OM ASSET MANAGEMENT PLC, 10-K filed on 2/28/2018
Annual Report
Document and Entity Information (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Feb. 23, 2018
Jun. 30, 2017
Document and Entity Information
 
 
 
Entity Registrant Name
OM Asset Management plc 
 
 
Entity Central Index Key
0001611702 
 
 
Current Fiscal Year End Date
--12-31 
 
 
Entity Filer Category
Large Accelerated Filer 
 
 
Document Type
10-K 
 
 
Document Period End Date
Dec. 31, 2017 
 
 
Document Fiscal Year Focus
2017 
 
 
Document Fiscal Period Focus
FY 
 
 
Amendment Flag
false 
 
 
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding
 
110,063,889 
 
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer
Yes 
 
 
Entity Voluntary Filers
No 
 
 
Entity Current Reporting Status
Yes 
 
 
Entity Public Float
 
 
$ 1,118,825,018 
Consolidated Balance Sheets (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Assets
 
 
Investments (includes balances reported at fair value of $182.6 and $126.1)
$ 381.1 
$ 268.8 
Goodwill
274.6 
272.7 
Deferred tax assets
240.6 
332.7 
Investments, at fair value
319.3 
161.6 
Total assets
1,491.7 
1,294.3 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
 
 
Other compensation liabilities
479.0 
291.0 
Total liabilities
1,320.4 
1,123.8 
Commitments and contingencies
   
   
Equity:
 
 
Total equity and redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
171.3 
170.5 
Total liabilities and equity
1,491.7 
1,294.3 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
Assets
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
186.3 
101.9 
Investment advisory fees receivable
208.3 
163.7 
Income taxes receivable
30.0 
Fixed assets, net
41.7 
39.8 
Investments (includes balances reported at fair value of $182.6 and $126.1)
244.4 
233.3 
Acquired intangibles, net
78.3 
84.9 
Goodwill
274.6 
272.7 
Other assets
33.6 
29.0 
Deferred tax assets
240.6 
332.7 
Investments, at fair value
182.6 
126.1 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
54.9 
45.8 
Accrued incentive compensation
186.1 
132.3 
Amounts due to OM plc
59.1 
 
Amounts due to OM plc
 
156.3 
Other compensation liabilities
479.0 
291.0 
Accrued income taxes
96.2 
90.2 
Non-recourse borrowings
33.5 
Third party borrowings
392.8 
392.3 
Other liabilities
8.3 
10.1 
Equity:
 
 
Ordinary shares (nominal value $0.001; 109,720,358 and 114,157,765 shares, respectively, issued)
0.1 
0.1 
Shareholders’ equity
96.9 
190.2 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(21.6)
(26.3)
Non-controlling interests
1.3 
1.0 
Consolidated Funds
 
 
Assets
 
 
Other assets
3.1 
0.4 
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted
14.1 
0.4 
Investments, at fair value
136.7 
35.5 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
2.5 
Other liabilities
0.1 
0.8 
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value
7.9 
5.0 
Redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
44.0 
5.5 
Equity:
 
 
Non-controlling interests
$ 50.6 
$ 0 
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Investments, fair value (in dollars)
$ 319.3 
$ 161.6 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
Investments, fair value (in dollars)
$ 182.6 
$ 126.1 
Ordinary shares, nominal value (in dollars per share)
$ 0.001 
$ 0.001 
Ordinary shares, issued shares (in shares)
109,720,358 
114,157,765 
Consolidated Statements of Operations (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Revenue:
 
 
 
Total revenue
$ 887.4 
$ 663.5 
$ 699.3 
Operating expenses:
 
 
 
Amortization of acquired intangibles
6.6 
2.6 
0.1 
Total operating expenses
816.4 
507.9 
508.1 
Operating income
71.0 
155.6 
191.2 
Non-operating income and (expense):
 
 
 
Total non-operating income
71.0 
5.2 
10.1 
Income from continuing operations before taxes
142.0 
160.8 
201.3 
Income tax expense
132.8 
40.8 
46.6 
Income from continuing operations
9.2 
120.0 
154.7 
Gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax
(0.1)
6.2 
0.8 
Net income
9.1 
126.2 
155.5 
Net income attributable to controlling interests
4.2 
126.4 
155.5 
Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted [Abstract]
 
 
 
Earnings per share (basic) attributable to controlling interests (in dollars per share)
$ 0.04 
$ 1.05 
$ 1.29 
Earnings per share (diluted) attributable to controlling interests (in dollars per share)
$ 0.04 
$ 1.05 
$ 1.29 
Continuing operations earnings per share (basic) attributable to controlling interests (in dollars per share)
$ 0.04 
$ 0.98 
$ 1.28 
Continuing operations earnings per share (diluted) attributable to controlling interests (in dollars per share)
$ 0.04 
$ 0.98 
$ 1.28 
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding (in shares)
110,708,598 
119,236,370 
120,000,000 
Weighted average diluted ordinary shares outstanding (in shares)
111,400,000 
119,520,113 
120,497,997 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Revenue:
 
 
 
Management fees
858.0 
659.9 
637.2 
Performance fees
26.5 
2.6 
61.8 
Other revenue
1.2 
0.9 
0.3 
Operating expenses:
 
 
 
Compensation and benefits
682.8 
397.4 
412.8 
General and administrative expense
112.9 
98.3 
88.2 
Amortization of acquired intangibles
6.6 
2.6 
0.2 
Depreciation and amortization
11.7 
9.4 
6.9 
Non-operating income and (expense):
 
 
 
Investment income
27.4 
17.2 
13.0 
Interest income
0.8 
0.4 
0.2 
Interest expense
(24.5)
(11.3)
(3.1)
Revaluation of DTA deed
51.8 
Gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax
(0.1)
6.2 
0.8 
Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Revenue:
 
 
 
Total revenue
1.7 
0.1 
Operating expenses:
 
 
 
Total operating expenses
2.4 
0.2 
Non-operating income and (expense):
 
 
 
Net consolidated Funds’ investment gains (losses)
15.5 
(1.1)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
$ 4.9 
$ (0.2)
$ 0 
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Net income
$ 9.1 
$ 126.2 
$ 155.5 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
Valuation and amortization related to derivative securities, net of tax
1.8 
(20.3)
(6.6)
Foreign currency translation adjustment
2.9 
(3.2)
(1.5)
Total comprehensive income
13.8 
102.7 
147.4 
Total comprehensive income attributable to controlling interests
8.9 
102.9 
147.4 
Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
$ 4.9 
$ (0.2)
$ 0 
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
Total
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Common stock
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Shareholders’ equity (deficit)
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Total shareholders’ equity (deficit)
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Non-controlling interests
Consolidated Funds
Consolidated Funds
Non-controlling interests
Balance start at Dec. 31, 2014
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 61.9 
 
Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2014
2,495.5 
0.1 
31.1 
5.3 
36.5 
 
2,459.0 
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014
 
120,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2014
2,557.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)
 
500,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital redemptions
(1.3)
 
(1.3)
 
(1.3)
 
 
 
Equity-based compensation
13.0 
 
13.0 
 
13.0 
 
 
 
Deferred tax asset revaluation
9.0 
 
9.0 
 
9.0 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(1.5)
 
 
(1.5)
(1.5)
 
 
 
De-consolidation of Funds
(2,459.0)
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,459.0)
Valuation and amortization related to derivative securities, net of tax
(6.6)
 
 
(6.6)
(6.6)
 
 
 
Dividends
(38.7)
 
(38.7)
 
(38.7)
 
 
 
Net income
155.5 
 
155.5 
 
155.5 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
De-consolidation of Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
(61.9)
 
Increase (Decrease) in total equity and redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of ordinary shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital redemptions
(1.3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity-based compensation
13.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred tax asset revaluation
9.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(1.5)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
De-consolidation of Funds
(2,520.9)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Valuation of derivative securities, net of tax
(6.6)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net consolidation (de-consolidation) of Funds
2,520.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends
(38.7)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
155.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance end at Dec. 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance end at Dec. 31, 2015
165.9 
0.1 
168.6 
(2.8)
165.9 
 
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015
 
120,500,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2015
165.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)
 
500,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital redemptions
(0.4)
 
(0.4)
 
(0.4)
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
(98.2)
 
(98.2)
 
(98.2)
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares (in shares)
 
(6,900,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity-based compensation
12.8 
 
12.8 
 
12.8 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(3.2)
 
 
(3.2)
(3.2)
 
 
 
Valuation and amortization related to derivative securities, net of tax
(20.3)
 
 
(20.3)
(20.3)
 
 
 
Amendment of Deferred Tax Asset Deed
19.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business acquisition
1.0 
 
 
 
 
1.0 
 
 
Dividends
(38.8)
 
(38.8)
 
(38.8)
 
 
 
Net income
126.4 
 
126.4 
 
126.4 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net consolidation of Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.5 
 
Increase (Decrease) in total equity and redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital redemptions
(0.4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
(98.2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity-based compensation
12.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(3.2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amendment of Deferred Tax Asset Deed
19.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Valuation of derivative securities, net of tax
(20.3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net consolidation (de-consolidation) of Funds
(5.5)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends
(38.8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
126.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance end at Dec. 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.5 
 
Balance end at Dec. 31, 2016
165.0 
0.1 
190.2 
(26.3)
164.0 
1.0 
 
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016
 
114,100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2016
170.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)
 
600,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital redemptions
(1.1)
 
(1.1)
 
(1.1)
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
(73.1)
 
(73.1)
 
(73.1)
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares (in shares)
 
(5,000,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity-based compensation
15.7 
 
15.7 
 
15.7 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
2.9 
 
 
2.9 
2.9 
 
 
 
Valuation and amortization related to derivative securities, net of tax
1.8 
 
 
1.8 
1.8 
 
 
 
Business acquisition
0.3 
 
 
 
 
0.3 
 
 
Dividends
(39.0)
 
(39.0)
 
(39.0)
 
 
 
Net consolidation of Funds
50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.9 
Net income
3.9 
 
4.2 
 
4.2 
 
 
(0.3)
Increase (Decrease) in redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred tax asset revaluation
 
 
 
 
 
 
33.4 
 
Net consolidation of Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
(0.1)
 
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.2 
 
Increase (Decrease) in total equity and redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital redemptions
32.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
(73.1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity-based compensation
15.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
2.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Valuation of derivative securities, net of tax
1.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net consolidation (de-consolidation) of Funds
(50.8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net consolidation of Funds
50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends
(39.0)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
9.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance end at Dec. 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
44.0 
 
Balance end at Dec. 31, 2017
127.3 
0.1 
96.9 
(21.6)
75.4 
1.3 
 
50.6 
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017
 
109,700,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2017
$ 171.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
Net income
$ 9.1 
$ 126.2 
$ 155.5 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations:
 
 
 
(Gain) loss from discontinued operations, excluding consolidated Funds
0.1 
(6.2)
(0.8)
Amortization of acquired intangibles
6.6 
2.6 
0.1 
Amortization of debt-related costs
3.1 
1.3 
Net earnings from Affiliates accounted for using the equity method
(16.3)
(16.3)
(13.0)
Impact of Tax Act on deferred income taxes
121.0 
Deferred income taxes
93.3 
19.5 
(2.9)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (excluding discontinued operations):
 
 
 
Net cash flows from operating activities of continuing operations
225.5 
124.2 
255.7 
Net cash flows from operating activities of discontinued operations
13.5 
(2.1)
Total net cash flows from operating activities
225.5 
137.7 
253.6 
Cash flows from investing activities:
 
 
 
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
(1.9)
(219.1)
Net cash flows from investing activities of continuing operations
(31.0)
(284.2)
(155.7)
Net cash flows from investing activities of discontinued operations
Total net cash flows from investing activities
(31.0)
(284.2)
(155.7)
Cash flows from financing activities:
 
 
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares
(74.1)
(98.6)
Net cash flows from financing activities of continuing operations
(96.4)
112.9 
(230.6)
Net cash flows from financing activities of discontinued operations
Total net cash flows from financing activities
(96.4)
112.9 
(230.6)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
98.1 
(33.6)
(132.7)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
102.3 
135.9 
268.6 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (including cash at consolidated Funds classified as restricted)
200.4 
102.3 
135.9 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
 
 
 
Income taxes paid
71.2 
23.5 
9.5 
Net consolidation (de-consolidation) of Funds
50.8 
5.5 
(2,520.9)
Non-cash capital contribution to OM plc
(0.1)
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations:
 
 
 
(Gain) loss from discontinued operations, excluding consolidated Funds
0.1 
(6.2)
(0.8)
Amortization of acquired intangibles
6.6 
2.6 
0.2 
Depreciation and amortization
11.7 
9.4 
6.9 
Loss on disposal of fixed assets
0.1 
Amortization and revaluation of non-cash compensation awards
192.3 
45.1 
44.4 
Net earnings from Affiliates accounted for using the equity method
(14.5)
(15.1)
(12.7)
Distributions received from equity method Affiliates
15.4 
13.5 
8.6 
Revaluation of DTA Deed
(51.8)
Deferred income taxes
(30.1)
13.3 
(11.1)
(Gains) losses on other investments
(37.4)
(3.0)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (excluding discontinued operations):
 
 
 
(Increase) decrease in investment advisory fees receivable and other amounts due from related parties
(44.7)
(3.1)
12.8 
(Increase) decrease in other receivables, prepayments, deposits and other assets
(31.6)
(17.6)
(1.4)
Increase (decrease) in accrued incentive compensation and other liabilities and amounts due to OM plc
65.2 
(14.0)
15.4 
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, accrued expenses and accrued income taxes
15.3 
(28.8)
37.9 
Net cash flows from operating activities of continuing operations
224.9 
123.9 
255.7 
Cash flows from investing activities:
 
 
 
Purchase of fixed assets, excluding discontinued operations
(13.7)
(13.5)
(13.0)
Payments for Affiliate and joint venture equity
(0.6)
Purchase of investment securities
(84.6)
(65.0)
(67.6)
Sale of investment securities
89.4 
13.3 
18.5 
Cash flows from financing activities:
 
 
 
Proceeds from third party and non-recourse borrowings
76.0 
450.1 
Repayment of third party borrowings
(42.5)
(148.0)
(87.0)
Repayment of related party borrowings
(37.0)
Payment to OM plc for deferred tax arrangement
(45.6)
(41.4)
(53.6)
Payment to OM plc for co-investment redemptions
(4.8)
(10.7)
(14.3)
Dividends paid to shareholders
(27.5)
(13.1)
(10.9)
Dividends paid to related parties
(11.3)
(25.4)
(27.8)
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
 
 
 
Interest paid (excluding consolidated Funds)
22.1 
3.1 
3.7 
Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
4.9 
(0.2)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations:
 
 
 
(Gains) losses on other investments
(5.6)
0.1 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (excluding discontinued operations):
 
 
 
(Increase) decrease in receivables and other assets
(0.8)
(0.1)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and other liabilities
2.1 
0.5 
Net cash flows from operating activities of continuing operations
0.6 
0.3 
Cash flows from investing activities:
 
 
 
Purchase of investment securities
(145.6)
(11.6)
Redemption of investments
59.8 
11.2 
Consolidation (de-consolidation) of Funds
65.6 
0.5 
(93.0)
Cash flows from financing activities:
 
 
 
Redeemable non-controlling interest capital raised
$ 33.4 
$ 0 
$ 0 
Organization and Description of the Business
Organization and Description of the Business
OM Asset Management plc (“OMAM” or the “Company”), through its subsidiaries, is a global asset management business with interests in a diverse group of boutique investment management firms (the “Affiliates”) individually headquartered in the United States. The Company provides investment management services globally to predominantly institutional investors, in asset classes that include U.S. and global equities, fixed income, alternative assets, real estate, timber and secondary Funds. Fees for services are largely asset-based and, as a result, the Company’s revenue fluctuates based on the performance of financial markets and investors’ asset flows in and out of the Company’s products.
The Company’s Affiliates are organized as limited liability companies. The Company generally utilizes a profit-sharing model in structuring its compensation and ownership arrangements with Affiliates. The Affiliates’ variable compensation is generally based on each firm’s profitability. OMAM and Affiliate key employees share in profits after variable compensation according to their respective ownership interests. The profit-sharing model results in the alignment of OMAM and Affiliate key employee economic interests, which is critical to the Company’s talent management strategy and long-term growth of the business.
Prior to 2014, the Company was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Old Mutual plc (“OM plc”), an international long-term savings, protection and investment group, listed on the London Stock Exchange. On October 15, 2014, the Company completed the initial public offering (the “Offering”) by OM plc pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Additionally, between the Offering and December 31, 2017, the Company and/or OM plc completed the following transactions in the Company’s shares, including a two-step transaction announced on March 25, 2017 for a sale by OM plc of a 24.95% shareholding in the Company to HNA Capital US (“HNA”):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ownership percentage following the transactions for:
 
 
Date
 
Transaction description
 
Total shares
 
OM plc
 
HNA
 
Note
October 15, 2014
 
IPO of OMAM shares by OM plc
 
24,231,375

 
78.8
%
 
%
 
(1)
June 22, 2015
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
15,295,000

 
65.8
%
 
%
 
(2)
December 16, 2016
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
14,950,000

 

 

 
(3)
December 16, 2016
 
Repurchase and retirement of shares by OMAM
 
6,000,000

 
51.1
%
 
%
 
(4)
May 12, 2017
 
Sale of shares from OM plc to HNA
 
11,414,676

 
40.9
%
 
9.95
%
 
(5)
May 19, 2017
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
19,895,000

 

 

 
(6)
May 19, 2017
 
Repurchase and retirement of shares by OMAM
 
5,000,000

 
20.1
%
 
10.4
%
 
(4)
November 10, 2017
 
Sale of shares from OM plc to HNA
 
15,960,553

 
5.51
%
 
24.95
%
 
(7)
November 17, 2017
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
6,039,630

 
%
 
24.95
%
 
(8)
 
 
(1)
Includes 2,231,375 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(2)
Includes 1,995,000 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(3)
Includes 1,950,000 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(4)
Purchased pursuant to the share repurchase program described below. All shares repurchased by the Company were retired.
(5)
Following the May 12, 2017 sale of shares from OM plc to HNA, on May 24, 2017, OM plc appointed Dr. Guang Yang of HNA as an OM plc director.
(6)
Includes 2,595,000 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(7)
Following the November 10, 2017 sale of shares from OM plc to HNA, HNA acquired the right to appoint two directors to the Company’s board.
(8)
Upon completion of the November 17, 2017 offering, OM plc indirectly owned 1,000 of the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares.
Share Repurchase Program
On February 3, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $150 million share repurchase program, which was approved by shareholders on March 15, 2016. In 2016, the Company purchased 921,740 shares on the open market at a weighted average price of $13.22/share. In 2017, the Company did not purchase shares on the open market.
On April 29, 2016, at the Company’s Annual General Meeting, shareholders (excluding OM plc) authorized a form of contract by which the Company would be permitted to repurchase shares directly from OM plc. The shareholder authorization does not contain a maximum dollar or share amount for such purchases individually or in aggregate from OM plc. On December 16, 2016 in connection with the secondary offering by OM plc, the Company repurchased 6,000,000 shares directly from OM plc at a price of $14.25/share. On May 19, 2017 in connection with the secondary offering by OM plc, the Company repurchased 5,000,000 shares directly from OM plc at a price of $14.55/share.
All shares repurchased by the Company were retired.
Segment Information
The Company operates one business segment that provides investment management services and products to predominantly institutional clients. The primary measure used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in measuring performance and allocating resources is economic net income. As of each of December 31, 2017, and 2016, all of the Company’s material long-lived assets were domiciled in the United States. For each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 100% of the Company’s revenue from external customers was attributed to the United States.
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are as follows:
Basis of presentation
These Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the historical balance sheets; statements of operations; statements of comprehensive income; statements of changes in shareholders’ equity; and statements of cash flows of the Company. Within these Consolidated Financial Statements, entities that are part of OM plc’s consolidated results, but are not part of OMAM, as defined above, as well as HNA and its related entities, are referred to as “related parties.”
The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All dollar amounts, except per share data in the text and tables herein, are stated in millions unless otherwise indicated. Transactions between the Company and OM plc are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements, however material intercompany balances and transactions among the Company, its consolidated Affiliates and consolidated Funds are eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue recognition
The Company’s consolidated revenue primarily represents management fees billed monthly, quarterly and annually by Affiliates for managing the assets of clients. Asset-based management fees are recognized monthly as services are rendered and are primarily based upon a percentage of the market value of client assets managed. Affiliates that manage tangible property may also earn transaction fees at the time the underlying property is bought and sold. Any fees collected in advance are deferred and recognized as income over the period earned. Dividend income received is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Performance fees are generally assessed as a percentage of the investment performance realized on a client’s account. Additionally, separate accounts or other products which primarily earn management fees are potentially subject to performance adjustment up or down based on investment performance versus benchmark. Performance fees, including those that are subject to clawback are recognized when they (i) become billable to customers (based on contractual terms of agreements), (ii) are not subject to contingent repayment and (iii) when collection is reasonably assured. Other income and revenues include interest income on cash and cash equivalents of Funds and revenue from marketing, distribution and consulting services.
The revenue of consolidated Funds that invest in Timber (the “Timber Funds”) is recognized from log and fiber sales upon delivery to the customer. The Company is typically responsible for all logging and hauling costs. However, under pay-as-cut timber contracts, title and risk of loss from stumpage sales transfer to the buyer as the trees are cut. Revenue is recognized as timber is harvested. The buyer is typically responsible for all logging and hauling costs.
Compensation arrangements
The Company operates short term variable compensation arrangements where generally, a percentage of each Affiliate’s annual pre-variable compensation earnings, as defined in each arrangement, is allocated to a “pool” of each respective Affiliate’s key employees, and subsequently distributed to individuals subject to recommendation and approval of a remuneration committee comprised of both the Company’s and each respective Affiliate’s management. Variable compensation expense is accrued and recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as services are provided by individual employees.
The Company operates longer term profit-interest plans whereby certain Affiliate key employees are granted (or have a right to purchase) awards representing a profits interest in their respective Affiliate, as distinct from an equity interest due to the lack of pari passu voting rights. Under these plans, the Company may award a portion of the aforementioned variable compensation arrangement through issuance of a profits interest in the Affiliate. The awards generally have a three to five year vesting period from the grant date, and the service period begins at the commencement of the financial period to which the variable compensation relates. Under these plans, Affiliate key employees are eligible to share in the profits of their respective Affiliates based on their respective percentage interest held.
In addition, under certain circumstances, Affiliate key employees are eligible to receive a series of repurchase payments upon exiting the plans based on a multiple of the last twelve months profits of their respective Affiliate, as defined. Profits allocated and movements in the potential repurchase value, determined based on a fixed multiple times trailing twelve month profits, as defined, are recognized as compensation expense. Profit interests compensation liabilities are re-measured at each reporting date at the current trailing twelve month earnings multiple, with movements treated as compensation expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Share-based compensation plans
The Company recognizes the cost of all share-based payments to directors, senior management and employees, including grants of restricted stock, as compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the respective vesting periods. Awards made previously under OM plc’s restricted stock and stock options plans are accounted for as equity settled, and the grant date fair value is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding contribution to capital recorded.
Awards made under the Company’s equity plans are accounted for as equity settled, and the grant date fair value is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding contribution to capital recorded. Valuation of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is determined based on the Company’s closing share price as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange on the measurement date. For performance-based awards, a Monte-Carlo simulation model is used to determine the fair value. Key inputs for the model include: assumed reinvestment of dividends, risk-free interest rate and expected volatility. All excess tax benefits and deficiencies on share-based payment awards are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, the tax effects of exercised or vested awards are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur and excess tax benefits or deficiencies are classified with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.
Awards of equity made to Affiliate key employees are accounted for as cash settled, with the fair value recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding liability carried within other compensation liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet until the award is settled by the Company. The fair value of the liability is based on the expected cash to be paid. The liability is revalued at each reporting period, with any movements recorded within compensation expense.
Consolidation
Affiliates
The Company evaluates each of its Affiliates and other operating entities to determine the appropriate method of accounting. Generally, majority-owned entities or otherwise controlled investments in which the Company holds a controlling financial interest as the principal shareholder, managing member, or general partner are consolidated.
Funds
In the normal course of business, the Company’s Affiliates sponsor and manage certain investment vehicles (the “Funds”). The Company assesses consolidation requirements with respect to its Funds pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”) relating to the consolidation of VIEs.
In evaluating whether or not a legal entity must be consolidated, the Company determines if such entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or a voting interest entity (“VOE”). A VOE is considered an entity in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders at risk have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns, and the right to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a VOE. Assessing whether an entity is a VIE or VOE involves judgment and analysis. Factors considered in this assessment include the entity’s legal organization, the entity’s capital structure and equity ownership and any related party or de-facto agent implications of the Company’s involvement with the entity. Investments that are determined to be VIEs are consolidated if the Company or a consolidated Affiliate is the primary beneficiary of the investment. VOEs are typically consolidated if the Company holds the majority voting interest or otherwise controls the entity.
In evaluating whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company evaluates its economic interests in the entity held either directly by the Company or indirectly through related parties. The primary beneficiary of the VIE is defined as the variable interest holder that has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest is defined as (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts its economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If no single party satisfies both criteria, but the Company and its related parties satisfy the criteria on a combined basis, then the primary beneficiary is the entity out of the related party group that is most closely associated to the VIE. The consolidation analysis can generally be performed qualitatively, however, if it is not readily apparent that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, a quantitative analysis may also be performed. The Company generally is not the primary beneficiary of Fund VIEs created to manage assets for clients unless the Company’s ownership interest in the fund, including interests of related parties, is substantial.
The Company consolidates VOEs when it has control over significant operating, financial and investing decisions of the entity or holds the majority voting interest. For VOEs organized as limited partnerships or as an entity with governance structures similar to a limited partnership (e.g., limited liability company with a managing member), the Company consolidates an entity when it holds the controlling general partnership interest and the limited partners do not hold substantive participating rights or rights to remove and replace the general partner or rights that could provide the limited partners with the ability to impact the ongoing governance and operating activities of the entity.
Upon the occurrence of certain events (such as contributions and redemptions, either by the Company, its Affiliates, or third parties, or amendments to the governing documents of the Company’s investees or sponsored Funds) management reviews and reconsiders its previous conclusion regarding the status of an entity as a VIE or a VOE. Additionally, management continually reconsiders whether the Company is deemed to be a VIE’s primary beneficiary who consolidates such entity. In the third quarter of 2016, following the purchase of certain seed capital investments from OM plc, the Company began consolidating certain Funds pursuant to ASC 810. Additional funds have been consolidated in 2017 as additional seed and co-investment capital has been deployed.
Investments and Investment Transactions
Valuation of investments held at fair value
Valuation of Fund investments is evaluated pursuant to the fair value methodology discussed below. Other investments are categorized as trading and recorded at estimated fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in fair value of investments are reported within investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 5 for a summary of the fair value inputs utilized to determine the fair value of other investments held at fair value.
Valuation of investments held at cost
Valuations of co-investments in Funds investing in timber (the “Timber Funds”) or other similar operating entities are stated at historical cost and are reported within investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Timber assets and timber lease rights of consolidated Timber Funds are stated at historical cost less depletion for timber previously harvested and less accumulated amortization and depreciation for lease rights and roads. Consolidated Timber Fund investment values are adjusted for capital additions made to the property subsequent to the valuation date. All initial silviculture costs, including site preparation and planting costs are capitalized as stand establishment costs. Stand establishment costs are transferred to a merchantable timber classification as trees reach a certain size. Generally, costs incurred subsequent to two years after planting, such as fertilization, vegetation, insect control and pre-commercial thinning are considered to be maintenance and are expensed as incurred.
Security transactions
The Company generally records securities transactions on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on securities transactions are generally determined on the average-cost method (net of foreign capital gain taxes) and for certain transactions determined based on the specific identification method.
Income and expense recognition
The Company records interest income on an accrual basis and includes amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Dividend income and expense on dividends sold short are recorded on the ex-dividend date, net of applicable withholding taxes. Expenses are recorded on an accrual basis.
Foreign currency translation
The books and records of the Company, its Affiliates and its consolidated Funds are maintained in U.S. dollars. Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars on the date of valuation. Income and expense transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rate over the period presented. The portion of realized or unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates and from fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of the underlying securities are included in the net realized and unrealized gain and loss on investments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions represent net foreign exchange gains or losses from forward foreign currency exchange contracts, disposition of foreign currencies, currency gains or losses between the trade and settlement date on security transactions, and the difference between the amount of the investment income and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Funds’ books and the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts actually received or paid.
Short sales
Certain Funds may sell a security they do not own in anticipation of a decline in the fair value of that security. When a Fund sells a security short, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale. The short sales are secured by the long portfolio and available cash. The Fund records a gain, limited to the price at which the Fund sold the security short, or a loss, unlimited in size, upon the termination of a short sale. The amount of the gain or loss will be equal to the proceeds received in entering into the short sale less the cost of buying back the short security to close the short position. While the transaction is open, the Fund will incur an expense for any accrued dividends or interest which is paid to the lender of the securities. These short sales may involve a level of risk in excess of the liability recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. The extent of such risk cannot be quantified.
Funds’ Derivatives
Certain Funds may use derivative instruments. The Funds’ derivative instruments may include foreign currency exchange contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, financial futures contracts and warrants. The fair values of derivative instruments are recorded as other assets of consolidated Funds or other liabilities of consolidated Funds on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has used foreign exchange forwards to hedge the risk of movement in exchange rates on financial assets on a limited basis.
The Company’s Funds have not designated any financial instruments for hedge accounting, as defined in the accounting literature, during the periods presented. The gains or losses on Fund’s derivative instruments not designated for hedge accounting are included as net consolidated Funds gains or losses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Equity method investments
The Company uses the equity method of accounting for investments that provide the Company with the ability to exercise significant influence over an entity, but that do not meet the requirements for consolidation. Equity method investments include two Affiliates, Heitman LLC (through November 30, 2017) and Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC, as well as all unconsolidated Funds over which the Company exercises significant influence. In August 2017, the Company agreed in principle to sell its stake in Heitman LLC to Heitman’s management. Pursuant to this term sheet, OMAM entered into a redemption agreement on November 17, 2017. Heitman continued to be recorded as an equity method investment through November 30, 2017, at which point the Company reclassified its investment in Heitman to a cost-method investment. The transaction closed on January 5, 2018.
The Company’s share of earnings from equity method investments is included in investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The carrying amounts of equity method investments are reflected in Investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable. The difference between the carrying value and its estimated fair value is recognized as impairment when the loss is deemed other than temporary. Other investments, in which OMAM or an Affiliate do not exercise significant influence are accounted for under the cost method. Under the cost method, income is recognized as dividends are declared.
Fair value measurements
In accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement” (“ASC 820”), fair value is the price that the Company expects to be paid upon the sale of an asset or expects to pay upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Pursuant to ASC 820, there is a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability. Inputs may be observable or unobservable and refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own conclusions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. Each investment is assigned a level based upon the observability of the inputs which are significant to the overall valuation. Assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:
Level I—Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date. The type of investments included in Level I include listed equities and listed derivatives. As required by U.S. GAAP, the Company does not adjust the quoted price for these investments.
Level II—Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies utilizing observable market inputs other than quoted prices. Investments which are generally included in this category include corporate bonds and loans, less liquid and restricted equity securities and certain over-the-counter derivatives.
Level III—Pricing inputs are unobservable for the asset or liability and include assets and liabilities where there is little, if any, market activity for the investment. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Investments that are included in this category generally include general and limited partner interests in corporate private equity, real estate funds, and funds of hedge funds.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment. In cases in which the fair value of an investment is established using the net asset value (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient, the investment is not categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Use of estimates
The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Operating segment
The Company operates in one operating segment that provides investment management services and products primarily to institutional clients. The Company’s determination that it operates one business segment is based on the fact that the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews the Company’s financial performance on an aggregate level.
Derivatives and Hedging
The Company may utilize derivative financial instruments to hedge the risk of movement of interest rates and foreign currency on financial assets and liabilities. These derivative financial instruments may or may not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. The Company records all derivative financial instruments as either assets or liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and measures these instruments at fair value. For a derivative financial instrument that qualifies as a hedge for accounting purposes and is designated as a hedging instrument, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into earnings over the life of the hedge. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss is reported in earnings immediately.
Cash and cash equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including money market mutual funds, with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.
Cash held by consolidated Funds is not available to fund general liquidity needs of the Company and is therefore classified as restricted cash.
Investment advisory fees receivable
The Company earns management and performance fees which are billed monthly, quarterly and annually in arrears, according to the terms of the relevant investment management agreement. Management and performance fees that have been earned, but have not yet been collected are presented as investment advisory fees receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Due to the short-term nature and liquidity of these receivables, the carrying amounts approximate their fair values. The Company typically does not record an allowance for doubtful accounts or bad debt expense, or any amounts recorded have been immaterial.
Fixed assets
Fixed assets are recorded at historical cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over its estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives of office equipment and furniture and fixtures range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the lease. Computer software developed or obtained for internal use is amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years or less. The estimated useful life of building assets is thirty-nine years. The costs of improvements that extend the life of a fixed asset are capitalized, while the costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.
Intangible assets
Acquired Affiliates have identifiable intangible assets arising from contractual or other legal rights with their clients. In determining the value of acquired intangibles, the Company analyzes the net present value of each acquired Affiliate’s existing client relationships based on a number of factors. The Company analyzes the Affiliate’s historical and potential future operating performance, the Affiliate’s historical and potential future rates of attrition among existing clients, the stability and longevity of existing client relationships, the Affiliate’s recent and long-term investment performance, the characteristics of the firm’s products and investment styles, the stability and depth of the Affiliate’s management team and the Affiliate’s history and perceived franchise or brand value. The Company’s acquired intangible assets are predominately definite-life intangible assets and are generally amortized on a straight line basis over their estimated useful lives, ranging from five to sixteen years, reflecting the expected duration of such relationships. The Company also holds an indefinite-life intangible asset related to the trade name associated with the Landmark acquisition.
The Company tests for the possible impairment of definite-life intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If such indicators exist, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows related to the asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value is greater than the undiscounted cash flow amount, an impairment charge is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for amounts necessary to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value. Indefinite-life intangible assets are tested for impairment annually as of the first business day of the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.
Goodwill
The Company records goodwill when the consideration paid in a business acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net total of tangible assets acquired, identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances occur that indicate impairment may exist. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the Company’s use of the acquired assets in a business combination or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, and significant negative industry or economic trends.
The Company performs its assessment for impairment of goodwill during the fourth quarter annually as of the first business day in October, or as necessary, and the Company has determined that it has six reporting units, consisting of the six consolidated Affiliates. The Company first considers various qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units is greater than its respective carrying amount, including goodwill. If based on the qualitative assessment it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit is below its respective carrying amount, therefore indicating that impairment may exist, the impact would be determined at that point through a quantitative assessment. For purposes of assessing potential impairment, the fair value of the reporting unit is estimated and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s estimates of future growth rates, operating cash flows, discount rates and terminal value. These assumptions and estimates can change in future periods based on market movement and factors impacting the expected business performance. Changes in assumptions or estimates could materially affect the determination of the fair value of a reporting unit. If it is determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company determines the implied fair value of the goodwill in the same manner used to determine the amount of goodwill in a business combination. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount equal to that excess. Based on the Company’s most recent annual goodwill impairment test, the Company concluded that the fair value of each of its reporting units was more likely than not in excess of their carrying values. At the close of each year, management assessed whether there were any conditions present during the fourth quarter that would indicate impairment subsequent to the initial assessment date and concluded that no such conditions were present.
During 2017, the Company changed the goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets impairment assessment date from the last day of the third quarter to the first business day of the fourth quarter of the fiscal year, or October 2, 2017. The Company believes that changing the annual goodwill impairment assessment date does not result in a material change in the method of applying the accounting requirements.
Leases
The Company and its Affiliates currently lease office space and equipment under various leasing arrangements, classified as operating leases. Some lease agreements contain renewal options, rent escalation clauses or other inducements provided by the landlord. Rent expense is accrued to recognize lease escalation provisions and inducements provided by the landlord, if any, on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Earnings per share
The Company calculates basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) by dividing net income by its shares outstanding as outlined below. Basic EPS attributable to the Company’s shareholders is calculated by dividing “Net income attributable to controlling interests” by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS, but adjusts for the effect of potential ordinary shares unless they are antidilutive. For periods with a net loss, potential ordinary shares are considered antidilutive.
The Company considers two ways to measure dilution to earnings per share: (a) calculate the net number of shares that would be issued assuming any related proceeds are used to buy back outstanding shares (the treasury stock method), or (b) assume the gross number of shares are issued and calculate any related effects on net income available for shareholders (the if-converted or two-class method). As appropriate, the Company’s policy is to apply the more dilutive methodology upon issuance of such instruments.
Deferred financing costs
The Company capitalizes certain legal, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as other assets until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in total equity as a reduction of Shareholders’ equity generated as a result of the offering. At the time in which the equity financing is no longer considered probable of being consummated, the deferred financing costs are expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
The Company records debt issuance costs of term loans as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the associated debt liability. For debt issuance costs of revolving credit loans, the Company presents debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizes the deferred costs ratably over the term of the agreement.
Income taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes on a “separate return” basis. Under this method, a subsidiary is assumed to file a separate return with the taxing authority, thereby reporting its taxable income or loss and paying the applicable tax to or receiving the appropriate refund from the subsidiary’s parent. The rules followed by the subsidiary in computing its tax or refund should be the same as those followed by a taxpayer filing directly with the taxing authority.
The Company files tax returns directly with the U.K., U.S. and state tax authorities and therefore, the computations under the separate return method follow the Company’s filings.
Deferred income taxes are recognized for the effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company’s deferred tax assets have been attributable to federal and state loss carry forwards, interest deductions, and accrued liabilities.
Deferred income tax assets are subject to a valuation allowance if, in management’s opinion, it is not more-likely-than-not that these benefits will be realized. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence including its past operating results, the existence of cumulative earnings or losses in the most recent years and its forecast of future taxable income. In estimating future taxable income, the Company develops assumptions including the amount of future pre-tax operating income and the reversal of temporary differences. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company is using to manage the underlying businesses.
A tax benefit should only be recognized if it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained based on its technical merits. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after considering the probability that a tax authority would uphold the position in an examination. For tax positions meeting a “more-likely-than-not” threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest amount of benefit greater than 50% likely of being sustained. The more-likely-than-not threshold must continue to be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of the benefit. Unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties, are adjusted periodically to reflect changing facts and circumstances. The Company’s accounting policy is to classify interest and related charges as a component of income tax expense.
Non-controlling interests
For certain entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, the Company reports non-controlling interests as equity on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's consolidated net income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes the income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest holders of the Company's consolidated Affiliates and Funds. Ownership interests held by Affiliate key employees are categorized as liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are revalued each reporting date, with movements treated as compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets include undistributed income owned by the investors in the respective Funds. The Company’s consolidated net income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes the income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest holders of these consolidated entities.
Redeemable non-controlling interests
The Company includes redeemable non-controlling interests related to certain consolidated Funds as temporary equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Non-controlling interests in certain consolidated Funds are subject to monthly or quarterly redemption by the investors. When redeemable amounts become legally payable to investors, they are classified as a liability and included in total liabilities of consolidated Funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, excluding those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners. For the Company’s purposes, comprehensive income (loss) represents net income (loss), as presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, adjusted for net foreign currency translation adjustments and adjustments to the valuation of certain derivative securities, net of tax.
Restructuring costs
A liability for restructuring is recognized only after management has developed a formal plan, approved by the Board of Directors, to which it has committed. The costs included in a restructuring liability are those costs that are either incremental or incurred as a direct result of the plan, or are the result of a continuing contractual obligation with no continuing economic benefit to the Company, or a penalty incurred to cancel the contractual obligation. Refer to Note 22 for details of the Company’s restructuring activities.
Allocated Costs from OM plc
OM plc historically provided the Company with various services, including governance through the board of directors and executive committees, investor relations, procurement of insurance coverage, human resources, financial reporting, internal audit, treasury, systems, risk and tax services. All of these services have been transitioned to the Company and therefore the cost charged by OM plc has decreased. The costs associated with the services which have been (i) directly attributable to the Company, (ii) have been charged directly to the Company by OM plc, and (iii) have been paid to OM plc by the Company have been reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the amount of expenses charged directly to the Company from OM plc were $0.4 million, $0.9 million and $1.8 million, respectively.
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
On August 18, 2016, the Company acquired a majority of the equity interests in Landmark Partners, LLC, (“Landmark”) a leading global secondary private equity, real estate and real asset investment firm. The Company acquired a 60% interest in Landmark in exchange for $242.7 million. There is also the potential for an additional payment of up to $225.0 million on or around December 31, 2018, subject to service and other conditions. The equity interests of Landmark purchased by the Company entitle the Company to participate in the earnings of Landmark. Certain key members of the management team of Landmark retained the remaining 40% interest in Landmark, subject to certain vesting conditions. The Company financed the acquisition through proceeds from multiple note offerings, including $275.0 million of 4.80% senior notes due July 27, 2026 and $125.0 million of 5.125% senior notes due August 1, 2031. (see Note 13)
The Company accounted for the acquisition of Landmark as a business combination which requires assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recorded at fair value. The following table presents a summary of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for OMAM’s acquisition of Landmark (in millions):
 
 
Landmark
Purchase price
 
 
Cash
 
$
239.2

Seller’s expenses
 
3.5

Total consideration
 
242.7

Identifiable assets and liabilities
 
 
Cash
 
23.4

Receivables
 
8.5

Indefinite-life trade name
 
1.0

Amortizable intangible asset management contracts
 
85.0

Fixed assets
 
5.1

Other current assets (liabilities), net
 
(26.7
)
Assets (liabilities), net
 
(1.7
)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities
 
94.6

Goodwill
 
$
148.1


The primary aspects of the purchase price allocation relate to amortizable intangible asset management contracts, the indefinite-life trade name and goodwill, which is the amount by which the purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Certain measurement period adjustments were recorded to the provisional values recorded as of December 31, 2016. These adjustments primarily related to updated estimates, which resulted in an increase to the total consideration paid of $0.3 million, a decrease to the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired of $1.6 million and an increase to the amount recorded to goodwill of $1.9 million.
The fair value of the amortizable intangible asset management contracts was determined using the excess earnings method, a form of the income approach. The principle behind the excess earnings method is that the value of the intangible asset is equal to the present value of the after-tax cash flows attributable to the intangible asset only. Excess earnings represent the earnings remaining after applying post-tax contributory asset charges to reflect the return required on other assets that contribute to the generation of the forecast cash flows of the intangible asset. The fair value of the trade name intangible asset was determined utilizing a relief-from-royalty method. The principle behind this method is that the value of the intangible asset is equal to the present value of the after-tax royalty savings attributable to owning the intangible asset.
The fair value for all identifiable intangible assets was based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset, based on the most advantageous market for the asset (i.e., its highest and best use). This fair value estimate could include assets that are not intended to be used, may be sold or are intended to be used in a manner other than their best use.
The fair value of the acquired amortizable intangible asset management contracts had a useful life estimate of approximately 13.4 years at acquisition. Purchase price allocated to intangible assets and goodwill is expected to be deductible for U.S. tax purposes over a period of 15 years. Goodwill was calculated as the excess of the fair value of the consideration paid and the values assigned to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company incurred $6.1 million of transaction costs related to the acquisition of Landmark. These costs are recorded within general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. There were no transaction costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2017.
In conjunction with the acquisition, the Company entered into compensation arrangements with employees of Landmark where pre-acquisition equity units held by Landmark employees became subject to a service condition. These units are accounted for as stock-based compensation, were fair valued as of the closing date of the acquisition and vest over varying increments from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2024. These units contain put rights that provide liquidity to the employees upon vesting. The aforementioned additional payment of up to $225.0 million could be paid based on the growth of Landmark’s business. This arrangement is also accounted for as stock-based compensation, fair valued as of the closing date of the acquisition, and vests on December 31, 2018. Both the pre-acquisition equity units and the potential future payment are remeasured at the end of each reporting period.
The financial results of Landmark included in the Company’s consolidated financial results for the year ended December 31, 2017 include revenues of $131.0 million, with $(54.7) million of net loss included in net income attributable to the Company, which includes amortization of intangible assets recorded in purchase accounting and compensation expense for the arrangements with employees of Landmark noted above.
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the combined financial results of OMAM and Landmark, as though the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2015. The unaudited pro forma financial information reflects certain adjustments for amortization expense related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets, interest expense related to debt incurred to finance the acquisition, amortization related to stock-based compensation arrangements entered into in conjunction with the acquisition, and the income tax impact of the pro forma adjustments. The unaudited pro forma financial information is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the financial results that would have been achieved had the acquisition actually occurred at the beginning of the first period presented (in millions, except per-share amounts):
 
For the years ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Revenues
$
713.5

 
$
780.1

Total operating expenses
594.7

 
651.9

Income from continuing operations before taxes
109.2

 
114.8

Net income attributable to OMAM
91.7

 
97.6

Net income per share attributable to OMAM shareholders:
 
 
 
Basic
$0.77
 
$0.81
Diluted
$0.77
 
$0.81
Investments
Investments
Investments are comprised of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Investments of consolidated Funds held at fair value
$
136.7

 
$
35.5

Equity-accounted investments in unconsolidated Funds (Note 7)

 
30.5

Other investments held at fair value
87.4

 
17.5

Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans held at fair value
95.2

 
78.1

Total investments held at fair value
$
319.3

 
$
161.6

Equity-accounted investments in Affiliates (Note 7)
1.6

 
55.2

Investments in Affiliates carried at cost
53.8

 

Other investments*
6.4

 
52.0

Total investments per Consolidated Balance Sheets
$
381.1

 
$
268.8


 
 
* Other investments represent cost-basis investments made by one of our Affiliates, including investments in timber and timberlands. At December 31, 2016, $50.1 million of these investments were recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell, and subsequently sold in January 2017 for a net gain of approximately $1.7 million.
In September 2016, the Company purchased approximately $39.6 million of seed investments from OM plc under the terms of the seed capital management agreement, as amended (the “Seed Capital Management Agreement”). In July 2017, the Company purchased all remaining seed capital investments covered by the Seed Capital Management Agreement from OM plc for $63.4 million. OMAM financed this purchase in part through borrowings under a non-recourse seed capital facility collateralized entirely by its seed capital holdings. See Note 13 for a further discussion of borrowings and debt.
In August 2017, the Company executed a non-binding term sheet to sell its stake in Heitman LLC to Heitman’s management for cash consideration totaling $110 million. Pursuant to this term sheet, OMAM entered into a redemption agreement on November 17, 2017 and Heitman continued to be recorded as an equity method investment through November 30, 2017, at which point the Company reclassified its investment in Heitman to a cost-method investment. Heitman continued to contribute to the Company’s financial results of operations through November 30, 2017 and the transaction closed on January 5, 2018. The carrying value of OMAM’s interest in Heitman as of December 31, 2017 was $53.8 million and is included in “Investments in Affiliates carried at cost” in the table above. OMAM will retain its co-investment interests in Heitman-managed funds as well as any carried interest associated with these investments.
Investment income is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Investment return of equity-accounted investments in unconsolidated Funds (Note 7)
$
1.8

 
$
1.2

 
$
0.3

Realized and unrealized gains on other investments held at fair value
9.4

 
0.8

 

Investment return of held for sale investments
1.7

 
0.1

 

Total return on OMAM investments
12.9

 
2.1

 
0.3

Investment return of equity-accounted investments in Affiliates (Note 7)*
14.5

 
15.1

 
12.7

Total investment income per Consolidated Statement of Operations
$
27.4

 
$
17.2

 
$
13.0


 
 

* As previously noted, the Company reclassified its investment in Heitman to a cost-method investment as of November 30, 2017, therefore earnings from Heitman as an equity-accounted investment are included in the table above for the first eleven months of 2017.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements
The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 (in millions):
 
Quoted prices
in active
markets
(Level I)
 
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level II)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level III)
 
Uncategorized
 
Total value,
December 31,
2017
Assets of OMAM and consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common and preferred stock
$
83.8

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
83.8

Short-term investment funds
0.5

 

 

 

 
0.5

Other investments
0.4

 

 

 
51.5

 
51.9

Derivatives
0.3

 
0.2

 

 

 
0.5

Consolidated Funds total
85.0

 
0.2

 

 
51.5

 
136.7

Investments in separate accounts(2)
46.1

 

 

 

 
46.1

Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans(3)
95.2

 

 

 

 
95.2

Investments in unconsolidated Funds(4)

 

 

 
41.3

 
41.3

OMAM total
141.3

 

 

 
41.3

 
182.6

Total fair value assets
$
226.3

 
$
0.2

 
$

 
$
92.8

 
$
319.3

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities of consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common stock
$
(7.2
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(7.2
)
Derivatives
(0.5
)
 
(0.2
)
 

 

 
(0.7
)
Consolidated Funds total
(7.7
)
 
(0.2
)
 

 

 
(7.9
)
Total fair value liabilities
$
(7.7
)
 
$
(0.2
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
(7.9
)

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2016 (in millions):
 
Quoted prices
in active
markets
(Level I)
 
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level II)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level III)
 
Uncategorized
 
Total value,
December 31,
2016
Assets of OMAM and consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common and preferred stock
$
35.1

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
35.1

Short-term investment funds
0.4

 

 

 

 
0.4

Consolidated Funds total
35.5

 

 

 

 
35.5

Investments in separate accounts(2)
7.5

 

 

 

 
7.5

Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans(3)
78.1

 

 

 

 
78.1

Investments in unconsolidated Funds(4)

 

 

 
40.5

 
40.5

OMAM total
85.6

 

 

 
40.5

 
126.1

Total fair value assets
$
121.1

 
$

 
$

 
$
40.5

 
$
161.6

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities of OMAM and consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common stock
$
(5.0
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(5.0
)
Consolidated Funds total
(5.0
)
 

 

 

 
(5.0
)
Derivative securities

 
(0.1
)
 

 

 
(0.1
)
OMAM total

 
(0.1
)
 

 

 
(0.1
)
Total fair value liabilities
$
(5.0
)
 
$
(0.1
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
(5.1
)
 
 
(1)
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are comprised of financial investments managed by the Company’s Affiliates. $136.7 million in assets and $7.9 million in liabilities at December 31, 2017 and $35.5 million in assets and $5.0 million in liabilities at December 31, 2016 are the result of the consolidation of Funds sponsored by the Company’s Affiliates.
The fair value of investments estimated based on quoted market prices of similar investments, dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources supported by observable inputs are classified within Level II. The Company obtains prices from independent pricing services that may utilize broker quotes, but generally the independent pricing services will use various other pricing techniques which take into account appropriate factors such as yield, quality, coupon rate, maturity, type of issue, trading characteristics and other data. The Company has not made adjustments to the prices provided. If the pricing services are only able to (a) obtain a single broker quote or (b) utilize a pricing model, such securities are classified as Level III. If the pricing services are unable to provide prices, the Company attempts to obtain one or more broker quotes directly from a dealer or values such securities at the last bid price obtained. In either case, such securities are classified as Level III. The Company performs due diligence procedures over third party pricing vendors to understand their methodology and controls to support their use in the valuation process to ensure compliance with required accounting disclosures.
Equity, short-term investment funds and derivatives which are traded on a national securities exchange are stated at the last reported sales price on the day of valuation. To the extent these securities are actively traded and valuation adjustments are not applied, they are classified as Level I. These securities that trade in markets that are not considered to be active but are valued based on quoted market prices, dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources supported by observable inputs obtained by the Company from independent pricing services are classified as Level II.
(2)
Investments in separate accounts of $46.1 million at December 31, 2017 consist of approximately 1% of cash equivalents and 99% of equity securities. Investments in separate accounts of $7.5 million at December 31, 2016, consist of approximately 28% of cash equivalents and 72% of equity securities. The Company has valued these using the published price as of the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company has classified these investments as Level I.
(3)
Investments related to long-term compensation plans of $95.2 million and $78.1 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are investments in publicly registered daily redeemable funds (some managed by Affiliates), which the Company has classified as trading securities and valued using the published price as of the measurement dates. Accordingly, the Company has classified these investments as Level I.
(4)
The uncategorized amounts of $41.3 million and $40.5 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, relate to investments in unconsolidated Funds which consist primarily of investments in Funds advised by Affiliates and are valued using NAV which the Company relies on to determine their fair value as a practical expedient and has therefore not classified these investments in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These unconsolidated Funds consist primarily of real estate investments Funds and UCITS. The NAVs that have been provided by investees have been derived from the fair values of the underlying investments as of the measurement dates.
These investments are subject to longer than monthly or quarterly redemption restrictions, and due to their nature, distributions are received only as cash flows are generated from underlying assets over the life of the Funds. The range of time over which the underlying assets are expected to be liquidated by the investees is approximately one to eight years from December 31, 2017. The valuation process for the underlying real estate investments held by the real estate investment Funds begins with each property or loan being valued by the investment teams. The valuations are then reviewed and approved by the valuation committee, which consists of senior members of the portfolio management, acquisitions, and research teams. For certain properties and loans, the valuation process may also include a valuation by independent appraisers. In connection with this process, changes in fair-value measurements from period to period are evaluated for reasonableness, considering items such as market rents, capitalization and discount rates, and general economic and market conditions.
Not included in the above are $60.2 million and $52.0 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of various investments carried at cost, including the Company’s investment in Heitman at December 31, 2017 and investments in timber and timberlands. In January 2018, $50.1 million of these timber and timberlands investments were sold for a net gain of approximately $1.7 million, and in January, 2018 the Heitman sale transaction was completed and the Company will recognize a net gain of approximately $50.0 million during 2018 in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

There were no significant transfers of financial assets or liabilities among Levels I, II or III during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Variable Interest Entities
Variable Interest Entities
The Company, through its Affiliates, sponsors the formation of various entities considered to be VIEs. These VIEs are primarily Funds managed by Affiliates that are typically owned entirely by third-party investors, however, certain Funds are capitalized with seed capital investments from the Company and its related parties and may be owned partially by Affiliate key employees and/or individuals that own minority interests in an Affiliate.
The Company’s determination of whether it is the primary beneficiary of a Fund that is a VIE is based in part on an assessment of whether or not the Company and its related parties are exposed to the majority of the risks and rewards of the entity. Typically the Fund’s investors are entitled to substantially all of the economics of these VIEs with the exception of the management fees and performance fees, if any, earned by the Company or any investment the Company has made into the Funds. The Company generally is not the primary beneficiary of Fund VIEs created to manage assets for clients unless the Company’s ownership interest, including interests of related parties, is substantial.
The following table presents the assets and liabilities of Funds that are VIEs and consolidated by the Company at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Assets
 

 
 

Investments at fair value
$
106.7

 
$
14.9

Other assets of consolidated Funds
16.8

 
0.6

Total Assets
$
123.5

 
$
15.5

Liabilities
 

 
 

Other liabilities of consolidated Funds
$
3.3

 
$
0.7

Total Liabilities
$
3.3

 
$
0.7


“Investments at fair value” consist of investments in securities and investments in related parties. The Company has also consolidated Funds that are not VIEs, and therefore the assets and liabilities of those Funds are not included in the table above.
The assets of consolidated VIEs presented in the table above belong to the investors in those Funds, are available for use only by the Fund to which they belong, and are not available for use by the Company to the extent they are held by non-controlling interests. Any debt or liabilities held by consolidated Funds have no recourse to the Company's general credit.
The Company’s involvement with Funds that are VIEs and not consolidated by the Company is generally limited to that of an investment manager and its investment in the unconsolidated VIE, if any. The Company’s investment in any unconsolidated VIE generally represents an insignificant interest of the Fund’s net assets and assets under management, such that the majority of the VIE’s results are attributable to third parties. The Company’s exposure to risk in these entities is generally limited to any capital contribution it has made or is required to make and any earned but uncollected management fees. The Company has not issued any investment performance guarantees to these VIEs or their investors.
The following information pertains to unconsolidated VIEs for which the Company holds a variable interest at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Unconsolidated VIE assets
$
6,001.1

 
$
6,006.3

Unconsolidated VIE liabilities
$
3,843.7

 
$
3,740.2

Equity interests on the Consolidated Balance Sheet
$
54.4

 
$
54.2

Maximum risk of loss(1)
$
58.5

 
$
58.5


 
 
(1)
Includes equity investments the Company has made or is required to make and any earned but uncollected management/incentive fees. The Company does not record performance/incentive allocations until the respective measurement period has ended.
In addition to the multiple unconsolidated VIE Funds, the Company determined that Heitman LLC, one of the Company’s Affiliates, is a VIE. The Company concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of Heitman LLC because it does not hold the power to direct its most economically significant activities. The Company aggregated Heitman LLC with the Company’s other unconsolidated VIE Funds due to their similar risk profiles given that the risks and rewards are driven by changes in investment values and the Affiliates’ ability to manage those assets.
In August 2017, the Company agreed in principle to sell its stake in Heitman LLC to Heitman’s management. Pursuant to this term sheet, OMAM entered into a redemption agreement on November 17, 2017. Heitman continued to contribute to the Company’s financial results of operations through November 30, 2017 and the transaction closed on January 5, 2018.
Equity Accounted Investees
Equity Accounted Investees
The following tables present summarized financial information for Affiliates and Funds accounted for under the equity method (in millions):
 
 
For the year ended December 31,
Statements of Income
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Net revenues(1)
 
$
318.9

 
$
340.9

 
$
342.6

Operating income
 
94.1

 
98.4

 
114.8

Other income, net
 
197.4

 
161.9

 
97.8

Income before income taxes
 
291.5

 
260.3

 
212.6

Less income tax expense
 
5.5

 
8.2

 
5.9

Exclude: non-controlling interests income
 
247.6

 
213.7

 
177.6

Net income attributable to controlling interests
 
$
38.4

 
$
38.4

 
$
29.1

OMAM equity in net income of equity method investees
 
$
16.3

 
$
16.3

 
$
13.0

 
As of December 31,
Balance Sheets
2017
 
2016
Total assets
$
3.5

 
$
2,661.5

Total liabilities
1.6

 
1,105.9

Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries
0.3

 
1,477.9

Members’ equity
$
1.6

 
$
77.7

OMAM equity investment and undistributed earnings of affiliated companies, before consolidating and reconciling adjustments
$
1.6

 
$
55.9

Consolidating and reconciling adjustments:
 
 
 

Goodwill attributable to equity method investment

 
29.8

OMAM investment in equity method investees
$
1.6

 
$
85.7

 
 
(1)
Net revenues include advisory fees for asset management services and investment income, including interest and dividends from consolidated investment partnerships.
As disclosed in Note 4, as of November 30, 2017, the Company reclassified its investment in Heitman to a cost-method investment. Heitman contributed to the Company’s financial results of operations for the eleven-month period from January 1, 2017 through November 30, 2017. The financial results of operations from Heitman for this eleven-month period are therefore included in the summarized statements of income table above.
Fixed Assets and Lease Commitments
Fixed Assets and Lease Commitments
Fixed assets consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Leasehold improvements
$
32.4

 
$
31.7

Office equipment
28.2

 
25.6

Furniture and fixtures
7.2

 
7.0

Building
2.9

 
2.9

Software and web development
38.7

 
28.6

Fixed assets, at cost
109.4

 
95.8

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(67.7
)
 
(56.0
)
Fixed assets, net
$
41.7

 
$
39.8


Depreciation and amortization expense for continuing operations was $11.7 million, $9.4 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The Company and its Affiliates lease office space for their operations. At December 31, 2017, the Company’s aggregate future minimum payments for operating leases having initial or non-cancelable lease terms greater than one year are (in millions):
 
Future
minimum
rentals
2018
$
11.8

2019
10.8

2020
10.5

2021
9.8

2022
5.1

Thereafter
4.7

Total
$
52.7


The Company is responsible for other expenses under these leases as well. Such expenses include operating costs, insurance, taxes and broker fees. Consolidated rent and occupancy expenses for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $12.0 million, $11.6 million and $10.9 million respectively.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The following table presents the changes in goodwill in 2017 and 2016 (in millions):
 
Gross
Book Value
 
Accumulated
Impairment
 
Net Book
Value
December 31, 2015
$
160.4

 
$
(33.9
)
 
$
126.5

Additions
146.2

 

 
146.2

Impairments

 

 

Disposals

 

 

December 31, 2016
$
306.6

 
$
(33.9
)
 
$
272.7

Additions
1.9

 

 
1.9

Impairments

 

 

Disposals

 

 

December 31, 2017
$
308.5

 
$
(33.9
)
 
$
274.6


The additional goodwill recorded in 2016 relates to the acquisition of Landmark, which closed in August 2016. Certain measurement period adjustments were recorded in 2017 that resulted in a $1.9 million increase in goodwill. Refer to Note 3 for additional information.
The following table presents the change in definite-lived acquired intangible assets in 2017 and 2016, comprised of client relationships (in millions):
 
Gross
Book Value
 
Accumulated
Amortization &
Impairment
 
Net Book
Value
December 31, 2015
$
23.3

 
$
(21.8
)
 
$
1.5

Additions
85.0

 

 
85.0

Amortization

 
(2.6
)
 
(2.6
)
Disposals

 

 

December 31, 2016
$
108.3

 
$
(24.4
)
 
$
83.9

Additions

 

 

Amortization

 
(6.6
)
 
(6.6
)
Disposals

 

 

December 31, 2017
$
108.3

 
$
(31.0
)
 
$
77.3

The Company’s definite-lived acquired intangibles are amortized over their expected useful lives. As of December 31, 2017, these assets were being amortized over remaining useful lives of five to twelve years. The Company recorded amortization expense of $6.6 million, $2.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
The Company also acquired a $1.0 million indefinite-lived intangible trade name in the acquisition of Landmark, included in acquired intangibles, net, on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
The Company estimates that its consolidated annual amortization expense, assuming no useful life changes or additional investments in new or existing Affiliates, for each of the next five fiscal years is as follows (in millions):
2018
$
6.6

2019
6.6

2020
6.6

2021
6.6

2022
6.5

Thereafter
44.4

Total
$
77.3

Related Party Transactions
Related Party Transactions
Amounts due from related parties were comprised of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017(1)
 
2016
Fees receivable from unconsolidated Funds
$
59.0

 
$
40.8

Fees receivable from OM plc business units

 
2.0

Other amounts due from related parties

 
2.8

Total amounts due from related parties
$
59.0

 
$
45.6

Amounts due to related parties were comprised of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017(1)
 
2016
Other amounts due to related parties
$

 
$
0.4

Other amounts due to OM plc(3)

 
97.0

Total current payables to related parties

 
97.4

Other amounts due to OM plc(3)

 
58.9

Total long-term payables to related parties

 
58.9

Total amounts due to related parties
$

 
$
156.3

Investments in related parties consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Investments in equity-accounted investees (Note 7)
1.6

 
85.7

Total related party investments
$
1.6

 
$
85.7

Related party transactions included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31 consisted of (in millions):
Revenues:
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Management fees collected from OM plc business units(1)
$
8.5

 
$
7.8

 
$
9.3

Management fees collected from unconsolidated Funds(2)
274.9

 
131.0

 
107.0

Performance fees collected from unconsolidated Funds(2)
0.1

 
4.2

 
1.9

Total related party revenues (including discontinued operations)
$
283.5

 
$
143.0

 
$
118.2

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
Rent and administrative costs recharged by OM plc business units(4)
0.2

 
1.0

 
1.7

Restricted stock grants of OM plc equity to OMAM employees (Note 18)

 
0.1

 
0.5

Recharged OM plc operational costs(5)
0.4

 
0.9

 
1.8

Total related party expenses (including discontinued operations)
$
0.6

 
$
2.0

 
$
4.0

 
 
(1)
OM plc was considered a related party through November 17, 2017, at which point OM plc sold all but a deminimus amount of the Company’s ordinary shares (see Note 1). Therefore, revenue and expenses reported in the table above reflect OM plc as a related party through November 17, 2017. OM plc was not considered a related party at December 31, 2017.
(2)
Transactions with unconsolidated Affiliate-sponsored Funds are considered related party items on the basis of the Company’s significant influence over the activities of such entities in its capacity as investment advisor thereto. These transactions are comprised of fees for advisory services and investments in unconsolidated “master” Funds held by consolidated “feeder” Funds.
(3)
During 2016, the Company and OM plc agreed to amend the Deferred Tax Asset Deed. Under the terms of the Deferred Tax Asset Deed, as amended, the Company agreed to make a payment of the net present value of the future tax benefits due to OM plc valued as of December 31, 2016. This payment, originally valued at $142.6 million, was to be made over three installments, on June 30, 2017, December 31, 2017 and June 30, 2018. The initial payment of $45.5 million was paid on June 30, 2017, however as a result of the Tax Act, no additional payments have been made pending the continued evaluation of the Tax Act’s impact on the value of the Deferred Tax Asset Deed. The reduction of the corporate tax rate and other provisions of the Tax Act resulted in a decrease to the Deferred Tax Asset Deed of approximately$51.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, however there remains a possibility for additional reductions pending continued evaluation of the Tax Act’s impact on the value of the Deferred Tax Asset Deed.
During 2014, the Company entered into a Seed Capital Management Agreement, a Co-investment Deed and a shareholder agreement with OM plc and/or OM plc’s subsidiaries. During 2016, the Company and OM plc agreed to amend the Seed Capital Management Agreement. As a result of the amendment, the Company purchased approximately $39.6 million of seed investments from OM plc in September 2016. The Company purchased the remaining seed capital investments covered by the Seed Capital Management Agreement valued at $63.4 million in July 2017, financed in part by borrowings under a non-recourse loan facility (see Note 13) and two promissory notes due and payable on March 31, 2018 in the amount of $4.5 million. Amounts owed to OM plc associated with the Co-investment Deed were $11.3 million at December 31, 2017, net of tax. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had recorded $2.0 million for redemptions and estimated taxes due under the Co-investment Deed. Amounts withheld in excess of the future tax liability will be payable to OM plc upon settlement.
(4)
The Company conducts a portion of its distribution activities out of Asia and the United Kingdom, and has entered into contractual arrangements with Related Business Units domiciled there to share their premises and leverage certain of their administrative functions. With respect to premises in Asia, such arrangements ended in the first half of 2016.
(5)
OM plc has historically provided the Company with various oversight services, including governance, which includes compensation for board and executive committees, investor relations, procurement of insurance coverage, human resources, financial reporting, internal audit, treasury, systems, risk and tax services. All of these services have been transitioned to the Company and therefore the cost charged by OM plc has decreased. That portion of the above costs which (i) were directly attributable to the Company, (ii) have been charged to the Company by OM plc and (iii) have been paid to OM plc by the Company, have been recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and were $0.4 million, $0.9 million, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Other related party arrangements
During 2016, the Company made a loan to an equity-method Affiliate that was used to make co-investments in Affiliate Funds. Amounts due to the Company in connection with this loan are included in other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and were $3.6 million and for $2.7 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company uses the equity-method to account for its interests in Affiliates where it exercises significant influence over their operations, but does not hold a controlling interest. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded earnings in respect of these investees of $14.5 million, $15.1 million and $12.5 million, respectively. The Company also exercises significant influence over unconsolidated Funds; however in order to report in a manner consistent with consolidated Funds, it has elected to apply the fair value option for its investments therein. Additional information with respect to equity-accounted investees is disclosed in Note 7.
During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company paid dividends to OM plc of $8.8 million, $25.4 million and $27.8 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company paid dividends to HNA of $2.5 million.
As the Company is a member of a group of related businesses, it is possible that the terms of certain related party transactions are not the same as those that would result from transactions with wholly unrelated parties.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Accounts payable
5.2

 
5.1

Accrued expenses
39.9

 
29.8

Accrued interest payable
7.6

 
8.4

Other
2.2

 
2.5

Total accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
54.9

 
$
45.8

Other Compensation Liabilities
Other Compensation Liabilities
Other compensation liabilities consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Share-based payments liability (Note 18)
$
188.8

 
$
53.7

Non-current compensation payable
0.1

 
0.1

Profit interests compensation liability (Note 2)
195.0

 
159.2

Voluntary deferral plan liability (Note 17)
95.1

 
78.0

Total other compensation liabilities
$
479.0

 
$
291.0


Profit interests compensation expense amounted to $41.5 million in 2017, $16.2 million in 2016, and $31.4 million in 2015. Issuances of additional profit sharing interests to Affiliate key employees for cash amounted to $0.0 million in 2017, $0.4 million in 2016, and $0.2 million in 2015. Redemption of profit sharing interests by OMAM from Affiliate key employees for cash were $5.7 million in 2017, $12.7 million in 2016, and $2.9 million in 2015.
The share-based payments liability includes the Landmark compensation arrangements and potential additional payment disclosed in Note 3 which combined amounted to $146.8 million at December 31, 2017 and $26.0 million at December 31, 2016.
Borrowings and Debt
Borrowings and Debt
The Company’s long-term debt at December 31, 2017 was comprised of a revolving credit facility, non-recourse seed capital financing and long-term bonds.
Revolving credit facility
On October 15, 2014, the Company entered into a revolving credit facility with Citibank, as administrative agent and issuing bank, and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners (as amended, the “Credit Facility”). Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Facility, the Company may obtain loans on a revolving credit basis and procure the issuance of letters of credit in an aggregate amount at any time outstanding not in excess of $350 million. The Credit Facility has a maturity date of October 15, 2019. Borrowings under the credit facility bear interest, at OMAM’s option, at either the per annum rate equal to (a) the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.5% and (iii) the one month Adjusted LIBO Rate plus 1.0%, plus, in each case an additional amount ranging from 0.25% to 1.00%, with such additional amount based from time to time on the ratio of the Company’s total consolidated indebtedness to Adjusted EBITDA (a “Leverage Ratio”) until either Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s assigned an initial rating to the Company’s senior, unsecured long-term indebtedness for borrowed money that was not subject to credit enhancement, or its credit rating, at which time such additional amount became based on its credit rating or (b) the London interbank offered rate for a period, at the Company’s election, equal to one, two, three or six months plus an additional amount ranging from 1.25% to 2.00%, with such additional amount based from time to time on the Company’s Leverage Ratio until it was assigned a credit rating, at which time such additional amount became based on its credit rating. In addition, the Company is charged a commitment fee based on the average daily unused portion of the revolving credit facility at a per annum rate ranging from 0.20% to 0.50%, with such amount based from time to time on its Leverage Ratio until it was assigned a credit rating, at which time such amount became based on the Company’s credit rating.
In July 2016, Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s each assigned an initial investment-grade rating to the Company’s senior, unsecured long-term indebtedness. As a result of the assignment of the credit ratings, the Company’s interest rate on outstanding borrowings was set at LIBOR + 1.50% and the commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility was set at 0.25%. Prior to the assignment of the credit ratings, the Company’s interest rate on outstanding borrowings was based on the Company’s Leverage Ratio and was set at LIBOR + 1.25% and the commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility was set at 0.20%. Under the Credit Facility, the ratio of third-party borrowings to trailing twelve months Adjusted EBITDA cannot exceed 3.0x, and the interest coverage ratio must not be less than 4.0x.
At December 31, 2017, the outstanding balance of the facility was $0.0 million ($350.0 million of undrawn revolving credit facility capacity). Including $392.8 million of long-term bonds and per the terms of the revolving credit facility, which excludes non-recourse debt (see below), the Company’s ratio of third-party borrowings to trailing twelve months Adjusted EBITDA was 1.4x, and interest coverage ratio was 11.5x. The fair value of borrowings on the revolving credit facility approximated the net cost basis as of December 31, 2017.
At December 31, 2016 the outstanding balance of the facility was $0.0 million ($350.0 million of undrawn revolving credit facility capacity). Including $392.3 million of long-term bonds (see below), the Company’s ratio of third-party borrowings to trailing twelve months Adjusted EBITDA was 1.9x and interest coverage ratio was 18.5x.
Non-recourse seed capital facility
In July 2017, the Company purchased all remaining seed capital investments covered by the Seed Capital Management Agreement from OM plc for $63.4 million. OMAM financed this purchase in part through borrowings under a non-recourse seed capital facility collateralized entirely by its seed capital holdings. The Company entered into this facility as of July 17, 2017, and may borrow up to $65.0 million, so long as the borrowing does not represent more than 50% of the value of the permitted seed capital collateral. The non-recourse seed facility bears interest at LIBOR +1.55% with a commitment fee on the unused portion of this facility of 0.95%. The facility currently has a maturity date of January 17, 2019 and includes a six-month evergreen renewal option. At December 31, 2017, amounts outstanding under this non-recourse seed capital facility amounted to $33.5 million. Per the terms of the Company’s revolving credit facility, drawdowns under this facility are excluded from the Company’s third party debt levels for purposes of calculating the Company’s credit ratio covenants. The fair value of borrowings on the non-recourse seed capital facility approximated the net cost basis as of December 31, 2017.
Long-term bonds
The Company’s long-term bonds were comprised of the following as of the dates indicated (in millions):
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
(in millions)
Maturity amount
 
Discount and debt issuance costs
 
Carrying value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying value
 
Fair Value
Long-term bonds:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.80% Senior Notes Due 2026
$
275.0

 
$
(3.1
)
 
$
271.9

 
$
285.7

 
$
271.6

 
$
271.0

5.125% Senior Notes Due 2031
125.0

 
(4.1
)
 
120.9

 
124.6

 
120.7

 
107.9

Total long-term bonds
$
400.0

 
$
(7.2
)
 
$
392.8

 
$
410.3

 
$
392.3

 
$
378.9


In July 2016, the Company issued $275.0 million of 4.80% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) and $125.0 million of 5.125% Senior Notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”). The Company used the net proceeds of these offerings to finance the acquisition of Landmark in August 2016, settle an outstanding interest rate lock, purchase seed capital from OM plc and pay down the balance of the Revolving Credit Facility.
4.80% Senior Notes Due July 2026
The $275.0 million 2026 Notes were sold at a discount of $(0.5) million and the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $(3.0) million, which are being amortized to interest expense over the ten-year term. The 2026 Notes can be redeemed at any time prior to the scheduled maturity in part or in aggregate, at the greater of the related 100% principal amount at that time or the sum of the remaining scheduled payments discounted at the treasury rate (as defined) plus 0.5%, together with any related accrued and unpaid interest.
5.125% Senior Notes Due August 2031
The $125.0 million 2031 Notes incurred debt issuance costs of $(4.3) million, which are being amortized to interest expense over the fifteen-year term. The 2031 Notes can be redeemed at any time, on or after August 1, 2019 at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount together with any related accrued and unpaid interest.
The fair value of the long-term bonds was determined using broker quotes and any recent trading activity for each of the notes listed above, which are considered Level II inputs.
Interest expense
Interest expense incurred amounted to $24.5 million, $11.3 million and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively. Interest expense consists of interest accrued on the long-term debt, commitment fees and amortization of debt-related costs. The weighted average interest rate on all debt obligations, excluding consolidated Funds, was 6.02%, 5.16% and 1.40% in each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate maturities of debt commitments, based on their contractual terms, are as follows:
 
 
Future minimum
debt commitments
2018
 
$

2019
 
33.5

2020
 

2021
 

2022
 

Thereafter
 
400.0

Total
 
$
433.5


The Company was in compliance with the required covenants related to borrowings and debt facilities as of December 31, 2017.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The components of income tax expense from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Current:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
$
30.0

 
$
17.3

 
$
40.8

State
5.9

 
2.6

 
7.4

Foreign
3.6

 
1.4

 
1.3

Total current
39.5

 
21.3

 
49.5

Deferred:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
102.7

 
19.6

 
(4.5
)
State
(9.3
)
 
(0.2
)
 
(4.5
)
Foreign
(0.1
)
 
0.1

 
6.1

Total deferred
93.3

 
19.5

 
(2.9
)
Total tax expense
$
132.8

 
$
40.8

 
$
46.6


Included in gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations is income tax expense of $(0.1) million, $4.0 million and $0.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The provision for income taxes in 2017, 2016 and 2015 included benefits of $1.2 million, $4.7 million and $4.0 million, respectively, related to the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards.
The reconciliation of the difference between the Company’s U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for continuing operations for the years ended December 31 is as follows:
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Tax at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
1.7
 %
 
3.0
 %
 
3.0
 %
Non-deductible expenses
0.2
 %
 
 %
 
 %
DTA Deed liability revaluation adjustment
(12.8
)%
 
 %
 
 %
Interest expense
(10.2
)%
 
(12.1
)%
 
(9.3
)%
Dividends from foreign subsidiaries
 %
 
 %
 
0.3
 %
Adjustment to liabilities for uncertain tax positions
(1.2
)%
 
0.9
 %
 
(0.4
)%
Change in valuation allowance
1.1
 %
 
(0.6
)%
 
(3.4
)%
Effect of foreign operations
(4.0
)%
 
(0.7
)%
 
(1.0
)%
Effect of changes in tax law
86.4
 %
 
 %
 
(0.5
)%
Effect of income from non-controlling interest
(1.3
)%
 
 %
 
 %
Other
(1.4
)%
 
(0.2
)%
 
(0.5
)%
Effective income tax rate for continuing operations
93.5
 %
 
25.3
 %
 
23.2
 %

On November 16, 2017, the U.K. Finance (No.2) Bill 2017 (the “Finance Bill”) received Royal Assent and enacted amendments to the hybrid mismatch rules which are effective from July 13, 2017. Accordingly, the Company has recognized incremental U.K. taxes of $2.7 million in 2017 due to reduced benefits from its intercompany financing arrangements as of the effective date.

During 2017, the Company recorded an additional $3.1 million valuation allowance against its state net operating loss carryforwards as management concluded it is unlikely the tax benefits will be realized largely due to Pennsylvania legislation enacted during 2017 which limits the Company’s annual usage of net operating losses within the state.

During 2015 and 2016, the Company released $2.0 million and $0.9 million of its valuation allowance relating to state net operating loss carryforwards as management has concluded that the tax benefits will be realized due to increases of income apportioned to the applicable states.
During 2015, the Company released $4.5 million of its valuation allowance relating to foreign tax credit carryforwards, as management has concluded that the tax benefits will be realized primarily due to forecasted taxable income resulting from the utilization of substantially all the Company’s remaining federal net operating loss carryforwards.  As of December 31, 2017 the Company has fully realized its deferred tax asset for foreign tax credit carryforwards.
In general, it is the practice and intention of the Company to reinvest earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations. Management has no intention of repatriating earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries in the foreseeable future. At December 31, 2017, the Company has not recorded any deferred tax liabilities relating to additional taxes such as foreign withholding and state taxes which could arise on the repatriation of unremitted earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries.
U.S. Tax Reform

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law and is effective January 1, 2018. The Tax Act enacted various measures of domestic corporate tax reform that were impactful to the Company including reduction of the federal statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and introduced several measures of international tax reform including the one-time tax on mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings.

In accordance with ASC 740-10-45-15, the Company has recognized the effect of the tax law in the period of enactment. As a result of the enactment of the Tax Act, the Company has recognized a one-time tax charge of approximately $122.7 million during 2017, which has increased the Company’s overall effective tax rate for the period, predominately related to the Company’s revaluation of its deferred tax assets to the reduced federal statutory corporate tax rate of 21%.

The amounts owed by the Company to OM plc at December 31, 2017 under the Deferred Tax Asset Deed were reduced by $51.8 million due to enactment of the Tax Act. The revaluation of the deed has been reflected as a component of income from continuing operations before taxes.

Status of the Company’s Assessment

Passage of the Tax Act represents the first major tax reform to the U.S. federal corporate income tax system in over thirty years. The newly introduced domestic and international provisions require the gathering and aggregation of new information and performance of complex computations not routinely performed by the Company in the past.
Due to the rapid development of U.S. tax reform in the fourth quarter of 2017, substantial regulatory and interpretive guidance from the U.S. Department of Treasury and other applicable taxing authorities has not been released yet, although it is expected to be forthcoming.

The SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”) to assist companies by addressing some of the uncertainty in applying ASC 740 with respect to 2017 financial statements. Under SAB 118, the Company is permitted to provide provisional amounts for recording the tax effects of the enacted tax law during a specified measurement period, ending one year after the enactment date.

Accordingly, the Company has provided provisional estimates on the effect of the Tax Act in its 2017 financial statements to the extent the necessary information is not available, prepared, or analyzed to accurately complete the tax accounting.

The Company determined reasonable estimates based on currently available information and published guidance, however the Company’s accounting for the effect of the Tax Act remains incomplete under SAB 118 with respect to the following:

Section 965 toll charge tax liability: The Company has determined a preliminary estimate of its Section 965 toll charge tax liability on the mandatory deemed repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, the Company has accrued income tax liabilities of $1.5 million relating to the toll charge. Starting in 2018, the liability will be paid over an eight-year period and will not accrue interest. The Company has made a reasonable estimate based on currently available information, however the accounting is incomplete and subject to finalization of estimates and amounts related to earnings and profits of its foreign subsidiaries and the filing of 2017 tax returns. U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations of the Tax Act may require further adjustments to the preliminary estimate.

The Company will continue to evaluate the Tax Act during the measurement period and record adjustments to provisional amounts in the period in which they are completed as information becomes available and further clarifying, interpretive guidance on the application of the tax law is released.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book carrying amounts and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities.
The significant components of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Deferred tax assets:
 

 
 

Interest expense
$
80.9

 
$
150.5

Federal net operating loss
1.8

 
3.7

State net operating loss carry forwards
8.6

 
7.6

Investment in partnerships
140.3

 
140.1

Foreign tax credit carry forwards

 
9.1

Intangible assets
0.9

 
1.4

Employee compensation
8.9

 
16.5

Other
2.6

 
5.6

Cash flow hedge
5.1

 
5.9

Investments
0.1

 

Total deferred tax assets
249.2

 
340.4

Valuation allowance
(8.6
)
 
(5.5
)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
240.6

 
334.9

Deferred tax liabilities:
 

 
 

Investments

 
2.2

Net deferred tax asset
$
240.6

 
$
332.7


Due to the enactment of the Tax Act, The Company has revalued its deferred tax assets and related liabilities as of the enactment date of December 22, 2017, resulting in a write-down of $121.1 million.

At December 31, 2017, the Company has tax attributes that carry forward for varying periods. The Company’s federal net operating loss carryforward of $8.5 million originated during 2004 and 2006 and will expire over a seven to nine-year period. State net operating losses of $160.8 million expire over a four to twelve-year period. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance in connection with state net operating loss carryforwards for which the Company believes it is more-likely-than-not that the tax benefits will not be recognized. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence including the existence of cumulative income in the most recent fiscal years, changes in the business in which the Company operates, and the Company’s ability to forecast future taxable income. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exists, the more positive evidence that is necessary and the more difficult it is to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed. The Company has three years of cumulative earnings as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. As of December 31, 2017, management believes it is more likely than not that the balance of the deferred tax asset will be realized based on forecasted taxable income.
A reconciliation of the change in gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31 is as follows (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Balance as of January 1
$
91.3

 
$
93.5

 
$
93.9

Additions based on current year tax positions
0.9

 

 

Reductions related to lapses of statutes of limitations
(3.5
)
 
(2.2
)
 
(0.4
)
Balance as of December 31
$
88.7

 
$
91.3

 
$
93.5


The Company’s liability for uncertain tax positions includes unrecognized benefits of $96.9 million and $96.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, that if recognized would affect the effective tax rate on income from continuing operations.
The Company recognized $2.5 million, $3.6 million, and $1.4 million in interest and penalties in its income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. The Company’s liability for uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 includes accrued interest and penalties of $8.6 million, $6.1 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that a decrease of up to $46.0 million in unrecognized tax benefits may be necessary within the next twelve months, as the result of a lapse of statute of limitations.
The Company is periodically under examination by various taxing authorities. Examinations are inherently uncertain, may result in payment of additional taxes or the recognition of tax benefits and may be in process for extended periods of time. At December 31, 2017, there were no open examinations in process.
The Company and its subsidiaries file tax returns in U.K., U.S. federal, state, local and other foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2017, the Company is generally no longer subject to income tax examinations by U.K., U.S. federal, state, local, or foreign tax authorities for calendar years prior to 2007.
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies
Operational commitments
The Company had unfunded commitments to invest up to approximately $60 million in co-investments with its Affiliates as of December 31, 2017. These commitments will be funded as required through the end of the respective investment periods ranging through fiscal 2022.
Certain Affiliates operate under regulatory authorities that require that they maintain minimum financial or capital requirements. Management is not aware of any violations of such financial requirements occurring during the period.
Litigation
The Company and its Affiliates are subject to claims, legal proceedings and other contingencies in the ordinary course of their business activities. Each of these matters is subject to various uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters may be resolved in a manner unfavorable to the Company or its Affiliates. The Company and its Affiliates establish accruals for matters for which the outcome is probable and can be reasonably estimated. If an insurance claim or other indemnification for a litigation accrual is available to the Company, the associated gain will not be recognized until all contingencies related to the gain have been resolved. As of December 31, 2017, there were no material accruals for claims, legal proceedings or other contingencies.
Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, such as through agreements to enter into business combinations and divestitures of Affiliates, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and which provide general indemnifications. The Company’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred.
Foreign tax contingency
The Company has clients in non-U.S. jurisdictions which require entities that are conducting certain business activities in such jurisdictions to collect and remit tax assessed on certain fees paid for goods and services provided. The Company does not believe this requirement is applicable based on its limited business activities in these jurisdictions. However, given the fact that uncertainty exists around the requirement, the Company has chosen to evaluate its potential exposure related to non-collection and remittance of these taxes. At December 31, 2017, management of the Company has estimated the potential maximum exposure and concluded that it is not material. No accrual for the potential exposure has been recorded as the probability of incurring any potential liability relating to this exposure is not probable at December 31, 2017.
Considerations of credit risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash investments. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and short term investments with various financial institutions. These financial institutions are typically located in cities in which the Company and its Affiliates operate. For the Company and certain Affiliates, cash deposits at a financial institution may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits.
Earnings Per Share
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to controlling interests by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is similar to basic earnings per share, but is adjusted for the effect of potentially issuable ordinary shares, except when inclusion is antidilutive.

The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per ordinary share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (dollars in millions, except per share data):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Numerator:
 

 
 

 
 

Net income attributable to controlling interests          
$
4.2

 
$
126.4

 
$
155.5

Less: Total income available to participating unvested securities(1)
(0.2
)
 
(0.9
)
 
(0.6
)
Total net income attributable to ordinary shares
$
4.0

 
$
125.5

 
$
154.9

Denominator:
 

 
 

 
 

Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding—basic
110,708,598

 
119,236,370

 
120,000,000

Potential ordinary shares
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted stock units
672,544

 
283,743

 
497,997

Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding—diluted
111,381,142

 
119,520,113

 
120,497,997

Earnings per ordinary share attributable to controlling interests:
 

 
 

 
 

Basic
$
0.04

 
$
1.05

 
$
1.29

Diluted
$
0.04

 
$
1.05

 
$
1.29

 
 
(1)
Income available to participating unvested securities includes dividends paid on unvested restricted shares and their proportionate share of undistributed earnings.
Employee Benefits
Employee Benefits
The Company has various defined contribution plans covering substantially all of its full-time employees and several of its Affiliates. In addition to pre-tax contributions made by employees, the Company also makes contributions to the qualified plans annually.
The Company also has non-qualified defined contribution plans covering certain senior employees. The Company has established a Deferred Compensation Plan under which the Board of Directors makes awards that may be invested by the recipient in investments deemed available under the plan. Vesting of awards under the Deferred Compensation Plan is based on the number of years of service already provided by the employee at the date of the grant. In addition, the Company has established a Voluntary Deferral Plan that provides officers of the Company the opportunity to voluntarily defer a portion of their compensation. The compensation deferred is deemed to be invested in one or more investment options available under the plan. These non-qualified plans are unfunded, although the Company does make contributions to a Rabbi Trust to hedge its risks in terms of providing returns to employees on their deemed investments held in the plan.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, a total of $95.1 million and $78.0 million, respectively, had been recorded as long-term compensation liabilities and a total of $95.2 million and $78.1 million had been invested under the Deferred Compensation and Voluntary Deferral plans, respectively. The change in the fair value of long-term compensation liabilities and the change in fair value of the assets invested under the Deferred Compensation and Voluntary Deferral plans was $9.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017, $2.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2016, and $0.6 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company recorded total expenses in relation to its qualified and non-qualified plans within compensation and benefits in its Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 of $14.8 million, $12.3 million and $12.5 million, respectively.
Equity-based Compensation
Equity-based Compensation
Cash-settled Affiliate awards
The Company has entered into compensation arrangements with certain of its Affiliates whereby in exchange for continued service, Affiliate equity is either purchased by or granted to Affiliate key employees subject to a limit imposed by the Company, and may be repurchased either by Affiliate key employees or by the Company at a future date at the then applicable fair value, subject to service requirements having been met. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period equal to the cumulative vested fair value of the award at the end of each period up to vesting date.
The Company accounts for these arrangements as “cash settled” share based payments, and accordingly a corresponding share-based payments liability is recorded. Vested share-based payments liabilities are revalued at each period end until settlement date, with changes in the liabilities included within compensation expense.
As described within Note 3, in conjunction with the Landmark acquisition, OMAM entered into compensation arrangements with employees of Landmark where pre-acquisition equity units held by Landmark employees became subject to a service condition. These units are accounted for as stock-based compensation, were fair valued as of the closing date of the acquisition and vest over varying increments from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2024. These units contain put rights that provide liquidity to the employees upon vesting. An additional payment of up to $225.0 million could be paid based on the growth of Landmark’s business. This arrangement is also accounted for as stock-based compensation, fair valued as of the closing date of the acquisition, and vests on December 31, 2018. Both the pre-acquisition equity units and the potential future payment are remeasured at the end of each reporting period.
The following table presents the changes in the share-based payments liability for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Balance, beginning of period
$
53.7

 
$
38.5

 
$
42.3

Amortization and revaluation of granted awards
135.8

 
15.6

 
0.2

Reclassification to profit interests award

 

 
(2.8
)
Repurchases (cash settled)
(0.7
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(1.2
)
Balance, end of period
$
188.8

 
$
53.7

 
$
38.5


Equity-settled corporate awards
OM Asset Management equity incentive plan
In connection with the IPO, certain employees who held unvested OM plc restricted shares were given the opportunity to exchange their OM plc restricted shares for restricted shares of OMAM held by OM Group (UK) Limited with vesting conditions similar to those to which they were currently subject. These restricted shares were awarded to employees as part of the annual incentive process and a one-time Value Incentive Plan. This exchange program was intended to provide employees who elected to participate with restricted share awards of OMAM ordinary shares of equivalent value to the OM plc restricted shares they currently held. The exchange valued OMAM ordinary shares at the price sold to investors in the IPO. The exchange valued OM plc’s ordinary shares using the weighted-average sale price over the three consecutive trading days on the London Stock Exchange up to and including the date of the exchange. The exchange occurred following the effectiveness of the OMAM registration statement on October 8, 2014. OM Group (UK) Limited transferred 559,709 unvested restricted OM Asset Management ordinary shares (Equivalent to 5,914,981 OM plc restricted shares) to employees as part of this exchange program. These awards have vested in prior years and the impact to the periods presented is not material.
Prior to the Offering, two equity plans were implemented at OMAM; one for the employees and one for non-executive directors. The plans are maintained to provide equity based compensation arrangements, including restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance based restricted stock awards (“Performance-based RSAs”) and performance based restricted stock units (“Performance-based RSUs”). Equity ownership encourages employees and directors to act in the best long-term interests of the Company.
Compensation expense recognized by the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 in relation to these plans was $14.6 million, $13.1 million, and $11.8 million respectively. The related income tax benefit recognized for years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $5.7 million, $5.1 million and $4.6 million respectively. Unamortized compensation expense related to unvested RSAs, RSUs, Performance-based RSAs and Performance-based RSUs at December 31, 2017 of $6.1 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. The grant date for annual awards granted in 2017 is deemed to be January 1, 2016. It is anticipated that the annual awards for 2017 with a fair value of $5.0 million will be granted during 2018 with a deemed grant date of January 1, 2017.
The following summarizes the grant date fair value of the instruments granted by the Company during the year ended December 31:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc awards
 
Shares granted
 
Weighted average fair value
 
Shares granted
 
Weighted average fair value
 
Shares granted
 
Weighted average fair value
RSAs
 
342,637

 
$
15.13

 
506,640

 
$
10.89

 
559,709

 
$
17.60

RSUs
 
51,779

 
14.45

 
54,556

 
11.25

 
47,055

 
17.65

Performance-based RSAs
 
175,586

 
10.26

 

 

 

 

Performance-based RSUs
 

 

 
189,335

 
10.92

 
451,657

 
24.65

Grants of restricted shares in OM Asset Management plc
The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted share awards:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc RSAs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 
1,375,201

 
$
13.77

 
1,566,647

 
$
15.28

 
1,212,766

 
$
14.00

Converted during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Granted during the year
 
342,637

 
15.13

 
506,640

 
10.89

 
559,709

 
17.60

Forfeited during the year
 
(802
)
 
17.65

 
(7,288
)
 
13.65

 
(2,128
)
 
17.65

Exercised during the year
 
(1,294,109
)
 
13.97

 
(680,573
)
 
15.10

 
(203,700
)
 
14.00

Other transfers
 

 

 
(10,225
)
 
14.00

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
422,927

 
$
14.26

 
1,375,201

 
$
13.77

 
1,566,647

 
$
15.28


The grant date fair value per share, calculated based on the closing price as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange on the measurement date, is used to determine the fair value of restricted shares granted to employees. Restricted shares under the plan generally have a vesting period of one to three years.
Grants of restricted stock units in OM Asset Management plc
The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc RSUs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 
85,923

 
$
13.59

 
47,055

 
$
17.65

 

 
$

Granted during the year
 
51,779

 
14.45

 
54,556

 
11.25

 
47,055

 
17.65

Forfeited during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
 
(61,479
)
 
12.93

 
(15,688
)
 
17.65

 

 

Other transfers
 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
76,223

 
$
14.70

 
85,923

 
$
13.59

 
47,055

 
$
17.65


The grant date fair value per share, calculated based on the closing price as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange on the measurement date, is used to determine the fair value of restricted shares granted to employees. Restricted stock units under the plan generally have a vesting period of one to three years.
Grants of Performance-based restricted stock awards in OM Asset Management plc
The following table summarizes the activity related to performance-based restricted stock awards:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc
Performance-based RSAs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 

 
$

 

 
$

 

 
$

Granted during the year
 
175,586

 
10.26

 

 

 

 

Forfeited during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Other transfers
 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
175,586

 
$
10.26

 

 
$

 

 
$


The Performance-based RSAs granted by the Company have a market vesting condition; therefore a Monte-Carlo simulation model was used to determine the fair value of the restricted units granted to employees. Significant assumptions utilized in the Monte-Carlo simulation model include assumed reinvestment of dividends, a risk-free interest rate of 1.57%, and an expected volatility of 28.19%. Restricted units under the plan have a vesting period of three years.
Grants of Performance-based restricted stock units in OM Asset Management plc
The following table summarizes the activity related to performance-based restricted stock units:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc Performance-based RSUs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 
640,992

 
$
20.59

 
451,657

 
$
24.65

 

 

Granted during the year
 

 

 
189,335

 
10.92

 
451,657

 
24.65

Forfeited during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Other transfers
 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
640,992

 
$
20.59

 
640,992

 
$
20.59

 
451,657

 
$
24.65


The Performance-based RSUs granted by the Company have a market vesting condition; therefore a Monte-Carlo simulation model was used to determine the fair value of the restricted units granted to employees. Significant assumptions utilized in the Monte-Carlo simulation model include assumed reinvestment of dividends, a risk-free interest rate of 1.57%, and an expected volatility of 28.19%. Restricted units under the plan have a vesting period of three years.
OM plc equity compensation plans
OM plc maintains various equity-based compensation arrangements, including stock options and restricted stock awards, in which the Company’s employees participated in the periods presented. The cost of these equity-based programs has been included in the Company’s financial results where applicable. Compensation expense recognized by the Company in respect of these arrangements was $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, and $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. A corresponding capital contribution was recognized in each period. The related income tax benefit recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $0.0 million, $0.0 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.
The following disclosures represent the Company’s portion of the various equity compensation arrangements maintained by OM plc in which the Company’s employees participated.
The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted shares.
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
Number of
shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share GBP
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share USD
 
Number of
shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share GBP
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share USD
 
Number of
shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share GBP
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share USD
Outstanding at the beginning of the year
155,132

 
£
2.03

 
$
2.53

 
209,801

 
£
2.00

 
$
3.00

 
682,346

 
£
1.77

 
$
2.92

Granted during the year

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forfeited during the year

 

 

 
(8,885
)
 
2.03

 
2.53

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
(155,132
)
 
2.03

 
2.72

 
(113,559
)
 
1.98

 
2.47

 
(472,545
)
 
1.67

 
2.50

Other transfers

 
n/a

 
n/a

 
67,775

 
n/a

 
n/a

 

 
0

 

Outstanding at the end of the year

 
£

 
$

 
155,132

 
£
2.03

 
$
2.53

 
209,801

 
£
2.00

 
$
3.00

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following tables show the tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (in millions):
 
For the year ended December 31, 2017
 
Pre-Tax
 
Tax Benefit (Expense)
 
Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation
$
2.9

 
$

 
$
2.9

Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative securities
2.6

 
(0.8
)
 
1.8

Other Comprehensive income (loss)
$
5.5

 
$
(0.8
)
 
$
4.7


 
For the year ended December 31, 2016
 
Pre-Tax
 
Tax Benefit (Expense)
 
Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation adjustment
$
(3.2
)
 
$

 
$
(3.2
)
Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative securities
(24.6
)
 
4.3

 
(20.3
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(27.8
)
 
$
4.3

 
$
(23.5
)
 
For the year ended December 31, 2015
 
Pre-Tax
 
Tax Benefit (Expense)
 
Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation adjustment
$
(1.5
)
 
$

 
$
(1.5
)
Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative securities
(8.2
)
 
1.6

 
(6.6
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(9.7
)
 
$
1.6

 
$
(8.1
)
The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in millions) including proportions attributable to non-controlling interests:
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
 
Valuation of derivative securities
 
Total
Balance, as of December 31, 2015
 
$
3.8

 
$
(6.6
)
 
$
(2.8
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(3.2
)
 
(20.3
)
 
(23.5
)
Balance, as of December 31, 2016
 
$
0.6

 
(26.9
)
 
$
(26.3
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
2.9

 
1.8

 
4.7

Balance, as of December 31, 2017
 
$
3.5

 
$
(25.1
)
 
$
(21.6
)

The Company reclassified $2.6 million, $1.1 million, and $0.6 million from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively.
Non-controlling interests
Non-controlling Interests
Non-controlling interests on the Consolidated Balance Sheets include capital and undistributed profits of certain entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, which amounted to $1.3 million at December 31, 2017 and $1.0 million at December 31, 2016.
Non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is comprised of the net income or loss and net gains and losses allocated to equity-holders, other than OMAM, of consolidated Funds. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 this net income (loss) was $4.9 million, $(0.2) million, and $0.0 million, respectively. Non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets represents the share of net assets of the Funds attributable to those equity holders who are restricted in their ability to redeem their interests, which amounted to $50.6 million at December 31, 2017, and $0.0 million at December 31, 2016.
Redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets represents the share of net assets of the Funds attributable to those equity holders who are not restricted in their ability to redeem their interests, which amounted to $44.0 million at December 31, 2017, and $5.5 million at December 31, 2016.
Derivatives and Hedging
Derivatives and Hedging
Cash flow hedge
In July 2015, the Company entered into a $300.0 million notional Treasury rate lock contract which was designated and qualified as a cash flow hedge. The Company documented its hedging strategy and risk management objective for this contract in anticipation of a future debt issuance. The Treasury rate lock contract eliminated the impact of fluctuations in the underlying benchmark interest rate for future forecasted debt issuances. The Company assessed the effectiveness of the hedging contract at inception and on a quarterly basis thereafter. In November 2015, at the Treasury rate lock termination date, the Company de-designated the Treasury rate lock and entered into an extension for the same $300.0 million notional through early July 2016. In July 2016, the Company entered into a second extension to the Treasury rate lock in conjunction with the issuances of the previously forecasted debt. The forecasted debt issuances occurred in July 2016 and the Treasury rate lock, which had an accumulated fair value of$(34.4) million, was settled. Refer to Note 13, Borrowings and Debt, for additional information on the debt issuances.
Consistent with the original Treasury rate lock, the extended Treasury rate locks were designated and qualified as cash flow hedges. The Company documented its hedging strategy and risk management objective for these contracts in anticipation of the July 2016 debt issuance. The extended Treasury rate locks effectively eliminated the impact of fluctuations in the underlying benchmark interest rate for the debt issuances. The Company assessed the effectiveness of the hedging contracts at each of the extended Treasury rate locks’ inception dates and on a quarterly basis thereafter, where applicable. At the rate lock settlement, the hedging contracts were evaluated to be highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows associated with the hedged items. The Company did not record any hedge ineffectiveness in 2016.
Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income in connection with the settled Treasury rate lock were $2.6 million, net of tax of $(0.8) million for the year ended December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, the balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in connection with the Treasury rate lock contract amounted to $(25.1) million, net of tax. This balance will be reclassified to earnings through interest expense over the life of the issued debt. Amounts of $2.6 million and $1.1 million have been reclassified for the years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016, respectively. During the next twelve months the Company expects to reclassify approximately $2.8 million to interest expense.
Derivatives of consolidated Funds
In the normal course of business, the Company’s consolidated Funds may enter into transactions involving derivative financial instruments in connection with Funds’ investing activities. Derivative instruments may be used as substitutes for securities in which the Funds can invest; to hedge portfolio investments or to generate income or gain to the Funds. The Funds may also use derivatives to manage duration; sector and yield curve exposures and credit and spread volatility. Derivative financial instruments base their value upon an underlying asset, index or reference rate. These instruments are subject to various risks, including leverage, market, credit, liquidity and operational risks. The Funds manage the risks associated with derivatives on an aggregate basis, along with the risks associated with its trading and as part of its overall risk management policies.
Discontinued Operations and Restructuring
Discontinued Operations and Restructuring
All of the Company’s discontinued operations were wound down or transferred to OM plc prior to 2016.
The Company recognized a gain (loss) on disposal, net of taxes, of $(0.1) million, $6.2 million, and $0.8 million, with basic and diluted discontinued operations earnings per share of $0.00, $0.07, and $0.01 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Gains and losses on disposal of discontinued operations represent the Company’s rights or obligations related to contractual residual interests in previously discontinued operations.
Liabilities associated with discontinued operations and restructuring included in other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized as follows as of December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Beginning balance at January 1
$
1.1

 
$
4.1

Abandoned lease liability principal payments
(0.8
)
 
(1.1
)
Adjustment to sub-lease arrangement on abandoned lease
0.1

 
0.2

Drawdowns on committed funding

 
(2.1
)
Ending balance at December 31
$
0.4

 
$
1.1


No additional costs are expected to be incurred in connection with discontinued operations for the events described above.
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
The following is a summary of the quarterly results of operations of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions, unless otherwise noted):
 
2017
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenue
$
196.2

 
$
218.8

 
$
223.2

 
$
249.2

Operating income
23.5

 
12.9

 
8.3

 
26.3

Income from continuing operations before income taxes
28.0

 
14.6

 
14.8

 
84.6

Net income (loss)
22.3

 
13.6

 
19.9

 
(46.7
)
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interests
21.4

 
12.9

 
18.7

 
(48.8
)
Basic earnings (loss) per share ($)
$
0.19

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.17

 
$
(0.45
)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share ($)
$
0.19

 
$
0.11

 
$
0.17

 
$
(0.45
)
Basic shares outstanding (in millions)
113.5

 
111.3

 
109.0

 
109.0

Diluted shares outstanding (in millions)
114.4

 
111.8

 
109.7

 
109.0
(1)
 
2016
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenue
$
149.6

 
$
156.5

 
$
170.8

 
$
186.6

Operating income
41.0

 
44.0

 
40.2

 
30.4

Income from continuing operations before income taxes
44.0

 
48.0

 
41.7

 
27.1

Net income
30.8

 
36.3

 
34.0

 
25.1

Net income attributable to controlling interests
30.8

 
36.3

 
34.0

 
25.3

Basic earnings per share ($)
$
0.26

 
$
0.30

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.21

Diluted earnings per share ($)
$
0.26

 
$
0.30

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.21

Basic shares outstanding (in millions)
120.0

 
119.4

 
119.3

 
118.2

Diluted shares outstanding (in millions)
120.0

 
119.6

 
119.7

 
118.8

 
 
(1)
During periods of net loss, diluted shares are the same as basic shares.
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
Basis of presentation
These Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the historical balance sheets; statements of operations; statements of comprehensive income; statements of changes in shareholders’ equity; and statements of cash flows of the Company. Within these Consolidated Financial Statements, entities that are part of OM plc’s consolidated results, but are not part of OMAM, as defined above, as well as HNA and its related entities, are referred to as “related parties.”
The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All dollar amounts, except per share data in the text and tables herein, are stated in millions unless otherwise indicated. Transactions between the Company and OM plc are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements, however material intercompany balances and transactions among the Company, its consolidated Affiliates and consolidated Funds are eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue recognition
The Company’s consolidated revenue primarily represents management fees billed monthly, quarterly and annually by Affiliates for managing the assets of clients. Asset-based management fees are recognized monthly as services are rendered and are primarily based upon a percentage of the market value of client assets managed. Affiliates that manage tangible property may also earn transaction fees at the time the underlying property is bought and sold. Any fees collected in advance are deferred and recognized as income over the period earned. Dividend income received is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Performance fees are generally assessed as a percentage of the investment performance realized on a client’s account. Additionally, separate accounts or other products which primarily earn management fees are potentially subject to performance adjustment up or down based on investment performance versus benchmark. Performance fees, including those that are subject to clawback are recognized when they (i) become billable to customers (based on contractual terms of agreements), (ii) are not subject to contingent repayment and (iii) when collection is reasonably assured. Other income and revenues include interest income on cash and cash equivalents of Funds and revenue from marketing, distribution and consulting services.
The revenue of consolidated Funds that invest in Timber (the “Timber Funds”) is recognized from log and fiber sales upon delivery to the customer. The Company is typically responsible for all logging and hauling costs. However, under pay-as-cut timber contracts, title and risk of loss from stumpage sales transfer to the buyer as the trees are cut. Revenue is recognized as timber is harvested. The buyer is typically responsible for all logging and hauling costs.
Compensation arrangements
The Company operates short term variable compensation arrangements where generally, a percentage of each Affiliate’s annual pre-variable compensation earnings, as defined in each arrangement, is allocated to a “pool” of each respective Affiliate’s key employees, and subsequently distributed to individuals subject to recommendation and approval of a remuneration committee comprised of both the Company’s and each respective Affiliate’s management. Variable compensation expense is accrued and recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as services are provided by individual employees.
The Company operates longer term profit-interest plans whereby certain Affiliate key employees are granted (or have a right to purchase) awards representing a profits interest in their respective Affiliate, as distinct from an equity interest due to the lack of pari passu voting rights. Under these plans, the Company may award a portion of the aforementioned variable compensation arrangement through issuance of a profits interest in the Affiliate. The awards generally have a three to five year vesting period from the grant date, and the service period begins at the commencement of the financial period to which the variable compensation relates. Under these plans, Affiliate key employees are eligible to share in the profits of their respective Affiliates based on their respective percentage interest held.
In addition, under certain circumstances, Affiliate key employees are eligible to receive a series of repurchase payments upon exiting the plans based on a multiple of the last twelve months profits of their respective Affiliate, as defined. Profits allocated and movements in the potential repurchase value, determined based on a fixed multiple times trailing twelve month profits, as defined, are recognized as compensation expense. Profit interests compensation liabilities are re-measured at each reporting date at the current trailing twelve month earnings multiple, with movements treated as compensation expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Share-based compensation plans
The Company recognizes the cost of all share-based payments to directors, senior management and employees, including grants of restricted stock, as compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the respective vesting periods. Awards made previously under OM plc’s restricted stock and stock options plans are accounted for as equity settled, and the grant date fair value is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding contribution to capital recorded.
Awards made under the Company’s equity plans are accounted for as equity settled, and the grant date fair value is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding contribution to capital recorded. Valuation of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is determined based on the Company’s closing share price as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange on the measurement date. For performance-based awards, a Monte-Carlo simulation model is used to determine the fair value. Key inputs for the model include: assumed reinvestment of dividends, risk-free interest rate and expected volatility. All excess tax benefits and deficiencies on share-based payment awards are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, the tax effects of exercised or vested awards are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur and excess tax benefits or deficiencies are classified with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.
Awards of equity made to Affiliate key employees are accounted for as cash settled, with the fair value recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding liability carried within other compensation liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet until the award is settled by the Company. The fair value of the liability is based on the expected cash to be paid. The liability is revalued at each reporting period, with any movements recorded within compensation expense.
Consolidation
Affiliates
The Company evaluates each of its Affiliates and other operating entities to determine the appropriate method of accounting. Generally, majority-owned entities or otherwise controlled investments in which the Company holds a controlling financial interest as the principal shareholder, managing member, or general partner are consolidated.
Funds
In the normal course of business, the Company’s Affiliates sponsor and manage certain investment vehicles (the “Funds”). The Company assesses consolidation requirements with respect to its Funds pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”) relating to the consolidation of VIEs.
In evaluating whether or not a legal entity must be consolidated, the Company determines if such entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or a voting interest entity (“VOE”). A VOE is considered an entity in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders at risk have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns, and the right to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a VOE. Assessing whether an entity is a VIE or VOE involves judgment and analysis. Factors considered in this assessment include the entity’s legal organization, the entity’s capital structure and equity ownership and any related party or de-facto agent implications of the Company’s involvement with the entity. Investments that are determined to be VIEs are consolidated if the Company or a consolidated Affiliate is the primary beneficiary of the investment. VOEs are typically consolidated if the Company holds the majority voting interest or otherwise controls the entity.
In evaluating whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company evaluates its economic interests in the entity held either directly by the Company or indirectly through related parties. The primary beneficiary of the VIE is defined as the variable interest holder that has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest is defined as (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts its economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If no single party satisfies both criteria, but the Company and its related parties satisfy the criteria on a combined basis, then the primary beneficiary is the entity out of the related party group that is most closely associated to the VIE. The consolidation analysis can generally be performed qualitatively, however, if it is not readily apparent that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, a quantitative analysis may also be performed. The Company generally is not the primary beneficiary of Fund VIEs created to manage assets for clients unless the Company’s ownership interest in the fund, including interests of related parties, is substantial.
The Company consolidates VOEs when it has control over significant operating, financial and investing decisions of the entity or holds the majority voting interest. For VOEs organized as limited partnerships or as an entity with governance structures similar to a limited partnership (e.g., limited liability company with a managing member), the Company consolidates an entity when it holds the controlling general partnership interest and the limited partners do not hold substantive participating rights or rights to remove and replace the general partner or rights that could provide the limited partners with the ability to impact the ongoing governance and operating activities of the entity.
Upon the occurrence of certain events (such as contributions and redemptions, either by the Company, its Affiliates, or third parties, or amendments to the governing documents of the Company’s investees or sponsored Funds) management reviews and reconsiders its previous conclusion regarding the status of an entity as a VIE or a VOE. Additionally, management continually reconsiders whether the Company is deemed to be a VIE’s primary beneficiary who consolidates such entity. In the third quarter of 2016, following the purchase of certain seed capital investments from OM plc, the Company began consolidating certain Funds pursuant to ASC 810. Additional funds have been consolidated in 2017 as additional seed and co-investment capital has been deployed.
Investments and Investment Transactions
Valuation of investments held at fair value
Valuation of Fund investments is evaluated pursuant to the fair value methodology discussed below. Other investments are categorized as trading and recorded at estimated fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in fair value of investments are reported within investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 5 for a summary of the fair value inputs utilized to determine the fair value of other investments held at fair value.
Valuation of investments held at cost
Valuations of co-investments in Funds investing in timber (the “Timber Funds”) or other similar operating entities are stated at historical cost and are reported within investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Timber assets and timber lease rights of consolidated Timber Funds are stated at historical cost less depletion for timber previously harvested and less accumulated amortization and depreciation for lease rights and roads. Consolidated Timber Fund investment values are adjusted for capital additions made to the property subsequent to the valuation date. All initial silviculture costs, including site preparation and planting costs are capitalized as stand establishment costs. Stand establishment costs are transferred to a merchantable timber classification as trees reach a certain size. Generally, costs incurred subsequent to two years after planting, such as fertilization, vegetation, insect control and pre-commercial thinning are considered to be maintenance and are expensed as incurred.
Security transactions
The Company generally records securities transactions on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on securities transactions are generally determined on the average-cost method (net of foreign capital gain taxes) and for certain transactions determined based on the specific identification method.
Income and expense recognition
The Company records interest income on an accrual basis and includes amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Dividend income and expense on dividends sold short are recorded on the ex-dividend date, net of applicable withholding taxes. Expenses are recorded on an accrual basis.
Foreign currency translation
The books and records of the Company, its Affiliates and its consolidated Funds are maintained in U.S. dollars. Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars on the date of valuation. Income and expense transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rate over the period presented. The portion of realized or unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates and from fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of the underlying securities are included in the net realized and unrealized gain and loss on investments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions represent net foreign exchange gains or losses from forward foreign currency exchange contracts, disposition of foreign currencies, currency gains or losses between the trade and settlement date on security transactions, and the difference between the amount of the investment income and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Funds’ books and the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts actually received or paid.
Short sales
Certain Funds may sell a security they do not own in anticipation of a decline in the fair value of that security. When a Fund sells a security short, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale. The short sales are secured by the long portfolio and available cash. The Fund records a gain, limited to the price at which the Fund sold the security short, or a loss, unlimited in size, upon the termination of a short sale. The amount of the gain or loss will be equal to the proceeds received in entering into the short sale less the cost of buying back the short security to close the short position. While the transaction is open, the Fund will incur an expense for any accrued dividends or interest which is paid to the lender of the securities. These short sales may involve a level of risk in excess of the liability recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. The extent of such risk cannot be quantified.
Funds’ Derivatives
Certain Funds may use derivative instruments. The Funds’ derivative instruments may include foreign currency exchange contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, financial futures contracts and warrants. The fair values of derivative instruments are recorded as other assets of consolidated Funds or other liabilities of consolidated Funds on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has used foreign exchange forwards to hedge the risk of movement in exchange rates on financial assets on a limited basis.
The Company’s Funds have not designated any financial instruments for hedge accounting, as defined in the accounting literature, during the periods presented. The gains or losses on Fund’s derivative instruments not designated for hedge accounting are included as net consolidated Funds gains or losses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Equity method investments
The Company uses the equity method of accounting for investments that provide the Company with the ability to exercise significant influence over an entity, but that do not meet the requirements for consolidation. Equity method investments include two Affiliates, Heitman LLC (through November 30, 2017) and Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC, as well as all unconsolidated Funds over which the Company exercises significant influence. In August 2017, the Company agreed in principle to sell its stake in Heitman LLC to Heitman’s management. Pursuant to this term sheet, OMAM entered into a redemption agreement on November 17, 2017. Heitman continued to be recorded as an equity method investment through November 30, 2017, at which point the Company reclassified its investment in Heitman to a cost-method investment. The transaction closed on January 5, 2018.
The Company’s share of earnings from equity method investments is included in investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The carrying amounts of equity method investments are reflected in Investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable. The difference between the carrying value and its estimated fair value is recognized as impairment when the loss is deemed other than temporary. Other investments, in which OMAM or an Affiliate do not exercise significant influence are accounted for under the cost method. Under the cost method, income is recognized as dividends are declared.
Fair value measurements
In accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement” (“ASC 820”), fair value is the price that the Company expects to be paid upon the sale of an asset or expects to pay upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Pursuant to ASC 820, there is a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability. Inputs may be observable or unobservable and refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own conclusions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. Each investment is assigned a level based upon the observability of the inputs which are significant to the overall valuation. Assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:
Level I—Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date. The type of investments included in Level I include listed equities and listed derivatives. As required by U.S. GAAP, the Company does not adjust the quoted price for these investments.
Level II—Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies utilizing observable market inputs other than quoted prices. Investments which are generally included in this category include corporate bonds and loans, less liquid and restricted equity securities and certain over-the-counter derivatives.
Level III—Pricing inputs are unobservable for the asset or liability and include assets and liabilities where there is little, if any, market activity for the investment. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Investments that are included in this category generally include general and limited partner interests in corporate private equity, real estate funds, and funds of hedge funds.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment. In cases in which the fair value of an investment is established using the net asset value (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient, the investment is not categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Use of estimates
The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Operating segment
The Company operates in one operating segment that provides investment management services and products primarily to institutional clients. The Company’s determination that it operates one business segment is based on the fact that the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews the Company’s financial performance on an aggregate level.
Derivatives and Hedging
The Company may utilize derivative financial instruments to hedge the risk of movement of interest rates and foreign currency on financial assets and liabilities. These derivative financial instruments may or may not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. The Company records all derivative financial instruments as either assets or liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and measures these instruments at fair value. For a derivative financial instrument that qualifies as a hedge for accounting purposes and is designated as a hedging instrument, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into earnings over the life of the hedge. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss is reported in earnings immediately.
Cash and cash equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including money market mutual funds, with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.
Cash held by consolidated Funds is not available to fund general liquidity needs of the Company and is therefore classified as restricted cash.
Investment advisory fees receivable
The Company earns management and performance fees which are billed monthly, quarterly and annually in arrears, according to the terms of the relevant investment management agreement. Management and performance fees that have been earned, but have not yet been collected are presented as investment advisory fees receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Due to the short-term nature and liquidity of these receivables, the carrying amounts approximate their fair values. The Company typically does not record an allowance for doubtful accounts or bad debt expense, or any amounts recorded have been immaterial.
Fixed assets
Fixed assets are recorded at historical cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over its estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives of office equipment and furniture and fixtures range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the lease. Computer software developed or obtained for internal use is amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years or less. The estimated useful life of building assets is thirty-nine years. The costs of improvements that extend the life of a fixed asset are capitalized, while the costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.
Intangible assets
Acquired Affiliates have identifiable intangible assets arising from contractual or other legal rights with their clients. In determining the value of acquired intangibles, the Company analyzes the net present value of each acquired Affiliate’s existing client relationships based on a number of factors. The Company analyzes the Affiliate’s historical and potential future operating performance, the Affiliate’s historical and potential future rates of attrition among existing clients, the stability and longevity of existing client relationships, the Affiliate’s recent and long-term investment performance, the characteristics of the firm’s products and investment styles, the stability and depth of the Affiliate’s management team and the Affiliate’s history and perceived franchise or brand value. The Company’s acquired intangible assets are predominately definite-life intangible assets and are generally amortized on a straight line basis over their estimated useful lives, ranging from five to sixteen years, reflecting the expected duration of such relationships. The Company also holds an indefinite-life intangible asset related to the trade name associated with the Landmark acquisition.
The Company tests for the possible impairment of definite-life intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If such indicators exist, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows related to the asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value is greater than the undiscounted cash flow amount, an impairment charge is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for amounts necessary to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value.
Goodwill
The Company records goodwill when the consideration paid in a business acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net total of tangible assets acquired, identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances occur that indicate impairment may exist. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the Company’s use of the acquired assets in a business combination or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, and significant negative industry or economic trends.
The Company performs its assessment for impairment of goodwill during the fourth quarter annually as of the first business day in October, or as necessary, and the Company has determined that it has six reporting units, consisting of the six consolidated Affiliates. The Company first considers various qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units is greater than its respective carrying amount, including goodwill. If based on the qualitative assessment it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit is below its respective carrying amount, therefore indicating that impairment may exist, the impact would be determined at that point through a quantitative assessment. For purposes of assessing potential impairment, the fair value of the reporting unit is estimated and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s estimates of future growth rates, operating cash flows, discount rates and terminal value. These assumptions and estimates can change in future periods based on market movement and factors impacting the expected business performance. Changes in assumptions or estimates could materially affect the determination of the fair value of a reporting unit. If it is determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company determines the implied fair value of the goodwill in the same manner used to determine the amount of goodwill in a business combination. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount equal to that excess. Based on the Company’s most recent annual goodwill impairment test, the Company concluded that the fair value of each of its reporting units was more likely than not in excess of their carrying values. At the close of each year, management assessed whether there were any conditions present during the fourth quarter that would indicate impairment subsequent to the initial assessment date and concluded that no such conditions were present.
During 2017, the Company changed the goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets impairment assessment date from the last day of the third quarter to the first business day of the fourth quarter of the fiscal year, or October 2, 2017. The Company believes that changing the annual goodwill impairment assessment date does not result in a material change in the method of applying the accounting requirements.
Leases
The Company and its Affiliates currently lease office space and equipment under various leasing arrangements, classified as operating leases. Some lease agreements contain renewal options, rent escalation clauses or other inducements provided by the landlord. Rent expense is accrued to recognize lease escalation provisions and inducements provided by the landlord, if any, on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Earnings per share
The Company calculates basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) by dividing net income by its shares outstanding as outlined below. Basic EPS attributable to the Company’s shareholders is calculated by dividing “Net income attributable to controlling interests” by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS, but adjusts for the effect of potential ordinary shares unless they are antidilutive. For periods with a net loss, potential ordinary shares are considered antidilutive.
The Company considers two ways to measure dilution to earnings per share: (a) calculate the net number of shares that would be issued assuming any related proceeds are used to buy back outstanding shares (the treasury stock method), or (b) assume the gross number of shares are issued and calculate any related effects on net income available for shareholders (the if-converted or two-class method). As appropriate, the Company’s policy is to apply the more dilutive methodology upon issuance of such instruments.
Deferred financing costs
The Company capitalizes certain legal, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as other assets until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in total equity as a reduction of Shareholders’ equity generated as a result of the offering. At the time in which the equity financing is no longer considered probable of being consummated, the deferred financing costs are expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
The Company records debt issuance costs of term loans as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the associated debt liability. For debt issuance costs of revolving credit loans, the Company presents debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizes the deferred costs ratably over the term of the agreement.
Income taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes on a “separate return” basis. Under this method, a subsidiary is assumed to file a separate return with the taxing authority, thereby reporting its taxable income or loss and paying the applicable tax to or receiving the appropriate refund from the subsidiary’s parent. The rules followed by the subsidiary in computing its tax or refund should be the same as those followed by a taxpayer filing directly with the taxing authority.
The Company files tax returns directly with the U.K., U.S. and state tax authorities and therefore, the computations under the separate return method follow the Company’s filings.
Deferred income taxes are recognized for the effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company’s deferred tax assets have been attributable to federal and state loss carry forwards, interest deductions, and accrued liabilities.
Deferred income tax assets are subject to a valuation allowance if, in management’s opinion, it is not more-likely-than-not that these benefits will be realized. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence including its past operating results, the existence of cumulative earnings or losses in the most recent years and its forecast of future taxable income. In estimating future taxable income, the Company develops assumptions including the amount of future pre-tax operating income and the reversal of temporary differences. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company is using to manage the underlying businesses.
A tax benefit should only be recognized if it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained based on its technical merits. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after considering the probability that a tax authority would uphold the position in an examination. For tax positions meeting a “more-likely-than-not” threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest amount of benefit greater than 50% likely of being sustained. The more-likely-than-not threshold must continue to be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of the benefit. Unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties, are adjusted periodically to reflect changing facts and circumstances. The Company’s accounting policy is to classify interest and related charges as a component of income tax expense.
Non-controlling interests
For certain entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, the Company reports non-controlling interests as equity on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's consolidated net income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes the income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest holders of the Company's consolidated Affiliates and Funds. Ownership interests held by Affiliate key employees are categorized as liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are revalued each reporting date, with movements treated as compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets include undistributed income owned by the investors in the respective Funds. The Company’s consolidated net income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes the income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest holders of these consolidated entities.
Redeemable non-controlling interests
The Company includes redeemable non-controlling interests related to certain consolidated Funds as temporary equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Non-controlling interests in certain consolidated Funds are subject to monthly or quarterly redemption by the investors. When redeemable amounts become legally payable to investors, they are classified as a liability and included in total liabilities of consolidated Funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, excluding those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners. For the Company’s purposes, comprehensive income (loss) represents net income (loss), as presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, adjusted for net foreign currency translation adjustments and adjustments to the valuation of certain derivative securities, net of tax.
Restructuring costs
A liability for restructuring is recognized only after management has developed a formal plan, approved by the Board of Directors, to which it has committed. The costs included in a restructuring liability are those costs that are either incremental or incurred as a direct result of the plan, or are the result of a continuing contractual obligation with no continuing economic benefit to the Company, or a penalty incurred to cancel the contractual obligation. Refer to Note 22 for details of the Company’s restructuring activities.
Allocated Costs from OM plc
OM plc historically provided the Company with various services, including governance through the board of directors and executive committees, investor relations, procurement of insurance coverage, human resources, financial reporting, internal audit, treasury, systems, risk and tax services. All of these services have been transitioned to the Company and therefore the cost charged by OM plc has decreased. The costs associated with the services which have been (i) directly attributable to the Company, (ii) have been charged directly to the Company by OM plc, and (iii) have been paid to OM plc by the Company have been reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Organization and Description of the Business (Tables)
Schedule of Equity Shares Transactions
Prior to 2014, the Company was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Old Mutual plc (“OM plc”), an international long-term savings, protection and investment group, listed on the London Stock Exchange. On October 15, 2014, the Company completed the initial public offering (the “Offering”) by OM plc pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Additionally, between the Offering and December 31, 2017, the Company and/or OM plc completed the following transactions in the Company’s shares, including a two-step transaction announced on March 25, 2017 for a sale by OM plc of a 24.95% shareholding in the Company to HNA Capital US (“HNA”):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ownership percentage following the transactions for:
 
 
Date
 
Transaction description
 
Total shares
 
OM plc
 
HNA
 
Note
October 15, 2014
 
IPO of OMAM shares by OM plc
 
24,231,375

 
78.8
%
 
%
 
(1)
June 22, 2015
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
15,295,000

 
65.8
%
 
%
 
(2)
December 16, 2016
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
14,950,000

 

 

 
(3)
December 16, 2016
 
Repurchase and retirement of shares by OMAM
 
6,000,000

 
51.1
%
 
%
 
(4)
May 12, 2017
 
Sale of shares from OM plc to HNA
 
11,414,676

 
40.9
%
 
9.95
%
 
(5)
May 19, 2017
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
19,895,000

 

 

 
(6)
May 19, 2017
 
Repurchase and retirement of shares by OMAM
 
5,000,000

 
20.1
%
 
10.4
%
 
(4)
November 10, 2017
 
Sale of shares from OM plc to HNA
 
15,960,553

 
5.51
%
 
24.95
%
 
(7)
November 17, 2017
 
Secondary public offering by OM plc
 
6,039,630

 
%
 
24.95
%
 
(8)
 
 
(1)
Includes 2,231,375 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(2)
Includes 1,995,000 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(3)
Includes 1,950,000 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(4)
Purchased pursuant to the share repurchase program described below. All shares repurchased by the Company were retired.
(5)
Following the May 12, 2017 sale of shares from OM plc to HNA, on May 24, 2017, OM plc appointed Dr. Guang Yang of HNA as an OM plc director.
(6)
Includes 2,595,000 shares purchased by the underwriters of the offering under their overallotment option.
(7)
Following the November 10, 2017 sale of shares from OM plc to HNA, HNA acquired the right to appoint two directors to the Company’s board.
(8)
Upon completion of the November 17, 2017 offering, OM plc indirectly owned 1,000 of the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares.
Acquisitions (Tables)
The following table presents a summary of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for OMAM’s acquisition of Landmark (in millions):
 
 
Landmark
Purchase price
 
 
Cash
 
$
239.2

Seller’s expenses
 
3.5

Total consideration
 
242.7

Identifiable assets and liabilities
 
 
Cash
 
23.4

Receivables
 
8.5

Indefinite-life trade name
 
1.0

Amortizable intangible asset management contracts
 
85.0

Fixed assets
 
5.1

Other current assets (liabilities), net
 
(26.7
)
Assets (liabilities), net
 
(1.7
)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities
 
94.6

Goodwill
 
$
148.1

The unaudited pro forma financial information is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the financial results that would have been achieved had the acquisition actually occurred at the beginning of the first period presented (in millions, except per-share amounts):
 
For the years ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Revenues
$
713.5

 
$
780.1

Total operating expenses
594.7

 
651.9

Income from continuing operations before taxes
109.2

 
114.8

Net income attributable to OMAM
91.7

 
97.6

Net income per share attributable to OMAM shareholders:
 
 
 
Basic
$0.77
 
$0.81
Diluted
$0.77
 
$0.81


Investments (Tables)
Investments are comprised of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Investments of consolidated Funds held at fair value
$
136.7

 
$
35.5

Equity-accounted investments in unconsolidated Funds (Note 7)

 
30.5

Other investments held at fair value
87.4

 
17.5

Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans held at fair value
95.2

 
78.1

Total investments held at fair value
$
319.3

 
$
161.6

Equity-accounted investments in Affiliates (Note 7)
1.6

 
55.2

Investments in Affiliates carried at cost
53.8

 

Other investments*
6.4

 
52.0

Total investments per Consolidated Balance Sheets
$
381.1

 
$
268.8


 
 
* Other investments represent cost-basis investments made by one of our Affiliates, including investments in timber and timberlands. At December 31, 2016, $50.1 million of these investments were recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell, and subsequently sold in January 2017 for a net gain of approximately $1.7 million.
Investment income is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Investment return of equity-accounted investments in unconsolidated Funds (Note 7)
$
1.8

 
$
1.2

 
$
0.3

Realized and unrealized gains on other investments held at fair value
9.4

 
0.8

 

Investment return of held for sale investments
1.7

 
0.1

 

Total return on OMAM investments
12.9

 
2.1

 
0.3

Investment return of equity-accounted investments in Affiliates (Note 7)*
14.5

 
15.1

 
12.7

Total investment income per Consolidated Statement of Operations
$
27.4

 
$
17.2

 
$
13.0


 
 

* As previously noted, the Company reclassified its investment in Heitman to a cost-method investment as of November 30, 2017, therefore earnings from Heitman as an equity-accounted investment are included in the table above for the first eleven months of 2017.
Fair Value Measurements (Tables)
Summary of the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis
The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 (in millions):
 
Quoted prices
in active
markets
(Level I)
 
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level II)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level III)
 
Uncategorized
 
Total value,
December 31,
2017
Assets of OMAM and consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common and preferred stock
$
83.8

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
83.8

Short-term investment funds
0.5

 

 

 

 
0.5

Other investments
0.4

 

 

 
51.5

 
51.9

Derivatives
0.3

 
0.2

 

 

 
0.5

Consolidated Funds total
85.0

 
0.2

 

 
51.5

 
136.7

Investments in separate accounts(2)
46.1

 

 

 

 
46.1

Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans(3)
95.2

 

 

 

 
95.2

Investments in unconsolidated Funds(4)

 

 

 
41.3

 
41.3

OMAM total
141.3

 

 

 
41.3

 
182.6

Total fair value assets
$
226.3

 
$
0.2

 
$

 
$
92.8

 
$
319.3

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities of consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common stock
$
(7.2
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(7.2
)
Derivatives
(0.5
)
 
(0.2
)
 

 

 
(0.7
)
Consolidated Funds total
(7.7
)
 
(0.2
)
 

 

 
(7.9
)
Total fair value liabilities
$
(7.7
)
 
$
(0.2
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
(7.9
)

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2016 (in millions):
 
Quoted prices
in active
markets
(Level I)
 
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level II)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level III)
 
Uncategorized
 
Total value,
December 31,
2016
Assets of OMAM and consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common and preferred stock
$
35.1

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
35.1

Short-term investment funds
0.4

 

 

 

 
0.4

Consolidated Funds total
35.5

 

 

 

 
35.5

Investments in separate accounts(2)
7.5

 

 

 

 
7.5

Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans(3)
78.1

 

 

 

 
78.1

Investments in unconsolidated Funds(4)

 

 

 
40.5

 
40.5

OMAM total
85.6

 

 

 
40.5

 
126.1

Total fair value assets
$
121.1

 
$

 
$

 
$
40.5

 
$
161.6

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities of OMAM and consolidated Funds(1)
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Common stock
$
(5.0
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(5.0
)
Consolidated Funds total
(5.0
)
 

 

 

 
(5.0
)
Derivative securities

 
(0.1
)
 

 

 
(0.1
)
OMAM total

 
(0.1
)
 

 

 
(0.1
)
Total fair value liabilities
$
(5.0
)
 
$
(0.1
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
(5.1
)
 
 
(1)
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are comprised of financial investments managed by the Company’s Affiliates. $136.7 million in assets and $7.9 million in liabilities at December 31, 2017 and $35.5 million in assets and $5.0 million in liabilities at December 31, 2016 are the result of the consolidation of Funds sponsored by the Company’s Affiliates.
The fair value of investments estimated based on quoted market prices of similar investments, dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources supported by observable inputs are classified within Level II. The Company obtains prices from independent pricing services that may utilize broker quotes, but generally the independent pricing services will use various other pricing techniques which take into account appropriate factors such as yield, quality, coupon rate, maturity, type of issue, trading characteristics and other data. The Company has not made adjustments to the prices provided. If the pricing services are only able to (a) obtain a single broker quote or (b) utilize a pricing model, such securities are classified as Level III. If the pricing services are unable to provide prices, the Company attempts to obtain one or more broker quotes directly from a dealer or values such securities at the last bid price obtained. In either case, such securities are classified as Level III. The Company performs due diligence procedures over third party pricing vendors to understand their methodology and controls to support their use in the valuation process to ensure compliance with required accounting disclosures.
Equity, short-term investment funds and derivatives which are traded on a national securities exchange are stated at the last reported sales price on the day of valuation. To the extent these securities are actively traded and valuation adjustments are not applied, they are classified as Level I. These securities that trade in markets that are not considered to be active but are valued based on quoted market prices, dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources supported by observable inputs obtained by the Company from independent pricing services are classified as Level II.
(2)
Investments in separate accounts of $46.1 million at December 31, 2017 consist of approximately 1% of cash equivalents and 99% of equity securities. Investments in separate accounts of $7.5 million at December 31, 2016, consist of approximately 28% of cash equivalents and 72% of equity securities. The Company has valued these using the published price as of the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company has classified these investments as Level I.
(3)
Investments related to long-term compensation plans of $95.2 million and $78.1 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are investments in publicly registered daily redeemable funds (some managed by Affiliates), which the Company has classified as trading securities and valued using the published price as of the measurement dates. Accordingly, the Company has classified these investments as Level I.
(4)
The uncategorized amounts of $41.3 million and $40.5 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, relate to investments in unconsolidated Funds which consist primarily of investments in Funds advised by Affiliates and are valued using NAV which the Company relies on to determine their fair value as a practical expedient and has therefore not classified these investments in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These unconsolidated Funds consist primarily of real estate investments Funds and UCITS. The NAVs that have been provided by investees have been derived from the fair values of the underlying investments as of the measurement dates.
These investments are subject to longer than monthly or quarterly redemption restrictions, and due to their nature, distributions are received only as cash flows are generated from underlying assets over the life of the Funds. The range of time over which the underlying assets are expected to be liquidated by the investees is approximately one to eight years from December 31, 2017. The valuation process for the underlying real estate investments held by the real estate investment Funds begins with each property or loan being valued by the investment teams. The valuations are then reviewed and approved by the valuation committee, which consists of senior members of the portfolio management, acquisitions, and research teams. For certain properties and loans, the valuation process may also include a valuation by independent appraisers. In connection with this process, changes in fair-value measurements from period to period are evaluated for reasonableness, considering items such as market rents, capitalization and discount rates, and general economic and market conditions.
Not included in the above are $60.2 million and $52.0 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of various investments carried at cost, including the Company’s investment in Heitman at December 31, 2017 and investments in timber and timberlands. In January 2018, $50.1 million of these timber and timberlands investments were sold for a net gain of approximately $1.7 million, and in January, 2018 the Heitman sale transaction was completed and the Company will recognize a net gain of approximately $50.0 million during 2018 in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Variable Interest Entities (Tables)
Schedule of assets and liabilities and information pertains to VIEs
The following table presents the assets and liabilities of Funds that are VIEs and consolidated by the Company at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Assets
 

 
 

Investments at fair value
$
106.7

 
$
14.9

Other assets of consolidated Funds
16.8

 
0.6

Total Assets
$
123.5

 
$
15.5

Liabilities
 

 
 

Other liabilities of consolidated Funds
$
3.3

 
$
0.7

Total Liabilities
$
3.3

 
$
0.7

The following information pertains to unconsolidated VIEs for which the Company holds a variable interest at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Unconsolidated VIE assets
$
6,001.1

 
$
6,006.3

Unconsolidated VIE liabilities
$
3,843.7

 
$
3,740.2

Equity interests on the Consolidated Balance Sheet
$
54.4

 
$
54.2

Maximum risk of loss(1)
$
58.5

 
$
58.5


 
 
(1)
Includes equity investments the Company has made or is required to make and any earned but uncollected management/incentive fees. The Company does not record performance/incentive allocations until the respective measurement period has ended.
Equity Accounted Investees (Tables)
Summary of financial information for Affiliates and Funds accounted for under the equity method
The following tables present summarized financial information for Affiliates and Funds accounted for under the equity method (in millions):
 
 
For the year ended December 31,
Statements of Income
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Net revenues(1)
 
$
318.9

 
$
340.9

 
$
342.6

Operating income
 
94.1

 
98.4

 
114.8

Other income, net
 
197.4

 
161.9

 
97.8

Income before income taxes
 
291.5

 
260.3

 
212.6

Less income tax expense
 
5.5

 
8.2

 
5.9

Exclude: non-controlling interests income
 
247.6

 
213.7

 
177.6

Net income attributable to controlling interests
 
$
38.4

 
$
38.4

 
$
29.1

OMAM equity in net income of equity method investees
 
$
16.3

 
$
16.3

 
$
13.0

 
As of December 31,
Balance Sheets
2017
 
2016
Total assets
$
3.5

 
$
2,661.5

Total liabilities
1.6

 
1,105.9

Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries
0.3

 
1,477.9

Members’ equity
$
1.6

 
$
77.7

OMAM equity investment and undistributed earnings of affiliated companies, before consolidating and reconciling adjustments
$
1.6

 
$
55.9

Consolidating and reconciling adjustments:
 
 
 

Goodwill attributable to equity method investment

 
29.8

OMAM investment in equity method investees
$
1.6

 
$
85.7

 
 
(1)
Net revenues include advisory fees for asset management services and investment income, including interest and dividends from consolidated investment partnerships.
Fixed Assets and Lease Commitments (Tables)
Fixed assets consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Leasehold improvements
$
32.4

 
$
31.7

Office equipment
28.2

 
25.6

Furniture and fixtures
7.2

 
7.0

Building
2.9

 
2.9

Software and web development
38.7

 
28.6

Fixed assets, at cost
109.4

 
95.8

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(67.7
)
 
(56.0
)
Fixed assets, net
$
41.7

 
$
39.8

At December 31, 2017, the Company’s aggregate future minimum payments for operating leases having initial or non-cancelable lease terms greater than one year are (in millions):
 
Future
minimum
rentals
2018
$
11.8

2019
10.8

2020
10.5

2021
9.8

2022
5.1

Thereafter
4.7

Total
$
52.7

Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)
The following table presents the changes in goodwill in 2017 and 2016 (in millions):
 
Gross
Book Value
 
Accumulated
Impairment
 
Net Book
Value
December 31, 2015
$
160.4

 
$
(33.9
)
 
$
126.5

Additions
146.2

 

 
146.2

Impairments

 

 

Disposals

 

 

December 31, 2016
$
306.6

 
$
(33.9
)
 
$
272.7

Additions
1.9

 

 
1.9

Impairments

 

 

Disposals

 

 

December 31, 2017
$
308.5

 
$
(33.9
)
 
$
274.6

The additional goodwill recorded in 2016 relates to the acquisition of Landmark, which closed in August 2016. Certain measurement period adjustmen
The Company estimates that its consolidated annual amortization expense, assuming no useful life changes or additional investments in new or existing Affiliates, for each of the next five fiscal years is as follows (in millions):
2018
$
6.6

2019
6.6

2020
6.6

2021
6.6

2022
6.5

Thereafter
44.4

Total
$
77.3

Related Party Transactions (Tables)
Schedule of related party transactions
Amounts due from related parties were comprised of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017(1)
 
2016
Fees receivable from unconsolidated Funds
$
59.0

 
$
40.8

Fees receivable from OM plc business units

 
2.0

Other amounts due from related parties

 
2.8

Total amounts due from related parties
$
59.0

 
$
45.6

Amounts due to related parties were comprised of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017(1)
 
2016
Other amounts due to related parties
$

 
$
0.4

Other amounts due to OM plc(3)

 
97.0

Total current payables to related parties

 
97.4

Other amounts due to OM plc(3)

 
58.9

Total long-term payables to related parties

 
58.9

Total amounts due to related parties
$

 
$
156.3

Investments in related parties consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Investments in equity-accounted investees (Note 7)
1.6

 
85.7

Total related party investments
$
1.6

 
$
85.7

Related party transactions included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31 consisted of (in millions):
Revenues:
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Management fees collected from OM plc business units(1)
$
8.5

 
$
7.8

 
$
9.3

Management fees collected from unconsolidated Funds(2)
274.9

 
131.0

 
107.0

Performance fees collected from unconsolidated Funds(2)
0.1

 
4.2

 
1.9

Total related party revenues (including discontinued operations)
$
283.5

 
$
143.0

 
$
118.2

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
Rent and administrative costs recharged by OM plc business units(4)
0.2

 
1.0

 
1.7

Restricted stock grants of OM plc equity to OMAM employees (Note 18)

 
0.1

 
0.5

Recharged OM plc operational costs(5)
0.4

 
0.9

 
1.8

Total related party expenses (including discontinued operations)
$
0.6

 
$
2.0

 
$
4.0

 
 
(1)
OM plc was considered a related party through November 17, 2017, at which point OM plc sold all but a deminimus amount of the Company’s ordinary shares (see Note 1). Therefore, revenue and expenses reported in the table above reflect OM plc as a related party through November 17, 2017. OM plc was not considered a related party at December 31, 2017.
(2)
Transactions with unconsolidated Affiliate-sponsored Funds are considered related party items on the basis of the Company’s significant influence over the activities of such entities in its capacity as investment advisor thereto. These transactions are comprised of fees for advisory services and investments in unconsolidated “master” Funds held by consolidated “feeder” Funds.
(3)
During 2016, the Company and OM plc agreed to amend the Deferred Tax Asset Deed. Under the terms of the Deferred Tax Asset Deed, as amended, the Company agreed to make a payment of the net present value of the future tax benefits due to OM plc valued as of December 31, 2016. This payment, originally valued at $142.6 million, was to be made over three installments, on June 30, 2017, December 31, 2017 and June 30, 2018. The initial payment of $45.5 million was paid on June 30, 2017, however as a result of the Tax Act, no additional payments have been made pending the continued evaluation of the Tax Act’s impact on the value of the Deferred Tax Asset Deed. The reduction of the corporate tax rate and other provisions of the Tax Act resulted in a decrease to the Deferred Tax Asset Deed of approximately$51.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, however there remains a possibility for additional reductions pending continued evaluation of the Tax Act’s impact on the value of the Deferred Tax Asset Deed.
During 2014, the Company entered into a Seed Capital Management Agreement, a Co-investment Deed and a shareholder agreement with OM plc and/or OM plc’s subsidiaries. During 2016, the Company and OM plc agreed to amend the Seed Capital Management Agreement. As a result of the amendment, the Company purchased approximately $39.6 million of seed investments from OM plc in September 2016. The Company purchased the remaining seed capital investments covered by the Seed Capital Management Agreement valued at $63.4 million in July 2017, financed in part by borrowings under a non-recourse loan facility (see Note 13) and two promissory notes due and payable on March 31, 2018 in the amount of $4.5 million. Amounts owed to OM plc associated with the Co-investment Deed were $11.3 million at December 31, 2017, net of tax. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had recorded $2.0 million for redemptions and estimated taxes due under the Co-investment Deed. Amounts withheld in excess of the future tax liability will be payable to OM plc upon settlement.
(4)
The Company conducts a portion of its distribution activities out of Asia and the United Kingdom, and has entered into contractual arrangements with Related Business Units domiciled there to share their premises and leverage certain of their administrative functions. With respect to premises in Asia, such arrangements ended in the first half of 2016.
(5)
OM plc has historically provided the Company with various oversight services, including governance, which includes compensation for board and executive committees, investor relations, procurement of insurance coverage, human resources, financial reporting, internal audit, treasury, systems, risk and tax services. All of these services have been transitioned to the Company and therefore the cost charged by OM plc has decreased. That portion of the above costs which (i) were directly attributable to the Company, (ii) have been charged to the Company by OM plc and (iii) have been paid to OM plc by the Company, have been recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and were $0.4 million, $0.9 million, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses (Tables)
Schedule of accounts payable and accrued expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Accounts payable
5.2

 
5.1

Accrued expenses
39.9

 
29.8

Accrued interest payable
7.6

 
8.4

Other
2.2

 
2.5

Total accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
54.9

 
$
45.8

Other Compensation Liabilities (Tables)
Schedule of other compensation liabilities
Other compensation liabilities consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Share-based payments liability (Note 18)
$
188.8

 
$
53.7

Non-current compensation payable
0.1

 
0.1

Profit interests compensation liability (Note 2)
195.0

 
159.2

Voluntary deferral plan liability (Note 17)
95.1

 
78.0

Total other compensation liabilities
$
479.0

 
$
291.0

Borrowings and Debt (Tables)
The Company’s long-term bonds were comprised of the following as of the dates indicated (in millions):
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
(in millions)
Maturity amount
 
Discount and debt issuance costs
 
Carrying value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying value
 
Fair Value
Long-term bonds:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.80% Senior Notes Due 2026
$
275.0

 
$
(3.1
)
 
$
271.9

 
$
285.7

 
$
271.6

 
$
271.0

5.125% Senior Notes Due 2031
125.0

 
(4.1
)
 
120.9

 
124.6

 
120.7

 
107.9

Total long-term bonds
$
400.0

 
$
(7.2
)
 
$
392.8

 
$
410.3

 
$
392.3

 
$
378.9

As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate maturities of debt commitments, based on their contractual terms, are as follows:
 
 
Future minimum
debt commitments
2018
 
$

2019
 
33.5

2020
 

2021
 

2022
 

Thereafter
 
400.0

Total
 
$
433.5

Income Taxes (Tables)
The components of income tax expense from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Current:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
$
30.0

 
$
17.3

 
$
40.8

State
5.9

 
2.6

 
7.4

Foreign
3.6

 
1.4

 
1.3

Total current
39.5

 
21.3

 
49.5

Deferred:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
102.7

 
19.6

 
(4.5
)
State
(9.3
)
 
(0.2
)
 
(4.5
)
Foreign
(0.1
)
 
0.1

 
6.1

Total deferred
93.3

 
19.5

 
(2.9
)
Total tax expense
$
132.8

 
$
40.8

 
$
46.6

The reconciliation of the difference between the Company’s U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for continuing operations for the years ended December 31 is as follows:
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Tax at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
1.7
 %
 
3.0
 %
 
3.0
 %
Non-deductible expenses
0.2
 %
 
 %
 
 %
DTA Deed liability revaluation adjustment
(12.8
)%
 
 %
 
 %
Interest expense
(10.2
)%
 
(12.1
)%
 
(9.3
)%
Dividends from foreign subsidiaries
 %
 
 %
 
0.3
 %
Adjustment to liabilities for uncertain tax positions
(1.2
)%
 
0.9
 %
 
(0.4
)%
Change in valuation allowance
1.1
 %
 
(0.6
)%
 
(3.4
)%
Effect of foreign operations
(4.0
)%
 
(0.7
)%
 
(1.0
)%
Effect of changes in tax law
86.4
 %
 
 %
 
(0.5
)%
Effect of income from non-controlling interest
(1.3
)%
 
 %
 
 %
Other
(1.4
)%
 
(0.2
)%
 
(0.5
)%
Effective income tax rate for continuing operations
93.5
 %
 
25.3
 %
 
23.2
 %
The significant components of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Deferred tax assets:
 

 
 

Interest expense
$
80.9

 
$
150.5

Federal net operating loss
1.8

 
3.7

State net operating loss carry forwards
8.6

 
7.6

Investment in partnerships
140.3

 
140.1

Foreign tax credit carry forwards

 
9.1

Intangible assets
0.9

 
1.4

Employee compensation
8.9

 
16.5

Other
2.6

 
5.6

Cash flow hedge
5.1

 
5.9

Investments
0.1

 

Total deferred tax assets
249.2

 
340.4

Valuation allowance
(8.6
)
 
(5.5
)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
240.6

 
334.9

Deferred tax liabilities:
 

 
 

Investments

 
2.2

Net deferred tax asset
$
240.6

 
$
332.7

A reconciliation of the change in gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31 is as follows (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Balance as of January 1
$
91.3

 
$
93.5

 
$
93.9

Additions based on current year tax positions
0.9

 

 

Reductions related to lapses of statutes of limitations
(3.5
)
 
(2.2
)
 
(0.4
)
Balance as of December 31
$
88.7

 
$
91.3

 
$
93.5

Earnings Per Share (Tables)
Schedule of calculation of pro forma basic and diluted earnings per share
The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per ordinary share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (dollars in millions, except per share data):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Numerator:
 

 
 

 
 

Net income attributable to controlling interests          
$
4.2

 
$
126.4

 
$
155.5

Less: Total income available to participating unvested securities(1)
(0.2
)
 
(0.9
)
 
(0.6
)
Total net income attributable to ordinary shares
$
4.0

 
$
125.5

 
$
154.9

Denominator:
 

 
 

 
 

Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding—basic
110,708,598

 
119,236,370

 
120,000,000

Potential ordinary shares
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted stock units
672,544

 
283,743

 
497,997

Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding—diluted
111,381,142

 
119,520,113

 
120,497,997

Earnings per ordinary share attributable to controlling interests:
 

 
 

 
 

Basic
$
0.04

 
$
1.05

 
$
1.29

Diluted
$
0.04

 
$
1.05

 
$
1.29

 
 
(1)
Income available to participating unvested securities includes dividends paid on unvested restricted shares and their proportionate share of undistributed earnings.

Equity-based Compensation (Tables)
The following table presents the changes in the share-based payments liability for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Balance, beginning of period
$
53.7

 
$
38.5

 
$
42.3

Amortization and revaluation of granted awards
135.8

 
15.6

 
0.2

Reclassification to profit interests award

 

 
(2.8
)
Repurchases (cash settled)
(0.7
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(1.2
)
Balance, end of period
$
188.8

 
$
53.7

 
$
38.5

The following summarizes the grant date fair value of the instruments granted by the Company during the year ended December 31:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc awards
 
Shares granted
 
Weighted average fair value
 
Shares granted
 
Weighted average fair value
 
Shares granted
 
Weighted average fair value
RSAs
 
342,637

 
$
15.13

 
506,640

 
$
10.89

 
559,709

 
$
17.60

RSUs
 
51,779

 
14.45

 
54,556

 
11.25

 
47,055

 
17.65

Performance-based RSAs
 
175,586

 
10.26

 

 

 

 

Performance-based RSUs
 

 

 
189,335

 
10.92

 
451,657

 
24.65

Grants of restricted shares in OM Asset Management plc
The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted share awards:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc RSAs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 
1,375,201

 
$
13.77

 
1,566,647

 
$
15.28

 
1,212,766

 
$
14.00

Converted during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Granted during the year
 
342,637

 
15.13

 
506,640

 
10.89

 
559,709

 
17.60

Forfeited during the year
 
(802
)
 
17.65

 
(7,288
)
 
13.65

 
(2,128
)
 
17.65

Exercised during the year
 
(1,294,109
)
 
13.97

 
(680,573
)
 
15.10

 
(203,700
)
 
14.00

Other transfers
 

 

 
(10,225
)
 
14.00

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
422,927

 
$
14.26

 
1,375,201

 
$
13.77

 
1,566,647

 
$
15.28

The following table summarizes the activity related to performance-based restricted stock awards:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc
Performance-based RSAs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 

 
$

 

 
$

 

 
$

Granted during the year
 
175,586

 
10.26

 

 

 

 

Forfeited during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Other transfers
 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
175,586

 
$
10.26

 

 
$

 

 
$

The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc RSUs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 
85,923

 
$
13.59

 
47,055

 
$
17.65

 

 
$

Granted during the year
 
51,779

 
14.45

 
54,556

 
11.25

 
47,055

 
17.65

Forfeited during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
 
(61,479
)
 
12.93

 
(15,688
)
 
17.65

 

 

Other transfers
 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
76,223

 
$
14.70

 
85,923

 
$
13.59

 
47,055

 
$
17.65

The following table summarizes the activity related to performance-based restricted stock units:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
OM Asset Management plc Performance-based RSUs
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
Number of shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at beginning of the year
 
640,992

 
$
20.59

 
451,657

 
$
24.65

 

 

Granted during the year
 

 

 
189,335

 
10.92

 
451,657

 
24.65

Forfeited during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
 

 

 

 

 

 

Other transfers
 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at end of the year
 
640,992

 
$
20.59

 
640,992

 
$
20.59

 
451,657

 
$
24.65

The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted shares.
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
Number of
shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share GBP
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share USD
 
Number of
shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share GBP
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share USD
 
Number of
shares
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share GBP
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share USD
Outstanding at the beginning of the year
155,132

 
£
2.03

 
$
2.53

 
209,801

 
£
2.00

 
$
3.00

 
682,346

 
£
1.77

 
$
2.92

Granted during the year

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forfeited during the year

 

 

 
(8,885
)
 
2.03

 
2.53

 

 

 

Exercised during the year
(155,132
)
 
2.03

 
2.72

 
(113,559
)
 
1.98

 
2.47

 
(472,545
)
 
1.67

 
2.50

Other transfers

 
n/a

 
n/a

 
67,775

 
n/a

 
n/a

 

 
0

 

Outstanding at the end of the year

 
£

 
$

 
155,132

 
£
2.03

 
$
2.53

 
209,801

 
£
2.00

 
$
3.00

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)
Schedule of components of accumulated other comprehensive income including proportions attributable to non-controlling interests
The following tables show the tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (in millions):
 
For the year ended December 31, 2017
 
Pre-Tax
 
Tax Benefit (Expense)
 
Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation
$
2.9

 
$

 
$
2.9

Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative securities
2.6

 
(0.8
)
 
1.8

Other Comprehensive income (loss)
$
5.5

 
$
(0.8
)
 
$
4.7


 
For the year ended December 31, 2016
 
Pre-Tax
 
Tax Benefit (Expense)
 
Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation adjustment
$
(3.2
)
 
$

 
$
(3.2
)
Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative securities
(24.6
)
 
4.3

 
(20.3
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(27.8
)
 
$
4.3

 
$
(23.5
)
 
For the year ended December 31, 2015
 
Pre-Tax
 
Tax Benefit (Expense)
 
Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation adjustment
$
(1.5
)
 
$

 
$
(1.5
)
Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative securities
(8.2
)
 
1.6

 
(6.6
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(9.7
)
 
$
1.6

 
$
(8.1
)
The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in millions) including proportions attributable to non-controlling interests:
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
 
Valuation of derivative securities
 
Total
Balance, as of December 31, 2015
 
$
3.8

 
$
(6.6
)
 
$
(2.8
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(3.2
)
 
(20.3
)
 
(23.5
)
Balance, as of December 31, 2016
 
$
0.6

 
(26.9
)
 
$
(26.3
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
2.9

 
1.8

 
4.7

Balance, as of December 31, 2017
 
$
3.5

 
$
(25.1
)
 
$
(21.6
)
Discontinued Operations and Restructuring (Tables)
Schedule of gain (loss) from discontinued operations
Liabilities associated with discontinued operations and restructuring included in other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized as follows as of December 31 (in millions):
 
2017
 
2016
Beginning balance at January 1
$
1.1

 
$
4.1

Abandoned lease liability principal payments
(0.8
)
 
(1.1
)
Adjustment to sub-lease arrangement on abandoned lease
0.1

 
0.2

Drawdowns on committed funding

 
(2.1
)
Ending balance at December 31
$
0.4

 
$
1.1

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) (Tables)
Summary of the quarterly results of operations
The following is a summary of the quarterly results of operations of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions, unless otherwise noted):
 
2017
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenue
$
196.2

 
$
218.8

 
$
223.2

 
$
249.2

Operating income
23.5

 
12.9

 
8.3

 
26.3

Income from continuing operations before income taxes
28.0

 
14.6

 
14.8

 
84.6

Net income (loss)
22.3

 
13.6

 
19.9

 
(46.7
)
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interests
21.4

 
12.9

 
18.7

 
(48.8
)
Basic earnings (loss) per share ($)
$
0.19

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.17

 
$
(0.45
)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share ($)
$
0.19

 
$
0.11

 
$
0.17

 
$
(0.45
)
Basic shares outstanding (in millions)
113.5

 
111.3

 
109.0

 
109.0

Diluted shares outstanding (in millions)
114.4

 
111.8

 
109.7

 
109.0
(1)
 
2016
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenue
$
149.6

 
$
156.5

 
$
170.8

 
$
186.6

Operating income
41.0

 
44.0

 
40.2

 
30.4

Income from continuing operations before income taxes
44.0

 
48.0

 
41.7

 
27.1

Net income
30.8

 
36.3

 
34.0

 
25.1

Net income attributable to controlling interests
30.8

 
36.3

 
34.0

 
25.3

Basic earnings per share ($)
$
0.26

 
$
0.30

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.21

Diluted earnings per share ($)
$
0.26

 
$
0.30

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.21

Basic shares outstanding (in millions)
120.0

 
119.4

 
119.3

 
118.2

Diluted shares outstanding (in millions)
120.0

 
119.6

 
119.7

 
118.8

 
 
(1)
During periods of net loss, diluted shares are the same as basic shares.

Organization and Description of the Business (Details) (USD $)
0 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 0 Months Ended
May 19, 2017
Dec. 16, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
segment
Dec. 31, 2016
Feb. 3, 2016
May 19, 2017
Weighted Average
Dec. 31, 2016
Weighted Average
Dec. 16, 2016
Weighted Average
Dec. 31, 2017
Geographic Concentration Risk
Sales Revenue, Net
United States
Dec. 31, 2016
Geographic Concentration Risk
Sales Revenue, Net
United States
Dec. 31, 2015
Geographic Concentration Risk
Sales Revenue, Net
United States
Mar. 25, 2017
Parent Company
Organization and description of the business
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent of interest sold
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24.95% 
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount
 
 
 
 
$ 150,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stock repurchased and retired during period (in shares)
5,000,000 
6,000,000 
 
921,740 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average price per share (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
 
$ 14.55 
$ 13.22 
$ 14.25 
 
 
 
 
Number of operating segments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue attributable to external customers
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100.00% 
100.00% 
100.00% 
 
Organization and Description of the Business - Schedule of Equity Share Transactions (Details)
0 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Nov. 17, 2017
Nov. 10, 2017
May 19, 2017
May 12, 2017
Dec. 16, 2016
Jun. 22, 2015
Oct. 15, 2014
Dec. 31, 2016
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)
6,039,630 
 
19,895,000 
 
14,950,000 
15,295,000 
24,231,375 
 
Stock repurchased and retired during period (in shares)
 
 
5,000,000 
 
6,000,000 
 
 
921,740 
Sale of stock number of shares issued (in shares)
 
15,960,553 
 
11,414,676 
 
 
 
 
Overallotment option
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of ordinary shares (in shares)
 
 
2,595,000 
 
1,950,000 
1,995,000 
2,231,375 
 
HNA Capital US
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent ownership after sale of stock transaction
24.95% 
24.95% 
0.00% 
9.95% 
0.00% 
0.00% 
0.00% 
 
Stock repurchased and retied during period, percent ownership after transaction
 
 
10.40% 
 
0.00% 
 
 
 
Parent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent ownership after sale of stock transaction
0.00% 
5.50% 
0.00% 
40.90% 
0.00% 
65.80% 
78.80% 
 
Stock repurchased and retied during period, percent ownership after transaction
 
 
20.10% 
 
51.10% 
 
 
 
Sale of stock number of shares issued (in shares)
1,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
affiliate
item
segment
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Minimum vesting period of long term profit-interest plan
3 years 
 
 
Maximum vesting period of long term profit-interest plan
5 years 
 
 
Period of earnings on which multiple for redemption of long term profit-interest compensation awards is based
12 months 
 
 
Number of operating segments
 
 
Number of reporting units
 
 
Number of consolidated affiliates represented as reporting units
 
 
Related party expenses
$ 0.6 
$ 2.0 
$ 4.0 
Furniture and Fixtures |
Minimum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Property and equipment useful life
3 years 
 
 
Furniture and Fixtures |
Maximum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Property and equipment useful life
5 years 
 
 
Office equipment |
Minimum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Property and equipment useful life
3 years 
 
 
Office equipment |
Maximum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Property and equipment useful life
5 years 
 
 
Software and web development |
Maximum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Property and equipment useful life
3 years 
 
 
Building |
Maximum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Property and equipment useful life
39 years 
 
 
Client relationships |
Minimum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Useful life
5 years 
 
 
Client relationships |
Maximum
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Useful life
16 years 
 
 
Old Mutual plc |
Recharged operational costs directly attributable to Company
 
 
 
Property and equipment
 
 
 
Related party expenses
$ 0.4 
$ 0.9 
$ 1.8 
Acquisitions - Narrative (Details) (USD $)
0 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 0 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2017
Senior notes
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
Jul. 31, 2016
Senior notes
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
Dec. 31, 2017
Senior notes
5.125% Senior Notes Due 2031
Jul. 31, 2016
Senior notes
5.125% Senior Notes Due 2031
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Dec. 31, 2017
Landmark
Dec. 31, 2016
Landmark
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Contractual Rights
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Senior notes
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Senior notes
5.125% Senior Notes Due 2031
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest acquired
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
60.00% 
 
 
 
Total consideration
 
 
 
 
 
$ 242,700,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Potential additional payments (up to)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
225,000,000 
 
 
 
Retained ownership percentage by Landmark
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40.00% 
 
 
 
Maturity amount
400,000,000 
275,000,000 
275,000,000 
125,000,000 
125,000,000.0 
 
 
 
 
 
275,000,000.0 
125,000,000 
Interest rate (as a percent)
 
4.80% 
4.80% 
5.125% 
5.125% 
 
 
 
 
 
4.80% 
5.125% 
Provisional accounting adjustment to consideration transfered
 
 
 
 
 
 
300,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Provisional accounting adjustment, decrease to net assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,600,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill purchase accounting adjustment
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,900,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquired infinite-lived intangible asset, useful life
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13 years 4 months 24 days 
 
 
Expected tax deductible, period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 years 
 
 
Costs incurred
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,100,000 
 
 
 
 
Landmark revenue reported in consolidated financial results
 
 
 
 
 
 
131,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss reported in consolidated financial results
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ (54,700,000)
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions - Acquisition Date Purchase Price Allocation (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
0 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Purchase price
 
 
 
 
 
Cash
 
 
 
$ 239.2 
 
Seller’s expenses
 
 
 
3.5 
 
Total consideration
 
 
 
242.7 
 
Identifiable assets and liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Cash
 
 
 
 
23.4 
Receivables
 
 
 
 
8.5 
Indefinite-life trade name
 
 
 
 
1.0 
Amortizable intangible asset management contracts
 
 
 
 
85.0 
Fixed assets
 
 
 
 
5.1 
Other current assets (liabilities), net
 
 
 
 
(26.7)
Assets (liabilities), net
 
 
 
 
(1.7)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities
 
 
 
 
94.6 
Goodwill
$ 274.6 
$ 272.7 
$ 126.5 
 
$ 148.1 
Acquisitions - Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information (Details) (Landmark, USD $)
In Millions, except Per Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Landmark
 
 
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
 
 
Revenues
$ 713.5 
$ 780.1 
Total operating expenses
594.7 
651.9 
Income from continuing operations before taxes
109.2 
114.8 
Net income attributable to OMAM
$ 91.7 
$ 97.6 
Net income per share attributable to OMAM shareholder:
 
 
Basic (in dollars per share)
$ 0.77 
$ 0.81 
Diluted (in dollars per share)
$ 0.77 
$ 0.81 
Investment (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
1 Months Ended 1 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Jul. 31, 2017
Parent Company
Sep. 30, 2016
Parent Company
Jan. 31, 2017
Timber and Timberlands
Affiliate
Dec. 31, 2016
Timber and Timberlands
Affiliate
Aug. 31, 2017
Heitman LLC
Dec. 31, 2017
Heitman LLC
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments in products held at fair value attributable to controlling interests
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments in products held at fair value attributable to controlling interests
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments in products held at fair value attributable to controlling interests
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments by consolidated funds in related, unconsolidated master funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments by consolidated funds in related, unconsolidated master funds
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments by consolidated funds in related, unconsolidated master funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Other investments held at fair value
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Other investments held at fair value
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Other investments held at fair value
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans held at fair value
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments related to long-term incentive compensation plans held at fair value
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Held for sale investments
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Held for sale investments
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Held for sale investments
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments in equity - accounted affiliates
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments in equity - accounted affiliates
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Investments in equity - accounted affiliates
Investment Components
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments, at fair value
$ 319.3 
$ 161.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 136.7 
$ 35.5 
$ 182.6 
$ 126.1 
 
 
 
 
$ 0 
$ 30.5 
 
$ 87.4 
$ 17.5 
 
$ 95.2 
$ 78.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity-accounted investments in Affiliates
1.6 
55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments in Affiliates carried at cost
53.8 
 
 
 
 
 
53.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments
6.4 
52.0 
 
 
 
50.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments
381.1 
268.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
244.4 
233.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on sale of investments
 
 
 
 
1.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Payments to acquire seed investments
 
 
63.4 
39.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from sale of equity method investment
 
 
 
 
 
 
110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 27.4 
$ 17.2 
$ 13.0 
$ 12.9 
$ 2.1 
$ 0.3 
$ 1.8 
$ 1.2 
$ 0.3 
$ 9.4 
$ 0.8 
$ 0 
 
 
$ 1.7 
$ 0.1 
$ 0 
$ 14.5 
$ 15.1 
$ 12.7 
Fair Value Measurements - Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 1 Months Ended 1 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2016
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2017
Recurring
Quoted prices in active markets (Level I)
Dec. 31, 2016
Recurring
Quoted prices in active markets (Level I)
Dec. 31, 2017
Recurring
Significant other observable inputs (Level II)
Dec. 31, 2016
Recurring
Significant other observable inputs (Level II)
Dec. 31, 2017
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Dec. 31, 2016
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Quoted prices in active markets (Level I)
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Quoted prices in active markets (Level I)
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant other observable inputs (Level II)
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant other observable inputs (Level II)
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Quoted prices in active markets (Level I)
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Quoted prices in active markets (Level I)
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant other observable inputs (Level II)
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant other observable inputs (Level II)
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Dec. 31, 2017
Other Investments
Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2017
Real Estate Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2016
Real Estate Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2017
Real Estate Funds
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2016
Real Estate Funds
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Dec. 31, 2017
Real Estate Funds
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Minimum
Dec. 31, 2017
Real Estate Funds
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Recurring
Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)
Maximum
Jan. 31, 2018
Heitman LLC
Affiliate
Subsequent Event
Jan. 31, 2017
Timber and Timberlands
Affiliate
Dec. 31, 2016
Timber and Timberlands
Affiliate
Jan. 31, 2018
Timber and Timberlands
Affiliate
Subsequent Event
Assets of OMAM and consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common and preferred stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 83.8 
$ 35.1 
$ 83.8 
$ 35.1 
$ 0 
$ 0 
$ 0 
$ 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term investment funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments
6.4 
52.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
51.9 
 
0.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.1 
50.1 
Derivative Asset
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.5 
 
0.3 
 
0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
46.1 
7.5 
46.1 
7.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
95.2 
78.1 
95.2 
78.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Uncategorized
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
51.5 
92.8 
40.5 
41.3 
40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments, at fair value
319.3 
161.6 
319.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
182.6 
126.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
136.7 
35.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
41.3 
40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total fair value assets
 
 
 
161.6 
226.3 
121.1 
0.2 
 
 
182.6 
126.1 
141.3 
85.6 
 
 
136.7 
35.5 
85.0 
35.5 
0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities of consolidated Funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(7.2)
(5.0)
(7.2)
(5.0)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(0.1)
 
 
(0.1)
 
 
 
(0.7)
 
(0.5)
 
(0.2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total fair value liabilities
 
 
(7.9)
(5.1)
(7.7)
(5.0)
(0.2)
(0.1)
 
 
 
(0.1)
 
 
(0.1)
 
 
 
(7.9)
(5.0)
(7.7)
(5.0)
(0.2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment, fair value disclosure, percentage of investment held in cash
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.00% 
28.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment, fair value disclosure, percentage of investment held in equity securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
99.00% 
72.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments in unconsolidated funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
41.3 
40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Term over which the underlying assets are expected to be liquidated by the investees
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 year 
8 years 
 
 
 
 
Cost method and other investments
60.2 
52.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on sale of investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 50.0 
$ 1.7 
 
$ 1.7 
Variable Interest Entities (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Assets
 
 
Investments, at fair value
$ 319.3 
$ 161.6 
Consolidated VIEs
 
 
Assets
 
 
Investments, at fair value
106.7 
14.9 
Other assets of consolidated Funds
16.8 
0.6 
Total Assets
123.5 
15.5 
Liabilities
 
 
Other liabilities of consolidated Funds
3.3 
0.7 
Total Liabilities
3.3 
0.7 
Unconsolidated VIEs
 
 
Unconsolidated VIE [Abstract]
 
 
Unconsolidated VIE assets
6,001.1 
6,006.3 
Unconsolidated VIE liabilities
3,843.7 
3,740.2 
Equity interests on the Consolidated Balance Sheet
54.4 
54.2 
Maximum risk of loss
$ 58.5 
$ 58.5 
Equity Accounted Investees (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Statement of Income
 
 
 
Net revenues
$ 318.9 
$ 340.9 
$ 342.6 
Operating income
94.1 
98.4 
114.8 
Other income, net
197.4 
161.9 
97.8 
Income before income taxes
291.5 
260.3 
212.6 
Less income tax expense
5.5 
8.2 
5.9 
Exclude: non-controlling interests income
247.6 
213.7 
177.6 
Net income attributable to controlling interests
38.4 
38.4 
29.1 
OMAM equity in net income of equity method investees
16.3 
16.3 
13.0 
Balance Sheets
 
 
 
Total assets
3.5 
2,661.5 
 
Total liabilities
1.6 
1,105.9 
 
Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries
0.3 
1,477.9 
 
Members’ equity
1.6 
77.7 
 
OMAM equity investment and undistributed earnings of affiliated companies, before consolidating and reconciling adjustments
1.6 
55.9 
 
Consolidating and reconciling adjustments:
 
 
 
Goodwill attributable to equity method investment
29.8 
 
OMAM investment in equity method investees
$ 1.6 
$ 85.7 
 
Fixed Assets and Lease Commitments (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Building
 
 
 
Gross minimum rentals
 
 
 
2018
$ 11.8 
 
 
2019
10.8 
 
 
2020
10.5 
 
 
2021
9.8 
 
 
2022
5.1 
 
 
Thereafter
4.7 
 
 
Total
52.7 
 
 
Consolidated rent and occupancy expenses
12.0 
11.6 
10.9 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Fixed assets, at cost
109.4 
95.8 
 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(67.7)
(56.0)
 
Fixed assets, net
41.7 
39.8 
 
Depreciation and amortization
11.7 
9.4 
6.9 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds |
Leasehold improvements
 
 
 
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Fixed assets, at cost
32.4 
31.7 
 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds |
Office equipment
 
 
 
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Fixed assets, at cost
28.2 
25.6 
 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds |
Furniture and fixtures
 
 
 
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Fixed assets, at cost
7.2 
7.0 
 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds |
Building
 
 
 
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Fixed assets, at cost
2.9 
2.9 
 
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds |
Software and web development
 
 
 
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Fixed assets, at cost
$ 38.7 
$ 28.6 
 
Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
Landmark
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Gross Book Value
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$ 306.6 
$ 160.4 
 
 
Additions
1.9 
146.2 
1.9 
 
Impairments
 
 
Disposals
 
 
Ending balance
308.5 
306.6 
 
 
Accumulated Impairment
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
(33.9)
(33.9)
 
 
Disposals
 
 
Ending balance
(33.9)
(33.9)
 
 
Net Book Value
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
272.7 
126.5 
 
148.1 
Additions
1.9 
146.2 
1.9 
 
Disposals
 
 
Ending balance
274.6 
272.7 
 
148.1 
Goodwill purchase accounting adjustment
 
 
$ 1.9 
 
Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Change in Acquired Intangible Assets (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Accumulated Amortization & Impairment
 
 
 
Amortization
$ (6.6)
$ (2.6)
 
Net Book Value
 
 
 
Amortization
(6.6)
(2.6)
 
Ending balance
77.3 
 
 
Amortization of acquired intangibles
6.6 
2.6 
0.1 
Estimated annual amortization expense for each of next five fiscal years
 
 
 
2018
6.6 
 
 
2019
6.6 
 
 
2020
6.6 
 
 
2021
6.6 
 
 
2022
6.5 
 
 
Thereafter
44.4 
 
 
Total
77.3 
 
 
Client relationships
 
 
 
Gross Book Value
 
 
 
Beginning Balance
108.3 
23.3 
 
Additions
85.0 
 
Amortization
 
Disposals
 
Ending Balance
108.3 
108.3 
 
Accumulated Amortization & Impairment
 
 
 
Beginning Balance
(24.4)
(21.8)
 
Amortization
(6.6)
(2.6)
 
Disposals
 
Ending Balance
(31.0)
(24.4)
 
Net Book Value
 
 
 
Beginning balance
83.9 
1.5 
 
Amortization
(6.6)
(2.6)
 
Disposals
 
Ending balance
77.3 
83.9 
 
Estimated annual amortization expense for each of next five fiscal years
 
 
 
Total
77.3 
83.9 
 
Client relationships |
Minimum
 
 
 
Net Book Value
 
 
 
Useful life
5 years 
 
 
Client relationships |
Maximum
 
 
 
Net Book Value
 
 
 
Useful life
12 years 
 
 
Trade name
 
 
 
Gross Book Value
 
 
 
Additions
$ 1.0 
$ 1.0 
 
Related Party Transactions (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended 0 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
installment
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Jun. 30, 2017
Parent Company
Dec. 31, 2016
Parent Company
Dec. 31, 2017
Parent Company
Jul. 31, 2017
Parent Company
Dec. 31, 2017
Other related parties
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Other related parties
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Old Mutual plc
Restricted stock grants of parent equity
Dec. 31, 2016
Old Mutual plc
Restricted stock grants of parent equity
Dec. 31, 2015
Old Mutual plc
Restricted stock grants of parent equity
Dec. 31, 2017
Old Mutual plc
Recharged operational costs
Dec. 31, 2016
Old Mutual plc
Recharged operational costs
Dec. 31, 2015
Old Mutual plc
Recharged operational costs
Dec. 31, 2017
Old Mutual plc
Recharged operational costs directly attributable to Company
Dec. 31, 2016
Old Mutual plc
Recharged operational costs directly attributable to Company
Dec. 31, 2015
Old Mutual plc
Recharged operational costs directly attributable to Company
Dec. 31, 2017
Old Mutual plc
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Old Mutual plc
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Dec. 31, 2016
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Dec. 31, 2017
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Management fees
Dec. 31, 2016
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Management fees
Dec. 31, 2015
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Management fees
Dec. 31, 2017
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Rent and administrative costs recharged
Dec. 31, 2016
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Rent and administrative costs recharged
Dec. 31, 2015
Commonly controlled Old Mutual plc business units
Rent and administrative costs recharged
Dec. 31, 2017
Unconsolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Unconsolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2017
Unconsolidated Funds
Management fees
Dec. 31, 2016
Unconsolidated Funds
Management fees
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Funds
Management fees
Dec. 31, 2017
Unconsolidated Funds
Performance fees collected (performance penalties paid)
Dec. 31, 2016
Unconsolidated Funds
Performance fees collected (performance penalties paid)
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Funds
Performance fees collected (performance penalties paid)
Dec. 31, 2017
Equity- accounted investees
Dec. 31, 2016
Equity- accounted investees
Dec. 31, 2017
Joint venture partners and other
Dec. 31, 2016
Joint venture partners and other
Amounts due from related parties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fees receivable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0 
$ 2.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 59.0 
$ 40.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other amounts due from related parties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.8 
Total amounts due from related parties
59.0 
45.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts due to related parties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other current amounts due to related parties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
97.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total current payables to related parties
97.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other amounts due to Parent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
58.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total long-term payables to related parties
58.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total amounts due to related parties
156.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total related party investments
1.6 
85.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.6 
85.7 
 
 
Related party revenues (included discontinued operations)
283.5 
143.0 
118.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8.5 
7.8 
9.3 
 
 
 
 
 
274.9 
131.0 
107.0 
0.1 
4.2 
1.9 
 
 
 
 
Related party expenses (including discontinued operations)
0.6 
2.0 
4.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.1 
0.5 
0.4 
0.9 
1.8 
0.4 
0.9 
1.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.2 
1.0 
1.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total estimated payment of future realizable benefits
 
 
 
 
45.5 
142.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of payment installments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase in Deferred Tax Deed as result of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
 
 
 
51.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Seed Investment Capital
 
 
 
 
 
39.6 
 
63.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Related party notes payable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments assigned to former parent, liability
 
 
 
 
 
 
11.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due to related party taxes withheld
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 2.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses (Details) (Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds, USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
Accounts Payable And Accrued Expenses [Line Items]
 
 
Accounts payable
$ 5.2 
$ 5.1 
Accrued expenses
39.9 
29.8 
Accrued interest payable
7.6 
8.4 
Other
2.2 
2.5 
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses
$ 54.9 
$ 45.8 
Other Compensation Liabilities (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
 
 
 
Share-based payments liability
$ 188.8 
$ 53.7 
 
Non-current compensation payable
0.1 
0.1 
 
Profit interests compensation liability
195.0 
159.2 
 
Voluntary deferral plan liability
95.1 
78.0 
 
Total other compensation liabilities
479.0 
291.0 
 
Profit interests compensation expense including discontinued operations
41.5 
16.2 
31.4 
Issuances of additional profit sharing interests for cash
0.4 
0.2 
Redemption of profit sharing interests for cash
5.7 
12.7 
2.9 
Landmark
 
 
 
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
 
 
 
Share-based compensation liability including contingent consideration
$ 146.8 
$ 26.0 
 
Borrowings and Debt - Narrative (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended 0 Months Ended 0 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 1 Months Ended 6 Months Ended 1 Months Ended 1 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2017
Revolving credit facility
Dec. 31, 2017
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2016
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
Minimum
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
Maximum
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
Prime Rate
Minimum
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
Prime Rate
Maximum
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
Federal Funds Effective Swap Rate
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
One Month Adjusted London Interbank Offered Rate LIBOR
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
One, two, three or six months rate LIBOR
Minimum
Oct. 15, 2014
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
Revolving credit facility
One, two, three or six months rate LIBOR
Maximum
Jul. 17, 2017
Non-recourse Seed Capital Facility
Credit Facility
Dec. 31, 2017
Non-recourse Seed Capital Facility
Credit Facility
Jul. 17, 2017
Non-recourse Seed Capital Facility
Credit Facility
Jul. 17, 2017
Non-recourse Seed Capital Facility
Credit Facility
LIBOR
Dec. 31, 2016
Credit Facility
Revolving credit facility
Dec. 31, 2017
Credit Facility
Revolving credit facility
Dec. 31, 2016
Credit Facility
Revolving credit facility
Minimum
Jul. 31, 2016
Credit Facility
Revolving credit facility
LIBOR
Jun. 30, 2016
Credit Facility
Revolving credit facility
LIBOR
Jul. 31, 2016
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
Senior notes
Dec. 31, 2017
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
Senior notes
Dec. 31, 2016
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
Senior notes
Jul. 31, 2016
Senior Notes, 5.125%, due 2031
Senior notes
Dec. 31, 2017
Senior Notes, 5.125%, due 2031
Senior notes
Dec. 31, 2016
Senior Notes, 5.125%, due 2031
Senior notes
Jul. 31, 2017
Parent Company
Sep. 30, 2016
Parent Company
Borrowings and debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Maximum borrowing capacity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 350,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 65,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable rate margin (as a percent)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.50% 
1.00% 
1.25% 
2.00% 
 
 
 
1.55% 
 
 
 
1.50% 
1.25% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable rate additional margin (as a percent)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.25% 
1.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Undrawn amounts fee (as a percent)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.20% 
0.50% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.95% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.25% 
0.20% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ratio of third-party borrowings to trailing twelve months Adjusted EBITDA
 
 
 
1.4 
 
 
 
 
 
3.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest coverage ratio
 
 
 
11.5 
 
 
 
 
4.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long term debt
392,800,000 
392,300,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
33,500,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
271,900,000 
271,600,000 
 
120,900,000 
120,700,000 
 
 
Debt instrument, unused borrowing capacity, amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
350,000,000 
350,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Payments to acquire seed investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
63,400,000 
39,600,000 
Maximum borrowing capacity as percent of seed capital
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Maturity amount
400,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
275,000,000 
275,000,000 
 
125,000,000.0 
125,000,000 
 
 
 
Interest rate (as a percent)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.80% 
4.80% 
 
5.125% 
5.125% 
 
 
 
Debt instrument, unamortized discount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(500,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt issuance costs
(7,200,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(3,000,000)
(3,100,000)
 
(4,300,000)
(4,100,000)
 
 
 
Term of loan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10 years 
 
 
15 years 
 
 
 
 
Debt instrument, redemption price, percentage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100.00% 
 
 
100.00% 
 
 
 
 
debt instrument, redemption price, percentage of accrued or unpaid interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.50% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense
$ 24,500,000 
$ 11,300,000 
$ 3,100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average interest rate
 
 
 
 
6.02% 
5.16% 
1.40% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Borrowings and Debt - Schedule of Long-Term Debt (Details) (USD $)
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Jul. 31, 2016
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
 
 
 
Maturity amount
$ 400,000,000 
 
 
Discount and debt issuance costs
(7,200,000)
 
 
Carrying value
392,800,000 
392,300,000 
 
Fair Value
410,300,000 
378,900,000 
 
Senior notes |
Senior Notes, 4.80%, due 2026
 
 
 
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
 
 
 
Maturity amount
275,000,000 
 
275,000,000 
Discount and debt issuance costs
(3,100,000)
 
(3,000,000)
Carrying value
271,900,000 
271,600,000 
 
Fair Value
285,700,000 
271,000,000 
 
Interest rate (as a percent)
4.80% 
 
4.80% 
Senior notes |
Senior Notes, 5.125%, due 2031
 
 
 
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
 
 
 
Maturity amount
125,000,000 
 
125,000,000.0 
Discount and debt issuance costs
(4,100,000)
 
(4,300,000)
Carrying value
120,900,000 
120,700,000 
 
Fair Value
$ 124,600,000 
$ 107,900,000 
 
Interest rate (as a percent)
5.125% 
 
5.125% 
Borrowings and Debt - Maturities of Debt Commitments (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2017
Aggregate maturities
 
2018
$ 0 
2019
33.5 
2020
2021
2022
Thereafter
400.0 
Total
$ 433.5 
Income Taxes (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Current:
 
 
 
Federal
$ 30.0 
$ 17.3 
$ 40.8 
State
5.9 
2.6 
7.4 
Foreign
3.6 
1.4 
1.3 
Total current
39.5 
21.3 
49.5 
Deferred:
 
 
 
Federal
102.7 
19.6 
(4.5)
State
(9.3)
(0.2)
(4.5)
Foreign
(0.1)
0.1 
6.1 
Total deferred
93.3 
19.5 
(2.9)
Total tax expense
132.8 
40.8 
46.6 
Income tax expense (benefits) from discontinued operations
 
 
 
Income tax expense (benefit) on gain (loss) disposal of discontinued operations
(0.1)
4.0 
0.5 
Net operating loss carryforwards utilized
$ 1.2 
$ 4.7 
$ 4.0 
Income Taxes - Federal Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Reconciliation of the difference between the Company's U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and effective income tax rate for continuing operations
 
 
 
Tax at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
35.00% 
35.00% 
35.00% 
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
1.70% 
3.00% 
3.00% 
Non-deductible expenses
0.20% 
0.00% 
0.00% 
DTA Deed liability revaluation adjustment
(12.80%)
0.00% 
0.00% 
Interest expense
(10.20%)
(12.10%)
(9.30%)
Dividends from foreign subsidiaries
0.00% 
0.00% 
0.30% 
Adjustment to liabilities for uncertain tax positions
(1.20%)
0.90% 
(0.40%)
Change in valuation allowance
1.10% 
(0.60%)
(3.40%)
Effect of foreign operations
(4.00%)
(0.70%)
(1.00%)
Effect of changes in tax law
86.40% 
0.00% 
(0.50%)
Effect of income from non-controlling interest
(1.30%)
0.00% 
0.00% 
Other
(1.40%)
(0.20%)
(0.50%)
Effective income tax rate for continuing operations
93.50% 
25.30% 
23.20% 
Income tax expense
$ 132.8 
$ 40.8 
$ 46.6 
Income tax expense as result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
122.7 
 
 
Reduction of Deferred Tax Asset Deeds as result of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
51.8 
 
 
Toll tax liability as result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
1.5 
 
 
State Net Operating Loss Carrforwards
 
 
 
Reconciliation of the difference between the Company's U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and effective income tax rate for continuing operations
 
 
 
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance
3.1 
(0.9)
(2.0)
Foreign Tax Credit Carryforwards
 
 
 
Reconciliation of the difference between the Company's U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and effective income tax rate for continuing operations
 
 
 
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance
 
 
(4.5)
UNITED KINGDOM |
Foreign
 
 
 
Reconciliation of the difference between the Company's U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and effective income tax rate for continuing operations
 
 
 
Income tax expense
$ 2.7 
 
 
Income Taxes - Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities and Additional Information (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Interest expense
$ 80.9 
$ 150.5 
 
Federal net operating loss
1.8 
3.7 
 
State net operating loss carry forwards
8.6 
7.6 
 
Investment in partnerships
140.3 
140.1 
 
Foreign tax credit carry forwards
9.1 
 
Intangible assets
0.9 
1.4 
 
Employee compensation
8.9 
16.5 
 
Other
2.6 
5.6 
 
Cash flow hedge
5.1 
5.9 
 
Investments
0.1 
 
Total deferred tax assets
249.2 
340.4 
 
Valuation allowance
(8.6)
(5.5)
 
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
240.6 
334.9 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Investments
2.2 
 
Net deferred tax asset
240.6 
332.7 
 
Write down of deferred tax due to revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as result of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
121.0 
Federal
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Operating loss carryforwards
8.5 
 
 
Federal |
Minimum
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Expiration period of operating loss carryforwards
7 years 
 
 
Federal |
Maximum
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Expiration period of operating loss carryforwards
9 years 
 
 
State
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Operating loss carryforwards
$ 160.8 
 
 
State |
Minimum
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Expiration period of operating loss carryforwards
4 years 
 
 
State |
Maximum
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Expiration period of operating loss carryforwards
12 years 
 
 
Income Taxes - Reconciliation of the Change in Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits and Additional Information (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Reconciliation of the change in gross unrecognized tax benefits
 
 
 
Balance as of January 1
$ 91.3 
$ 93.5 
$ 93.9 
Additions based on current year tax positions
0.9 
Reductions related to lapses of statutes of limitations
(3.5)
(2.2)
(0.4)
Balance as of December 31
88.7 
91.3 
93.5 
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate if recognized
96.9 
96.4 
 
Interest and penalties recognized in income tax provision
2.5 
3.6 
1.4 
Accrued interest and penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits
8.6 
6.1 
2.8 
Amount of decrease to unrecognized tax benefits reasonably possible within next 12 months
$ 46.0 
 
 
Commitments and Contingencies (Details) (Maximum, USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2017
Maximum
 
Operational commitments
 
Commitments to invest with an Affiliate
$ 60 
Earnings Per Share (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Sep. 30, 2017
Jun. 30, 2017
Mar. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Sep. 30, 2016
Jun. 30, 2016
Mar. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to controlling interests
$ (46.7)
$ 19.9 
$ 13.6 
$ 22.3 
$ 25.1 
$ 34.0 
$ 36.3 
$ 30.8 
$ 4.2 
$ 126.4 
$ 155.5 
Less: Total income available to participating unvested securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(0.2)
(0.9)
(0.6)
Total net income attributable to ordinary shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 4.0 
$ 125.5 
$ 154.9 
Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding—basic (in shares)
109,000,000 
109,000,000 
111,300,000 
113,500,000 
118,200,000 
119,300,000 
119,400,000 
120,000,000 
110,708,598 
119,236,370 
120,000,000 
Restricted stock units (in shares)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
672,544 
283,743 
497,997 
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding—diluted (in shares)
109,000,000 
109,700,000 
111,800,000 
114,400,000 
118,800,000 
119,700,000 
119,600,000 
120,000,000 
111,400,000 
119,520,113 
120,497,997 
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to controlling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to controlling interest - Basic (in dollars per share)
$ (0.45)
$ 0.17 
$ 0.12 
$ 0.19 
$ 0.21 
$ 0.28 
$ 0.30 
$ 0.26 
$ 0.04 
$ 1.05 
$ 1.29 
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to controlling interests - Diluted (in dollars per share)
$ (0.45)
$ 0.17 
$ 0.11 
$ 0.19 
$ 0.21 
$ 0.28 
$ 0.30 
$ 0.26 
$ 0.04 
$ 1.05 
$ 1.29 
Employee Benefits (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
 
 
 
Other compensation liabilities
$ 95.1 
$ 78.0 
 
Assets invested in defined contribution plans
95.2 
78.1 
 
Increase in deferred compensation liability
9.0 
2.4 
0.6 
Increase in defined contribution plan assets
9.0 
2.4 
0.5 
Expenses in relation to qualified & non-qualified plans
$ 14.8 
$ 12.3 
$ 12.5 
Equity-based Compensation (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
Cash Settled Awards
Dec. 31, 2016
Cash Settled Awards
Dec. 31, 2015
Cash Settled Awards
Aug. 18, 2016
Landmark
Equity-based Compensation
 
 
 
 
 
 
Potential additional payments (up to)
 
 
 
 
 
$ 225,000,000 
Deferred Compensation, Share-based Arrangements Rollforward [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
188,800,000 
53,700,000 
53,700,000 
38,500,000 
42,300,000 
 
Amortization and revaluation of granted awards
 
 
135,800,000 
15,600,000 
200,000 
 
Reclassification to profit interests award
 
 
(2,800,000)
 
Repurchases (cash settled)
 
 
(700,000)
(400,000)
(1,200,000)
 
Balance, end of period
$ 188,800,000 
$ 53,700,000 
$ 188,800,000 
$ 53,700,000 
$ 38,500,000 
 
Equity-based Compensation - OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended 0 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Dec. 31, 2016
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Dec. 31, 2015
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted shares (RSA)
Dec. 31, 2016
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted shares (RSA)
Dec. 31, 2015
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted shares (RSA)
Dec. 31, 2014
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted shares (RSA)
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted shares (RSA)
Minimum
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted shares (RSA)
Maximum
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Dec. 31, 2016
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Dec. 31, 2015
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Dec. 31, 2014
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Minimum
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Maximum
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSAs
Dec. 31, 2016
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSAs
Dec. 31, 2015
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSAs
Dec. 31, 2014
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSAs
Dec. 31, 2017
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSUs
Dec. 31, 2016
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSUs
Dec. 31, 2015
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSUs
Dec. 31, 2014
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Performance-based RSUs
Oct. 8, 2014
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
OM Group UK
equity_plan
Oct. 8, 2014
OM Asset Management Equity Incentive Plan
Parent Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading days on which exchange is based
3 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equivalent number shares exchanged (in shares)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
559,709 
5,914,981 
Number of equity incentive plans implemented
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Compensation expense
 
$ 14.6 
$ 13.1 
$ 11.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax benefit
 
5.7 
5.1 
4.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrecognized share based compensation expense
6.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrecognized share based compensation expense recognition period
1 year 8 months 12 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Compensation costs to be recognized next year
$ 5.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vesting period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 year 
3 years 
 
 
 
 
1 year 
3 years 
3 years 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk-free interest rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.57% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expected volatility rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28.19% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)
 
 
 
 
1,375,201 
1,566,647 
1,212,766 
 
 
 
85,923 
47,055 
 
 
 
 
640,992 
451,657 
 
 
 
Converted during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Granted during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
 
342,637 
506,640 
559,709 
 
 
 
51,779 
54,556 
47,055 
 
 
 
175,586 
 
189,335 
451,657 
 
 
 
Forfeited during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
 
(802)
(7,288)
(2,128)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercised during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
 
(1,294,109)
(680,573)
(203,700)
 
 
 
(61,479)
(15,688)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other transfers (in shares)
 
 
 
 
(10,225)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)
 
 
 
 
422,927 
1,375,201 
1,566,647 
1,212,766 
 
 
76,223 
85,923 
47,055 
 
 
175,586 
640,992 
640,992 
451,657 
 
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period, (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 14.26 
$ 13.77 
$ 15.28 
$ 14.00 
 
 
$ 14.70 
$ 13.59 
$ 17.65 
$ 0.00 
 
 
$ 10.26 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 20.59 
$ 20.59 
$ 24.65 
$ 0.00 
 
 
Converted during ythe year (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Granted during the year (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 15.13 
$ 10.89 
$ 17.60 
 
 
 
$ 14.45 
$ 11.25 
$ 17.65 
 
 
 
$ 10.26 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 10.92 
$ 24.65 
 
 
 
Forfeited during the year (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 17.65 
$ 13.65 
$ 17.65 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
Exercised during the year (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 13.97 
$ 15.10 
$ 14.00 
 
 
 
$ 12.93 
$ 17.65 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
Other transfers (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 14.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
 
 
 
Outstanding at end of period, (in dollars per share)
 
 
 
 
$ 14.26 
$ 13.77 
$ 15.28 
$ 14.00 
 
 
$ 14.70 
$ 13.59 
$ 17.65 
$ 0.00 
 
 
$ 10.26 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
$ 20.59 
$ 20.59 
$ 24.65 
$ 0.00 
 
 
Equity-based Compensation - Equity-Settled Corporate Awards (Details) (Old Mutual Compensation Plans)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2016
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2017
Restricted shares (RSA)
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2017
Restricted shares (RSA)
GBP (£)
Dec. 31, 2016
Restricted shares (RSA)
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2016
Restricted shares (RSA)
GBP (£)
Dec. 31, 2015
Restricted shares (RSA)
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Restricted shares (RSA)
GBP (£)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Compensation expense
$ 0 
$ 0.1 
$ 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax benefit
$ 0 
$ 0 
$ 0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)
 
 
 
155,132 
155,132 
209,801 
209,801 
682,346 
682,346 
Granted during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
Forfeited during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
(8,885)
(8,885)
Exercised during the year (in shares)
 
 
 
(155,132)
(155,132)
(113,559)
(113,559)
(472,545)
(472,545)
Other transfers (in shares)
 
 
 
67,775 
67,775 
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)
 
 
 
155,132 
155,132 
209,801 
209,801 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, beginning balance (in dollars/pounds per share)
 
 
 
$ 2.53 
£ 2.03 
$ 3.00 
£ 2.00 
$ 2.92 
£ 1.77 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, granted during the year (in dollars/pounds per share)
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, forfeited during the year (in dollars/pounds per share)
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
$ 2.53 
£ 2.03 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, exercised during the year (in dollars/pounds per share)
 
 
 
$ 2.72 
£ 2.03 
$ 2.47 
£ 1.98 
$ 2.50 
£ 1.67 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, other transfers (in dollars/pounds per share)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, ending balance (in dollars/pounds per share)
 
 
 
$ 0.00 
£ 0.00 
$ 2.53 
£ 2.03 
$ 3.00 
£ 2.00 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Foreign currency translation adjustment
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax
$ 2.9 
$ (3.2)
$ (1.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
2.9 
(3.2)
(1.5)
Valuation of derivative securities
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax
2.6 
(24.6)
(8.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax
(0.8)
4.3 
1.6 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
1.8 
(20.3)
(6.6)
AOCI
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax
5.5 
(27.8)
(9.7)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax
(0.8)
4.3 
1.6 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
$ 4.7 
$ (23.5)
$ (8.1)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2017
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Dec. 31, 2016
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Dec. 31, 2015
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Dec. 31, 2017
Valuation of derivative securities
Dec. 31, 2016
Valuation of derivative securities
Dec. 31, 2015
Valuation of derivative securities
Dec. 31, 2017
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2016
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2015
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2017
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2016
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2015
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance beginning
$ 127.3 
$ 165.0 
$ 165.9 
$ 2,495.5 
$ 0.6 
$ 3.8 
 
$ (26.9)
$ (6.6)
 
$ (26.3)
$ (2.8)
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
 
 
2.9 
(3.2)
(1.5)
1.8 
(20.3)
(6.6)
4.7 
(23.5)
(8.1)
 
 
 
Balance end
127.3 
165.0 
165.9 
2,495.5 
3.5 
0.6 
3.8 
(25.1)
(26.9)
(6.6)
(21.6)
(26.3)
(2.8)
 
 
 
Interest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 2.6 
$ 1.1 
$ 0.6 
Non-controlling interests (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Entity Excluding Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interests
 
 
 
Non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
$ 1.3 
$ 1.0 
 
Consolidated Funds
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interests
 
 
 
Non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
50.6 
 
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests
4.9 
(0.2)
Redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
$ 44.0 
$ 5.5 
 
Derivatives and Hedging (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2017
Interest Expense
Dec. 31, 2017
Valuation of derivative securities
Dec. 31, 2016
Valuation of derivative securities
Dec. 31, 2015
Valuation of derivative securities
Dec. 31, 2017
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2016
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2015
AOCI
Jul. 31, 2016
Treasury rate lock
Designated as a hedge
Jul. 31, 2015
Treasury rate lock
Designated as a hedge
Dec. 31, 2017
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2016
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI
Dec. 31, 2015
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI
Derivative fair values
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative notional amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 300,000,000 
 
 
 
Derivative securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(34,400,000)
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax
 
 
 
 
 
2,600,000 
(24,600,000)
(8,200,000)
5,500,000 
(27,800,000)
(9,700,000)
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax
 
 
 
 
 
800,000 
(4,300,000)
(1,600,000)
800,000 
(4,300,000)
(1,600,000)
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive loss
127,300,000 
165,000,000 
165,900,000 
2,495,500,000 
 
(25,100,000)
(26,900,000)
(6,600,000)
(21,600,000)
(26,300,000)
(2,800,000)
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,600,000 
1,100,000 
600,000 
Hedge amount to be reclassified
 
 
 
 
$ 2,800,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discontinued Operations and Restructuring (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, except Per Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Discontinued Operations and Restructuring
 
 
 
Gain (loss) on disposal net of tax
$ (0.1)
$ 6.2 
$ 0.8 
Basic and diluted discontinued operations earnings per share (in dollars per share)
$ 0.00 
$ 0.07 
$ 0.01 
Discontinued Operations, Disposed of by Means Other than Sale
 
 
 
Discontinued operation and restructuring liability rollforward
 
 
 
Beginning balance at January 1
1.1 
4.1 
 
Abandoned lease liability principal payments
(0.8)
(1.1)
 
Adjustment to sub-lease arrangement on abandoned lease
0.1 
0.2 
 
Drawdowns on committed funding
(2.1)
 
Ending balance at December 31
$ 0.4 
$ 1.1 
 
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Sep. 30, 2017
Jun. 30, 2017
Mar. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Sep. 30, 2016
Jun. 30, 2016
Mar. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
$ 249.2 
$ 223.2 
$ 218.8 
$ 196.2 
$ 186.6 
$ 170.8 
$ 156.5 
$ 149.6 
$ 887.4 
$ 663.5 
$ 699.3 
Operating income
26.3 
8.3 
12.9 
23.5 
30.4 
40.2 
44.0 
41.0 
71.0 
155.6 
191.2 
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
84.6 
14.8 
14.6 
28.0 
27.1 
41.7 
48.0 
44.0 
142.0 
160.8 
201.3 
Net income (loss)
(46.7)
19.9 
13.6 
22.3 
25.1 
34.0 
36.3 
30.8 
4.2 
126.4 
155.5 
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interests
$ (48.8)
$ 18.7 
$ 12.9 
$ 21.4 
$ 25.3 
$ 34.0 
$ 36.3 
$ 30.8 
 
 
 
Earnings per share (basic) attributable to controlling interests (in dollars per share)
$ (0.45)
$ 0.17 
$ 0.12 
$ 0.19 
$ 0.21 
$ 0.28 
$ 0.30 
$ 0.26 
$ 0.04 
$ 1.05 
$ 1.29 
Earnings per share (diluted) attributable to controlling interests (in dollars per share)
$ (0.45)
$ 0.17 
$ 0.11 
$ 0.19 
$ 0.21 
$ 0.28 
$ 0.30 
$ 0.26 
$ 0.04 
$ 1.05 
$ 1.29 
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding (in shares)
109,000,000 
109,000,000 
111,300,000 
113,500,000 
118,200,000 
119,300,000 
119,400,000 
120,000,000 
110,708,598 
119,236,370 
120,000,000 
Weighted average diluted ordinary shares outstanding (in shares)
109,000,000 
109,700,000 
111,800,000 
114,400,000 
118,800,000 
119,700,000 
119,600,000 
120,000,000 
111,400,000 
119,520,113 
120,497,997