18,254 | $ 17,117 | $ 365 |
| Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ 7.30 | $ 6.76 | $ 0.14 |
| Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ 7.28 | $ 6.74 | $ 0.14 |
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
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| Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract] | |||
| Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ 18,254 | $ 17,117 | $ 365 |
| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net of Taxes: | |||
| Net unrealized (loss) income on derivatives, net of reclassifications | (347) | 266 | (97) |
| Benefit plan net gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost), net of amortization | 828 | 466 | (385) |
| Cumulative translation adjustment | 177 | (516) | 89 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | 658 | 216 | (393) |
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ 18,912 | $ 17,333 | $ (28) |
Consolidated Balance Sheet (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Statement of Financial Position [Abstract] | ||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ 97 | $ 89 |
| Inventory classified in other assets | $ 5,681 | $ 4,193 |
| Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ 0.50 | $ 0.50 |
| Common stock, authorized (in shares) | 6,500,000,000 | 6,500,000,000 |
| Common stock, shares issued (in shares) | 3,577,103,522 | 3,577,103,522 |
| Treasury stock, shares (in shares) | 1,102,476,756 | 1,049,466,187 |
Consolidated Statement of Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
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| Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract] | |||
| Common stock, dividends declared (in dollars per share) | $ 3.28 | $ 3.12 | $ 2.96 |
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract] | ||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ 125 | $ 76 | $ 68 | $ 79 |
Nature of Operations |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
| Nature of Operations | Nature of Operations Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) is a global health care company that delivers innovative health solutions through its prescription medicines, including biologic therapies, vaccines and animal health products. The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments. The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies, and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, distributors and government entities. The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.
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Summary of Accounting Policies |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| Summary of Accounting Policies | Summary of Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling Interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity method basis. Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an asset acquisition rather than a business combination and, therefore, no goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) with no alternative future use is charged to expense, currently marketed products are capitalized as intangible assets, and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date. Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net. Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents consist of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months. Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product during the research and regulatory approval process. Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI. The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net, is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI. Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net. Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value as determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net. Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net. Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation. The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the U.S. federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation, Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile. This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material. The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts. In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material. The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $10.0 billion in 2025, $13.3 billion in 2024 and $12.5 billion in 2023. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The wholesaler then charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price agreed to between Merck and the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $295 million and $1.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and were $293 million and $2.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2024. Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted health care spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale. The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, to six months before and 12 months after product expiration). The estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. Additionally, the Company considers factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, whether products have been discontinued, entrance in the market of generic or other competition, changes in formularies or launch of over-the-counter products, among others. Outside of the U.S., returns are only allowed in certain countries on a limited basis. Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical products are typically 35 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health products are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products have longer payment terms, including Keytruda (pembrolizumab), which has payment terms of 90 days. Payment terms for vaccine products in the U.S. typically range from 30 days to 60 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms. See Note 18 for disaggregated revenue disclosures. Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 45 years for Buildings, and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings. Depreciation expense was $3.0 billion in 2025, $2.1 billion in 2024 and $1.8 billion in 2023. Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred. The Company recorded advertising and promotion expenses of $2.3 billion in 2025, $2.4 billion in 2024 and $2.3 billion in 2023. Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment. The Company also capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement cloud computing arrangements, which are considered service agreements. These costs are included in Other Assets. Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 2 to 10 years (which include contract renewal periods for cloud computing arrangements that are reasonably certain to occur), with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred. Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill). Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in business combinations and asset acquisitions include product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows. Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with a business combination represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results. Contingent Consideration for Business Combinations — Certain of the Company’s acquisitions involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. If the transaction is accounted for as a business combination, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Significant events that increase or decrease the probability of achieving development and regulatory milestones or that increase or decrease projected cash flows will result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the related contingent consideration obligations. Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Research and development expenses include restructuring costs and IPR&D impairment charges. In addition, research and development expenses include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with IPR&D assets. Research and development expenses also include upfront and milestone payments related to asset acquisitions and licensing transactions involving clinical development programs that have not yet received regulatory approval. Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales. When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses, respectively. In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset, provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined by the Company to be probable of being achieved based on future sales forecasts. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for products that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed or, for new indications of approved products, from the time of the formation of the collaboration. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its estimated remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing. Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period. Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income. The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. H.R. 1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) renamed the provision for taxes on foreign earnings from GILTI to net controlled foreign corporation tested income (NCTI). The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach. Reclassifications — Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts, rebates and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories (including those produced in preparation for product launches), amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and disaggregation of information in the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures by jurisdiction. The guidance also includes other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures by removing certain previously required disclosures. The Company elected to prospectively adopt the guidance effective for 2025 annual reporting. The adoption primarily resulted in incremental disclosures to the Company’s income tax disclosures contained in Note 15. In September 2025, the FASB issued amended guidance to reduce the complexity of evaluating whether contracts are derivatives by adding a scope exception (which may apply to certain R&D funding arrangements) to exclude from derivative accounting non-exchange-traded contracts with variables (underlyings) that are based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract. The Company adopted the guidance on October 1, 2025, effective for full year 2025 on a prospective basis. The Company did not have any contracts that were affected by the adoption of this new standard; therefore, there was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted — In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance intended to improve financial reporting by requiring entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories for interim and annual reporting periods. The guidance is effective for 2027 annual reporting and 2028 interim reporting. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance, which can be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis, will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements. In December 2025, the FASB issued guidance that includes requirements for recognition of government grants in a Company’s financial statements as well as disclosure requirements, including the nature of the government grant received, the accounting policies used to account for the grant, and significant terms and conditions of the grant. The guidance is effective for 2029 interim and annual reporting on a modified prospective, modified retrospective or retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
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Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements |
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| Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, Transaction between Entities under Common Control, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements | Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements The Company continues to pursue acquisitions and the establishment of external alliances such as research collaborations and licensing agreements to complement its internal research capabilities. These arrangements often include upfront payments; expense reimbursements or payments to the third party; milestone, royalty or profit share arrangements contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development; and can also include option and continuation payments. The Company also reviews its marketed products and pipeline to examine candidates which may provide more value through out-licensing and, as part of its portfolio assessment process, may also divest certain assets. Pro forma financial information for acquired businesses is not presented if the historical financial results of the acquired entity are not significant when compared with the Company’s financial results. Recent Transactions In January 2026, Merck acquired Cidara Therapeutics, Inc. (Cidara), a biotechnology company developing drug-Fc conjugate (DFC) therapeutics, for approximately $9.2 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards). Cidara’s lead DFC candidate, MK-1406 (formerly CD388), is a long-acting antiviral designed to prevent seasonal and pandemic influenza. MK-1406 is currently being evaluated among adult and adolescent participants who are at higher risk of developing complications from influenza. Merck anticipates the transaction will be accounted for as an asset acquisition since MK-1406 is expected to account for substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets to be acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck expects to record a charge of approximately $9.0 billion to Research and development expenses in the first quarter of 2026 for acquired IPR&D with no alternative future use. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. 2025 Transactions In November 2025, Merck reached an agreement with Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (Falk) to discontinue an existing contract concerning co-development and co-commercialization rights in certain territories for MK-8690 (formerly PRA-052), and for Merck to assume full responsibility for the development program going forward. MK-8690 is an investigational anti-CD30 ligand monoclonal antibody being evaluated by the Company in an early-stage clinical trial. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Falk have discontinued their collaboration based on their existing co-development contract resulting in Merck having secured global rights to MK-8690. In exchange, Merck made a $150 million upfront payment, which the Company recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in 2025. Falk is also eligible to receive a developmental milestone payment, as well as tiered low-single-digit royalties on sales in certain territories. In October 2025, Merck acquired Verona Pharma plc (Verona Pharma), a biopharmaceutical company focused on respiratory diseases, for total consideration of $10.4 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards). Through this acquisition, Merck acquired Ohtuvayre (ensifentrine), an inhaled phosphodiesterases 3 and 4 (PDE3 and PDE4) inhibitor, which was approved in the U.S. in June 2024 for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults. Ohtuvayre is also being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since Ohtuvayre accounted for substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded an intangible asset of $12.1 billion for Ohtuvayre, cash of $495 million, inventories of $522 million (including $498 million of step-up to fair value), deferred tax liabilities of $2.7 billion and other net liabilities of $51 million. The estimated fair value of the Ohtuvayre intangible asset was determined using an income approach. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. The Ohtuvayre intangible asset will be amortized over its estimated useful life of nine years, subject to impairment testing. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. Also in October 2025, Merck and Blackstone Life Sciences (Blackstone) entered into a funding arrangement under which Blackstone will pay Merck up to $700 million in the fourth quarter of 2026 (which is non-refundable, subject to the termination provisions of the agreement) to fund a portion of the Company’s development costs for MK-2870, sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT), expected to be incurred throughout 2026. The funding will be recognized as a reduction to Research and development expenses as Merck incurs applicable development costs for the sac-TMT program. Upon receipt of regulatory approval for an indication in the U.S. for first-line triple-negative-breast cancer (TroFuse-011 trial), Blackstone will be eligible to receive low-to-mid single-digit royalties on net sales of sac-TMT subsequent to such approval across all approved indications in Merck’s marketing territories. Sac-TMT is an investigational trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2)-directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being developed as part of an exclusive license and collaboration agreement with Kelun-Biotech that is currently in clinical development for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The agreement between Merck and Kelun-Biotech with respect to sac-TMT is unchanged by the agreement with Blackstone. Merck will retain decision-making authority and control over the development, manufacturing, and commercial activities relating to sac-TMT provided for in the agreement with Kelun-Biotech, and Blackstone will not receive any rights to sac-TMT. In May 2025, Merck and Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hengrui Pharma) closed an exclusive license agreement for MK-7262 (HRS-5346), an investigational oral small molecule Lipoprotein(a) inhibitor. Under the agreement, Hengrui Pharma granted Merck exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize MK-7262 (HRS-5346) worldwide, excluding the Greater China region. The agreement provided for an upfront payment of $200 million, which was recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in 2025. Hengrui Pharma is also eligible to receive future contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $92.5 million, regulatory milestone payments of up to $177.5 million, and sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.5 billion, as well as tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales of MK-7262 (HRS-5346), if approved. In March 2025, Merck acquired the Dundalk, Ireland facility of WuXi Vaccines (a wholly owned subsidiary of WuXi Biologics), which was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Merck paid $437 million at closing which, combined with previous consideration transferred under a prior manufacturing arrangement with WuXi Vaccines related to this facility, resulted in $759 million being recorded as assets under construction within Property, Plant and Equipment. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. 2024 Transactions In December 2024, Merck closed an exclusive global license to develop, manufacture and commercialize MK-2010 (LM-299), a novel investigational PD-1/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) bispecific antibody from LaNova Medicines Ltd (LaNova). Merck recorded a charge of $588 million to Research and development expenses in 2024 for the upfront payment, which was made in January 2025. In 2025, the technology transfer for MK-2010 (LM-299) was completed. Accordingly, Merck made a $300 million payment to LaNova (acquired by Sino Biopharmecutical Limited), which was recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in 2025. LaNova is also eligible to receive future contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $140 million, regulatory milestone payments of up to $860 million and sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.4 billion. Also in December 2024, Merck closed an exclusive global license to develop, manufacture and commercialize MK-4082 (HS-10535), an investigational preclinical oral small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist from Hansoh Pharma (Hansoh). Merck recorded a charge of $112 million to Research and development expenses in 2024 for the upfront payment, which was made in February 2025. Hansoh is also eligible to receive contingent development-related milestone payments of up to $115 million (of which $15 million was paid in 2025), regulatory milestone payments of up to $315 million and sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.47 billion, as well as tiered royalties ranging from a high-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales of MK-4082 (HS-10535), if approved. Under the agreement, Hansoh may co-promote or solely commercialize MK-4082 (HS-10535) in Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau, subject to certain conditions. In September 2024, Merck acquired MK-1045 (formerly CN201), a novel investigational clinical-stage bispecific antibody for the treatment of B-cell associated diseases, from Curon Biopharmaceutical (Curon) for an upfront payment of $700 million. In addition, Curon is eligible to receive future contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $300 million and regulatory milestone payments of up to $300 million. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Merck recorded a charge of $750 million (reflecting the upfront payment and other related costs) to Research and development expenses in 2024 related to the execution of the transaction. In connection with the agreement, Merck is also obligated to pay a third party future contingent developmental, regulatory and sales-based milestone payments of up to $128 million in the aggregate, as well as tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales of MK-1045, if approved. In July 2024, Merck acquired the aqua business of Elanco Animal Health Incorporated (Elanco aqua business) for total consideration of $1.3 billion. The Elanco aqua business consists of an innovative portfolio of medicines and vaccines, nutritionals and supplements for aquatic species; two related aqua manufacturing facilities in Canada and Vietnam; as well as a research facility in Chile. The acquisition broadens Animal Health’s aqua portfolio with products, such as Clynav, a new generation DNA-based vaccine that protects Atlantic salmon against pancreas disease, and Imvixa, an anti-parasitic sea lice treatment. This acquisition also brings a portfolio of water treatment products for warm water production, complementing Animal Health’s warm water vaccine portfolio. In addition to these products, the DNA-based vaccine technology that is a part of the business has the potential to accelerate the development of novel vaccines to address the unmet needs of the aqua industry. There are no contingent payments associated with the acquisition, which was accounted for as a business combination. The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the Elanco aqua business (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) are as follows:
(1) The estimated fair values of Clynav and other product rights were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 8.5%. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. (2) The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Animal Health segment. This amount is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Also in July 2024, Merck acquired Eyebiotech Limited (EyeBio), a privately held ophthalmology-focused biotechnology company, for $1.2 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred $207 million of transaction costs. The acquisition agreement also provides for former EyeBio shareholders to receive contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $1.0 billion (of which $200 million has since been paid associated with the achievement of milestones as noted below), regulatory milestone payments of up to $200 million and sales-based milestone payments of up to $500 million. EyeBio’s development work focused on candidates for the prevention and treatment of vision loss associated with retinal vascular leakage, a known risk factor for retinal diseases. EyeBio’s lead candidate, MK-3000 (formerly EYE103), is an investigational, potentially first-in-class tetravalent, tri-specific antibody that acts as an agonist of the Wingless-related integration site signaling pathway, which is in clinical development for the treatment of diabetic macular edema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since MK-3000 accounted for substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $21 million, as well as a charge of $1.35 billion to Research and development expenses in 2024 for acquired IPR&D with no alternative future use. Additionally, developmental milestones of $100 million were recorded as charges to Research and development expenses in each of 2025 and 2024. Additionally in July 2024, Merck and Orion Corporation (Orion) announced the mutual exercise of an option to convert the companies’ ongoing co-development and co-commercialization agreement for opevesostat (MK-5684/ODM-208), an investigational cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1) inhibitor, and other candidates targeting CYP11A1, into an exclusive global license for Merck. With the exercise of the option, Merck assumed full responsibility for all past and future development and commercialization expenses associated with the candidates covered by the original agreement entered into in 2022. In addition, Orion became eligible to receive developmental milestone payments of up to $30 million, regulatory milestone payments of up to $625 million and sales-based milestone payments of up to $975 million, as well as annually tiered royalties ranging from a low double-digit rate up to a rate in the low twenties on net sales for any commercialized licensed product. Orion retained responsibility for the manufacture of clinical and commercial supply for Merck. No payment was associated with the exercise of the option, which became effective in September 2024. In March 2024, Merck acquired Harpoon Therapeutics, Inc. (Harpoon), a clinical-stage immunotherapy company developing a novel class of T-cell engagers designed to harness the power of the body’s immune system to treat patients suffering from cancer and other diseases for $765 million and also incurred $56 million of transaction costs. Harpoon’s lead candidate, gocatamig (MK-6070, formerly HPN328), is a T-cell engager targeting delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an inhibitory canonical Notch ligand that is expressed at high levels in small cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since gocatamig represented substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $165 million, as well as a charge of $656 million to Research and development expenses in 2024 for acquired IPR&D with no alternative future use. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. In August 2024, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo expanded their existing global co-development and co-commercialization agreement to include gocatamig. See Note 4 for more information on Merck’s collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo. In February 2024, Merck and Alteogen Inc. (Alteogen) converted their existing non-exclusive license agreement into an exclusive license for the use of Alteogen’s proprietary berahyaluronidase alfa for the formulation of subcutaneous pembrolizumab. Pursuant to the amended agreement, Alteogen is eligible to receive regulatory approval milestone payments of up to $51 million, as well as annual and cumulative sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.0 billion in the aggregate. After the achievement of all sales-based milestones, a low single digit royalty on net sales is payable to Alteogen. In 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Keytruda Qlex (pembrolizumab and berahyaluronidase alfa-pmph) injection and the European Commission approved a new subcutaneous route of administration and a new pharmaceutical form (solution for injection) of Keytruda. These approvals triggered regulatory milestone payments of $40 million in the aggregate from Merck to Alteogen. Additionally, following FDA and EC approvals, the Company determined that it was probable that sales of Keytruda Qlex in the future would trigger $890 million of sales-based milestone payments from Merck to Alteogen. Accordingly, Merck recorded a $930 million liability for these regulatory and sales-based milestone payments and a corresponding intangible asset related to Keytruda Qlex included in Other Intangibles, Net. The intangible asset is being amortized over its estimated useful life through December 2030. The $40 million of regulatory milestone payments were made in 2025; the future sales-based milestone payments will be paid upon achievement of the corresponding milestone. 2023 Transactions In October 2023, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo entered into a global development and commercialization agreement for three of Daiichi Sankyo’s deruxtecan (DXd) ADC candidates: patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) (MK-1022), ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) (MK-2400) and raludotatug deruxtecan (R-DXd) (MK-5909). See Note 4 for additional information related to this collaboration. In June 2023, Merck acquired Prometheus Biosciences, Inc. (Prometheus), a clinical-stage biotechnology company pioneering a precision medicine approach for the discovery, development, and commercialization of novel therapeutic and companion diagnostic products for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Total consideration paid of $11.0 billion included $1.2 billion of costs to settle share-based equity awards (including $700 million to settle unvested equity awards). Prometheus’ lead candidate, tulisokibart (MK-7240, formerly PRA023), is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed to tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A, a central amplifier of inflammatory pathways and fibrotic mechanisms in inflammatory bowel disease. Tulisokibart is being developed for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and other autoimmune conditions. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since tulisokibart accounted for substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $877 million, including cash of $368 million, investments of $296 million, deferred tax assets of $218 million and other net liabilities of $5 million, as well as a charge of $10.2 billion to Research and development expenses in 2023 for acquired IPR&D with no alternative future use. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. In February 2023, Merck and Kelun-Biotech closed a license and collaboration agreement expanding their relationship in which Merck gained exclusive rights for the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of up to seven investigational preclinical ADCs for the treatment of cancer. Kelun-Biotech retained the right to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize certain licensed and option ADCs for Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau. Merck made an upfront payment of $175 million, which was recorded as a charge to Research and development expenses in 2023. In October 2023, Merck notified Kelun-Biotech it was terminating two of the seven candidates under the agreement. Subsequently, in April 2024, Merck notified Kelun-Biotech it was terminating one additional candidate under the agreement. In July 2024, Merck notified Kelun-Biotech that it was exercising an existing license option for one of the candidates under the agreement, granting Merck a license for the development, manufacture and commercialization worldwide excluding China. There are now three candidates licensed under the original agreement and one candidate for which the license option remains unexercised. Merck paid Kelun-Biotech $38 million in connection with the July 2024 option exercise, following which Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive contingent payments aggregating up to $540 million in development-related payments (of which $20 million was paid in 2025), $1.5 billion in regulatory milestones, and $3.1 billion in sales-based milestones, if Kelun-Biotech does not retain Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau rights for the remaining option ADC and all remaining candidates achieve regulatory approval. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales for any commercialized ADC product. Also, in connection with the agreement, Merck invested $100 million in Kelun-Biotech shares in January 2023. In January 2023, Merck acquired Imago BioSciences, Inc. (Imago), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other bone marrow diseases, for $1.35 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred approximately $60 million of transaction costs. Imago’s lead candidate, bomedemstat (MK-3543, formerly IMG-7289), is an investigational orally available lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor currently being evaluated in multiple clinical trials for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera, in addition to other indications. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since bomedemstat represented substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $219 million, as well as a charge of $1.2 billion to Research and development expenses in 2023 for acquired IPR&D with no alternative future use. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.
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| Collaborative Arrangements | Collaborative Arrangements Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. Both parties in these arrangements are active participants and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activities of the collaboration. Merck’s more significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below. AstraZeneca PLC In 2017, Merck and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) entered into a global strategic oncology collaboration to co-develop and co-commercialize AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib) for multiple cancer types. Independently, Merck and AstraZeneca are developing and commercializing Lynparza in combinations with their respective PD-1 and PD-L1 medicines, Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and Imfinzi. Under the terms of the agreement, AstraZeneca and Merck share the development and commercialization costs for Lynparza monotherapy and non-PD-1/PD-L1 combination therapy opportunities. Profits from Lynparza product sales generated through monotherapies or combination therapies are shared equally. AstraZeneca is the principal on Lynparza sales transactions. Merck records its share of Lynparza product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue, and its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Reimbursements received from AstraZeneca for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs. The initial collaboration agreement also included the joint development and commercialization of AstraZeneca’s Koselugo (selumetinib) for multiple indications, with revenues, costs and profits being accounted for similar to Lynparza. In August 2025, Merck and AstraZeneca amended the terms of the original collaboration agreement, which resulted in the discontinuation of the revenue and cost sharing provisions of the collaboration and the simplification of the governance structure related to Koselugo. In exchange, Merck received a $150 million upfront payment in 2025 (which was recorded within Sales as alliance revenue in 2025) and $150 million in February 2026 (which will be recorded within Sales as alliance revenue in 2026). Merck may also receive $150 million in the first quarter of 2027 and $100 million in the first quarter of 2028, subject to an annual election by AstraZeneca in January of each year as discussed below. Additionally, the amended agreement provided for Merck to receive contingent regulatory milestone payments of up to $175 million in the aggregate, all of which were triggered in 2025 and recorded within Sales as alliance revenue. Of these milestone amounts, $50 million is due from AstraZeneca in 2026, $50 million is due in 2027 and $75 million is due in 2028. The Company is also receiving mid-single-digit royalties on net sales (which are included within Sales as alliance revenue). Merck remains eligible to receive future contingent payments for the achievement of sales-based milestones of up to $235 million. AstraZeneca has the option in January of 2027 or January 2028 to revert back to the income and cost sharing terms of the original agreement (in which case any future annual, contingent milestone, and royalty payments referenced above would no longer be due) although Merck would retain any payments made by AstraZeneca prior to the exercise of that option and any amounts due from AstraZeneca would remain payable to Merck. As part of the initial collaboration agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to AstraZeneca and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain license options. In addition, the initial collaboration agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to AstraZeneca related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones. In 2025, Merck made sales-based milestone payments aggregating $700 million (related to the original collaboration agreement) to AstraZeneca of which $600 million related to Lynparza and $100 million related to Koselugo (both of which had been previously accrued for). Merck recognized $48 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense related to the recognition of the $100 million Koselugo milestone in 2024. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.0 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. Lynparza received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments from Merck to AstraZeneca of $245 million and $105 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively (both of which had been previously accrued for). The partners have agreed that no future regulatory milestone payments from Merck to AstraZeneca are likely. The intangible asset balances related to Lynparza and Koselugo (which reflect the capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments attributed to each product) were $844 million and $38 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2028 for Lynparza and through 2029 for Koselugo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Amounts in 2025 include the $150 million upfront payment and $175 million regulatory milestones triggered as a result of the amendment to the collaboration agreement noted above. (2) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amount in 2024 includes $48 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense as noted above. (3) Balance at December 31, 2025 includes milestone receivables. (4) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued milestone payments. Eisai Co., Ltd. In 2018, Merck and Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) announced a strategic collaboration for the worldwide co-development and co-commercialization of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovered by Eisai. Under the agreement, Merck and Eisai are developing and commercializing Lenvima jointly, both as monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda. Eisai records Lenvima product sales globally (Eisai is the principal on Lenvima sales transactions) and Merck and Eisai share applicable profits equally. Merck records its share of Lenvima product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. Expenses incurred during co-development are shared by the two companies in accordance with the collaboration agreement and reflected in Research and development expenses. Certain expenses incurred solely by Merck or Eisai are not shareable under the collaboration agreement, including costs incurred in excess of agreed upon caps and costs related to certain combination studies of Keytruda and Lenvima, as well as Welireg (belzutifan) and Lenvima. Under the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Eisai and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain option rights. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to Eisai related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones. In 2023, Merck determined it was probable that sales of Lenvima in the future would trigger $250 million of sales-based milestone payments from Merck to Eisai. Accordingly, Merck recorded $250 million of liabilities (of which $125 million was subsequently paid in each of 2024 and 2023) and corresponding increases to the intangible asset related to Lenvima. Merck also recognized $154 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense related to the recognition of these milestones in 2023. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.3 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. There are no regulatory milestone payments remaining under the agreement. The intangible asset balance related to Lenvima (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $201 million at December 31, 2025 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2026 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amount in 2023 includes $154 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense as noted above. Bayer AG In 2014, the Company entered into a worldwide clinical development collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators including Bayer’s Adempas (riociguat) and Verquvo (vericiguat). The two companies have implemented a joint development and commercialization strategy. Under the agreement, Bayer commercializes Adempas in the Americas, while Merck commercializes in the rest of the world. For Verquvo, Merck commercializes in the U.S. and Bayer commercializes in the rest of the world. Both companies share in development costs and profits on sales. Merck records sales of Adempas and Verquvo in its marketing territories, as well as alliance revenue. Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs. Cost of sales includes Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. The agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to Bayer related to the successful achievement of sales-based milestones. There are no such payments remaining under this collaboration. The intangible asset balances related to Adempas (which includes the acquired intangible asset balance, as well as capitalized sales-based milestone payments attributed to Adempas) and Verquvo (which reflects the portion of the final sales-based milestone payment that was attributed to Verquvo) were $280 million and $40 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2027 for Adempas and through 2031 for Verquvo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of intangible assets, cost of products sold by Merck, as well as Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP In 2020, Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), a closely held biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio (molnupiravir), an investigational orally available antiviral candidate for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize Lagevrio and related molecules. Following initial authorizations in certain markets in 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations. Under the terms of the agreement, Ridgeback received an upfront payment and is eligible to receive future contingent payments dependent upon the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory approval milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to reimburse Ridgeback for a portion of certain third-party contingent milestone payments and royalties on net sales, which is part of the profit-sharing calculation. Merck is the principal on sales transactions, recognizing sales and related costs, with profit-sharing amounts recorded within Cost of sales. Profits from the collaboration are split equally between the partners. Reimbursements from Ridgeback for its share of research and development costs (deducted from Ridgeback’s share of profits) are reflected as decreases to Research and development expenses. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes cost of products sold by Merck, Ridgeback’s share of profits, royalty expense, amortization of capitalized milestone payments, and inventory reserves. (2) Includes accrued royalties. Daiichi Sankyo In 2023, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo entered into a global development and commercialization agreement for three of Daiichi Sankyo’s DXd ADC candidates: patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) (MK-1022), ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) (MK-2400) and raludotatug deruxtecan (R-DXd) (MK-5909). All three potentially first-in-class DXd ADCs are in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of multiple solid tumors both as monotherapy and/or in combination with other treatments. The companies will jointly develop and potentially commercialize these ADC candidates worldwide, except in Japan where Daiichi Sankyo will maintain exclusive rights. Daiichi Sankyo will be solely responsible for manufacturing and supply. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made payments to Daiichi Sankyo totaling $4.0 billion in 2023. These payments included $1.0 billion ($500 million each for patritumab deruxtecan and ifinatamab deruxtecan), which may be refundable on a pro-rated basis in the event of early termination of development with respect to either program. In addition, the agreement provided for a continuation payment of $750 million related to patritumab deruxtecan, which Merck paid in October 2024, and a continuation payment of $750 million related to raludotatug deruxtecan, which Merck paid in October 2025. The agreement also provides for contingent payments from Merck to Daiichi Sankyo of up to an additional $5.5 billion for each DXd ADC upon the successful achievement of certain sales-based milestones. In conjunction with this transaction, Merck recorded an aggregate pretax charge of $5.5 billion to Research and development expenses in 2023 for the $4.0 billion of upfront payments and the $1.5 billion of continuation payments. Merck and Daiichi Sankyo equally share research and development costs, except for raludotatug deruxtecan, where Merck is responsible for 75% of the first $2.0 billion of research and development expenses. Merck includes its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Following regulatory approval, Daiichi Sankyo will generally record sales worldwide (Daiichi Sankyo will be the principal on sales transactions) and the companies will equally share expenses as well as profits worldwide except for Japan where Daiichi Sankyo retains exclusive rights, and Merck will receive a 5% sales-based royalty. Merck will record its share of product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. In August 2024, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo expanded their agreement to include gocatamig (MK-6070), an investigational DLL3 targeting T-cell engager, which Merck obtained through its acquisition of Harpoon (see Note 3). The companies are planning to evaluate gocatamig in combination with ifinatamab deruxtecan in certain patients with small cell lung cancer, as well as other potential combinations. Merck received an upfront cash payment of $170 million from Daiichi Sankyo (recorded within Other (income) expense, net) and has also satisfied a contingent quid obligation from the original collaboration agreement. The companies will jointly develop and commercialize gocatamig worldwide and share research and development costs, as well as commercialization expenses. Research and development expenses related to gocatamig in combination with ifinatamab deruxtecan will be shared in a manner consistent with the original agreement for ifinatamab deruxtecan. Merck will be solely responsible for manufacturing and supply of gocatamig. If approved, Merck will generally record sales for gocatamig worldwide (Merck will be the principal on sales transactions) and the companies will equally share expenses as well as profits worldwide, except for Japan where Merck retains exclusive rights, and Daiichi Sankyo will receive a 5% sales-based royalty. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents Merck’s share of certain inventory-related costs. (2) Expenses in 2023 include the $5.5 billion charge for the upfront and continuing option payments noted above. (3) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued continuation payment. Moderna, Inc. In 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize intismeran autogene (V940/mRNA-4157), an investigational individualized neoantigen therapy, pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna). Intismeran autogene is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda in multiple clinical trials. Merck and Moderna share costs and will share any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration. Merck records its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Any reimbursements received from Moderna for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs. Merck has also capitalized a net $236 million of shared facility costs at December 31, 2025, primarily reflected within Other Assets. These costs are amortized over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of shared facility costs. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is being commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS). Reblozyl is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. BMS is the principal on sales transactions for Reblozyl. Merck receives tiered royalties ranging from 20% to 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck is eligible to receive future contingent sales-based milestone payments of up to $80 million. Alliance revenue related to this collaboration, consisting of royalties (recorded within Sales), was $525 million in 2025, $371 million in 2024 and $212 million in 2023.
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| Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring | Restructuring In July 2025, the Company approved a new restructuring program (2025 Restructuring Program) designed to position the Company for its next chapter of growth and to successfully advance its pipeline and launch new products across multiple therapeutic areas. As part of this program, the Company expects to eliminate certain positions in sales and administrative organizations, as well as research and development. The Company will, however, continue to hire employees into new roles across all strategic growth areas of the business. In addition, the Company will reduce its global real estate footprint and continue to optimize its manufacturing network, aligning the geography of its global manufacturing footprint to its customers and reflecting changes in the Company’s business. Most actions contemplated under the 2025 Restructuring Program are expected to be largely completed by the end of 2027, with the exception of certain manufacturing actions, which are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2029. The cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program are estimated to be approximately $3.0 billion, of which approximately 60% will be cash, relating primarily to employee separation expense and contractual termination costs. The remainder of the costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $2.0 billion in 2025 related to the 2025 Restructuring Program, which includes charges of $910 million to Cost of sales for the accelerated depreciation of manufacturing lines at two sites. In January 2024, the Company approved a restructuring program (2024 Restructuring Program) intended to continue the optimization of the Company’s Human Health global manufacturing network as the future pipeline shifts to new modalities and also optimize the Animal Health global manufacturing network to improve supply reliability and increase efficiency. The actions contemplated under the 2024 Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2031, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $4.0 billion. Approximately 50% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The remainder of the costs will result in cash outlays, relating primarily to facility shut-down costs. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $539 million and $888 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to the 2024 Restructuring Program, bringing total cumulative pretax costs incurred through December 31, 2025 to $1.6 billion. In 2019, Merck approved a global restructuring program (2019 Restructuring Program) as part of a worldwide initiative focused on optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. The actions under the 2019 Restructuring Program were substantially complete at the end of 2023 and, as of January 1, 2024, any remaining activities are being accounted for as part of the 2024 Restructuring Program. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses. The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:
Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities to be fully or partially closed or divested and equipment to be disposed of as part of the programs. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors. Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Other exit costs in 2025, 2024 and 2023 include asset impairment, facility shut-down, contractual termination, and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 13) and share-based compensation. The following table summarizes the charges and spending related to restructuring program activities:
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Financial Instruments |
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| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Instruments | Financial Instruments Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments. A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below. Foreign Currency Risk Management The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates. The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and foreign exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options. The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or OCI depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in AOCL and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. The amount reclassified into earnings as a result of the discontinuation of cash flow hedges because it was no longer deemed probable the forecasted hedged transactions would occur was not material for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of foreign exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of foreign exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the foreign exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument (primarily the euro, Swiss franc, Japanese yen, and Chinese renminbi). The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in foreign exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI, and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI. The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. Certain of the Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI. The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:
(1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary. Interest Rate Risk Management The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk. At December 31, 2025, the Company was a party to seven pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of a portion of fixed-rate notes as detailed in the table below.
The interest rate swap contracts are designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the SOFR swap rate are recorded in interest expense along with the offsetting fair value changes in the swap contracts. In February 2026, the Company entered into an additional interest rate swap contract with a notional amount of $250 million related to its 5.00% notes due 2053. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31:
Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:
As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes as of December 31:
The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:
(1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net. The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
(1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions. At December 31, 2025, the Company estimates $178 million of pretax net unrealized losses on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCL to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual foreign exchange rates at maturity. Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows:
(1) Unrealized net gains of $474 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2025 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2025. Unrealized net losses of $30 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2024 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company also had $831 million and $863 million, respectively, of equity investments without readily determinable fair values included in Other Assets. The Company records unrealized gains on these equity investments based on favorable observable price changes from transactions involving similar investments of the same investee and records unrealized losses based on unfavorable observable price changes, which are included in Other (income) expense, net. During 2025, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $3 million and unrealized losses of $70 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at December 31, 2025. During 2024, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $19 million and unrealized losses of $51 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at December 31, 2024. Cumulative unrealized gains and cumulative unrealized losses based on observable price changes for investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values still held at December 31, 2025 were $292 million and $166 million, respectively. At December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company also had $224 million, $267 million and $417 million, respectively, recorded in Other Assets for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds. Losses recorded in Other (income) expense, net relating to these investment funds were $55 million, $29 million and $106 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest: Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:
(1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes securities with an aggregate fair value of $81 million, which were subject to a contractual sale restriction that expired in April 2025. (3) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, Cash and cash equivalents included $13.8 billion and $12.3 billion of cash equivalents, respectively (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy). Contingent Consideration Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:
(1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments. Amount in 2025 includes the reversal of $45 million for a Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) sales-based milestone as it was determined that payment was not probable. (2) Amount in both periods reflects payments related to the 2016 termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture. Amount in 2025 also includes a $25 million payment related to the achievement of a sales-based milestone for Zerbaxa and amount in 2024 also includes a $25 million payment related to the first commercial sale of Lyfnua (gefapixant) in the European Union. Other Fair Value Measurements Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at December 31, 2025, was $45.6 billion compared with a carrying value of $49.3 billion and at December 31, 2024, was $32.6 billion compared with a carrying value of $37.1 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Concentrations of Credit Risk On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines. The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the U.S. and Europe and are primarily due from drug wholesalers, distributors and retailers, hospitals and government agencies. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business. The Company’s customers with the largest accounts receivable balances are: McKesson Corporation, Cencora, Inc. and Cardinal Health, Inc., which represented approximately 22%, 21% and 13%, respectively, of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2025. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Bad debts have been minimal. The Company does not normally require collateral or other security to support credit sales. The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $1.6 billion and $2.1 billion of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions, generally within thirty days after receipt. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had collected $45 million and $55 million, respectively, on behalf of the financial institutions, which is reflected as restricted cash in Other current assets, and the related obligation to remit the cash is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities. The net cash flows related to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The cost of factoring such accounts receivable was de minimis. Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. Cash collateral received by the Company from various counterparties was $1 million and $165 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities.
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Inventories |
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| Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inventories | Inventories Inventories at December 31 consisted of:
Inventories valued under the LIFO method comprised approximately $4.3 billion and $3.4 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, after reflecting the decrease to LIFO cost. Amounts recognized as Other Assets are comprised almost entirely of raw materials and work in process inventories. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, these amounts included $5.5 billion and $3.8 billion, respectively, of inventories not expected to be sold within one year. In addition, these amounts included $211 million and $412 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of inventories produced in preparation for product launches.
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Goodwill and Other Intangibles |
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| Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and Other Intangibles | Goodwill and Other Intangibles The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment:
(1) Activity is related to the 2024 acquisition of the Elanco aqua business and related measurement period adjustments in 2025. (2) Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances. (3) Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $531 million at both December 31, 2025 and 2024. Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of:
Some of the more significant acquired intangibles included in product rights, on a net basis, related to human health marketed products at December 31, 2025 were Ohtuvayre $11.8 billion; Winrevair, $5.4 billion; and Reblozyl, $2.5 billion. Additionally, the Company had $3.7 billion of net acquired intangibles related to animal health at December 31, 2025, of which $1.3 billion related to product rights and $1.7 billion was attributable to trade names, primarily related to Allflex. At December 31, 2025, IPR&D primarily relates to MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib), obtained through the 2020 acquisition of ArQule, Inc., which had a balance of $418 million. Some of the more significant net intangible assets included in licenses and other above at December 31, 2025 include Keytruda Qlex $886 million, related to a license agreement with Alteogen; Lynparza, $844 million, related to a collaboration with AstraZeneca; Lenvima, $201 million, related to a collaboration with Eisai; and Adempas, $280 million, related to a collaboration with Bayer. See Note 3 for additional information related to the intangible asset associated with the license agreement and Note 4 for additional information related to the intangible assets associated with the collaborations. IPR&D that the Company acquires through business combinations represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. Amounts capitalized as IPR&D are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, the Company will make a separate determination as to the then-useful life of the asset and begin amortization. In 2023, the Company recorded a $779 million IPR&D impairment charge within expenses related to MK-7264, gefapixant, a non-narcotic, oral selective P2X3 receptor antagonist, that was in development for the treatment of refractory or unexplained chronic cough in adults. In December 2023, the FDA issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) regarding the resubmission of Merck’s New Drug Application (NDA) for gefapixant. In the CRL, the FDA concluded that Merck’s application did not meet substantial evidence of effectiveness for treating refractory chronic cough and unexplained chronic cough. The CRL was not related to the safety of gefapixant. The marketing application for gefapixant was based on results from the COUGH-1 and COUGH-2 clinical trials. In January 2022, the FDA issued a CRL regarding Merck’s original NDA for gefapixant. In that CRL, the FDA requested additional information related to the cough counting system that was used to assess efficacy. Receipt of the second CRL from the FDA constituted a triggering event that required the evaluation of the gefapixant intangible asset for impairment. The Company estimated the current fair value of gefapixant utilizing an income approach, which calculates the present value of projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect revised market launch plans, resulting in a reduction in the estimated fair value. The revised estimated fair value of gefapixant when compared with its related carrying value resulted in the impairment charge noted above. The IPR&D projects that remain in development are subject to the inherent risks and uncertainties in drug development and it is possible that the Company will not be able to successfully develop and complete the IPR&D programs and profitably commercialize the underlying product candidates. The Company may recognize non-cash impairment charges in the future related to marketed products or pipeline programs and such charges could be material. Aggregate amortization expense primarily recorded within Cost of sales was $2.8 billion in 2025, $2.4 billion in 2024 and $2.0 billion in 2023. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows: 2026, $3.8 billion; 2027, $3.6 billion; 2028, $3.3 billion; 2029, $3.0 billion; 2030, $2.7 billion.
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Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases |
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| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases | Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases Loans Payable Loans payable at December 31, 2025 included $2.3 billion of notes due in 2026, $215 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders, and $63 million under a foreign financing facility. Loans payable at December 31, 2024 included $2.5 billion of notes due in 2025 and $149 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. The weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper borrowings was 4.32% and 5.18% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no commercial paper borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Long-Term Debt Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of:
(1) Floating rate is compounded SOFR plus 46 bps, which at December 31, 2025 was 4.16%. (2) Floating rate is compounded SOFR plus 57 bps, which at December 31, 2025 was 4.35%. Other (as presented in the table above) includes borrowings at variable rates that resulted in effective interest rates of 4.18% and 5.02% for 2025 and 2024, respectively. With the exception of the 6.30% debentures due 2026, the notes listed in the table above are redeemable in whole or in part, at Merck’s option at any time, at varying redemption prices. Effective as of November 3, 2009, the Company executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of its subsidiary Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD, now Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC) and MSD executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of the Company (excluding commercial paper), including for payments of principal and interest. These guarantees do not extend to debt issued subsequent to that date. In December 2025, the Company issued $8.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $500 million of floating rate notes due 2029, $750 million of 3.85% notes due 2029, $1.0 billion of 4.15% notes due 2031, $1.0 billion of 4.45% notes due 2032, $1.5 billion of 4.75% notes due 2035, $750 million of 5.50% notes due 2046, $1.5 billion of 5.55% notes due 2055, and $1.0 billion of 5.70% notes due 2065. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the approximately $9.2 billion cash consideration for the January 2026 acquisition of Cidara, including related fees and expenses (see Note 3). In September 2025, the Company issued $6.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $500 million of floating rate notes due 2027, $750 million of 3.85% notes due 2027, $750 million of 4.15% notes due 2030, $1.0 billion of 4.55% notes due 2032, $1.75 billion of 4.95% notes due 2035, and $1.25 billion of 5.70% notes due 2055. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the $10.4 billion cash consideration for the October 2025 acquisition of Verona Pharma, including related fees and expenses (see Note 3). In May 2024, MSD Netherlands Capital B.V., a wholly owned finance subsidiary of Merck, completed a registered public offering of €3.4 billion in aggregate principal amount of euro-dominated senior notes comprised of €850 million of 3.25% senior notes due 2032, €850 million of 3.50% senior notes due 2037, €850 million of 3.70% senior notes due 2044, and €850 million of 3.75% senior notes due 2054 (collectively, the Euronotes). The Company has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of MSD Netherlands Capital B.V.’s obligations under the Euronotes and no other subsidiary of the Company will guarantee these obligations. MSD Netherlands Capital B.V. is a “finance subsidiary” as defined in Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi) of Regulation S-X of the Exchange Act, with no assets or operations other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the Euronotes. The financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of MSD Netherlands Capital B.V. are consolidated in the financial statements of the Company. The net cash proceeds from the offering were used for general corporate purposes. Certain of the Company’s borrowings require that Merck comply with covenants and, at December 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with these covenants. The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: 2026, $2.6 billion; 2027, $2.7 billion; 2028, $2.1 billion; 2029, $3.0 billion; 2030, $2.7 billion. Interest payments related to these debt obligations are as follows: 2026, $1.8 billion; 2027, $1.8 billion; 2028, $1.7 billion; 2029, $1.6 billion; 2030, $1.5 billion. The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in May 2030. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility. Leases The Company has operating leases primarily for manufacturing facilities, research and development facilities, corporate offices, employee housing, vehicles and certain equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. When evaluating contracts for embedded leases, the Company exercises judgment to determine if there is an explicit or implicit identified asset in the contract and if Merck controls the use of that asset. Embedded leases, primarily associated with contract manufacturing organizations, are immaterial. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that Merck will exercise that option. Real estate leases for facilities have an average remaining lease term of approximately seven years, which include options to extend the lease term for periods ranging up to five years where applicable. Vehicle leases are generally in effect for four years. The Company elected to exclude short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less) from the lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease payments by asset class. On a quarterly basis, an updated incremental borrowing rate is determined based on the average remaining lease term of each asset class and the Company’s pretax cost of debt for that same term. The updated rates for each asset class are applied prospectively to new leases. The Company does not separate lease components (e.g., payments for rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) from non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance costs) in the event that the agreement contains both. Merck includes both the lease and non-lease components for purposes of calculating the right-of-use asset and related lease liability (if the non-lease components are fixed). For vehicle leases and employee housing, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease assets and liabilities. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or for actual operating expense true-ups compared with estimated amounts; however, these amounts are immaterial. Sublease income was immaterial and there were no sale and leaseback transactions in 2025. Merck’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Operating lease cost was $423 million in 2025, $348 million in 2024 and $339 million in 2023. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $349 million in 2025, $357 million in 2024 and $347 million in 2023. Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations were $162 million in 2025, $47 million in 2024 and $122 million in 2023. Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:
(1) Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability. Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows:
At December 31, 2025, the Company had entered into additional real estate leases that had not yet commenced; the obligations associated with these leases total $400 million, of which $300 million relates to a lease that will commence in February 2026 and has a lease term of 20 years.
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| Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases | Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases Loans Payable Loans payable at December 31, 2025 included $2.3 billion of notes due in 2026, $215 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders, and $63 million under a foreign financing facility. Loans payable at December 31, 2024 included $2.5 billion of notes due in 2025 and $149 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. The weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper borrowings was 4.32% and 5.18% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no commercial paper borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Long-Term Debt Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of:
(1) Floating rate is compounded SOFR plus 46 bps, which at December 31, 2025 was 4.16%. (2) Floating rate is compounded SOFR plus 57 bps, which at December 31, 2025 was 4.35%. Other (as presented in the table above) includes borrowings at variable rates that resulted in effective interest rates of 4.18% and 5.02% for 2025 and 2024, respectively. With the exception of the 6.30% debentures due 2026, the notes listed in the table above are redeemable in whole or in part, at Merck’s option at any time, at varying redemption prices. Effective as of November 3, 2009, the Company executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of its subsidiary Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD, now Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC) and MSD executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of the Company (excluding commercial paper), including for payments of principal and interest. These guarantees do not extend to debt issued subsequent to that date. In December 2025, the Company issued $8.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $500 million of floating rate notes due 2029, $750 million of 3.85% notes due 2029, $1.0 billion of 4.15% notes due 2031, $1.0 billion of 4.45% notes due 2032, $1.5 billion of 4.75% notes due 2035, $750 million of 5.50% notes due 2046, $1.5 billion of 5.55% notes due 2055, and $1.0 billion of 5.70% notes due 2065. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the approximately $9.2 billion cash consideration for the January 2026 acquisition of Cidara, including related fees and expenses (see Note 3). In September 2025, the Company issued $6.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $500 million of floating rate notes due 2027, $750 million of 3.85% notes due 2027, $750 million of 4.15% notes due 2030, $1.0 billion of 4.55% notes due 2032, $1.75 billion of 4.95% notes due 2035, and $1.25 billion of 5.70% notes due 2055. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the $10.4 billion cash consideration for the October 2025 acquisition of Verona Pharma, including related fees and expenses (see Note 3). In May 2024, MSD Netherlands Capital B.V., a wholly owned finance subsidiary of Merck, completed a registered public offering of €3.4 billion in aggregate principal amount of euro-dominated senior notes comprised of €850 million of 3.25% senior notes due 2032, €850 million of 3.50% senior notes due 2037, €850 million of 3.70% senior notes due 2044, and €850 million of 3.75% senior notes due 2054 (collectively, the Euronotes). The Company has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of MSD Netherlands Capital B.V.’s obligations under the Euronotes and no other subsidiary of the Company will guarantee these obligations. MSD Netherlands Capital B.V. is a “finance subsidiary” as defined in Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi) of Regulation S-X of the Exchange Act, with no assets or operations other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the Euronotes. The financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of MSD Netherlands Capital B.V. are consolidated in the financial statements of the Company. The net cash proceeds from the offering were used for general corporate purposes. Certain of the Company’s borrowings require that Merck comply with covenants and, at December 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with these covenants. The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: 2026, $2.6 billion; 2027, $2.7 billion; 2028, $2.1 billion; 2029, $3.0 billion; 2030, $2.7 billion. Interest payments related to these debt obligations are as follows: 2026, $1.8 billion; 2027, $1.8 billion; 2028, $1.7 billion; 2029, $1.6 billion; 2030, $1.5 billion. The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in May 2030. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility. Leases The Company has operating leases primarily for manufacturing facilities, research and development facilities, corporate offices, employee housing, vehicles and certain equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. When evaluating contracts for embedded leases, the Company exercises judgment to determine if there is an explicit or implicit identified asset in the contract and if Merck controls the use of that asset. Embedded leases, primarily associated with contract manufacturing organizations, are immaterial. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that Merck will exercise that option. Real estate leases for facilities have an average remaining lease term of approximately seven years, which include options to extend the lease term for periods ranging up to five years where applicable. Vehicle leases are generally in effect for four years. The Company elected to exclude short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less) from the lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease payments by asset class. On a quarterly basis, an updated incremental borrowing rate is determined based on the average remaining lease term of each asset class and the Company’s pretax cost of debt for that same term. The updated rates for each asset class are applied prospectively to new leases. The Company does not separate lease components (e.g., payments for rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) from non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance costs) in the event that the agreement contains both. Merck includes both the lease and non-lease components for purposes of calculating the right-of-use asset and related lease liability (if the non-lease components are fixed). For vehicle leases and employee housing, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease assets and liabilities. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or for actual operating expense true-ups compared with estimated amounts; however, these amounts are immaterial. Sublease income was immaterial and there were no sale and leaseback transactions in 2025. Merck’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Operating lease cost was $423 million in 2025, $348 million in 2024 and $339 million in 2023. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $349 million in 2025, $357 million in 2024 and $347 million in 2023. Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations were $162 million in 2025, $47 million in 2024 and $122 million in 2023. Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:
(1) Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability. Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows:
At December 31, 2025, the Company had entered into additional real estate leases that had not yet commenced; the obligations associated with these leases total $400 million, of which $300 million relates to a lease that will commence in February 2026 and has a lease term of 20 years.
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Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | |
| Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities | Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property, commercial litigation, and securities litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters. In the opinion of the Company, it is unlikely that the resolution of these matters will be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Given the nature of the litigation discussed below and the complexities involved in these matters, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss for such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice, (ii) the extent of the claims, including the size of any potential class, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate, (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation, (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation and (v) any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation. The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. Generally, for product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. The Company’s decision to obtain insurance coverage is dependent on market conditions, including cost and availability, existing at the time such decisions are made. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities. Product Liability Litigation Dr. Scholl’s Foot Powder As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. arising from consumers’ alleged exposure to talc in Dr. Scholl’s foot powder, which Merck acquired through its merger with Schering-Plough Corporation and sold as part of the divestiture of Merck’s consumer care business to Bayer in 2014. In these actions, plaintiffs allege that they were exposed to asbestos-contaminated talc and developed mesothelioma as a result. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 610 cases were pending against Merck in various state courts. Gardasil/Gardasil 9 As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. involving Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant) and Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant). As of December 31, 2025, approximately 135 cases were filed and are pending against Merck in either federal or state court. In these actions, plaintiffs allege, among other things, that they suffered various personal injuries after vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) as a predominate alleged injury. In August 2022, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that Gardasil/Gardasil 9 product liability cases pending in federal courts nationwide be transferred to Judge Robert J. Conrad in the Western District of North Carolina for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. In February 2024, the multidistrict litigation (Gardasil MDL) was reassigned to Judge Kenneth D. Bell. On March 11, 2025, the court granted Merck’s motion for summary judgment in 16 bellwether cases on implied preemption grounds; plaintiffs have appealed to the Fourth Circuit. The parties’ letter submissions on next steps in the Gardasil MDL proceeding in light of the court’s decision were submitted on April 8, 2025. Expert discovery on the remaining alleged conditions and summary judgment briefing are to follow. On March 21, 2025, May 1, 2025, and July 11, 2025, plaintiff’s co-lead counsel in the Gardasil MDL filed multi-plaintiff complaints in New Jersey state court. Merck removed the cases to federal court and requested that the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfer the case to the Gardasil MDL. Plaintiffs opposed transfer to the Gardasil MDL and moved to have the case remanded to New Jersey state court. The U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation issued orders transferring the cases to the Gardasil MDL. On January 28, 2025, a trial commenced in California state court. Plaintiff claims that she suffers from POTS and fibromyalgia as a result of her Gardasil vaccinations. On February 14, 2025, after several weeks of trial and an opportunity to litigate plaintiff’s claims before a jury, plaintiff’s counsel approached Merck and proposed that the jury be discharged and the case adjourned. Merck agreed, subject to an explicit stipulation that Merck would provide no financial or other consideration in exchange for the agreement to adjourn. The case has thus been adjourned until a new trial date of May 4, 2026. Merck is vigorously defending this case and believes that evidence presented in court will show that Gardasil had no role in causing any of plaintiff’s conditions. In October 2025, Merck entered into a proposed agreement with plaintiffs’ counsel to substantially resolve the Gardasil product liability litigation. The proposed agreement sets forth various terms and conditions under which Merck would resolve the bulk of all pending Gardasil product liability claims in the U.S. in exchange for a total payment that is considerably less than Merck’s anticipated costs of defense in the litigation and that is not material to Merck. The proposed agreement requires that several conditions be met within specified time periods, including participation thresholds, in order for the proposed agreement to result in a final resolution of any pending litigation. As previously disclosed, there are fewer than 15 product liability cases pending outside the U.S. Governmental Proceedings Civil Investigative Demands As previously disclosed, in August 2025, the Company received a Civil Investigative Demand (CID) from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), pursuant to a False Claims Act investigation, seeking documents, information, and testimony related to the Company’s programs and practices concerning diversity, equity, and inclusion. The CID states that the DOJ is investigating whether, in connection with the Company’s claims for payments under its federal contracts, the Company falsely certified compliance with federal antidiscrimination laws. The Company is cooperating with the investigation. As previously disclosed, in June 2024, Merck received a Civil Investigative Demand (CID) from the DOJ, pursuant to a False Claims Act investigation, seeking documents and materials related to Steglatro, Januvia and certain related drugs. The CID states that it is investigating Merck’s price reporting under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program as well as compliance with anti-kickback requirements in connection with patient assistance programs. The Company is cooperating with the investigation. As previously disclosed, in June 2020, Merck received a CID from the DOJ. The CID requested answers to interrogatories, as well as various documents, regarding temperature excursions at a third-party storage facility containing certain Merck products. Merck cooperated with the government’s investigation. The government has ended its investigation and the matter is now closed. Inflation Reduction Act As previously disclosed, in June 2023, Merck filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against the U.S. government regarding the Inflation Reduction Act’s “Drug Price Negotiation Program” for Medicare (the Program). This litigation seeks relief from the Program by challenging its constitutionality as violative of the First and Fifth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Other Matters As previously disclosed, in April 2019, Merck received a set of investigative interrogatories from the California Attorney General’s Office pursuant to its investigation of conduct and agreements that allegedly affected or delayed competition to Lantus in the insulin market. The interrogatories seek information concerning Merck’s development of an insulin glargine product, and its subsequent termination, as well as Merck’s patent litigation against Sanofi S.A. concerning Lantus and the resolution of that litigation. Merck is cooperating with the California Attorney General’s investigation. As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company’s subsidiaries in China receive inquiries regarding their operations from various Chinese governmental agencies. Some of these inquiries may be related to matters involving other multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as Chinese entities doing business with such companies. The Company’s policy is to cooperate with these authorities and to provide responses as appropriate. As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company receives inquiries and is the subject of preliminary investigation activities from competition and other governmental authorities in markets outside the U.S. These authorities may include regulators, administrative authorities, and law enforcement and other similar officials, and these preliminary investigation activities may include site visits, formal or informal requests or demands for documents or materials, inquiries or interviews and similar matters. Certain of these preliminary inquiries or activities may lead to the commencement of formal proceedings. Should those proceedings be determined adversely to the Company, monetary fines and/or remedial undertakings may be required. Securities Litigation As previously disclosed, on February 12, 2025, a putative class action was filed against Merck and certain of its officers in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Cronin v. Merck & Co., Inc., et al., purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of Merck common stock between October 26, 2023 and February 3, 2025. Plaintiff alleges that Merck violated federal securities laws by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions regarding demand for Gardasil/Gardasil 9 in China. Plaintiff seeks unspecified monetary damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, and fees and costs. On December 4, 2025, the court entered an order approving appointment of a lead plaintiff group comprised of purported Merck shareholders AMF Tjänstepension AB, KBC Asset Management NV, and Wayne County Employees’ Retirement System (Lead Plaintiffs). On December 17, 2025, the court approved the parties’ joint stipulation and scheduling order setting the deadline to file an operative amended complaint and motion-to-dismiss briefing. Per the stipulation, Lead Plaintiffs’ amended complaint was filed on February 20, 2026; defendants’ motion to dismiss is due May 1, 2026; Lead Plaintiffs’ opposition to the motion to dismiss is due June 30, 2026; and defendants’ reply brief is due August 14, 2026. As previously disclosed, on July 18, 2025, purported Merck stockholder Terence Collins filed a derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Collins v. Davis, et al., against certain Merck officers and board members. The complaint asserts a violation of Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act), as well as claims of breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment based on the same allegations as in the putative securities class action. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, corporate governance reforms, injunctive relief, restitution, and fees and costs. As previously disclosed, on September 2, 2025, purported Merck stockholders Robert Daniel and Daniel Gershen filed a derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Daniel, et al. v. Frazier, et al., against certain current and former Merck officers and board members for violations of Sections 10(b), 14(a), and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment based on the same allegations as the putative securities class action and the earlier-filed Collins derivative lawsuit. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, corporate governance reforms, injunctive relief, restitution, and fees and costs. As previously disclosed, on September 19, 2025, the parties to the Collins and Daniel lawsuits concurrently filed joint stipulations to stay the lawsuits pending the earliest of the following: (i) dismissal of the securities class action; (ii) any defendant filing an answer in the securities class action; or (iii) any party to the stipulation giving 15 days’ notice that they no longer consent to the stay. The parties also filed joint stipulations to consolidate the Collins and Daniel derivative lawsuits. On October 1, 2025, the district court so-ordered the stay stipulations and consolidation stipulations. The cases are now consolidated and stayed under the caption In re Merck & Co., Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation. As previously disclosed, on September 23, 2025, purported Merck shareholders Gary Weniger, Kathie McGinty, and Pamela Young filed a derivative lawsuit in the Superior Court of New Jersey (Union County), captioned Weniger, et al. v. Frazier, et al., against certain current and former Merck officers and board members. The complaint asserts claims of breach of fiduciary duty, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, unjust enrichment, insider trading, and a violation of New Jersey securities law based on the same allegations as the putative securities class action and the earlier-filed Collins and Daniel derivative lawsuits. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, disgorgement of any illicitly gained proceeds, corporate governance reforms, injunctive relief, restitution, and fees and costs. On November 3, 2025, purported Merck shareholder The Vladimir Gusinsky Revocable Trust filed a derivative lawsuit in the Superior Court of New Jersey (Union County), captioned The Vladimir Gusinsky Revocable Trust v. Frazier, et al., against certain current and former Merck officers and board members. The complaint asserts claims of breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment based on the same allegations as the putative securities class action and the earlier-filed derivative lawsuits. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, corporate governance reforms, restitution, disgorgement of profits, and fees and costs. On November 17, 2025, the parties to the Weniger and Gusinsky derivative lawsuits filed a joint stipulation to stay the proceedings pending the earliest of the following: (i) dismissal of the securities class action; (ii) any defendant filing an answer in the securities class action; or (iii) any party to the stipulation giving 15 days’ notice that they no longer consent to the stay. The parties also stipulated to consolidate the Weniger and Gusinsky derivative lawsuits. On November 18, 2025, the court approved the parties’ stipulation to consolidate the Weniger and Gusinsky lawsuits. On December 4, 2025, the parties filed a joint status letter with a renewed request for a stay. On December 5, 2025, purported Merck shareholder Mark Kistenmacher filed a derivative lawsuit in the Superior Court of New Jersey (Union County), captioned Kistenmacher v. Baker, et al., against certain current and former Merck officers and board members. The complaint asserts claims of breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, waste of corporate assets, gross mismanagement, and abuse of control based on the same allegations as the putative securities class action and the earlier-filed derivative lawsuits. On behalf of the Company, the complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, disgorgement of profits and special benefits, punitive damages, and fees and costs. Commercial and Other Litigation Zetia Antitrust Litigation As previously disclosed, Merck, MSD, Schering Corporation, Schering-Plough Corporation, and MSP Singapore Company LLC (collectively, the Merck Defendants) were defendants in a number of lawsuits filed in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The cases were consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation (Zetia MDL) before Judge Rebecca Beach Smith in the Eastern District of Virginia. In April 2023, the Merck Defendants reached settlements with the direct purchaser and retailer plaintiffs, and a settlement with the indirect purchaser class that the court approved in October 2023. As previously disclosed, in 2020 and 2021, United HealthCare Services, Inc. (United HealthCare), Humana Inc. (Humana), Centene Corporation and others (Centene), and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (Kaiser) (collectively, the Insurer Plaintiffs), each filed a lawsuit in a jurisdiction outside of the Eastern District of Virginia against the Merck Defendants and others, making similar allegations as those made in the Zetia MDL, as well as additional allegations about Vytorin. These cases were transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia to proceed with the Zetia MDL. As previously disclosed, in December 2023, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation remanded the four Insurer Plaintiff cases to the transferor courts in the Northern District of California (Kaiser), the District of Minnesota (United HealthCare), and the District of New Jersey (Humana and Centene). The Merck Defendants filed motions to dismiss in each of the Insurer Plaintiff cases. As previously disclosed, in December 2024, the district court in the District of New Jersey granted in part and denied in part the motions to dismiss in the Humana and Centene cases and, on January 29, 2025, Humana and Centene filed amended complaints. On February 12, 2026, the district court in the Northern District of California granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss in the Kaiser case. RotaTeq Antitrust Litigation As previously disclosed, in March 2023, the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore filed a putative class action against MSD in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania on behalf of all third-party payers in states that indirectly purchased, paid, and/or provided reimbursement for some or all of the purchase price of RotaTeq (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live Oral, Pentavalent), other than for resale, from March 3, 2019 to the present. Plaintiff alleges that MSD violated federal and state antitrust laws and state consumer protection laws. Plaintiff alleges that MSD has implemented an anticompetitive vaccine bundling scheme whereby MSD leverages its alleged monopoly power in certain pediatric vaccine markets to maintain its alleged monopoly power in the U.S. market for rotavirus vaccines in order to charge supracompetitive prices for RotaTeq. Plaintiff seeks permanent injunctive relief and unspecified monetary damages on purchases of RotaTeq, trebled, and fees and costs. In May 2023, MSD moved to dismiss the complaint. In November 2023, the court granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss, dismissing plaintiff’s Idaho and Utah consumer law claims and allowing all other claims to proceed. Bravecto Litigation As previously disclosed, in January 2020, the Company was served with a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. Following motion practice, the plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint in August 2024, seeking to certify a nationwide class as well as five statewide classes of purchasers or users of Bravecto (fluralaner) products from its launch through the present. Plaintiffs contend Bravecto causes neurological events in dogs and cats and alleges violations of the consumer fraud statutes of certain of their home states (Connecticut, New York, Florida and Texas), Breach of Warranty, Product Liability, and related theories. The Company moved to dismiss or, alternatively, to strike the class allegations from the third amended complaint, and that motion was granted in part and denied in part. The Company sought permission from the court to file a motion for summary judgment directed at the named plaintiffs’ claims and that motion is pending. The Company anticipates that plaintiffs will file a motion for class certification in March 2026 and that it will oppose plaintiffs’ motion thereafter. A similar case was filed in Quebec, Canada in May 2019. The Superior Court certified a class of dog owners in Quebec who gave Bravecto Chew to their dogs between February 16, 2017 and November 2, 2018 whose dogs experienced one of the conditions in the post-marketing adverse reactions section of the labeling approved on November 2, 2018. The Company and plaintiffs each appealed the class certification decision. The Court of Appeal of Quebec amended the class period to start July 2, 2014, allowed the second plaintiff to serve as a class representative, and modified the list of conditions in the class definition. The Company sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, which was denied. The case is proceeding in the Superior Court. Merck KGaA Litigation As previously disclosed, in January 2016, to protect its long-established brand rights in the U.S., the Company filed a lawsuit against Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (KGaA), historically operating as the EMD Group in the U.S., alleging it improperly uses the name “Merck” in the U.S. KGaA has filed suit against the Company in a number of jurisdictions outside of the U.S. alleging, among other things, unfair competition, trademark infringement and/or corporate name infringement. In certain of those jurisdictions, KGaA also alleges breach of the parties’ coexistence agreement. The litigation is ongoing in the U.S. with no trial date set, and also ongoing in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Patent Litigation From time to time, generic and biosimilar manufacturers of pharmaceutical products file abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) and Biologics License Applications, respectively, with the FDA seeking to market generic and biosimilar forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned by the Company. To protect its patent rights, the Company may file patent infringement lawsuits against such generic and biosimilar companies. Similar lawsuits defending the Company’s patent rights may exist in other countries. The Company intends to vigorously defend its patents, which it believes are valid, against infringement by companies attempting to market products prior to the expiration of such patents. As with any litigation, there can be no assurance of the outcomes, which, if adverse, could result in significantly shortened periods of exclusivity for these products and, with respect to products acquired through acquisitions, potentially significant intangible asset impairment charges. In addition to these matters, the Company may be involved in other litigation involving its intellectual property and intellectual property owned or licensed by other companies. Bridion — As previously disclosed, between January and November 2020, the Company received multiple Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that generic drug companies had filed applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Bridion (sugammadex) Injection. In March, April and December 2020, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits against those generic companies. The defendants in the New Jersey action referred to below stipulated to infringement of the asserted claims and withdrew all remaining claims and defenses other than a defense seeking to shorten the patent term extension (PTE) of the sugammadex patent to December 2022. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey held a one-day trial in December 2022 on this remaining PTE calculation defense. As previously disclosed, in June 2023, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ruled in Merck’s favor. The court held that Merck’s calculation of PTE for the sugammadex patent covering the compound is not invalid and that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office correctly granted a full five-year extension. Also in June 2023, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a final judgment prohibiting the FDA from approving any of the pending or tentatively approved generic applications until January 27, 2026, except for any subsequent agreements between defendants and Merck or further order by the court. In March 2025, the Federal Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision, holding that the patent term extension granted to the sugammadex patent covering Bridion was not invalid and that the patent is entitled to its full five-year patent term extension. In addition, the FDA has now granted Bridion six months of pediatric exclusivity. While the New Jersey action was pending, the Company settled with five generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Bridion to the market in January 2026 (which were subject to delay by any applicable pediatric exclusivity) or earlier under certain circumstances. Thus, the Federal Circuit’s decision and these settlements secure Bridion’s exclusivity in the U.S. through July 27, 2026. Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR — As previously disclosed, the FDA granted pediatric exclusivity with respect to Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCl), and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release), which provides a further six months of exclusivity in the U.S. beyond the expiration of all patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Adding this exclusivity to the term of the key patent protection extended exclusivity on these products to January 2023. However, Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR contain sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and the Company has another patent covering certain phosphate salt and polymorphic forms of sitagliptin that expires in May 2027, including pediatric exclusivity (salt/polymorph patent). As previously disclosed, beginning in 2019, a number of generic drug companies filed ANDAs seeking approval of generic forms of Januvia and Janumet along with Paragraph IV certifications challenging the validity of the salt/polymorph patent. The Company has settled with over two dozen generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Januvia and Janumet to the market in the U.S. in May 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances, and their generic versions of Janumet XR to the market in July 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances. As a result of these settlement agreements related to the later expiring 2027 salt/polymorph patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that Januvia and Janumet will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026 and Janumet XR will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until July 2026, although the FDA has approved a non-automatically substitutable form of sitagliptin that differs from the form in the Company’s sitagliptin products. In March 2024, the Company received another Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act from Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Azurity) asserting that a different sitagliptin product subject to its ANDA does not infringe the salt/polymorph patent. In May 2024, Merck filed a civil action in the U.S. District Court of Delaware alleging infringement. The case was dismissed without prejudice in July 2024. Following the dismissal, the Company granted Azurity a covenant not to assert the salt/polymorph patent against the Azurity product that is the subject of such ANDA. Supplementary Protection Certificates (SPCs) for Janumet expired in April 2023 for the majority of European countries. Prior to expiration, generic companies sought revocation of the Janumet SPCs in a number of European countries. In February 2022, a Finnish court referred certain questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union that could impact the validity of the Janumet SPCs in Europe. A decision rendered in December 2024 provides guidance on points of law and does not directly apply to the Janumet SPCs. Thus, additional proceedings in certain countries where generic companies were prevented from launching products during the SPC period may be necessary to determine whether the SPCs are valid and if not, whether damages are appropriate. Those countries include Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, and France. If the Janumet SPCs are ultimately upheld, the Company has reserved its rights related to the pursuit of damages for those countries where a generic launched prior to expiry of the Janumet SPC. In October 2023, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Sawai Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Sawai) and Medisa Shinyaku Co., Ltd (collectively, Defendants) in the Tokyo District Court seeking an injunction to stop the manufacture, sale and offer for sale of the Defendants’ sitagliptin dihydrogen phosphate product, while the Company’s patents and patent term extensions are in force. The lawsuit is in response to the Defendants’ application for marketing authorization to sell a generic sitagliptin dihydrogen phosphate product, in the anhydride form, which was approved in August 2023. Merck asserts that the Defendants’ activity infringes a patent term extension associated with Merck’s patent directed to the sitagliptin compound patent. In January 2026, the Tokyo District Court orally indicated its view that the extended patent covers Sawai’s tablets. Following this, Sawai conceded to all of the Company’s claims; thus, the case was concluded without a written decision. The relevant PTE for Januvia in Japan remains in effect until it expires on March 30, 2026. Keytruda — As previously disclosed, in November 2022, the Company filed a complaint against The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) in the U.S. District Court of Maryland. This action concerns a joint research collaboration between Merck and JHU regarding the use of Keytruda in certain indications. Merck and JHU partnered to design and conduct a clinical study administering Keytruda to cancer patients having tumors that had the genetic biomarker known as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) (the Joint Clinical Study). Subsequently JHU obtained a number of U.S. patents specifically relying on the Joint Clinical Study. Merck alleges that JHU breached the collaboration agreement by obtaining issuance of these patents without informing or involving Merck, which were licensed to others, and then trying to enforce these patents against Merck. Merck therefore brought an action for breach of contract, declaratory judgment of noninfringement, and promissory estoppel. JHU answered the complaint in April and May 2023, denying Merck’s claims, and counterclaiming for willful infringement of nine issued U.S. patents, including a demand for damages. Between November 30, 2023 and March 13, 2024, the Company filed inter partes review petitions with the U.S. Patent Office’s Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), challenging the patentability of all nine patents asserted in the district court. Between June 2024 and October 2024, the PTAB instituted a review of all nine challenged patents. In June 2024, the district court granted Merck’s motion to stay the case in its entirety pending the outcome of the PTAB proceeding instituted in June 2024. Between June and November of 2025, the PTAB issued Final Written Decisions finding all challenged claims of the nine patents unpatentable. JHU has filed notices of appeal to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. The district court’s stay is expected to continue until at least the issuance of the Federal Circuit decision. Lenvima — Between 2019 and 2024, Eisai Inc (Eisai) received Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act, providing notice that Sun Pharmaceuticals (Sun), Shilpa Medicare Ltd. (Shilpa), Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), and Torrent Pharmaceuticals (Torrent) filed separate applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lenvima (lenvatinib) tablets. Between 2019 and 2024, Eisai and the Company filed a series of patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against each generic company asserting several Orange-Book listed patents. The Lenvima compound patent expires in April 2026 (including pediatric exclusivity) and was not challenged. Eisai and the Company settled with Sun, DRL, and Torrent regarding the remaining asserted patents covering Lenvima. Eisai has announced publicly, these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Lenvima to the market in the U.S. in July 2030 or earlier under certain circumstances. In May 2025, Eisai and the Company received a favorable trial decision against Shilpa from the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. As a result of the decision, Shilpa is unable to receive approval from the FDA to sell its generic version of Lenvima until February 2036. Shilpa has appealed the district court’s decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and the appeal is currently pending. Subcutaneous Pembrolizumab — As previously disclosed, Halozyme, Inc. (Halozyme) has publicly alleged that certain patents in its modified hyaluronidase (MDASE) portfolio cover an ingredient in the Company’s subcutaneous pembrolizumab product. In November 2024, the Company began filing a series of post grant review (PGR) petitions before the PTAB alleging that certain patents in the MDASE portfolio are invalid. In June 2025, the PTAB instituted the first petition filed by the Company. Since then, the PTAB also instituted 13 additional petitions. An institution decision on one additional patent in the MDASE portfolio is still pending. In April 2025, Halozyme filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that the Company’s activities related to subcutaneous pembrolizumab infringe or will infringe 15 patents belonging to the MDASE portfolio, 12 of which are the subject of the Company’s already filed PGR petitions. Although there are three patents that were not and cannot be challenged using the PGR process, the Company believes those patents are invalid and suffer from the same defects as the patents currently being challenged and those patents can be challenged in court proceedings if required. Between August and September 2025, the Company filed revocation actions against EP Patent No. 2 797 622 (the ‘622 patent) owned by Halozyme in the UK, France, Germany and The Netherlands. Halozyme counterclaimed for an injunction in the UK under the ‘622 patent as well as an additional patent but have undertaken not to enforce any injunction there until the validity of both patents, which is in dispute, is finally determined. In October 2025, the Company accepted service of a preliminary injunction filed by Halozyme under the ‘622 patent in Germany. Following a one day hearing in December 2025, a preliminary injunction was awarded against the Company prohibiting sales in Germany. The Company has appealed the preliminary injunction decision and expects a decision on the appeal in the second quarter of 2026. Lynparza — As previously disclosed, between December 2022 and November 2024, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Natco Pharma Limited, Sandoz Inc., Cipla USA, Inc and Cipla Limited (collectively, Cipla), and Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. have filed separate applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. Between February 2023 and January 2025, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a series of patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against each generic company asserting a number of Orange-Book listed patents. The filing of the initial infringement suit generally stays FDA approval for 30 months from the date of the Paragraph IV notice or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. In these cases, however, none of the generic companies are challenging the patent specifically claiming the olaparib compound which expires in September 2027. Thus, the earliest date the FDA can approve any of the currently pending generic applications is September 2027. All cases have been consolidated and a trial is expected in 2026. Capvaxive — As previously disclosed, in September 2025, Pogona, LLC filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that the Company’s activities related to Capvaxive infringe U.S. Patent No. 11,058,757. Pogona, LLC is asserting the Company’s infringement is willful and is seeking monetary damages. The Company believes the asserted patent is invalid and not infringed. Other Litigation There are various other pending legal proceedings involving the Company, principally product liability and intellectual property lawsuits. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of such proceedings, in the opinion of the Company, either the likelihood of loss is remote or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows either individually or in the aggregate. Legal Defense Reserves Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company; the costs and outcomes of completed trials; and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 of approximately $245 million and $225 million, respectively, represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so. Environmental Matters The Company and its subsidiaries are parties to a number of proceedings brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund, and other federal and state equivalents. These proceedings seek to require the operators of hazardous waste disposal facilities, transporters of waste to the sites and generators of hazardous waste disposed of at the sites to clean up the sites or to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. The Company has been made a party to these proceedings as an alleged generator of waste disposed of at the sites. In each case, the government alleges that the defendants are jointly and severally liable for the cleanup costs. Although joint and several liability is alleged, these proceedings are frequently resolved so that the allocation of cleanup costs among the parties more nearly reflects the relative contributions of the parties to the site situation. The Company’s potential liability varies greatly from site to site. For some sites the potential liability is de minimis and for others the final costs of cleanup have not yet been determined. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of many of these proceedings brought by federal or state agencies or private litigants, in the opinion of the Company, such proceedings should not ultimately result in any liability which would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company. The Company has taken an active role in identifying and accruing for these costs and such amounts do not include any reduction for anticipated recoveries of cleanup costs from former site owners or operators or other recalcitrant potentially responsible parties. In management’s opinion, the liabilities for all environmental matters that are probable and reasonably estimable have been accrued and totaled $42 million and $41 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These liabilities are undiscounted, do not consider potential recoveries from other parties and will be paid out over the periods of remediation for the applicable sites, which are expected to occur primarily over the next 15 years. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, or the ultimate costs of remediation, management does not believe that any reasonably possible expenditures that may be incurred in excess of the liabilities accrued should exceed approximately $58 million in the aggregate. Management also does not believe that these expenditures should result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity for any year.
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| Equity | Equity The Merck certificate of incorporation authorizes 6,500,000,000 shares of common stock and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Capital Stock A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows:
(1) Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.
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| Share-Based Compensation Plans | Share-Based Compensation Plans The Company has share-based compensation plans under which the Company grants restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) to certain management level employees. In addition, employees and non-employee directors may be granted options to purchase shares of Company common stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These plans were approved by the Company’s shareholders. At December 31, 2025, 66 million shares collectively were authorized for future grants under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. These awards are settled with treasury shares. Employee stock options are granted to purchase shares of Company stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period, with a contractual term of 7-10 years. RSUs are stock awards that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the awards vest. The fair value of the stock option and RSU awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the Company’s stock price. PSUs are stock awards where the ultimate number of shares issued will be contingent on the Company’s performance against a pre-set objective or set of objectives. The fair value of each PSU is determined on the date of grant based on the Company’s stock price. For RSUs and PSUs, dividends declared during the vesting period are payable to the employees only upon vesting. Over the PSU performance period, the number of shares of stock that are expected to be issued will be adjusted based on the probability of achievement of a performance target and final compensation expense will be recognized based on the ultimate number of shares issued. RSU and PSU distributions will be in shares of Company stock after the end of the vesting or performance period, subject to the terms applicable to such awards. PSU awards generally vest after three years. RSU awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period. Total pretax share-based compensation cost recorded in 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $820 million, $761 million and $645 million, respectively. Income tax benefits for share-based compensation expense recognized in 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $125 million, $117 million and $96 million, respectively. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the fair value of option grants. In applying this model, the Company uses both historical data and current market data to estimate the fair value of its options. The Black-Scholes model requires several assumptions including expected dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, volatility, and term of the options. The expected dividend yield is based on historical patterns of dividend payments. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate at grant date of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury Notes with a term equal to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility is estimated using a blend of historical and implied volatility. The historical component is based on historical monthly price changes. The implied volatility is obtained from market data on the Company’s traded options. The expected life represents the amount of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, based on historical and forecasted exercise behavior. The weighted average exercise price of options granted in 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $84.71, $129.22 and $117.89 per option, respectively. The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $18.61, $25.60 and $21.69 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions:
Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows:
Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below:
A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows:
At December 31, 2025, there was $1.1 billion of total pretax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. For segment reporting, share-based compensation costs are unallocated expenses.
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| Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. In addition, the Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The Company uses December 31 as the year-end measurement date for all of its pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans. Net Periodic Benefit Cost The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans consisted of the following components:
In connection with restructuring actions (see Note 5), termination charges were recorded in 2025, 2024 and 2023 on pension and other postretirement benefit plans related to expanded eligibility for certain employees exiting Merck. Also, in connection with these restructuring activities, curtailments and settlements were recorded on certain pension plans. Lump sum payments to U.S. pension plan participants also contributed to the settlements recorded during 2023. The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income) expense, net (see Note 14), with the exception of certain amounts for termination benefits, curtailments and settlements, which are recorded in Restructuring costs if the event giving rise to the termination benefits, curtailment or settlement is related to restructuring actions. Obligations and Funded Status Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows:
(1) Actuarial losses (gains) primarily reflect changes in discount rates. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the accumulated benefit obligation was $18.7 billion and $18.1 billion, respectively, for all pension plans, of which $10.4 billion and $10.0 billion, respectively, related to U.S. pension plans. Information related to the funded status of select pension plans at December 31 is as follows:
Plan Assets Entities are required to use a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest: Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. The Level 3 assets are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $737 million and $700 million, respectively, or 3% and 4%, respectively, of the Company’s pension investments were categorized as Level 3 assets. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:
(1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024. (2) The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques. The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets:
The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:
(1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company has established investment guidelines for its U.S. pension and other postretirement plans to create an asset allocation that is expected to deliver a rate of return sufficient to meet the long-term obligation of each plan, given an acceptable level of risk. The target investment portfolio of the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans is allocated 25% to 40% in U.S. equities, 15% to 30% in international equities, 40% to 50% in fixed-income investments, and up to 8% in cash and other investments. The portfolio’s equity weighting is consistent with the long-term nature of the plans’ benefit obligations. The expected annual standard deviation of returns of the target portfolio, which approximates 11%, reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests. For international pension plans, the targeted investment portfolio varies based on the duration of pension liabilities and local government rules and regulations. Concentration risk is mitigated by utilizing diversified investment strategies within portfolios. Expected Contributions Contributions during 2026 are expected to be approximately $270 million for U.S. pension plans, approximately $190 million for international pension plans and approximately $70 million for other postretirement benefit plans. Expected Benefit Payments Expected benefit payments are as follows:
Expected benefit payments are based on the same assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations and include estimated future employee service. Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net gain/loss amounts reflect differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net gain/loss amounts in excess of certain thresholds are amortized into net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service life of employees. The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI:
Actuarial Assumptions The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows:
For both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans, the discount rate is evaluated on measurement dates and modified to reflect the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed-income debt instruments that would provide the future cash flows needed to pay the benefits included in the benefit obligation as they come due. The expected rate of return for both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans represents the average rate of return to be earned on plan assets over the period the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid and is determined on a plan basis. The expected rate of return for each plan is developed considering long-term historical returns data, current market conditions, and actual returns on the plan assets. Using this reference information, the long-term return expectations for each asset category and a weighted-average expected return for each plan’s target portfolio is developed according to the allocation among those investment categories. The expected portfolio performance reflects the contribution of active management as appropriate. For 2026, the expected rate of return for the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans will be 7.70%, which is the same as 2025. The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows:
Savings Plans The Company also maintains defined contribution savings plans in the U.S. The Company matches a percentage of each employee’s contributions consistent with the provisions of the plan for which the employee is eligible. Total employer contributions to these plans in 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $223 million, $215 million and $199 million, respectively.
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Other (Income) Expense, Net |
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| Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other (Income) Expense, Net | Other (Income) Expense, Net Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:
(1) Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are owned directly are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. Other, net (as reflected in the table above) in 2024 includes $170 million of income related to the expansion of a collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo (see Note 4). Other, net, in 2023 includes a $572.5 million charge related to settlements with certain plaintiffs in the Zetia antitrust litigation (see Note 10). Interest paid was $1.3 billion in 2025, $1.3 billion in 2024 and $1.1 billion in 2023.
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Taxes on Income |
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| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxes on Income | Taxes on Income As discussed in Note 2, the Company prospectively adopted a new accounting standard effective for 2025 reporting that requires disaggregation of information in the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate (in accordance with the new guidance) for 2025 is as follows:
(1) State and local tax expense was not material in 2025. (2) Includes the impact of Cantonal tax holiday and OECD Pillar 2. A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate (as previously reported in accordance with guidance prior to the adoption of the new accounting standard) for 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
Where applicable, the impact of changes in uncertain tax positions is reflected in the reconciling items above. In 2025, the Company made the final installment payment due related to the transition tax liability under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 of $1.2 billion. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has $702 million of foreign tax credits included in Other Assets that Merck expects to be applied upon the completion of the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) examination of the Company’s tax returns for the 2017 and 2018 federal tax years. As a result of the transition tax under the TCJA, the Company is no longer indefinitely reinvested with respect to its undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries and has provided a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding taxes that would apply. The Company remains indefinitely reinvested with respect to its financial statement basis in excess of tax basis of its foreign subsidiaries. A determination of the net deferred tax liability with respect to this basis difference is not practicable. The foreign earnings tax rate differentials in the tax rate reconciliations above primarily reflect the impacts of operations in jurisdictions with different effective tax rates than the U.S., particularly Switzerland, the Netherlands and Ireland, as well as Singapore and Puerto Rico which operate under tax incentive grants (which begin to expire in 2025), thereby yielding a favorable impact on the effective tax rate compared with the U.S. statutory rate of 21%. The Company has an additional Cantonal tax holiday in Switzerland that provides for a tax rate reduction and is effective through 2032. The Company’s income that is subject to tax incentive grants and the Cantonal tax holiday in Switzerland is subject to the global minimum tax provision of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Pillar 2, effective in 2024. Income before taxes consisted of:
Taxes on income consisted of:
Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of:
The Company has net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards in several jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2025, $384 million of deferred tax assets on NOL carryforwards relate to foreign jurisdictions. Valuation allowances of $248 million have been established on these foreign NOL carryforwards and other foreign deferred tax assets. In addition, the Company has $813 million of deferred tax assets relating to various U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards. Valuation allowances of $576 million have been established on these U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards. Income taxes paid in 2025 (presented in accordance with the new guidance) consisted of:
(1) Includes TCJA transition tax payments. Income taxes paid in 2024 and 2023 consisted of:
(1) Includes TCJA transition tax payments. Prepaid income taxes included in Other current assets were $5.7 billion and $3.9 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Tax benefits relating to stock option exercises were $7 million in 2025, $26 million in 2024 and $12 million in 2023. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
(1) Amount in 2024 reflects a reduction of $451 million resulting from the expiration of the statute of limitations related to the 2019 and 2020 federal tax return years. If the Company were to recognize the unrecognized tax benefits of $2.5 billion at December 31, 2025, the income tax provision would reflect a favorable net impact of $2.5 billion. Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions amounted to $106 million in 2025, $51 million in 2024 and $131 million in 2023. These amounts reflect the beneficial impacts of various tax settlements. Liabilities for accrued interest and penalties were $546 million and $437 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The IRS is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018, including the one-time transition tax enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA). In April 2025, Merck received Notices of Proposed Adjustment (NOPAs) that would increase the amount of the one-time transition tax on certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries by approximately $1.3 billion. In addition, the NOPAs included penalties of approximately $260 million. These amounts are exclusive of any interest that may be due. The Company disagrees with the proposed adjustments and will vigorously contest the NOPAs through all available administrative and, if necessary, judicial proceedings. It may take a number of years to reach resolution of this matter. If the Company is ultimately unsuccessful in defending its position, the impact could be material to its financial statements. In 2024, the Company recorded a benefit of $519 million due to a reduction in reserves for unrecognized income tax benefits resulting from the expiration in 2024 of the statute of limitations for assessments related to the 2019 and 2020 federal tax return years. The IRS is also currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2021 and 2022. In addition, various state and foreign tax examinations are in progress and for these jurisdictions, the Company’s income tax returns are open for examination for the period 2011 through 2025.
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Earnings per Share |
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| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per Share | Earnings per Share The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows:
(1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans. In 2025, 2024 and 2023, 11 million, 6 million and 5 million, respectively, of common shares issuable under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the computation of earnings per common share assuming dilution because the effect would have been antidilutive.
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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
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| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
(1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales (see Note 6). (2) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 13). (3) Includes pension plan net loss of $2.0 billion and $3.0 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $365 million and $400 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $146 million and $174 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $29 million and $61 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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Segment Reporting |
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| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments. The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies, and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, distributors and government entities. A large component of pediatric and adolescent vaccine sales are made to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program, which is funded by the U.S. government. Additionally, the Company sells vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles. The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners. Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:
U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding. (1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 4). (2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties (see Note 4). (3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 4). (4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately. Also reflects total alliance revenue for Koselugo of $436 million, $170 million, and $97 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively (see Note 4). (5) Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which (decreased) increased sales by $(127) million, $195 million and $244 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon & Co.). Other for 2025, 2024 and 2023 also includes $138 million, $106 million and $118 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements. Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:
A reconciliation of segment profits to Income Before Taxes is as follows:
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. (2) Human health-related research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories are not allocated to segment profits as noted below. (3) Includes equity (income) loss from affiliates and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses. Pharmaceutical segment profits consist of segment sales less standard costs, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits consist of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs directly incurred by the segment. The chief operating decision maker (Merck’s Chief Executive Officer) uses segment profit for the purpose of evaluating performance, allocating resources, informing incentive compensation targets and setting strategic Company goals during the planning and forecasting process. On a quarterly basis, the CEO considers forecast-to-actual variances in segment profit when assessing performance of the segments and making decisions about allocating resources to the segments. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories, the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, or general and administrative expenses not directly incurred by the segments, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. In addition, costs related to restructuring activities, as well as the amortization of intangible assets and the recognition of fair value step-up of inventories are not allocated to segments. Other profits are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate profits, as well as operating profits (losses) related to third-party manufacturing arrangements. Other unallocated, net, includes expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers, intangible asset impairment charges, gains or losses on sales of businesses, expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration, and other miscellaneous income or expense items. Equity income from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:
Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:
The Company does not disaggregate assets on a products and services basis for internal management reporting and, therefore, such information is not presented.
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Insider Trading Arrangements |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Trading Arrangements, by Individual | |
| Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted | false |
| Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted | false |
| Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated | false |
| Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated | false |
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items] | |
| Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted | true |
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Line Items] | |
| Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Threats [Text Block] | The Company’s cybersecurity measures are primarily focused on ensuring the security and protection of its IT systems and data. The Company’s information security program is managed by a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), whose group is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk management, strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. The Company’s interim CISO has over 22 years of experience in cybersecurity and national security, including distinguished service in the U.S. Army and the National Security Agency. He holds a Master’s degree in Cyber Intelligence Studies and a Bachelor’s degree in Mathematical Physics, and maintains the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) credential. Oversight of the information security program remains fully integrated into the Company’s overall enterprise risk management framework. The CISO provides periodic reports to the Audit Committee (Audit Committee) of the Board of Directors (Board), the full Board, as well as to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and other members of senior management, as appropriate. These reports include updates on the Company’s cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects intended to strengthen its information security systems, assessments of the information security program (including remediation, mitigation, and management of identified vulnerabilities), and the emerging threat landscape. The information security program is regularly evaluated by internal and external consultants and auditors with the results of those reviews reported to senior management and the Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors and has oversight responsibility for these risks. The Company’s information security group monitors the Company’s information systems to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity incidents. The Company uses tools and techniques to continually assess and monitor, manage and mitigate cybersecurity threats to its IT systems in a manner consistent with industry practice. The Company engages with key vendors, industry participants, and intelligence and law enforcement communities as part of its continuing efforts to obtain current threat intelligence, collaborate on security enhancements, and evaluate and improve the effectiveness of its information security program. As part of this program, the Company conducts periodic tabletop and red-teaming exercises to assess its cybersecurity incident response processes and defenses. The Company also maintains vendor management diligence and oversight processes to identify and monitor potential risks from cybersecurity threats attendant to its use of third-party service providers. Additionally, the Company monitors cybersecurity threat intelligence received from key third-party service providers associated with the Company.
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| Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag] | true |
| Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block] | The Company’s cybersecurity measures are primarily focused on ensuring the security and protection of its IT systems and data. The Company’s information security program is managed by a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), whose group is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk management, strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. The Company’s interim CISO has over 22 years of experience in cybersecurity and national security, including distinguished service in the U.S. Army and the National Security Agency. He holds a Master’s degree in Cyber Intelligence Studies and a Bachelor’s degree in Mathematical Physics, and maintains the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) credential. Oversight of the information security program remains fully integrated into the Company’s overall enterprise risk management framework.
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| Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag] | true |
| Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag] | true |
| Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag] | false |
| Cybersecurity Risk Board of Directors Oversight [Text Block] | The CISO provides periodic reports to the Audit Committee (Audit Committee) of the Board of Directors (Board), the full Board, as well as to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and other members of senior management, as appropriate. These reports include updates on the Company’s cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects intended to strengthen its information security systems, assessments of the information security program (including remediation, mitigation, and management of identified vulnerabilities), and the emerging threat landscape. The information security program is regularly evaluated by internal and external consultants and auditors with the results of those reviews reported to senior management and the Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors and has oversight responsibility for these risks. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company has a process in place whereby members of the information security group will alert the CISO and the CISO will alert the appropriate levels of management, including an incident assessment team, as well as the legal and finance departments so that the materiality of any such event can be assessed in furtherance of fulfilling any reporting requirements. If warranted, senior management will notify the Audit Committee or the full Board, as appropriate.
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| Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block] | The information security program is regularly evaluated by internal and external consultants and auditors with the results of those reviews reported to senior management and the Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors and has oversight responsibility for these risks. |
| Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block] | The CISO provides periodic reports to the Audit Committee (Audit Committee) of the Board of Directors (Board), the full Board, as well as to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and other members of senior management, as appropriate. These reports include updates on the Company’s cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects intended to strengthen its information security systems, assessments of the information security program (including remediation, mitigation, and management of identified vulnerabilities), and the emerging threat landscape. The information security program is regularly evaluated by internal and external consultants and auditors with the results of those reviews reported to senior management and the Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors and has oversight responsibility for these risks. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company has a process in place whereby members of the information security group will alert the CISO and the CISO will alert the appropriate levels of management, including an incident assessment team, as well as the legal and finance departments so that the materiality of any such event can be assessed in furtherance of fulfilling any reporting requirements. If warranted, senior management will notify the Audit Committee or the full Board, as appropriate.
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| Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block] | The Company’s cybersecurity measures are primarily focused on ensuring the security and protection of its IT systems and data. The Company’s information security program is managed by a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), whose group is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk management, strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. The Company’s interim CISO has over 22 years of experience in cybersecurity and national security, including distinguished service in the U.S. Army and the National Security Agency. He holds a Master’s degree in Cyber Intelligence Studies and a Bachelor’s degree in Mathematical Physics, and maintains the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) credential. Oversight of the information security program remains fully integrated into the Company’s overall enterprise risk management framework. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company has a process in place whereby members of the information security group will alert the CISO and the CISO will alert the appropriate levels of management, including an incident assessment team, as well as the legal and finance departments so that the materiality of any such event can be assessed in furtherance of fulfilling any reporting requirements. If warranted, senior management will notify the Audit Committee or the full Board, as appropriate.
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| Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag] | true |
| Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block] | The Company’s information security program is managed by a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), whose group is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk management, strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. |
| Cybersecurity Risk Management Expertise of Management Responsible [Text Block] | The Company’s interim CISO has over 22 years of experience in cybersecurity and national security, including distinguished service in the U.S. Army and the National Security Agency. He holds a Master’s degree in Cyber Intelligence Studies and a Bachelor’s degree in Mathematical Physics, and maintains the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) credential. Oversight of the information security program remains fully integrated into the Company’s overall enterprise risk management framework |
| Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Management or Committees Responsible [Text Block] | The CISO provides periodic reports to the Audit Committee (Audit Committee) of the Board of Directors (Board), the full Board, as well as to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and other members of senior management, as appropriate. These reports include updates on the Company’s cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects intended to strengthen its information security systems, assessments of the information security program (including remediation, mitigation, and management of identified vulnerabilities), and the emerging threat landscape. The information security program is regularly evaluated by internal and external consultants and auditors with the results of those reviews reported to senior management and the Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors and has oversight responsibility for these risks. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company has a process in place whereby members of the information security group will alert the CISO and the CISO will alert the appropriate levels of management, including an incident assessment team, as well as the legal and finance departments so that the materiality of any such event can be assessed in furtherance of fulfilling any reporting requirements. If warranted, senior management will notify the Audit Committee or the full Board, as appropriate.
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| Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag] | true |
Summary of Accounting Policies (Policies) |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling Interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity method basis.
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| Acquisitions | Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an asset acquisition rather than a business combination and, therefore, no goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) with no alternative future use is charged to expense, currently marketed products are capitalized as intangible assets, and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date.
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| Foreign Currency Translation | Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net.
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| Cash Equivalents | Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents consist of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months.
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| Inventories | Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product during the research and regulatory approval process.
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| Investments | Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI. The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net, is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI. Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net. Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value as determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net. Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.
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| Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation. The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the U.S. federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation, Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile. This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material. The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts. In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material. The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $10.0 billion in 2025, $13.3 billion in 2024 and $12.5 billion in 2023. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The wholesaler then charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price agreed to between Merck and the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $295 million and $1.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and were $293 million and $2.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2024. Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted health care spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale. The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, to six months before and 12 months after product expiration). The estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. Additionally, the Company considers factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, whether products have been discontinued, entrance in the market of generic or other competition, changes in formularies or launch of over-the-counter products, among others. Outside of the U.S., returns are only allowed in certain countries on a limited basis. Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical products are typically 35 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health products are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products have longer payment terms, including Keytruda (pembrolizumab), which has payment terms of 90 days. Payment terms for vaccine products in the U.S. typically range from 30 days to 60 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms. See Note 18 for disaggregated revenue disclosures.
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| Depreciation | Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 45 years for Buildings, and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings. |
| Advertising and Promotion Costs | Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred. |
| Software Capitalization | Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment. The Company also capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement cloud computing arrangements, which are considered service agreements. These costs are included in Other Assets. Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 2 to 10 years (which include contract renewal periods for cloud computing arrangements that are reasonably certain to occur), with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.
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| Goodwill | Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill).
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| Acquired Intangibles | Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in business combinations and asset acquisitions include product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows.
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| Acquired In-Process Research and Development | Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with a business combination represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results.
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| Contingent Consideration for Business Combinations | Contingent Consideration for Business Combinations — Certain of the Company’s acquisitions involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. If the transaction is accounted for as a business combination, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Significant events that increase or decrease the probability of achieving development and regulatory milestones or that increase or decrease projected cash flows will result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the related contingent consideration obligations. |
| Research and Development | Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Research and development expenses include restructuring costs and IPR&D impairment charges. In addition, research and development expenses include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with IPR&D assets. Research and development expenses also include upfront and milestone payments related to asset acquisitions and licensing transactions involving clinical development programs that have not yet received regulatory approval. |
| Collaborative Arrangements | Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales. When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses, respectively. In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset, provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined by the Company to be probable of being achieved based on future sales forecasts. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for products that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed or, for new indications of approved products, from the time of the formation of the collaboration. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its estimated remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing.
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| Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards.
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| Restructuring Costs | Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period.
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| Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs | Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
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| Taxes on Income | Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income. The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. H.R. 1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) renamed the provision for taxes on foreign earnings from GILTI to net controlled foreign corporation tested income (NCTI). The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach.
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| Reclassifications | Reclassifications — Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. |
| Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts, rebates and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories (including those produced in preparation for product launches), amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.
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| Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and disaggregation of information in the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures by jurisdiction. The guidance also includes other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures by removing certain previously required disclosures. The Company elected to prospectively adopt the guidance effective for 2025 annual reporting. The adoption primarily resulted in incremental disclosures to the Company’s income tax disclosures contained in Note 15. In September 2025, the FASB issued amended guidance to reduce the complexity of evaluating whether contracts are derivatives by adding a scope exception (which may apply to certain R&D funding arrangements) to exclude from derivative accounting non-exchange-traded contracts with variables (underlyings) that are based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract. The Company adopted the guidance on October 1, 2025, effective for full year 2025 on a prospective basis. The Company did not have any contracts that were affected by the adoption of this new standard; therefore, there was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted — In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance intended to improve financial reporting by requiring entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories for interim and annual reporting periods. The guidance is effective for 2027 annual reporting and 2028 interim reporting. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance, which can be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis, will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements. In December 2025, the FASB issued guidance that includes requirements for recognition of government grants in a Company’s financial statements as well as disclosure requirements, including the nature of the government grant received, the accounting policies used to account for the grant, and significant terms and conditions of the grant. The guidance is effective for 2029 interim and annual reporting on a modified prospective, modified retrospective or retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
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| Legal Costs | Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. |
Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements (Tables) |
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| Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, Transaction between Entities under Common Control, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed | The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the Elanco aqua business (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) are as follows:
(1) The estimated fair values of Clynav and other product rights were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 8.5%. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. (2) The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Animal Health segment. This amount is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
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Collaborative Arrangements (Tables) |
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| Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collaborative Arrangements | Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Amounts in 2025 include the $150 million upfront payment and $175 million regulatory milestones triggered as a result of the amendment to the collaboration agreement noted above. (2) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amount in 2024 includes $48 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense as noted above. (3) Balance at December 31, 2025 includes milestone receivables. (4) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued milestone payments. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amount in 2023 includes $154 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense as noted above. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of intangible assets, cost of products sold by Merck, as well as Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes cost of products sold by Merck, Ridgeback’s share of profits, royalty expense, amortization of capitalized milestone payments, and inventory reserves. (2) Includes accrued royalties. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Represents Merck’s share of certain inventory-related costs. (2) Expenses in 2023 include the $5.5 billion charge for the upfront and continuing option payments noted above. (3) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued continuation payment. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:
(1) Includes amortization of shared facility costs.
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Restructuring (Tables) |
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Charges Related to Restructuring Program Activities by Type of Cost | The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:
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| Schedule of Charges and Spending Relating to Restructuring Activities by Program | The following table summarizes the charges and spending related to restructuring program activities:
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Financial Instruments (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Effect of Net Investment Hedges | The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:
(1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.
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| Schedule of Interest Rate Derivatives | At December 31, 2025, the Company was a party to seven pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of a portion of fixed-rate notes as detailed in the table below.
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| Schedule of Fair Value Hedging Instruments, Statements of Financial Performance and Financial Position | The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31:
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| Schedule of Fair Value of Derivatives on a Gross Basis Segregated Between those Derivatives that are Designated as Hedging Instruments and those that are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:
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| Schedule of Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis | The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes as of December 31:
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| Schedule of Location and Pretax Gain or Loss Amounts for Derivatives | The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:
(1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.
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| Schedule of Income Statement Effects of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
(1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.
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| Schedule of Information on Investments in Debt and Equity Securities | Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows:
(1) Unrealized net gains of $474 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2025 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2025. Unrealized net losses of $30 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2024 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2024.
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| Schedule of Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis | Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:
(1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes securities with an aggregate fair value of $81 million, which were subject to a contractual sale restriction that expired in April 2025. (3) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.
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| Schedule of Summarized Information about the Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration | Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:
(1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments. Amount in 2025 includes the reversal of $45 million for a Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) sales-based milestone as it was determined that payment was not probable. (2) Amount in both periods reflects payments related to the 2016 termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture. Amount in 2025 also includes a $25 million payment related to the achievement of a sales-based milestone for Zerbaxa and amount in 2024 also includes a $25 million payment related to the first commercial sale of Lyfnua (gefapixant) in the European Union.
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Inventories (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Inventory, current | Inventories at December 31 consisted of:
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| Schedule of Inventory, noncurrent | Inventories at December 31 consisted of:
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Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables) |
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| Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Goodwill Activity by Segment | The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment:
(1) Activity is related to the 2024 acquisition of the Elanco aqua business and related measurement period adjustments in 2025. (2) Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances. (3) Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $531 million at both December 31, 2025 and 2024.
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| Schedule of Other Intangibles | Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of:
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Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases (Tables) |
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| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Long-term Debt | Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of:
(1) Floating rate is compounded SOFR plus 46 bps, which at December 31, 2025 was 4.16%. (2) Floating rate is compounded SOFR plus 57 bps, which at December 31, 2025 was 4.35%.
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| Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information | Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:
(1) Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability.
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| Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities | Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows:
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Equity (Tables) |
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| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Common Stock and Treasury Stock Transactions | A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows:
(1) Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.
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Share-Based Compensation Plans (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Assumptions Used to Determine Weighted-Average Fair Value of Options Granted | The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $18.61, $25.60 and $21.69 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions:
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| Schedule of Summarized Information Relative to Stock Option Plan Activity | Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows:
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| Schedule of Additional Information Pertaining to Stock Option Plans | Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below:
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| Schedule of Nonvested RSU and PSU Activity | A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows:
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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost | The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans consisted of the following components:
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| Obligation and Funded Status | Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows:
(1) Actuarial losses (gains) primarily reflect changes in discount rates.
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| Funded Status of Selected Pension Plans | Information related to the funded status of select pension plans at December 31 is as follows:
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| Funded Status of Selected Pension Plans | Information related to the funded status of select pension plans at December 31 is as follows:
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| Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets | The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:
(1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024. (2) The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques. The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:
(1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
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| Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Company's Level 3 Pension Plan Assets | The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets:
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| Summary of Expected Benefit Payments | Expected benefit payments are as follows:
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| Components of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI:
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| Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used in Determining Pension Plan and U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Information | The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows:
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| Summary of Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumptions for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows:
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Other (Income) Expense, Net (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other (Income) Expense, Net | Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:
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Taxes on Income (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Reconciliation Between Effective Tax Rate and U.S. Statutory Rate | A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate (in accordance with the new guidance) for 2025 is as follows:
(1) State and local tax expense was not material in 2025. (2) Includes the impact of Cantonal tax holiday and OECD Pillar 2. A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate (as previously reported in accordance with guidance prior to the adoption of the new accounting standard) for 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
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| Schedule of Income Before Taxes | Income before taxes consisted of:
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| Schedule of Taxes on Income | Taxes on income consisted of:
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| Schedule of Deferred Income Taxes | Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of:
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| Schedule of Income Taxes Paid | Income taxes paid in 2025 (presented in accordance with the new guidance) consisted of:
(1) Includes TCJA transition tax payments. Income taxes paid in 2024 and 2023 consisted of:
(1) Includes TCJA transition tax payments.
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| Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
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Earnings per Share (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Schedule of Calculations of Earnings Per Share | The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows:
(1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.
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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in AOCI by Component | Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
(1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales (see Note 6). (2) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 13). (3) Includes pension plan net loss of $2.0 billion and $3.0 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $365 million and $400 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $146 million and $174 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $29 million and $61 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
|
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Segment Reporting (Tables) |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales of Company's Products | Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:
U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding. (1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 4). (2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties (see Note 4). (3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 4). (4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately. Also reflects total alliance revenue for Koselugo of $436 million, $170 million, and $97 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively (see Note 4). (5) Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which (decreased) increased sales by $(127) million, $195 million and $244 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon & Co.). Other for 2025, 2024 and 2023 also includes $138 million, $106 million and $118 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements.
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| Consolidated Revenues by Geographic Area | Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:
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| Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income Before Taxes | A reconciliation of segment profits to Income Before Taxes is as follows:
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. (2) Human health-related research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories are not allocated to segment profits as noted below. (3) Includes equity (income) loss from affiliates and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses.
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| Equity Loss from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits | Equity income from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:
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| Property, Plant and Equipment, Net by Geographic Area | Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:
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Nature of Operations (Details) |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2025
segment
| |
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
| Number of operating segments | 2 |
| Number of reportable segments | 2 |
Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements - Schedule of Estimated Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Jul. 09, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Business Combination [Line Items] | ||||
| Goodwill | $ 21,579 | $ 21,668 | $ 21,197 | |
| Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Aqua Business | ||||
| Business Combination [Line Items] | ||||
| Inventories | $ 65 | |||
| Property, plant and equipment | 66 | |||
| Deferred tax asset | 106 | |||
| Other assets and liabilities, net | 23 | |||
| Total identifiable net assets | 891 | |||
| Goodwill | 412 | |||
| Consideration transferred | $ 1,303 | |||
| Discount rate | 8.50% | |||
| Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Aqua Business | Product Rights | ||||
| Business Combination [Line Items] | ||||
| Product rights and other | $ 340 | |||
| Estimated useful life of intangible assets | 15 years | |||
| Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Aqua Business | Other Product Rights | ||||
| Business Combination [Line Items] | ||||
| Product rights and other | $ 291 | |||
| Estimated useful life of intangible assets | 15 years |
Collaborative Arrangements - Eisai Co., Ltd. (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||
| Cost of sales | $ 16,382 | $ 15,193 | $ 16,126 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 10,733 | 10,816 | 10,504 |
| Research and development | 15,789 | 17,938 | 30,531 |
| Other current assest | 43,516 | 38,782 | |
| Amortization expense for intangible assets | 2,800 | 2,400 | 2,000 |
| Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||
| Revenue from collaborative arrangement | 1,053 | 1,010 | 960 |
| Cost of sales | 241 | 241 | 381 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 134 | 159 | 189 |
| Research and development | 11 | 21 | $ 66 |
| Other current assest | $ 271 | $ 257 | |
Collaborative Arrangements - Daiicho Sankyo (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||
| Cost of sales | $ 16,382 | $ 15,193 | $ 16,126 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 10,733 | 10,816 | 10,504 |
| Research and development | 15,789 | 17,938 | 30,531 |
| Other current assest | 43,516 | 38,782 | |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 14,468 | 15,694 | |
| Daiichi Sankyo | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||
| Cost of sales | 66 | 0 | 0 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 28 | 26 | 3 |
| Research and development | 524 | 351 | $ 5,549 |
| Other current assest | 15 | 8 | |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | $ 113 | $ 817 | |
Collaborative Arrangements - Moderna, Inc. - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Moderna | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |
| Capitalization of shared costs | $ 236 |
Collaborative Arrangements - Moderna, Inc. (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ 10,733 | $ 10,816 | $ 10,504 |
| Research and development | 15,789 | 17,938 | 30,531 |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 14,468 | 15,694 | |
| Moderna | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | |||
| Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items] | |||
| Selling, general and administrative | 27 | 16 | 5 |
| Research and development | 375 | 358 | $ 218 |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | $ 13 | $ 57 | |
Restructuring - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2025
USD ($)
site
|
Dec. 31, 2024
USD ($)
|
Dec. 31, 2023
USD ($)
|
|
| Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items] | |||
| Total pretax restructuring costs | $ 2,551 | $ 933 | |
| 2025 Restructuring Program | |||
| Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items] | |||
| Expected restructuring and related cost | $ 3,000 | ||
| Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will be cash | 60.00% | ||
| Total pretax restructuring costs | $ 2,012 | ||
| Number of sites | site | 2 | ||
| 2024 Restructuring Program | |||
| Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items] | |||
| Expected restructuring and related cost | $ 4,000 | ||
| Total pretax restructuring costs | $ 539 | $ 888 | $ 190 |
| Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will be noncash | 50.00% | ||
| Cumulative costs since inception | $ 1,600 | ||
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Amounts Recorded on Balance Sheet Related to Fair Value Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Hedged Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] | Long-Term Debt | Long-Term Debt |
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities | $ 1,810 | $ 1,509 |
| Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount | $ 70 | $ 17 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, asset | $ 323 | $ 729 |
| Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the condensed balance sheet, asset | (245) | (299) |
| Cash collateral received/posted, asset | (1) | (165) |
| Net amounts, asset | 77 | 265 |
| Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, liability | 324 | 345 |
| Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the condensed balance sheet, liability | (245) | (299) |
| Cash collateral received/posted, liability | 0 | 0 |
| Net amounts, liability | $ 79 | $ 46 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Income Statement Effects on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Currency Swap | Other (income) expense, net | |||
| Derivative [Line Items] | |||
| Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income | $ (196) | $ 251 | $ (6) |
| Foreign Exchange Future | Sales | |||
| Derivative [Line Items] | |||
| Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income | $ 21 | $ (28) | $ 5 |
Financial Instruments - Schedule of Information About Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
| Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward] | ||
| Fair value, beginning balance | $ 193 | $ 354 |
| Changes in estimated fair value | (52) | (10) |
| Payments | (141) | (151) |
| Fair value, ending balance | 0 | 193 |
| Zerbaxa | ||
| Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward] | ||
| Changes in estimated fair value | (45) | |
| Payments | $ (25) | |
| Lyfnua | ||
| Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward] | ||
| Payments | $ (25) | |
Inventories - Schedule of Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Finished goods | $ 2,275 | $ 2,022 |
| Raw materials and work in process | 10,645 | 8,831 |
| Supplies | 331 | 289 |
| Total | 13,251 | 11,142 |
| Decrease to LIFO cost | (912) | (840) |
| Total current and noncurrent inventories | 12,339 | 10,302 |
| Recognized as: | ||
| Inventories | 6,658 | 6,109 |
| Other Assets | $ 5,681 | $ 4,193 |
Inventories - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Inventory [Line Items] | ||
| LIFO inventory amount | $ 4,300 | $ 3,400 |
| Inventory classified in other assets | 5,681 | 4,193 |
| Inventory Not Expected to be Sold Within One Year | ||
| Inventory [Line Items] | ||
| Inventory classified in other assets | 5,500 | 3,800 |
| Inventories Produced in Preparation for Product Launches | ||
| Inventory [Line Items] | ||
| Inventory classified in other assets | $ 211 | $ 412 |
Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Schedule of Goodwill Activity by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | ||
| Goodwill, beginning balance | $ 21,668 | $ 21,197 |
| Acquisitions | 518 | |
| Acquisitions | (106) | |
| Other | 17 | (47) |
| Goodwill, ending balance | 21,579 | 21,668 |
| Accumulated goodwill impairment losses | 531 | 531 |
| Pharmaceutical | ||
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | ||
| Goodwill, beginning balance | 17,903 | 17,922 |
| Acquisitions | 0 | |
| Acquisitions | 0 | |
| Other | 2 | (19) |
| Goodwill, ending balance | 17,905 | 17,903 |
| Animal Health | ||
| Goodwill [Roll Forward] | ||
| Goodwill, beginning balance | 3,765 | 3,275 |
| Acquisitions | 518 | |
| Acquisitions | (106) | |
| Other | 15 | (28) |
| Goodwill, ending balance | $ 3,674 | $ 3,765 |
Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Schedule of Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] | Other Assets | Other Assets |
| Other Assets | $ 1,507 | $ 1,370 |
| Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] | Accrued and other current liabilities | Accrued and other current liabilities |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | $ 294 | $ 282 |
| Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] | Other Noncurrent Liabilities | Other Noncurrent Liabilities |
| Other Noncurrent Liabilities | $ 901 | $ 877 |
| Total operating lease liability | $ 1,195 | $ 1,159 |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | 7 years | 6 years |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 3.50% | 3.20% |
Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Schedule of Maturity Schedule (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| 2026 | $ 335 | |
| 2027 | 261 | |
| 2028 | 204 | |
| 2029 | 125 | |
| 2030 | 103 | |
| Thereafter | 415 | |
| Total lease payments | 1,443 | |
| Less: Imputed interest | 248 | |
| Total operating lease liability | $ 1,195 | $ 1,159 |
Equity - Narrative (Details) - shares |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Equity [Abstract] | ||
| Common stock, authorized (in shares) | 6,500,000,000 | 6,500,000,000 |
| Preferred stock, authorized (in shares) | 20,000,000 |
Share-Based Compensation Plans - Schedule of Assumptions Used to Determine Weighted-Average Fair Value of Options Granted (Details) - $ / shares |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] | |||
| Weighted average fair value of options granted (in dollars per share) | $ 18.61 | $ 25.60 | $ 21.69 |
| Expected dividend yield | 3.10% | 3.00% | 3.10% |
| Risk-free interest rate | 3.90% | 4.70% | 3.40% |
| Expected volatility | 25.90% | 20.50% | 22.40% |
| Expected life (years) | 5 years 9 months 18 days | 5 years 9 months 18 days | 5 years 9 months 18 days |
Share-Based Compensation Plans - Schedule of Additional Information Pertaining to Stock Option Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] | |||
| Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised | $ 41 | $ 144 | $ 95 |
| Fair value of stock options vested | 36 | 32 | 30 |
| Cash received from the exercise of stock options | $ 92 | $ 177 | $ 125 |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Expected Benefit Payments (Details) $ in Millions |
Dec. 31, 2025
USD ($)
|
|---|---|
| Other Postretirement Benefits | |
| Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items] | |
| 2026 | $ 88 |
| 2027 | 90 |
| 2028 | 94 |
| 2029 | 98 |
| 2030 | 102 |
| 2031 — 2035 | 554 |
| United States | Pension Benefits | |
| Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items] | |
| 2026 | 834 |
| 2027 | 832 |
| 2028 | 833 |
| 2029 | 847 |
| 2030 | 866 |
| 2031 — 2035 | 4,531 |
| International | Pension Benefits | |
| Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items] | |
| 2026 | 334 |
| 2027 | 323 |
| 2028 | 336 |
| 2029 | 354 |
| 2030 | 362 |
| 2031 — 2035 | $ 2,108 |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used in Determining Pension Plan and U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Information (Details) |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| United States | |||
| Net periodic benefit cost | |||
| Discount rate | 5.70% | 5.30% | 5.50% |
| Expected rate of return on plan assets | 7.70% | 7.75% | 7.00% |
| Salary growth rate | 4.80% | 4.60% | 4.60% |
| Interest crediting rate | 5.40% | 5.30% | 5.30% |
| Benefit obligation | |||
| Discount rate | 5.60% | 5.70% | 5.30% |
| Salary growth rate | 4.80% | 4.80% | 4.60% |
| Interest crediting rate | 5.40% | 5.40% | 5.30% |
| International | Pension Benefits | |||
| Net periodic benefit cost | |||
| Discount rate | 3.70% | 3.40% | 3.90% |
| Expected rate of return on plan assets | 5.40% | 5.20% | 5.00% |
| Salary growth rate | 3.10% | 3.20% | 3.20% |
| Interest crediting rate | 3.50% | 3.40% | 3.30% |
| Benefit obligation | |||
| Discount rate | 4.20% | 3.70% | 3.40% |
| Salary growth rate | 3.10% | 3.10% | 3.20% |
| Interest crediting rate | 3.70% | 3.50% | 3.40% |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumptions for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Details) - Other Postretirement Benefits |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items] | ||
| Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year | 8.50% | 7.90% |
| Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline | 4.50% | 4.50% |
Other (Income) Expense, Net - Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |||
| Interest income | $ (343) | $ (415) | $ (365) |
| Interest expense | 1,357 | 1,271 | 1,146 |
| Exchange losses | 323 | 227 | 370 |
| Income from investments in equity securities, net | (368) | (14) | (340) |
| Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost | (615) | (633) | (498) |
| Other, net | (203) | (460) | 153 |
| Other (income) expense, net | $ 151 | $ (24) | $ 466 |
Other (Income) Expense, Net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
1 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Aug. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items] | ||||
| Interest paid | $ 1,300.0 | $ 1,300.0 | $ 1,100.0 | |
| Zetia antitrust litigation | ||||
| Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items] | ||||
| Loss related to settlement litigation | $ 572.5 | |||
| Daiichi Sankyo | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | ||||
| Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items] | ||||
| Upfront cash payment | $ 170.0 | |||
Taxes on Income - Schedule of Income Before Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |||
| Domestic | $ (4,948) | $ (1,849) | $ (15,622) |
| Foreign | 26,015 | 21,785 | 17,511 |
| Income Before Taxes | $ 21,067 | $ 19,936 | $ 1,889 |
Taxes on Income - Schedule of Taxes on Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Current provision | |||
| Federal | $ 499 | $ 944 | $ 928 |
| Foreign | 4,072 | 3,123 | 2,435 |
| State | (96) | (15) | 48 |
| Total current provision | 4,475 | 4,052 | 3,411 |
| Deferred provision | |||
| Federal | (1,585) | (1,475) | (1,559) |
| Foreign | (83) | 212 | (233) |
| State | (3) | 14 | (107) |
| Total deferred provision | (1,671) | (1,249) | (1,899) |
| Taxes on income | $ 2,804 | $ 2,803 | $ 1,512 |
Taxes on Income - Schedule of Income Taxes Paid by Jurisdiction (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Income Tax Contingency [Line Items] | |||
| Domestic - federal | $ 1,559 | $ 974 | $ 2,258 |
| Domestic - state and local | 24 | ||
| Foreign | 2,954 | 2,080 | |
| Income taxes paid | 6,086 | $ 3,928 | $ 4,338 |
| Switzerland | |||
| Income Tax Contingency [Line Items] | |||
| Foreign | 2,115 | ||
| Netherlands | |||
| Income Tax Contingency [Line Items] | |||
| Foreign | 1,576 | ||
| Other foreign | |||
| Income Tax Contingency [Line Items] | |||
| Foreign | $ 812 | ||
Taxes on Income - Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward] | |||
| Balance January 1 | $ 2,261 | $ 2,384 | $ 1,835 |
| Additions related to current year positions | 396 | 421 | 553 |
| Additions related to prior year positions | 59 | 35 | 91 |
| Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (94) | (33) | (20) |
| Settlements | (28) | (18) | (23) |
| Lapse of statute of limitations | (64) | (528) | (52) |
| Balance December 31 | $ 2,530 | 2,261 | $ 2,384 |
| Tax Year 2019 and 2020 | |||
| Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward] | |||
| Lapse of statute of limitations | $ (451) | ||
Earnings Per Share - Schedule of Calculations of Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||
| Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., basic | $ 18,254 | $ 17,117 | $ 365 |
| Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., diluted | $ 18,254 | $ 17,117 | $ 365 |
| Average common shares outstanding (in shares) | 2,502 | 2,532 | 2,537 |
| Common shares issuable (in shares) | 5 | 9 | 10 |
| Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution (in shares) | 2,507 | 2,541 | 2,547 |
| Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ 7.30 | $ 6.76 | $ 0.14 |
| Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ 7.28 | $ 6.74 | $ 0.14 |
Earnings Per Share - Narrative (Details) - shares shares in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||
| Antidilutive shares (in shares) | 11 | 6 | 5 |
Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details) |
12 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Dec. 31, 2025
segment
| |
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |
| Number of operating segments | 2 |
| Number of reportable segments | 2 |
Segment Reporting - Schedule of Equity Income from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions |
12 Months Ended | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | |||
| Depreciation | $ 3,045 | $ 2,104 | $ 1,828 |
| Operating Segments | |||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | |||
| Equity income from affiliates | 190 | 144 | 111 |
| Depreciation | 287 | 261 | 203 |
| Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical | |||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | |||
| Equity income from affiliates | 190 | 144 | 111 |
| Depreciation | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Operating Segments | Animal Health | |||
| Segment Reporting Information [Line Items] | |||
| Equity income from affiliates | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Depreciation | $ 282 | $ 256 | $ 198 |