1. Organization and Nature of Operations

Our Company

Alteryx, Inc. was initially organized in California in March 1997 as SRC, LLC, commenced principal operations in November 1997, changed its name to Alteryx, LLC in March 2010, and converted into a Delaware corporation in March 2011 under the name Alteryx, Inc. Alteryx, Inc. and its subsidiaries, or we, our, or us, are headquartered in Irvine, California.

We are a provider of self-service data analytics software. Our software platform enables organizations to improve business outcomes and the productivity of their business analysts. Our subscription-based platform allows organizations to easily prepare, blend, and analyze data from a multitude of sources and benefit from data-driven decisions. The ease-of-use, speed, and sophistication that our platform provides is enhanced through intuitive and highly repeatable visual workflows.

Initial Public Offering and Follow-on Public Offering

In March 2017, we completed an initial public offering, or IPO, of our Class A common stock. In connection with the IPO, we sold 10.4 million shares of Class A common stock, which included the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1.4 million shares in April 2017, at $14.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $131.4 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Prior to the closing of the IPO, all shares of common stock then outstanding were reclassified as Class B common stock and all shares of our then outstanding convertible preferred stock held prior to the IPO were converted into Class B common stock. See Note 12 for further discussion of our Class A and Class B common stock.

In September 2017, we completed a follow-on public offering in which a total of 8.0 million shares of our Class A common stock (issued upon automatic conversion of shares of our Class B common stock) were sold by certain selling stockholders at a price of $21.25 per share. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of our Class A common stock by the selling stockholders and we incurred offering costs of $0.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 in connection with this offering. These costs are included in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and include the accounts of Alteryx, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

On an ongoing basis, our management evaluates estimates and assumptions based on historical data and experience, as well as various other factors that our management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments, which subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments, and trade accounts receivable. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents and investments with three major financial institutions and a portion of such balances exceed or are not subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, insurance limits.

We extend differing levels of credit to customers, do not require collateral deposits, and, when necessary, maintain reserves for potential credit losses based upon the expected collectability of accounts receivable. We manage credit risk related to our customers by following credit approval processes, establishing credit limits, performing periodic evaluations of credit worthiness and applying other credit risk monitoring procedures.

Accounts receivable include amounts due from customers with principal operations primarily in the United States.

Significant customers are those which represent 10% or more of our revenue for each period presented or total net accounts receivable at each balance sheet date presented. For all years presented, we had no customer which accounted for 10% or more of our accounts receivable balance or 10% or more of our revenue.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. We determine fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

The fair value of our money market funds was determined based on “Level 1” inputs.

The fair value of certificates of deposit, U.S. Treasury and agency bonds, and corporate bonds were determined based on “Level 2” inputs. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of certificates of deposit included observable market-based inputs for similar assets, which primarily include yield curves and time-to-maturityfactors. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of U.S. Treasury and agency bonds and corporate bonds included standard observable inputs, including reported trades, quoted market prices, matrix pricing, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets or benchmark securities and data provided by third parties as many of the bonds are not actively traded.

There were no marketable securities measured on a recurring basis in the “Level 3” category.

We have not elected the fair value option as prescribed by ASC 825, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, for our financial assets and liabilities that are not otherwise required to be carried at fair value. Under ASC 820, material financial assets and liabilities not carried at fair value, such as our accounts receivable and payables, are reported at their carrying values.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

We consider cash and cash equivalents to include short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present an insignificant risk of changes in the value, including investments that mature within three months from the date of original purchase. Amounts receivable from a credit card processor of approximately $0.7 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are considered cash equivalents because they were both short-term and highly liquid in nature and are typically converted to cash within three days of the sales transaction.

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 related to amounts required to be restricted as to use by our credit card processor.

Investments in Marketable Securities

Our investments include available-for-sale marketable securities. The classification of investments is determined at the time of purchase and reevaluated at each balance sheet date. We classify investments as current or non-current based on the nature of the securities as well as their stated maturities. Investments are stated at fair value. The net unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes.

At each balance sheet date, we assess available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position to determine whether the unrealized loss is other than temporary. We consider factors including the significance of the decline in value as compared to the cost basis, underlying factors contributing to a decline in the prices of securities in a single asset class, how long the market value of the security has been less than its cost basis, the security’s relative performance versus its peers, sector or asset class, expected market volatility, and the market and economy in general, and, if determined to be other than temporary, will record an other than temporary impairment charge.

Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, and Sales Reserves

Our accounts receivable consist of amounts due from customers and are typically unsecured. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are non-interest bearing.

The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated and established by assessing individual accounts receivable over a specific age and dollar value, and all other balances are pooled based on historical collection experience. Additions to the allowance are charged to general and administrative expenses. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance when an account balance is deemed uncollectible.

We estimate a sales reserve based upon the historical adjustments made to customer billings. Such reserve is recorded as a reduction of revenue and deferred revenue.

Sales Commissions and Cash-Based Performance Awards

Our sales personnel and other commissioned employees are paid commissions. Commissions are considered direct and incremental costs to customer agreements and are generally paid in the period we receive payment from the customer under the associated customer agreement. These costs are recoverable from future revenue associated with the noncancelable customer agreements that gave rise to the commissions. Commissions are amortized to sales and marketing expense over the term the respective revenue is recognized. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we amortized to sales and marketing expense approximately $11.3 million, $9.4 million, and $6.4 million, respectively.

Certain of our sales personnel and other commissioned employees are also eligible for annual cash-based performance awards based on overall performance of the individuals. Awards that are directly related to a specific customer agreement are amortized to sales and marketing expense over the term the respective revenue is recognized. If awards are not directly related to specific customer agreements, they are expensed to sales and marketing expense during the year they are earned commencing when the award is both probable of being earned and reasonably estimable, which generally has been in the latter part of the year. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we recognized sales and marketing expense related to these awards of approximately $0.2 million, $1.4 million, and $1.2 million, respectively.

Royalties

We pay royalties associated with licensed data sold with our platform and we recognize royalty expense to cost of revenue when incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we recognized royalty expense of approximately $9.4 million, $6.0 million, and $4.1 million, respectively. Under certain of our contractual arrangements we prepay royalties. Prepaid royalties were approximately $1.1 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or lease terms. Useful lives by asset category are as follows:

Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. Upon the sale or retirement of property and equipment, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts, with any resulting gain or loss included in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired developed technology. We determine the appropriate useful life of our intangible assets by performing an analysis of expected cash flows of the acquired assets. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives of two to eight years, using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets to their carrying value. If the carrying value of the assets exceeds the forecasted undiscounted cash flows, then the assets are written down to their fair value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows or appraised values, depending upon the nature of the assets. To date, no such impairments have been recorded.

Business Combinations

The results of businesses acquired in a business combination are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. We allocated the purchase price, including the fair value of any non-cash and contingent consideration, to the identifiable assets and liabilities of the relevant acquired business at their acquisition date fair values. Any excess consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill.

Contingent consideration payable in cash or a fixed dollar amount settleable in a variable number of shares is classified as a liability and recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in general and administrative expenses each period. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred, and are included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

We perform valuations of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration and allocate the purchase price to its respective assets and liabilities. Determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration requires us to use significant judgment and estimates including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue, costs and cash flows, discount rates, the probability of the achievement of specified milestones, and selection of comparable companies. We engage the assistance of valuation specialists in concluding on fair value measurements in connection with determining fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration in a business combination.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. We test goodwill for impairment in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Events or changes in circumstances which could trigger an impairment review include a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel, significant changes in the use of the acquired assets or our strategy, significant negative industry or economic trends, or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations.

ASC 350 provides that an entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, an entity determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then additional impairment testing is not required. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the first of a two-step impairment test.

The first step involves comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with its book value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value exceeds book value, goodwill is considered not to be impaired and no additional steps are necessary. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than book value, then the carrying amount of the goodwill is compared with its implied fair value. The estimate of implied fair value of goodwill may require valuations of certain internally generated and unrecognized intangible assets. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess.

We have one reporting unit and we test for goodwill impairment annually during the fourth quarter of each calendar year. At December 31, 2017, we determined our goodwill was not impaired as our fair value significantly exceeded the carrying value of our net assets.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is derived from the licensing of subscription, time-based software, sale of a hosted version of our software, data subscription services, and professional services, including training and consulting services. The time-based subscriptions include post-contract support, or PCS, which provides the customer the right to receive when-and-if-available unspecified future updates, upgrades and enhancements, and technical product support.

Revenue is recognized when all four revenue recognition criteria have been met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product has been delivered or the service has been performed, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable or reasonably assured. Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves exercising judgment and using estimates and assumptions that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue that is recognized. Invoiced amounts have been recorded in accounts receivable and in deferred revenue or revenue, depending on whether the revenue recognition criteria have been met.

We account for revenue from software and related products and services in accordance with ASC 985-605, Software. For the duration of the license term, the customer receives coterminous PCS. We do not provide PCS on a standalone or renewal basis unless the customer renews the software subscription license and, as such, we are unable to determine vendor specific objective evidence of fair value, or VSOE, of PCS. Accordingly, revenue for the subscription of time-based software licenses and PCS is recognized ratably beginning on the date the license is first made available to the customer and continuing through the end of the subscription term. Revenue from time-based software licenses and PCS comprised more than 90% of revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

We also recognize revenue from the sale of a hosted version of our platform which is delivered pursuant to a hosting arrangement. Revenue from hosted services is recognized ratably beginning on the date the services are first made available to the customer and continuing through the end of the contractual service term. Hosted revenue arrangements are outside the scope of ASC 986-605 software revenue recognition guidance as customers do not have the right to take possession of the software code underlying our hosted solutions.

Our arrangements may include the resale of third-party syndicated data content pursuant to subscription arrangements, and professional services. Data subscriptions provide the customer the right to receive data that is updated periodically over the term of the license agreement, and revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period once the customer has access to the data. We recognize revenue from the resale of third-party syndicated data on a gross basis when (i) we are the primary obligor, (ii) we have latitude to establish the price charged, and (iii) we bear credit risk in the transaction. Revenue from professional services, which is comprised primarily of training and consulting services, is recognized on a time and materials basis as the services are provided.

Multiple Element Arrangements

We enter into multiple element revenue arrangements in which a customer may purchase a combination of software, data, and services.

For multiple element arrangements that contain only software and software-related elements, revenue is allocated and deferred for the undelivered elements based on their VSOE. In situations where VSOE exists for all elements (delivered and undelivered), the revenue to be earned under the arrangement among the various elements is allocated based on their relative fair value. For arrangements where VSOE exists only for the undelivered elements, the full fair value of the undelivered elements is deferred and the difference between the total arrangement fee and the amount deferred for the undelivered items is recognized as revenue. If VSOE does not exist for an undelivered service element, the revenue from the entire arrangement is recognized over the service period, once all services have commenced. Changes in assumptions or judgments or changes to the elements in a software arrangement could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue recognized in a particular period.

VSOE is determined for each element, or a group of elements sold on a combined basis, such as our software and PCS, based on historical stand-alone sales to third parties or the price to be charged when the product or service, or group of products or services, is available. In determining VSOE, a substantial majority of the selling prices for a product or service must fall within a reasonably narrow pricing range.

Revenue related to the delivered products or services is recognized only if (i) the above revenue recognition criteria are met, (ii) any undelivered products or services are not essential to the functionality of the delivered products and services, (iii) payment for the delivered products or services is not contingent upon delivery of the remaining products or services, and (iv) there is an enforceable claim to receive the amount due in the event that the undelivered products or services are not delivered.

For multiple-element arrangements that contain both software and non-software elements, revenue is allocated on a relative fair value basis to software or software-related elements as a group and any non-software elements separately based on the selling price hierarchy. The selling price for each deliverable is determined using VSOE of selling price, if it exists, or third-party evidence of fair value, or TPE. If neither VSOE nor TPE exist for a deliverable, best estimate of selling price, or BESP, is used. Once revenue is allocated to software or software-related elements as a group, revenue is recognized in accordance with software revenue accounting guidance. Revenue allocated tonon-software elements is recognized in accordance with SAB Topic 13, Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when revenue recognition criteria are met for each element.

Judgment is required to determine VSOE or BESP. For VSOE, we consider multiple factors including, but not limited to, product types, geographies, sales channels, and customer sizes and, for BESP, we also consider market conditions, competitive landscape, internal costs, gross margin objectives, and pricing practices. Pricing practices taken into consideration include historic contractually stated prices, volume discounts, where applicable, and price lists. BESP is generally used for offerings that are not typically sold on a stand-alone basis or when the selling prices for a product or service do not fall within a reasonably narrow pricing range.

Revenue generated from sales arrangements through distributors is recognized in accordance with our revenue recognition policies as described above at the amount invoiced to the distributor. We recognize revenue at the net amount invoiced to the distributor, as opposed to the gross amount the distributor invoices their end customer, as we have determined that (i) we are not the primary obligor in these arrangements, (ii) we do not have latitude to establish the price charged to the end-customer, and (iii) we do not bear credit risk in the transaction with the end-customer.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue includes amounts collected or billed in excess of revenue recognized. Such amounts are recognized by us over the life of the contract upon meeting the revenue recognition criteria. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current deferred revenue in our consolidated balance sheet.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 705, Cost of Sales and Services, and consists of employee-related costs, including salaries and bonuses, stock-based compensation expense, and employee benefit costs associated with our customer support and professional services organizations, expenses related to hosting and operating our cloud infrastructure in a third-party data center, licenses of third-party syndicated data, amortization of acquired completed technology intangible assets, and related overhead expenses. Out-of-pocket travel costs related to the delivery of professional services are typically reimbursed by the customers and are accounted for as both revenue and cost of revenue in the period in which the cost is incurred.

Research and Development

Research and development expense consists primarily of employee-related costs, including salaries and bonuses, stock-based compensation expense, and employee benefits costs, depreciation of equipment used in research and development for our research and development employees, third-party contractor costs, and related allocated overhead costs. Product development expenses, other than software development costs qualifying for capitalization, are expensed as incurred.

Software Development Costs

Costs incurred in the development of new software products and enhancements to existing software products to be accounted for under software revenue recognition guidance are accounted for in accordance with ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. These costs, consisting primarily of salaries and related payroll costs, are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. After technological feasibility is established, costs are capitalized in accordance with ASC 985-20. Because our process for developing software is completed concurrently with the establishment of technological feasibility, no internally generated software development costs have been capitalized as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

We account for costs to develop or obtain internal-use software in accordance with ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software. We also account for costs of significant upgrades and enhancements resulting in additional functionality under ASC 350-40. These costs are primarily software purchased for internal-use, purchased software licenses, implementation costs, and development costs related to our hosted product which is accessed by customers on a subscription basis. Costs incurred for maintenance, training, and minor modifications or enhancements are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, which is generally three years. Management evaluates the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and tests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets. Development costs related to internal-use software were insignificant during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 and, therefore, have not been capitalized.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. We incurred advertising costs of approximately $5.5 million, $5.0 million, and $3.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Such costs primarily relate to our annual customer conferences, online and print advertising as well as sponsorship of public marketing events, and are reflected in sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation expense in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. ASC 718 requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the grant date fair values of the awards. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing method for valuing stock options and shares granted under the employee share purchase plan. Restricted stock units, or RSUs are valued based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant, less our expected dividend yield. For awards that vest solely based on continued service the fair value of an award, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. For awards that contain performance conditions, the fair value of an award, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized based on the probability of the performance condition being met using the graded vesting method. Stock-based compensation expense is included in cost of revenue and operating expenses within our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss based on the classification of the individual earning the award.

The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards is affected by the estimated fair value per share of our common stock as well as other highly subjective assumptions, including, but not limited to, the expected term of the stock-based awards, expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends yields, which are estimated as follows:

In addition, we are required to estimate at the time of grant the expected forfeiture rate and only recognize expense for those stock-based awards expected to vest. Our estimated forfeiture rate is based on our estimate of pre-vesting award forfeitures.

The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. As a result, if factors change or we use different assumptions, stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Foreign Currency Remeasurement and Transactions

The functional currency of our wholly owned subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured using the current exchange rate for monetary accounts and historical exchange rates for nonmonetary accounts, with exchange differences on remeasurement included in other expense in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Our foreign subsidiaries that utilize foreign currency as their functional currency translate such currency into U.S. Dollars using (i) the exchange rate on the balance sheet dates for assets and liabilities, (ii) the average exchange rates prevailing during the period for revenues and expenses, and (iii) historical exchange rates for equity. Any translation adjustments resulting from this process are shown separately as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholder’s equity (deficit) in the consolidated balance sheets.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar may result in transaction gains or losses at the end of the period and when the related receivable or payable is settled, which are recorded in other income (expense), net. Transaction losses were $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

Income Taxes

We apply the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, we account for our income taxes using the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the bases used for financial reporting and income tax reporting purposes. Deferred income taxes are provided based on the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect at the time such temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that we will not realize those tax assets through future operations.

We also utilize the guidance in ASC 740 to account for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount which is more likely than not to be realized and effectively settled. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately reflect actual outcomes. We recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

In periods in which we have net income, we apply the two-class method for calculating earnings per share. Under the two-class method, net income is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. Participating securities include convertible preferred stock. In periods in which we have net losses after accretion of convertible preferred stock, we do not attribute losses to participating securities as they are not contractually obligated to share our losses.

Under the two-class method, basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders is calculated as net income (loss) including current period convertible preferred stock accretion.

Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders adjusts basic earnings per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options and convertible preferred stock. As we have reported losses for all periods, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per share equals diluted net loss per share.

Variable Interest Entities

In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation, the applicable accounting guidance for the consolidation of variable interest entities, or VIEs, we analyze our interests to determine if such interests are variable interests. If variable interests are identified, then the related entity is assessed to determine if it is a VIE. VIEs are generally entities that have either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (i.e., ability to make significant decisions through voting rights and a right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity or an obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity). If we determine that the entity is a VIE, we then assess if we must consolidate the VIE. We deem ourselves to be the primary beneficiary if we have both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and (ii) an obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE, or a right to receive benefits from the entity that could be significant to the VIE.

As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we determined that two of our distributors were VIEs under the guidance of ASC 810, Consolidation, due to (i) our participation in the design of the distributor’s legal entity, (ii) having a variable interest in the distributor, and (iii) having the right to residual returns. We determined that we were not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we did not have (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant. Therefore, we did not consolidate any assets or liabilities of these distributors in our consolidated balance sheets or record the results of these distributors in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Transactions with the distributors were accounted for in the same manner as our other distributors and resellers. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had no exposure to losses from the contractual relationships with these VIEs or commitments to fund these VIEs. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of one of our VIEs. See Note 20 for additional information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Under the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, we meet the definition of an emerging growth company, or EGC. We have elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act.

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by removing the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to compute the implied fair value of goodwill to measure impairment. Instead, any goodwill impairment will equal the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Further, the guidance eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. For public companies, this guidance is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment test in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for any annual or interim goodwill impairment test in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted. While we continue to assess the potential impact of the adoption of this guidance, we do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which narrows the application of when an integrated set of assets and activities is considered a business and provides a framework to assist entities in evaluating whether both an input and a substantive process are present to be considered a business. It is expected that the new guidance will reduce the number of transactions that would need to be further evaluated and accounted for as a business. For public companies, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. For public companies, this guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. We have not yet determined the timing of adoption. We currently present changes in restricted cash within investing activities and so the adoption of this guidance will result in changes in net cash flows from investing activities and to certain beginning and ending cash and cash equivalent totals shown on our consolidated statement of cash flows.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This guidance removes the prohibition in ASC 740, Income Taxes, against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. This guidance is intended to reduce the complexity of U.S. GAAP and diversity in practice related to the tax consequences of certain types of intra-entity asset transfers, particularly those involving intellectual property. For public companies, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice, including presentation of cash flows relating to contingent consideration payments, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, among other matters. For public companies, this guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If adopted in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. Adoption of this guidance is required to be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented, unless impracticable to do so. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on our consolidated statement of cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, or ASU 2016-09, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions and related tax impacts, the classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, statutory tax withholding requirements, and other stock-based compensation classification matters. For public companies, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 31, 2018. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. All the amendments in the new guidance must be adopted in the same period. We expect to adopt this standard during the first quarter ending March 31, 2018. We do not expect this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as we anticipate that the majority of our previously unrecognized excess tax benefits, recognized upon adoption, will be offset by a corresponding increase to our U.S. federal and state deferred tax asset valuation allowance. Additionally, we plan to make the policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur; however, we do not anticipate that this change will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, creating Topic 842, which requires lessees to record the assets and liabilities arising from all leases in the statement of financial position. Under ASU 2016-02, lessees will recognize a liability for lease payments and a right-of-use asset. When measuring assets and liabilities, a lessee should include amounts related to option terms, such as the option of extending or terminating the lease or purchasing the underlying asset, that are reasonably certain to be exercised. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to not recognize lease assets and liabilities. This guidance retains the distinction between finance leases and operating leases and the classification criteria remains similar. For financing leases, a lessee will recognize the interest on a lease liability separate from amortization of the right-of-use asset. In addition, repayments of principal will be presented within financing activities, and interest payments will be presented within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. For operating leases, a lessee will recognize a single lease cost on a straight-line basis and classify all cash payments within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. For public companies, this guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and is required to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This guidance replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance. It provides principles for recognizing revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers with the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. During 2016, the FASB continued to issue additional amendments to this new revenue guidance. For public companies, this new revenue guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For as long as we remain an EGC, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We are evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

3. Business Combinations

In January 2017, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Semanta, s.r.o., or Semanta, a software development firm based in Prague, Czech Republic that delivers a cloud-based data governance and metadata management platform. In May 2017, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Yhat, Inc., or Yhat, a data science software company based in Brooklyn, New York that provides data scientists and analysts with self-service data science tools for developing, managing, and deploying analytical models. These acquisitions were made to enhance our platform with additional data governance capabilities and the ability to deploy and manage advanced analytic models.

The following table presents details of the purchase consideration related to each acquisition (in thousands):

The acquisition of Semanta included cash consideration held back for customary indemnification matters for a period of 24-months following the acquisition date. A portion of the cash consideration in the Yhat acquisition is currently held in escrow pursuant to the terms of the acquisition agreement and is reflected in goodwill.

The consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of the acquired companies commencing as of their respective acquisition dates. Revenue and operating results of the acquired companies for the year ended December 31, 2017 were not material to the consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $0.9 million of acquisition related costs in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the dates of each acquisition (in thousands):

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the underlying intangible assets and net liabilities assumed. We believe the amount of goodwill resulting from the acquisitions is primarily attributable to expected synergies from an assembled workforce, increased development capabilities, increased offerings to customers, and enhanced opportunities for growth and innovation. The goodwill resulting from the acquisitions is not tax deductible.

We determined the fair value of the completed technology acquired in the acquisitions using the multiple period excess earnings and the replacement cost models. These models utilize certain unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 measurements as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Key inputs utilized in the models include discount rates ranging from 35% to 45%, a market participant tax rate of 40%, an estimated level of future cash flows based on current product and market data, and estimated costs to recreate the technology. Based on the valuation models, we determined the fair value of the completed technology to be $9.2 million with a weighted-average amortization period of 5.7 years.

A portion of the consideration for the Semanta acquisition is subject to earn-out provisions. Additional contingent earn-out consideration of up to $2.3 million in shares of our Class A common stock may be paid out to the former shareholders of Semanta over two years upon the achievement of specified milestones. The number of shares that will be issued will be determined based on the total dollar value of consideration earned upon the achievement of a particular milestone divided by the prior 20-day average trading value of our Class A common stock calculated at the time of the issuance. We utilized a probability weighted scenario based model to determine the fair value of the contingent consideration. Based on this valuation model we determined the fair value of the contingent consideration to be $1.2 million as of the acquisition date.

Pro forma information as if the acquisitions occurred on January 1, 2016 has not been presented as the pro forma impact is not material to our consolidated financial statements.

4. Fair Value Measurements

Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis. The following tables present our cash and cash equivalents and investments’ costs, gross unrealized gains (losses), and fair value by major security type recorded as cash and cash equivalents or short-term or long-term investments as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (in thousands):

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 securities during the year ended December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, there were 27 securities with a fair value of $74.4 million in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. The gross unrealized losses of $0.2 million as of December 31, 2017 were due to changes in market rates, and we have determined the losses are temporary in nature.

All the long-term investments had maturities of between one and two years in duration as of December 31, 2017. Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 held domestically were approximately $181.3 million and $52.9 million, respectively.

Contingent Consideration. Contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions is measured at fair value each reporting period based on significant unobservable inputs, classified as Level 3 measurement. See Note 3 for additional information on the valuation of the contingent consideration as of the acquisition date. The contingent earn-out consideration has been recorded in other liabilities in our accompanying consolidated balance sheet with any changes in fair value each reporting period recorded in general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Changes in fair value depend on several factors including estimates of the timing and ability to achieve the milestones.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of acquisition-related accrued contingent consideration using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands):

Upon the achievement of certain milestones in connection with our acquisition of Semanta, we released 12,492 shares of Class A common stock to the former shareholders of Semanta in the year ended December 31, 2017. In addition, 4,824 shares were earned, but held back for customary indemnification matters in accordance with the acquisition agreement, and the value of the shares is presented within additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. Subject to any indemnification claims that may arise during the indemnification period, these shares will be issued to the former shareholders upon the completion of the indemnification period.

Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis. The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their current fair value because of their nature and relatively short maturity dates or durations.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis. The fair value of our cost method investment is measured when it is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business acquisition, and goodwill and other long lived assets when they are held for sale or determined to be impaired. See Notes 3 and 5 for fair value measurements of certain assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

5. Cost Method Investment

In November 2014, we entered into a definitive agreement with a privately held company, in which we agreed to invest approximately $1.1 million in exchange for shares of convertible preferred stock equal to approximately 15% ownership of the privately held company. We account for our investment in this company using the cost method of accounting and the investment balance is included in other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheets. We evaluate the investment at each reporting date to determine if any indicators of other-than-temporary impairment exist. If such indicators are identified, we will estimate the fair value of the investment and determine if any decline in the fair value of the investment below its carrying value is other-than-temporary. The estimated fair value is determined using unobservable inputs including forecasted cash flow information from the investee’s management. These inputs are classified as Level 3. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we determined that indicators of other-than-temporary impairment existed. Based on our evaluation, we estimated the fair value of the investment and recorded an impairment for the full value of the investment of $1.1 million. The impairment is included in other expenses, net in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.

6. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):

7. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was approximately $2.3 million, $1.7 million, and $0.8 million, respectively.

8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The change in carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2017 was as follows (in thousands):

Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands, except years):

We classified intangible asset amortization expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows (in thousands):