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UNITED STATES  
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 
(Mark One)

	
☒   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018
OR

	
☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from       to       
Commission File Number: 001-36456
 
ZENDESK, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

			
Delaware	 	26-4411091	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	
 	 	
1019 Market Street
San Francisco, CA	 	94103	
(Address of principal executive offices)	 	(Zip Code)	

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (415) 418-7506

	

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

	
				
Large accelerated filer	 x	Accelerated filer	☐	
Non-accelerated filer	☐ (do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐	
 	 	Emerging growth company	☐	
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐     No  x
As of July 31, 2018 , there were 105,958,810 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

ZENDESK, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	
			
Item 1	Financial Statements (unaudited):	4	
 	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	4	
 	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017	5	
 	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017	6	
 	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017	7	
 	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9	
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25	
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	35	
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	36	
 	 	 	
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION  	
 	 	 	
Item 1	Legal Proceedings	37	
Item 1A	Risk Factors	37	
Item 6	Exhibits	60	
SIGNATURES	61	

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “might,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•	our future financial performance, including our revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit, operating expenses, ability to generate positive cash flow, and ability to achieve and maintain profitability;	
		
•	the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities to meet our liquidity needs;	
		
•	our ability to attract and retain customers to use our products, and our ability to optimize the pricing for such products;	
		
•	the evolution of technology affecting our products, services, and markets;	
		
•	our ability to innovate and provide a superior customer experience;	
		
•	our ability to successfully expand in our existing markets and into new markets;	
		
•	the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;	
		
•	worldwide economic conditions and their impact on information technology spending;	
		
•	our ability to effectively manage our growth and future expenses;	
		
•	our ability to introduce and market new products and to integrate such products into our infrastructure;	
		
•	our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our intellectual property;	
		
•	our ability to comply with modified or new laws and regulations applying to our business, including privacy and data security regulations;	
		
•	our ability to securely maintain customer data;	
		
•	our ability to service the interest on our convertible notes and repay such notes, if required;	
		
•	our ability to maintain and enhance our brand; and	
		
•	the increased expenses and administrative workload associated with being a public company.	
We caution you that the foregoing list does not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
ZENDESK, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value and shares)

	
								
 	June 30,
2018	 	December 31,
2017	
	(Unaudited)	 	* As adjusted	
Assets	 	 	 	
Current assets:	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	492,752		 	$	109,370		
Marketable securities	191,503		 	137,576		
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,478 and $1,252 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	69,419		 	57,096		
Deferred costs	19,335		 	15,771		
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	31,170		 	24,165		
Total current assets	804,179		 	343,978		
Marketable securities, noncurrent	188,770		 	97,447		
Property and equipment, net	69,426		 	59,157		
Deferred costs, noncurrent	20,250		 	15,395		
Goodwill and intangible assets, net	65,647		 	67,034		
Other assets	10,813		 	8,359		
Total assets	$	1,159,085		 	$	591,370		
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity	 	 	 	
Current liabilities:	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	$	14,229		 	$	5,307		
Accrued liabilities	39,481		 	21,876		
Accrued compensation and related benefits	33,612		 	29,017		
Deferred revenue	206,456		 	173,147		
Total current liabilities	293,778		 	229,347		
Convertible senior notes, net	446,060		 	—		
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	1,504		 	1,213		
Other liabilities	12,877		 	6,626		
Total liabilities	754,219		 	237,186		
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)		 		
Stockholders’ equity:	 	 	 	
Preferred stock	—		 	—		
Common stock	1,056		 	1,031		
Additional paid-in capital	871,343		 	753,568		
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(5,799	)	 	(2,372	)	
Accumulated deficit	(461,734	)	 	(398,043	)	
Total stockholders’ equity	404,866		 	354,184		
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,159,085		 	$	591,370		
* See Note 1 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ZENDESK, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

	
																
 	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	*As adjusted	 		 	*As adjusted	
Revenue	$	141,882		 	$	102,096		 	$	271,673		 	$	195,984		
Cost of revenue (1)	44,160		 	30,663		 	83,216		 	58,770		
Gross profit	97,722		 	71,433		 	188,457		 	137,214		
Operating expenses (1):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	37,624		 	28,698		 	74,708		 	55,154		
Sales and marketing	69,450		 	50,412		 	134,508		 	96,681		
General and administrative	24,245		 	19,788		 	46,452		 	38,105		
Total operating expenses	131,319		 	98,898		 	255,668		 	189,940		
Operating loss	(33,597	)	 	(27,465	)	 	(67,211	)	 	(52,726	)	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	3,826		 	827		 	5,344		 	1,540		
Interest expense	(6,289	)	 	—		 	(7,053	)	 	—		
Other income (expense), net	27		 	(319	)	 	272		 	(814	)	
Total other income (expense), net	(2,436	)	 	508		 	(1,437	)	 	726		
Loss before benefit from income taxes	(36,033	)	 	(26,957	)	 	(68,648	)	 	(52,000	)	
Benefit from income taxes	(1,667	)	 	(690	)	 	(4,957	)	 	(652	)	
Net loss	$	(34,366	)	 	$	(26,267	)	 	$	(63,691	)	 	$	(51,348	)	
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.33	)	 	$	(0.26	)	 	$	(0.61	)	 	$	(0.52	)	
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted	105,000		 	99,506		 	104,350		 	98,545		
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows:

	
																
 	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Cost of revenue	$	3,474		 	$	2,156		 	$	6,572		 	$	4,260		
Research and development	9,529		 	7,584		 	19,758		 	14,498		
Sales and marketing	9,178		 	5,884		 	17,186		 	11,408		
General and administrative	5,967		 	5,321		 	11,619		 	9,883		
 
* See Note 1 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ZENDESK, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

	
																
 	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Net loss	$	(34,366	)	 	$	(26,267	)	 	$	(63,691	)	 	$	(51,348	)	
Other comprehensive gain (loss), before tax:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments	13		 	13		 	(623	)	 	132		
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)	—		 	249		 	(12	)	 	824		
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments	(3,132	)	 	1,822		 	(3,874	)	 	3,348		
Other comprehensive gain (loss), before tax	(3,119	)	 	2,084		 	(4,509	)	 	4,304		
Tax effect	1,082		 	(766	)	 	1,082		 	(1,582	)	
Other comprehensive gain (loss), net of tax	(2,037	)	 	1,318		 	(3,427	)	 	2,722		
Comprehensive loss	$	(36,403	)	 	$	(24,949	)	 	$	(67,118	)	 	$	(48,626	)	
* See Note 1 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ZENDESK, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	
Cash flows from operating activities	 		 	 	
Net loss	$	(63,691	)	 	$	(51,348	)	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities	 		 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	18,663		 	16,132		
Share-based compensation	55,135		 	40,049		
Amortization of deferred costs	9,530		 	6,598		
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	6,650		 	—		
Other	2,299		 	359		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	(13,896	)	 	(4,619	)	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(7,425	)	 	(2,853	)	
Deferred costs	(17,579	)	 	(9,609	)	
Other assets and liabilities	(9,311	)	 	(3,404	)	
Accounts payable	10,266		 	3,809		
Accrued liabilities	11,576		 	4,188		
Accrued compensation and related benefits	4,120		 	1,394		
Deferred revenue	33,601		 	16,881		
Net cash provided by operating activities	39,938		 	17,577		
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	
Purchases of property and equipment	(20,036	)	 	(9,276	)	
Internal-use software development costs	(4,161	)	 	(3,315	)	
Purchases of marketable securities	(249,011	)	 	(82,325	)	
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities	94,580		 	61,686		
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities	8,848		 	20,743		
Cash paid for the acquisition of Outbound, net of cash acquired	—		 	(16,470	)	
Net cash used in investing activities	(169,780	)	 	(28,957	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs paid of $13,506	561,493		 	—		
Purchase of capped call related to convertible senior notes	(63,940	)	 	—		
Proceeds from exercises of employee stock options	9,747		 	15,175		
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	9,949		 	7,139		
Other	(3,862	)	 	(1,763	)	
Net cash provided by financing activities	513,387		 	20,551		
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(36	)	 	279		
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	383,509		 	9,450		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	110,888		 	95,062		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	494,397		 	$	104,512		
 	 	 	 	
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to condensed consolidated balance sheets	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	492,752		 	$	102,775		
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,021		 	1,100		
Restricted cash included in other assets	624		 	637		
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	494,397		 	$	104,512		
 	 	 	 	
Supplemental cash flow data	 	 	 	
Cash paid for income taxes and interest	$	1,545		 	$	756		
Non-cash investing and financing activities	 	 	 	
Balance of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	4,921		 	$	3,036		
Property and equipment acquired through tenant improvement allowances	$	4,261		 	$	—		
Share-based compensation capitalized in internal-use software development costs	$	1,499		 	$	1,306		
Estimated convertible senior notes offering costs incurred but not yet paid	$	55		 	$	—		
Vesting of early exercised stock options	$	—		 	$	224		
*See Note 1 for a summary of adjustments.

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See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ZENDESK, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
Note 1. Overview and Basis of Presentation
Company and Background
Zendesk was founded in Denmark in 2007 and reincorporated in Delaware in April 2009.
We are a software development company that provides software as a service, or SaaS, products that are intended to help organizations and their customers build better relationships. With our origins in customer service, we have evolved our offerings over time to a family of products that work together to help organizations understand their customers, improve communications, and engage where and when it’s needed most. Our product family is built upon a modern architecture that enables us and our customers to rapidly innovate, adapt our technology in novel ways, and easily integrate with other products and applications.
References to Zendesk, the “Company,” “our,” or “we” in these notes refer to Zendesk, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
Basis of Presentation
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018. There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K that have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, except as described below.
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2014-09, “ Revenue from Contracts with Customers ” regarding Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606 and ASU 2016-18, “ Statement of Cash Flows , Restricted Cash, ” as discussed below. All amounts and disclosures set forth in this Form 10-Q have been updated to comply with the new standards, as indicated by “as adjusted.”
The unaudited consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date, giving effect to the adoption of ASC 606, as discussed below. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, and cash flows for the interim periods, but are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be anticipated for the full year ending December 31, 2018 .
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported periods.
Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the fair value of share-based awards, acquired intangible assets, and goodwill as well as unrecognized tax benefits, the useful lives of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, the capitalization and estimated useful life of capitalized costs to obtain customer contracts and capitalized internal-use software, variable consideration related to revenue recognition, and financial forecasts used in currency hedging.
These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Concentrations of Risk
As of June 30, 2018 , no customers represented 10% or greater of our total accounts receivable balance. There were no customers that individually exceeded 10% of our revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 or 2017 .
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU 2016-02, regarding ASC Topic 842 “ Leases, ” including subsequent amendments. This new guidance requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as right-of-use assets with corresponding lease liabilities and eliminates certain real estate-specific provisions. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We have completed our process to identify our population of lease arrangements and we are applying the new guidance to each arrangement. While the adoption remains in progress, we expect that adoption will result in the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that were not previously recognized, which will increase total assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, regarding ASC Topic 815 “ Derivatives and Hedging. ” This amendment simplifies various aspects of hedge accounting, including measurement and presentation of hedge ineffectiveness and certain documentation and assessment requirements. The amendment also makes more hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “ Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income ,” which provides for the reclassification of the effect of remeasuring deferred tax balances related to items within accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, regarding ASC Topic 718 “ Compensation - Stock Compensation ,” which largely aligns the accounting for share-based compensation for non-employees with employees. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-08, regarding ASC Topic 958 “ Not-for-Profit Entities ,” which clarified the guidance on how entities determine whether to account for a transfer of assets as an exchange transaction or a contribution. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the FASB issued new revenue guidance under ASU 2014-09 that provides principles for recognizing revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services provided to customers. ASC 606 and ASC 340-40 also require the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers and subsequent amortization of those costs over the period of anticipated benefit. Collectively, we refer to this guidance as “ASC 606.”
We adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018, utilizing the full retrospective method of transition. The adoption resulted in changes to our accounting policies for revenue recognition and incremental costs to acquire contracts, as described below. We applied ASC 606 using the following practical expedients:
		
•	consideration allocated to the remaining performance obligations and an explanation of when we expect to recognize that amount as revenue is not disclosed for comparative periods prior to the adoption date;	
		
•	completed contracts that included variable consideration utilize the final transaction price rather than an estimation of variable consideration for comparative periods prior to the adoption date; and	

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•	costs of obtaining contracts with customers are expensed when the amortization period would have been one year or less.	
The effect of adopting ASC 606 on our 2017 and 2016 revenues was not material. The primary effect relates to the deferral of sales commissions and other incremental costs to acquire contracts, which we historically expensed as incurred. The impact of adoption is summarized in the tables below. Under ASC 606, all incremental costs to acquire contracts are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the anticipated period of benefit, which we have determined to be  three  years.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, regarding ASC Topic 230 “ Statement of Cash Flows .” This update addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption did not have an effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “ Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash ,” which requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018 on a retrospective basis, resulting in an immaterial change to our previously reported statement of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017, which is summarized in the table below.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “ Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business ,” which clarifies the definition of a business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption did not have an effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, which amends ASC Topic 740 “ Income Taxes ” to conform with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118, issued in December 2017. The guidance was issued to address the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The standard is effective upon issuance. Additional work is necessary for a more detailed analysis of our deferred tax assets and liabilities and our historical foreign earnings as well as potential correlative adjustments. We are continuing our analysis and expect to finalize our assessment by the fourth quarter of 2018.

We adjusted our condensed consolidated financial statements from amounts previously reported due to the adoption of ASC 606 and ASU 2016-18. Select unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet line items, which reflect the adoption of ASC 606 are as follows (in thousands): 

												
 	December 31, 2017	
 	As Previously Reported	 	Adjustments	 	As Adjusted	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred costs	$	—		 	$	15,771		 	$	15,771		
Deferred costs, noncurrent	—		 	15,395		 	15,395		
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred revenue	$	174,524		 	$	(1,377	)	 	$	173,147		
Accumulated deficit	$	(430,586	)	 	$	32,543		 	$	(398,043	)	
Select unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations line items, which reflect the adoption of ASC 606 are as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

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 	Three Months Ended June 30, 2017	
 	As Previously Reported	 	Adjustments	 	As Adjusted	
Revenue	$	101,273		 	$	823		 	$	102,096		
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	
Sales and marketing	52,628		 	(2,216	)	 	50,412		
Operating loss	(30,504	)	 	3,039		 	(27,465	)	
Net loss	$	(29,306	)	 	$	3,039		 	$	(26,267	)	
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.29	)	 	$	0.03		 	$	(0.26	)	

												
 	Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	
 	As Previously Reported	 	Adjustments	 	As Adjusted	
Revenue	$	194,280		 	$	1,704		 	$	195,984		
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	
Sales and marketing	99,929		 	(3,248	)	 	96,681		
Operating loss	(57,678	)	 	4,952		 	(52,726	)	
Net loss	$	(56,300	)	 	$	4,952		 	$	(51,348	)	
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.57	)	 	$	0.05		 	$	(0.52	)	
Select unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows line items, which reflect the adoption of ASC 606 and ASU 2016-18 are as follows (in thousands):

												
 	Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	
 	As Previously Reported	 	Adjustments	 	As Adjusted	
Cash flow from operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	$	(56,300	)	 	$	4,952		 	$	(51,348	)	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	
Share-based compensation	40,287		 	(238	)	 	40,049		
Amortization of deferred costs	—		 	6,598		 	6,598		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:		 		 	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3,015	)	 	162		 	(2,853	)	
Deferred costs	—		 	(9,609	)	 	(9,609	)	
Other assets and liabilities	(3,594	)	 	190		 	(3,404	)	
Deferred revenue	18,584		 	(1,703	)	 	16,881		
Net cash provided by operating activities	17,225		 	352		 	17,577		
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	9,098		 	352		 	9,450		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	93,677		 	1,385		 	95,062		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	102,775		 	$	1,737		 	$	104,512		
We have also updated our significant accounting policies in connection with the adoption of ASC 606:

Revenue Recognition
We generate substantially all of our revenue from subscription services, which are comprised of subscription fees from customer accounts on Zendesk Support and, to a lesser extent, Chat, Talk, Guide, and Connect. In addition, we generate revenue by providing additional features to certain of our subscription plans for a fee that is incremental to the base subscription rate for such plans. Subscription service arrangements are generally non-cancelable and do not provide for refunds to customers in the event of cancellations or any other right of return. We record revenue net of sales or excise taxes.

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We also derive revenue from implementation, Talk usage, and training services, for which we recognize revenue upon completion.

Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.
We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:
• Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer
• Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
• Determination of the transaction price
• Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
• Recognition of revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied
Subscription revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contractual subscription term of the arrangement beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Payments received in advance of services being rendered are recorded as deferred revenue.
In limited circumstances, certain customers have arrangements that provide for a maximum number of users over the subscription term, with usage measured monthly. Incremental fees are incurred when the maximum number of users is exceeded. In determining the transaction price for these arrangements, we evaluate the expected usage pattern to estimate any incremental fees that we are entitled to throughout the subscription term and recognize revenue ratably over the subscription term. In making these assessments, we constrain our estimates based on factors that could lead to a probable reversal of revenue.
Certain of our product offerings include service-level agreements warranting defined levels of uptime reliability and performance and permitting those customers to receive credits for future services in the event that we fail to meet those levels. To date, we have not accrued for any significant liabilities in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as a result of these service-level agreements.
Costs to Obtain Customer Contracts
Sales commissions and related expenses are considered incremental and recoverable costs of acquiring customer contracts. These costs are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the anticipated period of benefit, which we have estimated to be three years. We determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration the length of our customer contracts, our technology lifecycle, and other factors. Amortization expense is recorded in sales and marketing expense within our consolidated statement of operations.
Deferred Revenue
We invoice customers for subscriptions to our products in monthly, quarterly, or annual installments. Deferred revenue consists primarily of customer billings made in advance of performance obligations being satisfied and revenue being recognized, and includes an immaterial amount of billings for subscriptions with cancellation rights. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant and we do not provide financing arrangements to customers. Deferred revenue associated with performance obligations that are anticipated to be satisfied, and thus revenue recognized, during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as noncurrent deferred revenue. Deferred revenue associated with implementation, Talk usage, and training services was immaterial as of December 31, 2017 and June 30, 2018 .
We invoice customers based on billing schedules established in our contracts. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

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Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is based upon historical loss patterns, the age of each past due invoice, and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with delinquent accounts. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectable are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts when identified. The balance of accounts receivable also includes contract assets, which are recorded when revenue is recognized in advance of invoicing.
Note 2. Business Combination
On April 27, 2017, we completed the acquisition of Outbound Solutions, Inc., or Outbound, a provider of software that enables companies to deliver intelligent, behavior-based messages across multiple channels. We acquired Outbound for purchase consideration of $16.6 million in cash.
The total purchase consideration was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as set forth below (in thousands). The excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. Goodwill generated from the acquisition is primarily attributable to expected growth from the expansion of the scope of and market opportunity for our products. Goodwill is no t deductible for income tax purposes. Goodwill will not be amortized but instead will be tested for impairment at least annually and more frequently if certain indicators of impairment are present.

				
Net tangible assets acquired	$	96		
Net deferred tax liability recognized	(492	)	
Identifiable intangible assets:	 	
Developed technology	3,200		
Customer relationships	410		
Goodwill	13,350		
Total purchase price	$	16,564		

The developed technology and customer relationship intangible assets were assigned useful lives of 6.5 and 3.5 years, respectively.
From the date of the acquisition, the results of operations of Outbound have been included in and are immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. Pro forma revenue and results of operations have not been presented because the historical results of Outbound are not material to our consolidated financial statements in any period presented.
Note 3. Financial Instruments

Investments
The following tables present information about our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on the three-tier fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	
												
 	Fair Value Measurement at
June 30, 2018	
	Level 1	 	Level 2	 	Total	
Description	 	 	 	 	 	
Money market funds	$	368,547		 	$	—		 	$	368,547		
Corporate bonds	—		 	248,611		 	248,611		
Asset-backed securities	—		 	70,016		 	70,016		
Commercial paper	—		 	69,940		 	69,940		
U.S. treasury securities	—		 	34,247		 	34,247		
Agency securities	—		 	26,438		 	26,438		
Total	$	368,547		 	$	449,252		 	$	817,799		
Included in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	 	 	$	437,526		
Included in marketable securities	 	 	 	 	$	380,273		

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 	Fair Value Measurement at
December 31, 2017	
	Level 1	 	Level 2	 	Total	
Description	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	$	—		 	$	149,069		 	$	149,069		
Money market funds	32,832		 	—		 	32,832		
U.S. treasury securities	—		 	28,382		 	28,382		
Asset-backed securities	—		 	27,738		 	27,738		
Commercial paper	—		 	19,622		 	19,622		
Agency securities	—		 	14,911		 	14,911		
Total	$	32,832		 	$	239,722		 	$	272,554		
Included in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	 	 	$	37,531		
Included in marketable securities	 	 	 	 	$	235,023		
 
As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there were no securities within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. There were no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 . Gross unrealized gains and losses for cash equivalents and marketable securities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were no t material. Unrealized losses for securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were no t material.
The following table classifies our marketable securities by contractual maturity (in thousands):

	
								
 	June 30,
2018	 	December 31,
2017	
Due in one year or less	$	191,503		 	$	137,576		
Due after one year	188,770		 	97,447		
Total	$	380,273		 	$	235,023		
 
For our other financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other current liabilities, the carrying amounts approximate their fair values due to the relatively short maturity of these balances.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Our foreign currency exposures typically arise from expenditures associated with foreign operations and sales in foreign currencies of our products. To mitigate the effect of foreign currency fluctuations on our future cash flows and earnings, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts with certain financial institutions and designate those contracts as cash flow hedges. Our foreign currency forward contracts generally have maturities of 15 months or less. As of June 30, 2018 , the balance of accumulated other comprehensive loss included an unrecognized net loss of $3.0 million related to the effective portion of changes in the fair value of foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges. We expect to reclassify a net loss of $3.3 million into earnings over the next 12 months associated with our cash flow hedges.
The following tables present information about our derivative instruments on our consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

	
												
 	June 30, 2018	
	Asset Derivatives	 	Liability Derivatives	
Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	 	Fair Value
(Level 2)	 	Balance Sheet Location	 	Fair Value
(Level 2)	
Foreign currency forward contracts	Other current assets	 	$	1,791		 	Accrued liabilities	 	$	4,460		
Total	 	 	$	1,791		 	 	 	$	4,460		

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 	December 31, 2017	
	Asset Derivatives	 	Liability Derivatives	
Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	 	Fair Value
(Level 2)	 	Balance Sheet Location	 	Fair Value
(Level 2)	
Foreign currency forward contracts	Other current assets	 	$	2,359		 	Accrued liabilities	 	$	1,220		
Total	 	 	$	2,359		 	 	 	$	1,220		
 
Our foreign currency forward contracts had a total notional value of $170.4 million and $139.7 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. We have master netting arrangements with each of our counterparties, which permit net settlement of multiple, separate derivative contracts with a single payment. We may also be required to exchange cash collateral with certain of our counterparties on a regular basis. ASC 815 permits companies to present the fair value of derivative instruments on a net basis according to master netting arrangements. We have elected to present our derivative instruments on a gross basis in our consolidated financial statements. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there was no cash collateral posted with counterparties.
The following table presents information about our derivative instruments on our condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

	
																		
 	 	 	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018	 	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	
Hedging Instrument	Location of Gain Reclassified into Earnings	 	Loss Recognized in AOCI	 	Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings	 	Loss Recognized in AOCI	 	Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings	
Foreign currency forward contracts	Revenue, cost of revenue, operating expenses	 	$	(3,118	)	 	$	14		 	$	(2,799	)	 	$	1,075		
Total	 	 	$	(3,118	)	 	$	14		 	$	(2,799	)	 	$	1,075		

	
																		
 	 	 	Three Months Ended June 30, 2017	 	Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	
Hedging Instrument	Location of Loss Reclassified into Earnings	 	Gain Recognized in AOCI	 	Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings	 	Gain Recognized in AOCI	 	Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings	
Foreign currency forward contracts	Revenue, cost of revenue, operating expenses	 	$	1,495		 	$	(327	)	 	$	2,488		 	$	(860	)	
Total	 	 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	2,488		 	$	(860	)	
All derivatives have been designated as hedging instruments. Amounts recognized in earnings related to excluded time value and hedge ineffectiveness for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were not material .
Convertible Senior Notes
As of June 30, 2018 , the fair value of our convertible senior notes was $618.6 million . The fair value was determined based on the quoted price of the convertible senior notes in an inactive market on the last trading day of the reporting period and has been classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Note 4. Costs to Obtain Customer Contracts
The balances of deferred costs to obtain customer contracts were $39.6 million and $31.2 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Amortization expense for these deferred costs was $5.0 million and $3.4 million for the
three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $9.5 million and $6.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. There were no impairment losses related to these deferred costs for the periods presented.

Note 5. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands): 

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 	June 30,
2018	 	December 31,
2017	
Leasehold improvements	$	42,330		 	$	28,113		
Capitalized internal-use software	37,028		 	31,593		
Hosting equipment	36,416		 	37,222		
Computer equipment and licensed software and patents	19,932		 	16,316		
Construction in progress	12,520		 	11,220		
Furniture and fixtures	10,506		 	9,581		
Total	158,732		 	134,045		
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(89,306	)	 	(74,888	)	
Property and equipment, net	$	69,426		 	$	59,157		
 
Depreciation expense was $6.5 million and $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $12.8 million and $9.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.
Amortization expense of capitalized internal-use software was $1.4 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $3.0 million and $4.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. We recorded impairment losses of $0.2 million and $2.0 million to construction in progress during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , which were included within research and development expenses on our consolidated statements of operations. The carrying value of capitalized internal-use software at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $18.4 million and $17.7 million , respectively, including $7.0 million and $8.7 million in construction in progress, respectively.
Note 6. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets
The balance of goodwill as of June 30, 2018 was $59.1 million and there were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the six months ended June 30, 2018 .
 
Acquired intangible assets subject to amortization consist of the following (in thousands):

	
														
 	As of June 30, 2018	
	Cost	 	Accumulated
Amortization	 	Net	 	Weighted Average Remaining Useful Life	
	 	 	 	 	 	 	(In years)	
Developed technology	$	12,000		 	$	(5,951	)	 	$	6,049		 	3.3	
Customer relationships	910		 	(443	)	 	467		 	2.1	
 	$	12,910		 	$	(6,394	)	 	$	6,516		 	 	

	
																		
 	As of December 31, 2017	
	Cost	 	Accumulated
Amortization	 	Foreign
Currency Translation Adjustments	 	Net	 	Weighted Average Remaining Useful Life	
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(In years)	
Developed technology	$	17,200		 	$	(9,835	)	 	$	(93	)	 	$	7,272		 	3.7	
Customer relationships	2,210		 	(1,549	)	 	(30	)	 	631		 	2.4	
 	$	19,410		 	$	(11,384	)	 	$	(123	)	 	$	7,903		 	 	
 
During the second quarter of 2018, we removed developed technology and customer relationship intangible assets from our consolidated balance sheet, which had become fully amortized. Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets was $0.7 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $1.4 million and $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.
Estimated future amortization expense as of June 30, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

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Remainder of 2018	$	1,348		
2019	2,673		
2020	1,101		
2021	492		
2022	492		
2023	410		
 	$	6,516		
 
Note 7. 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Call

In March 2018, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due March 15, 2023 in a private offering and an additional $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of such notes pursuant to the exercise in full of the over-allotment options of the initial purchasers, collectively the “Notes.” The Notes are unsecured obligations and bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.25%  per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2018. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and estimated debt issuance costs, are approximately $561.4 million .

Each $1,000 principal amount of the Notes will initially be convertible into 15.8554 shares of our common stock, the “Conversion Option,” which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $63.07 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. The Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding December 15, 2022, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2018 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period, the “Measurement Period,” in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events (as set forth in the indenture). On or after December 15, 2022 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. If certain specified fundamental changes occur (as set forth in the indenture) prior to the maturity date, holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the applicable maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert their notes in connection with such a corporate event in certain circumstances. It is our current intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement with a specified dollar amount of $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , the conditions allowing holders of the Notes to convert have not been met. The Notes are therefore not convertible during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and are classified as long-term debt.

In accounting for the transaction, the Notes were separated into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the Conversion Option was $125.0 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Notes. The equity component was recorded in additional paid-in capital and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, the “Debt Discount,” is amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Notes at an effective interest rate of  5.26% .

In accounting for the debt issuance costs of  $13.6 million  related to the Notes, we allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components of the Notes based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were $10.6 million and will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term of the Notes. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component in additional paid-in capital.

The net carrying amount of the liability component of the Notes is as follows (in thousands):

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 	June 30,
2018	 	December 31,
2017	
Principal	$	575,000		 	$	—		
Unamortized Debt Discount	(118,774	)	 	—		
Unamortized issuance costs	(10,166	)	 	—		
Net carrying amount	$	446,060		 	$	—		

The net carrying amount of the equity component of the Notes is as follows (in thousands):

								
 	June 30,
2018	 	December 31,
2017	
Debt Discount for Conversion Option	$	124,976		 	$	—		
Issuance costs	(2,948	)	 	—		
Net carrying amount	$	122,028		 	$	—		

Interest expense related to the Notes is as follows (in thousands):

																
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
 	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
Contractual interest expense	$	359		 	$	—		 	$	403		 	$	—		
Amortization of Debt Discount	5,531		 	—		 	6,202		 	—		
Amortization of issuance costs	399		 	—		 	448		 	—		
Total interest expense	$	6,289		 	$	—		 	$	7,053		 	$	—		

In connection with the pricing of the Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain counterparties, the “Capped Calls.” The Capped Calls each have an initial strike price of approximately $63.07 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which correspond to the initial conversion price of the Notes. The Capped Calls have initial cap prices of $95.20 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Capped Calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 9.1 million shares of our common stock. Conditions that cause adjustments to the initial strike price of the Capped Calls mirror conditions that result in corresponding adjustments for the Notes. The Capped Calls are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the Notes with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. For accounting purposes, the Capped Calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of the Notes. As these transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Capped Calls are recorded in stockholders' equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $63.9 million incurred in connection with the Capped Calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.
 
The difference between the Debt Discount and the total cost of the Capped Call, and the difference between the calculation of the book and tax allocation of debt issuance costs between the liability and equity components of the Notes, resulted in a difference between the carrying amount and tax basis of the Notes. This taxable temporary difference resulted in the recognition of a $13.8 million net deferred tax liability which was recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital. The creation of the deferred tax liability represents a source of future taxable income which supports realization of a portion of the income tax benefit associated with our loss from operations. Therefore, applying the guidance in ASC 740 to interim reporting periods, we recorded a net income tax benefit of $1.4 million in our consolidated statement of operations and an income tax benefit of $1.1 million in our consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the three months ended June 30, 2018 . This represents applying an estimated effective tax rate resulting from the recognition of the deferred tax asset to the pre-tax loss for the quarter.
 
The net impact to our stockholders' equity, included in additional paid-in capital, of the above components of the Notes is as follows (in thousands):

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Conversion Option	 	$	124,976		
Purchase of Capped Calls	 	(63,940	)	
Issuance costs	 	(2,948	)	
Net deferred tax liability	 	(13,784	)	
Total	 	$	44,304		
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies
Contractual Obligations
We lease office space under noncancelable operating leases with various expiration dates. Certain of the office space lease agreements contain rent holidays or rent escalation provisions. Rent holiday and rent escalation provisions are considered in determining the straight-line expense to be recorded over the lease term. The lease term begins on the date of initial possession of the leased property for purposes of recognizing lease expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rent expense was $4.4 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $8.8 million and $5.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

There were no material changes in our commitments under contractual obligations, as disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Litigation and Loss Contingencies
We accrue estimates for resolution of legal and other contingencies when losses are probable and estimable. From time to time, we may become a party to litigation and subject to claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, including intellectual property claims, labor and employment claims, threatened claims, breach of contract claims, tax, and other matters. We currently have no material pending litigation.
We are not currently aware of any litigation matters or loss contingencies that would be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated balance sheets, results of operations, comprehensive loss, or cash flows.
Indemnifications
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contractual arrangements under which we agree to provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to customers, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of such agreements, intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties, and other liabilities relating to or arising from our products or our acts or omissions. In these circumstances, payment may be conditional on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract. Further, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount, and in some instances, we may have recourse against third parties for certain payments. In addition, we have indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The terms of such obligations may vary. To date, we have not incurred any material costs, and we have not accrued any liabilities in our consolidated financial statements, as a result of these obligations.
Certain of our product offerings include service-level agreements warranting defined levels of uptime reliability and performance, which permit those customers to receive credits for future services in the event that we fail to meet those levels. To date, we have not accrued for any significant liabilities in our consolidated financial statements as a result of these service-level agreements.
Note 9. Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there were 400 million shares of common stock authorized for issuance with a par value of $0.01 per share and 105.7 million and 103.1 million shares were issued and outstanding, respectively.
Preferred Stock

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As of each of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there were 10 million shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance with a par value of $0.01 per share and no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.
Employee Equity Plans
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, eligible employees are granted options to purchase shares of our common stock through payroll deductions. The ESPP provides for 18 -month offering periods, which include three six -month purchase periods. At the end of each purchase period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning of an offering period or the fair market value of our common stock at the end of the purchase period. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , 0.4 million shares of common stock were purchased under the ESPP. Pursuant to the terms of the ESPP, the number of shares reserved under the ESPP increased by 1.0 million shares on January 1, 2018. As of June 30, 2018 , 4.2 million shares of common stock were available for issuance under the ESPP.
Stock Option and Grant Plans
Our board of directors adopted the 2009 Stock Option and Grant Plan, or the 2009 Plan, in July 2009. The 2009 Plan was terminated in connection with our initial public offering in May 2014, and accordingly, no shares are available for issuance under this plan. The 2009 Plan continues to govern outstanding awards granted thereunder.
Our 2014 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, serves as the successor to our 2009 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the 2014 Plan, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan increased by 5.2 million shares on January 1, 2018. As of June 30, 2018 , we had 9.3 million shares of common stock available for future grants under the 2014 Plan.
On May 6, 2016, the compensation committee of our board of directors granted equity awards representing 1.2 million shares. These awards were granted outside of the 2014 Plan pursuant to an exemption provided for “employment inducement awards” within the meaning of Section 303A.08 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual and accordingly did not require approval from our stockholders.
A summary of our stock option and restricted stock unit, or RSU, activity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 is as follows (in thousands, except per share information):

	
																							
 	 	 	Options Outstanding	 	RSUs Outstanding	
	Shares
Available
for Grant	 	Number of
Shares	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise Price	 	Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term	 	Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value	 	Outstanding
RSUs	 	Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value	
	 	 	 	 	 	 	(In years)	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outstanding — January 1, 2018	8,001		 	6,239		 	$	17.31		 	7.11	 	$	103,380		 	5,827		 	$	25.00		
Increase in authorized shares	5,156		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options granted	(756	)	 	756		 	42.08		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
RSUs granted	(3,643	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	3,643		 	39.43		
Stock options exercised	 	 	(674	)	 	14.46		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
RSUs vested	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,498	)	 	25.69		
Stock options forfeited or canceled	68		 	(68	)	 	28.61		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
RSUs forfeited or canceled	487		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(487	)	 	28.43		
RSUs forfeited or canceled and unavailable for grant	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(13	)	 	23.44		
Outstanding — June 30, 2018	9,313		 	6,253		 	$	20.49		 	7.05	 	$	212,871		 	7,472		 	$	31.68		

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The RSUs forfeited or canceled and unavailable for grant relate to our employment inducement awards. The aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding represents the difference between the closing market price of our common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options.
As of June 30, 2018 , we had a total of $262.1 million in future share-based compensation expense related to all equity awards to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years.

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Note 10. Deferred Revenue and Performance Obligations
During the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , $93.4 million and $69.3 million of revenue was recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of each period, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , $139.3 million and $102.7 million of revenue was recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of each period, respectively.
The aggregate balance of unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2018 was $326.2 million . We expect to recognize $265.9 million of the balance as revenue in the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter. The aggregate balance of unsatisfied performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized and does not include contract amounts which are cancelable by the customer and amounts associated with optional renewal periods.

Note 11. Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including those related to outstanding share-based awards and our convertible senior notes, to the extent dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss per share were the same for each period presented as the inclusion of all potential common stock outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share data):

																
 	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Net loss	$	(34,366	)	 	$	(26,267	)	 	$	(63,691	)	 	$	(51,348	)	
Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share	105,000			99,506			104,350			98,545		
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.33	)	 	$	(0.26	)	 	$	(0.61	)	 	$	(0.52	)	
*Adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606 (see Note 1).
 
The anti-dilutive securities related to share-based compensation excluded from the shares used to calculate diluted net loss per share are as follows (in thousands):

						
 	As of June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	
Shares subject to outstanding common stock options and employee stock purchase plan	6,358		 	7,448		
Restricted stock units	7,472		 	6,801		
 	13,830		 	14,249		

Additionally, the 9.1 million shares underlying the conversion option in the convertible senior notes are not considered in the calculation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be anti-dilutive. Additionally, the convertible senior notes are not convertible as of June 30, 2018 . We expect to settle the principal amount of the convertible senior notes in cash and therefore use the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted net income per share, if applicable. The conversion spread will have a dilutive impact on diluted net income per share when the average market price of our common stock for a given period exceeds the initial conversion price of $63.07 per share for the convertible senior notes. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , the average market price of our common stock did not exceed the conversion price.
Note 12. Income Taxes
We reported a benefit from income taxes of $1.7 million and $5.0 million  in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, primarily due to the recognition of a net income tax benefit of $1.4 million related to taxable temporary differences of the convertible senior notes and the capped call. We reported a benefit from income taxes of $0.7 million for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 . The effective tax rate for each period differs from the statutory ra

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te primarily as a result of not recognizing a deferred tax asset for U.S. losses due to having a full valuation allowance against U.S. deferred tax assets.
Note 13. Geographic Information
Our chief operating decision maker reviews the financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating our financial performance. Accordingly, we have determined that we operate in a single reporting segment.
Revenue
The following table presents our revenue by geographic area, as determined based on the billing address of our customers (in thousands):

	
																
 	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	*As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
United States	$	73,019		 	$	54,733		 	$	141,373		 	$	105,432		
EMEA	41,765		 	29,057		 	79,637		 	55,346		
APAC	16,111		 	10,874		 	30,107		 	20,745		
Other	10,987		 	7,432		 	20,556		 	14,461		
Total	$	141,882		 	$	102,096		 	$	271,673		 	$	195,984		
*Adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606 (see Note 1).
Long-Lived Assets
The following table presents our long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands):

	
								
 	As of
June 30, 2018	 	As of
December 31, 2017	
United States	$	23,006		 	$	23,609		
EMEA:	 	 	 	
Republic of Ireland	16,449		 	5,019		
Other EMEA	3,328		 	5,007		
  Total EMEA	19,777		 	10,026		
APAC	8,137		 	7,734		
Total	$	50,920		 	$	41,369		
 
The carrying values of capitalized internal-use software and intangible assets are excluded from the balance of long-lived assets presented in the table above.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018. As discussed in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Part II, Item 1A below.
Overview
We are a software development company that provides SaaS products that are intended to help organizations and their customers build better relationships. Our product family is built upon a modern architecture that enables us and our customers to rapidly innovate, adapt our technology in novel ways, and easily integrate with other products and applications. With our origins in customer service, we have evolved our offerings over time to a family of products that work together to help organizations understand their customers, improve communications across all channels, and engage where and when it’s needed most.
We believe in developing products that serve organizations of all sizes and across all industries. The flagship product in our family, Zendesk Support, provides organizations with the ability to track, prioritize, and solve customer support tickets across multiple channels, bringing customer information and interactions into one place. Our other widely available products integrate with Support and include Zendesk Chat, Zendesk Talk, Zendesk Guide, and Zendesk Connect. Chat is live chat software that provides a fast and responsive way for organizations to connect with their customers. Talk is cloud-based call center software that facilitates personal and productive phone support conversations between organizations and their customers. Guide is a self-service destination that organizations can use to provide articles, interactive forums, and a community that help an organization's customers help themselves. Connect enables customer service teams to send automated and timely messages based on a customer’s past actions and preferences. Additionally, we offer Zendesk Suite, an omnichannel offering which provides Support, Chat, Talk, and Guide together for a single price. We offer a range of subscription account plans for our products that vary in price based on functionality, type, and the amount of product support we offer. We also offer a range of additional features that customers can purchase and add to their subscriptions.
For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , our revenue was $141.9 million and $102.1 million , respectively, representing a 39% growth rate. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , our revenue was $271.7 million and $196.0 million , respectively, representing a 39% growth rate. For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , we derived $68.9 million , or 49% , and $47.4 million , or 46% , respectively, of our revenue from customers located outside of the United States. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , we derived $130.3 million , or 48% , and $90.6 million , or 46% , respectively, of our revenue from customers located outside of the United States. We expect that the rate of growth in our revenue will decline as our business scales, even if our revenue continues to grow in absolute terms. For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , we generated net losses of $34.4 million and $26.3 million , respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , we generated net losses of $63.7 million and $51.3 million , respectively.
The growth of our business and our future success depend on many factors, including our ability to continue to innovate, further develop our unified omnichannel offering, build brand recognition and a scalable product for larger enterprises, maintain our leadership in the small and medium-sized business market, add new customers, generate additional revenue from our existing customer base, and increase our global customer footprint. While these areas represent significant opportunities for us, we also face significant risks and challenges that we must successfully address in order to sustain the growth of our business and improve our operating results. We anticipate that we will continue to expand our operations and headcount in the near term. The expected expenditures that we anticipate will be necessary to manage our anticipated growth, including personnel costs, expenditures relating to hosting capabilities, leasehold improvements, and related fixed assets, will make it more difficult for us to achieve profitability in the near term. Many of these investments will occur in advance of us experiencing any direct benefit and will make it difficult to determine if we are allocating our resources efficiently.
We have focused on rapidly growing our business and plan to continue to invest for long-term growth. We expect to continue to develop our hosting capabilities primarily through expenditures for third-party managed hosting services. Additionally, we expect to incur depreciation expense and related costs associated with our self-managed colocation data centers while we transition our primary data center usage to third-party managed hosting services. The amount and timing of these disbursements will vary based on our estimates of projected growth and planned use of hosting resources. Over time, we

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anticipate that we will continue to gain economies of scale by efficiently utilizing our hosting and personnel resources to support the growth in our number of customers. We also expect to continue to grow our customer experience organization, resulting in additional salary and share-based compensation expenses. In addition, we expect to incur amortization expense associated with acquired intangible assets and capitalized internal-use software. As a result, we expect our gross margin to improve in the long-term, although our gross margin may decrease in the near-term and may vary from period to period as our revenue fluctuates and as a result of the timing and amount of such costs.
We expect our operating expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. We have invested, and expect to continue to invest, in our software development efforts to broaden the functionality of our existing products, to further integrate these products and services, and to introduce new products. We plan to continue to expand our sales and marketing organizations, particularly in connection with our efforts to expand our customer base. We also expect to continue to incur additional general and administrative costs in order to support the growth of our business and the infrastructure required to comply with our obligations as a public company.
Key Business Metrics
We review a number of operating metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.
Number of Paid Customer Accounts.  We believe that our ability to increase our number of paid accounts using our products is an indicator of our market penetration, the growth of our business, and our potential future business opportunities. We define the number of paid customer accounts as the sum of the number of accounts on Zendesk Support, exclusive of our legacy Starter plan, free trials, or other free services, the number of accounts on Chat, exclusive of free trials or other free services, and the number of accounts on all of our other products, exclusive of free trials and other free services, each as of the end of the period and as identified by a unique account identifier. In the quarter ended June 30, 2018, we began to offer an omnichannel subscription, which provides access to multiple products through a single paid customer account, Zendesk Suite. The number of Suite paid customer accounts are included in the number of accounts on products other than Support and Chat, and are not included in the number of paid customer accounts using Support or Chat. Other than usage of our products through our omnichannel subscription offering, the use of Support, Chat, and our other products requires separate subscriptions and each of these accounts are treated as a separate paid customer account. Existing customers may also expand their utilization of our products by adding new accounts and a single consolidated organization or customer may have multiple accounts across each of our products to service separate subsidiaries, divisions, or work processes. Other than usage of our products through our omnichannel subscription offering, each of these accounts is also treated as a separate paid customer account. Other than paid accounts for Zendesk Connect, an increase in the number of paid customer accounts generally correlates to an increase in the number of authorized agents licensed to use our products, which directly affects our revenue and results of operations. We view growth in this metric as a measure of our success in converting new sales opportunities. We had approximately 130,300 paid customer accounts as of June 30, 2018 , including approximately 70,500 paid customer accounts on Support, approximately 47,600 paid customer accounts on Chat, and approximately 12,200 paid customer accounts on our other products. As the total number of paid customer accounts increases, we expect the rate of growth in the number of paid customer accounts to decline.
Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate.  Our ability to generate revenue is dependent upon our ability to maintain our relationships with our customers and to increase their utilization of our products. We believe we can achieve this by focusing on delivering value and functionality that retains our existing customers, expands the number of authorized agents associated with an existing paid customer account, and results in upgrades to higher-priced subscription plans and the purchase of additional products. Maintaining customer relationships allows us to sustain and increase revenue to the extent customers maintain or increase the number of authorized agents licensed to use our products. We assess our performance in this area by measuring our dollar-based net expansion rate. Our dollar-based net expansion rate provides a measurement of our ability to increase revenue across our existing customer base through expansion of authorized agents associated with paid customer accounts, upgrades in subscription plans, and the purchase of additional products as offset by churn, contraction in authorized agents associated with paid customer accounts, and downgrades in subscription plans. We do not currently incorporate operating metrics associated with our analytics product or our Connect product into our measurement of dollar-based net expansion rate.
Our dollar-based net expansion rate is based upon our monthly recurring revenue for a set of paid customer accounts on our products. Monthly recurring revenue for a paid customer account is a legal and contractual determination made by assessing the contractual terms of each paid customer account, as of the date of determination, as to the revenue we expect to generate in the next monthly period for that paid customer account, assuming no changes to the subscription and without taking

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into account any one-time discounts or any usage above the subscription base, if any, that may be applicable to such subscription. Monthly recurring revenue is not determined by reference to historical revenue, deferred revenue, or any other United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, financial measure over any period. It is forward-looking and contractually derived as of the date of determination.
We calculate our dollar-based net expansion rate by dividing our retained revenue net of contraction and churn by our base revenue. We define our base revenue as the aggregate monthly recurring revenue across our products from the paid customer accounts on Support and Chat as of the date one year prior to the date of calculation. We define our retained revenue net of contraction and churn as the aggregate monthly recurring revenue across our products from the same customer base included in our measure of base revenue at the end of the annual period being measured. Our dollar-based net expansion rate is also adjusted to eliminate the effect of certain activities that we identify involving the transfer of agents between paid customer accounts, consolidation of customer accounts, or the split of a single paid customer account into multiple paid customer accounts. In addition, our dollar-based net expansion rate is adjusted to include paid customer accounts in the customer base used to determine retained revenue net of contraction and churn that share common corporate information with customers in the customer base that is used to determine our base revenue. Giving effect to this consolidation results in our dollar-based net expansion rate being calculated across approximately 107,800 customers, as compared to the approximately 130,300 total paid customer accounts as of June 30, 2018 .  To the extent that we can determine that the underlying customers do not share common corporate information, we do not aggregate paid customer accounts associated with reseller and other similar channel arrangements for the purposes of determining our dollar-based net expansion rate. While not material, we believe the failure to account for these activities would otherwise skew our dollar-based net expansion metrics associated with customers that maintain multiple paid customer accounts across their products, and paid customer accounts associated with reseller and other similar channel arrangements.
Our dollar-based net expansion rate was 119% as of June 30, 2018 . We expect that, among other factors, our continued focus on adding larger paid customer accounts at the time of addition and the growth in our revenue will result in an overall decline in our dollar-based net expansion rate over time as our aggregate monthly recurring revenue grows.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
We derive substantially all of our revenue from subscription services, which are comprised of subscription fees from customer accounts on Support and, to a lesser extent, Chat, Talk, Guide, and Connect. Each subscription may have multiple authorized users, and we refer to each user as an “agent.” The number of agents ranges from one to thousands for various customer accounts. Our pricing is generally established on a per agent basis. We offer a range of subscription account plans for our products that vary in price based on functionality, type, and, for Support and Chat, the amount of product support we offer. We also offer a range of additional features that customers can purchase and add to their subscriptions. Certain arrangements provide for incremental fees above a fixed maximum number of monthly agents during the subscription term. We sell subscription services under contractual agreements that vary in length, ranging between one month and multiple years, with the majority of subscriptions having a term of either one month or one year.
Subscription fees are generally non-refundable regardless of the actual use of the service. Subscription revenue is typically affected by the number of customer accounts, number of agents, and the type of plan purchased by our customers, and is recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement beginning on the date that our services are made available to our customers. Subscription services purchased online are typically paid for via a credit card on the date of purchase while subscription services purchased through our internal sales organization are generally billed with monthly, quarterly, or annual payment frequencies. Due to our mixed contract lengths and billing frequencies, the annualized value of the arrangements we enter into with our customers may not be fully reflected in deferred revenue at any single point in time. Accordingly, we do not believe that the change in deferred revenue for any period is an accurate indicator of future revenue for a given period of time. Additionally, because of the mix of contract lengths, customer purchasing patterns, and renewal patterns for our products, we do not believe that the amount of unsatisfied performance obligations, or any backlog calculated therefrom, measured as of any particular determination date, or period-over-period changes in such amounts, are accurate predictors of our future revenue for any future period, and we caution you not to rely on such amounts for that purpose.

We also derive revenue from implementation, Talk usage, and training services, for which we recognize revenue upon completion.
Cost of Revenue, Gross Margin, and Operating Expenses

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Cost of Revenue . Cost of revenue consists primarily of personnel costs (including salaries, share-based compensation, and benefits) for employees associated with our infrastructure, product support, and professional service organizations, and expenses for hosting capabilities, including third-party managed hosting services and depreciation from our self-managed colocation data centers. Cost of revenue also includes third-party license fees, payment processing fees, amortization expense associated with capitalized internal-use software, amortization expense associated with acquired intangible assets, and allocated shared costs. We allocate shared costs such as facilities, information technology, and security costs to all departments based on headcount. As such, allocated shared costs are reflected in cost of revenue and each operating expense category.
We currently operate out of four self-managed colocation data centers, in which we manage our own network equipment and systems, located in California, Virginia, Ireland, and Germany. In addition, we utilize third-party managed hosting facilities located in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia to host our services, support our infrastructure, and support certain research and development functions. We currently intend to continue to operate our self-managed colocation data centers and incur expenditures for third-party managed hosting services over time while we transition our primary data center usage to third-party managed hosting services.
We intend to continue to invest additional resources in our infrastructure, product support, and professional service organizations, organically and through acquisitions. We expect that recent and future business acquisitions will result in increased amortization expense of intangible assets such as acquired technology. As we continue to invest in technology innovation, we expect to continue to incur capitalized internal-use software costs and related amortization. We expect these investments in technology to not only expand the capabilities of our products but also to increase the efficiency of how we deliver these services, enabling us to improve our gross margin over time, although our gross margin may decrease in the near-term and may vary from period to period as our revenue fluctuates and as a result of the timing and amount of these investments. To the extent that we continue to rely on third-party technology to provide certain functionality within our products or for certain subscription plans or integrations, we expect third-party license fees for technology that is incorporated in such products and subscription plans to remain significant over time.
Gross Margin.  Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as our revenue fluctuates and as a result of the timing and amount of investments to expand our product support and professional services teams, investments in additional personnel, hosting equipment, and third-party managed hosting facilities to support our infrastructure, increased share-based compensation expense, as well as the amortization of certain acquired intangible assets, costs associated with capitalized internal-use software, and third-party license fees.
Research and Development.  Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (including salaries, share-based compensation, and benefits) for employees associated with our research and development organization and allocated shared costs.
We focus our research and development efforts on the continued development of our products, including the development and deployment of new features and functionality and enhancements to our software architecture and integration across our products. We expect that, in the future, research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars. However, we expect our research and development expenses to decrease modestly as a percentage of our revenue in the long-term, although this may fluctuate from period to period depending on fluctuations in revenue and the timing and the extent of our research and development expenses.
Sales and Marketing.  Sales and marketing expenses consist of personnel costs (including salaries, share-based compensation, sales commissions, and benefits) for employees associated with our sales and marketing organizations, costs of marketing activities, and allocated shared costs. Marketing activities include online lead generation, advertising, promotional events, and public and community relations. Sales commissions are considered incremental costs of obtaining customer contracts and are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the anticipated period of benefit, which we have determined to be three years.
We focus our sales and marketing efforts on generating awareness of our products, establishing and promoting our brand, and cultivating a community of successful and vocal customers. We plan to continue investing in sales and marketing by increasing the number of sales employees, developing our marketing teams, building brand awareness, and sponsoring additional marketing events, which we believe will enable us to add new customers and increase penetration within our existing customer base. Because we do not have a long history of undertaking or growing many of these activities, we cannot predict whether, or to what extent, our revenue will increase as we invest in these strategies. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars and continue to be our largest operating expense category for the foreseeable future. Our sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of our revenue over time may fluctuate from period to period depending on fluctuations in revenue and the timing and extent of our sales and marketing expenses.

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General and Administrative . General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (including salaries, share-based compensation, and benefits) for our executive, finance, legal, human resources, and other administrative employees. In addition, general and administrative expenses include fees for third-party professional services, including legal, accounting, and tax related services, other corporate expenses, and allocated shared costs.
We expect to incur incremental costs associated with supporting the growth of our business, both in terms of size and geographic expansion, and the infrastructure required to be a public company. Such costs include increases in our finance, legal, and human resources personnel, additional legal, accounting, tax, and compliance-related services fees, insurance costs, and costs of executing significant transactions, including business acquisitions, and other costs associated with being a public company. As a result, we expect our general and administrative expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future. However, we expect our general and administrative expenses to decrease modestly as a percentage of our revenue in the long-term, although this may fluctuate from period to period depending on fluctuations in revenue and the timing and extent of our general and administrative expenses.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income from marketable securities, foreign currency gains and losses, and interest expense from our convertible senior notes. Interest expense includes amortization of the debt discount, amortization of issuance costs, and contractual interest expense.
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented in dollars and as a percentage of our revenue:

	
																
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Revenue	$	141,882		 	$	102,096		 	$	271,673		 	$	195,984		
Cost of revenue (1)	44,160		 	30,663		 	83,216		 	58,770		
Gross profit	97,722			71,433		 	188,457		 	137,214		
Operating expenses (1) :	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	
Research and development	37,624		 	28,698		 	74,708		 	55,154		
Sales and marketing	69,450		 	50,412		 	134,508		 	96,681		
General and administrative	24,245		 	19,788		 	46,452		 	38,105		
Total operating expenses	131,319			98,898		 	255,668		 	189,940		
Operating loss	(33,597	)	 	(27,465	)	 	(67,211	)	 	(52,726	)	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	3,826		 	827		 	5,344		 	1,540		
Interest expense	(6,289	)	 	—		 	(7,053	)	 	—		
Other income (expense), net	27		 	(319	)	 	272		 	(814	)	
Total other income (expense), net	(2,436	)	 	508		 	(1,437	)	 	726		
Loss before benefit from income taxes	(36,033	)		(26,957	)	 	(68,648	)	 	(52,000	)	
Benefit from income taxes	(1,667	)	 	(690	)	 	(4,957	)	 	(652	)	
Net loss	$	(34,366	)		$	(26,267	)	 	$	(63,691	)	 	$	(51,348	)	
______________
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows:

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 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Cost of revenue	$	3,474		 	$	2,156		 	$	6,572		 	$	4,260		
Research and development	9,529		 	7,584		 	19,758		 	14,498		
Sales and marketing	9,178		 	5,884		 	17,186		 	11,408		
General and administrative	5,967		 	5,321		 	11,619		 	9,883		

	
												
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
	2018		2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Revenue	100.0	 %	 	100.0	 %	 	100.0	 %	 	100.0	 %	
Cost of revenue (2)	31.1		 	30.0		 	30.6		 	30.0		
Gross profit	68.9			70.0		 	69.4		 	70.0		
Operating expenses (2) :	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	
Research and development	26.5		 	28.1		 	27.5		 	28.1		
Sales and marketing	48.9		 	49.4		 	49.5		 	49.3		
General and administrative	17.1		 	19.4		 	17.1		 	19.4		
Total operating expenses	92.5		 	96.9		 	94.1		 	96.8		
Operating loss	(23.6	)	 	(26.9	)	 	(24.7	)	 	(26.8	)	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	2.7		 	0.8		 	2.0		 	0.8		
Interest expense	(4.4	)	 	—		 	(2.6	)	 	—		
Other income (expense), net	—		 	(0.3	)	 	0.1		 	(0.4	)	
Total other income (expense), net	(1.7	)	 	0.5		 	(0.5	)	 	0.4		
Loss before benefit from income taxes	(25.3	)	 	(26.4	)	 	(25.2	)	 	(26.4	)	
Benefit from income taxes	(1.2	)	 	(0.7	)	 	(1.8	)	 	(0.3	)	
Net loss	(24.1	)%	 	(25.7	)%	 	(23.4	)%	 	(26.1	)%	
______________
(2) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows:

	
												
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	 	2018	 	2017	
 		 	* As adjusted	 		 	* As adjusted	
Cost of revenue	2.4	%	 	2.1	%	 	2.4	%	 	2.2	%	
Research and development	6.7		 	7.4		 	7.3		 	7.4		
Sales and marketing	6.5		 	5.8		 	6.3		 	5.8		
General and administrative	4.2		 	5.2		 	4.3		 	5.0		
*Adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606. See Note 1 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Revenue

	
																						
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	
	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	 	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	
		 	* As adjusted	 	 	 		 	* As adjusted	 	 	
	(In thousands, except percentages)	
Revenue	$	141,882		 	$	102,096		 	39	%	 	$	271,673		 	$	195,984		 	39	%	
Revenue increased $39.8 million , or 39% , in the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 . Of the total increase in revenue, $15.5 million , or 39% , was attributable to revenue from new customer accounts acquired

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from July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018 , net of churn and contraction, and $24.3 million , or 61% , was attributable to revenue from accounts existing on or before June 30, 2017 , net of churn and contraction. Revenue increased $75.7 million , or 39% , in the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 due to the addition of new customer accounts and the continued expansion of existing customer accounts.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

	
																						
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	
	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	 	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	
		 	* As adjusted	 	 	 		 	* As adjusted	 	 	
	(In thousands, except percentages)	
Cost of revenue	$	44,160		 	$	30,663		 	44	%	 	$	83,216		 	$	58,770		 	42	%	
Gross margin	68.9	%	 	70.0	%	 	 	 	69.4	%	 	70.0	%	 	 	
Cost of revenue increased $13.5 million , or 44% , and $24.4 million , or 42% , in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 . The overall increase was primarily due to increased hosting costs of $5.9 million and $10.9 million, and increased employee compensation-related costs of $4.5 million and $8.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively. The increase in hosting costs was driven by an increase in expenditures for third-party managed hosting services and accelerated depreciation expense for our self-managed colocation data centers in connection with our transition to third-party managed hosting services. The increase in employee compensation-related costs was driven by headcount growth. Further contributing to the overall increase was an increase in allocated shared facilities and information technology costs of $1.4 million and $2.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively.
Our gross margin decreased by 1.1 and 0.6 percentage points in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 , driven primarily by increased hosting costs in connection with our transition to third-party managed hosting services. The overall decrease was partially offset by lower amortization of capitalized internal-use software and certain acquired intangible assets.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expenses

	
																						
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	
	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	 	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	
	(In thousands, except percentages)	
Research and development	$	37,624		 	$	28,698		 	31	%	 	$	74,708		 	$	55,154		 	35	%	
Research and development expenses increased $8.9 million , or 31% , and $19.6 million , or 35% , in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 . The overall increase was primarily due to increased employee compensation-related costs of $7.5 million and $15.0 million, driven by headcount growth, and asset impairment losses of $0.2 million and $2.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 . Further contributing to the overall increase was an increase in allocated shared costs of $1.7 million and $3.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively.
Sales and Marketing Expenses

	
																						
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	
	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	 	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	
		 	* As adjusted	 		 		 	* As adjusted	 	 	
	(In thousands, except percentages)	
Sales and marketing	$	69,450		 	$	50,412		 	38	%	 	$	134,508		 	$	96,681		 	39	%	
*Adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606. See Note 1 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Sales and marketing expenses increased $19.0 million , or 38% , and $37.8 million , or 39% , in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 . The overall increase was primarily due to increased employee compensation-related costs, including amortization of deferred commissions, of $13.6 million and $26.9 million, driven by headcount growth, and an increase in marketing program costs of $2.1 million and $4.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively. The increase in marketing program costs was primarily driven by an increased number of marketing events and advertising activities. Further contributing to the overall increase was an increase in allocated shared costs of $2.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively.
General and Administrative Expenses

	
																						
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	
	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	 	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	
	(In thousands, except percentages)	
General and administrative	$	24,245		 	$	19,788		 	23	%	 	$	46,452		 	$	38,105		 	22	%	
General and administrative expenses increased $4.5 million , or 23% , and $8.3 million , or 22% , in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 . The overall increase was primarily due to increased employee compensation-related costs of $2.7 million and $5.4 million, driven by headcount growth, and an increase in allocated shared costs of $0.8 million and $1.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively.
Other Income (Expense), Net

	
																						
 	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	
	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	 	2018	 	2017	 	% Change	
	(In thousands, except percentages)	
Interest income	$	3,826		 	$	827		 	363	 %	 	$	5,344		 	$	1,540		 	247	 %	
Interest expense	(6,289	)	 	—		 	*		 	(7,053	)	 	—		 	*		
Other income (expense), net	27		 	(319	)	 	(108	)%	 	272		 	(814	)	 	(133	)%	
* not meaningful
Interest income increased $3.0 million and $3.8 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017 , primarily due to the increase in the amount of marketable securities from the proceeds received from the convertible senior notes. Interest expense increased $6.3 million and $7.1 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, due to the issuance of the convertible senior notes.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of June 30, 2018 , our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $873.0 million , which were held for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities are comprised of money market funds, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, and agency securities.
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	
								
 	Six Months Ended June 30,	
	2018	 	2017	
 		 	*As adjusted	
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	39,938		 	$	17,577		
Net cash used in investing activities	(169,780	)	 	(28,957	)	
Net cash provided by financing activities	513,387		 	20,551		
*Adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606 and ASU 2016-18. See Note 1 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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To date, we have financed our operations primarily through customer payments for subscription services, the issuance of our convertible senior notes, and public and private equity financings. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, together with cash generated from operations, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including hosting costs to support the growth in our customer accounts and continued customer expansion, the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced products, features, and functionality, and costs related to building out our leased office facilities. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, and technologies, and intellectual property rights. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing in order to meet these future capital requirements. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be adversely affected.
Operating Activities
Our largest source of operating cash inflows is cash collections from our customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for employee-related expenditures, hosting costs, office facilities, and marketing programs.
Net cash provided by operating activities in the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $39.9 million , reflecting our net loss of $63.7 million , adjusted by non-cash charges including share-based compensation expense of $55.1 million , depreciation and amortization of $18.7 million , amortization of deferred costs of $9.5 million, and net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $11.4 million . The net changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily attributable to an increase in deferred revenue of $33.6 million due to sales growth and the timing of customer billings and an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $21.8 million due to timing of payments. These sources of cash flow were offset by an increase in deferred costs of $17.6 million , primarily including sales commissions, and an increase in accounts receivable of $13.9 million due to the timing of customer billings and collections.

Net cash provided by operating activities in the six months ended June 30, 2017 was $17.6 million, reflecting our net loss of $51.3 million, adjusted by non-cash charges including share-based compensation expense of $40.0 million, depreciation and amortization of $16.1 million, amortization of deferred costs of $6.6 million, and net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $5.8 million. The net changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily attributable to an increase in deferred revenue of $16.9 million due to sales growth and the timing of customer billings, and an increase in accrued liabilities and accounts payable of $8.0 million due to timing of payments. These sources of cash flow were offset by an increase in deferred costs of $9.6 million, primarily including sales commissions, and an increase in accounts receivable of $4.6 million due to the timing of customer billings and collections. Other uses of cash included an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.9 million driven by a prepayment for third-party managed hosting services.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2018 of $169.8 million was primarily attributable to purchases of marketable securities of $145.6 million , net of sales and maturities, purchases of property and equipment of $20.0 million , primarily associated with newly leased office facilities, and capitalized internal-use software costs of $4.2 million related to the development of additional features and functionality for our platform.

Net cash used in investing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2017 of $29.0 million was primarily attributable to cash paid for the acquisition of Outbound, net of cash acquired, of $16.5 million, purchases of property and equipment of $9.3 million, primarily associated with hosting equipment to maintain our self-managed colocation data centers and newly leased office facilities, and capitalized internal-use software costs of $3.3 million related to the development of additional features and functionality for our platform.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2018 of $513.4 million was primarily attributable to net proceeds from the issuance of our convertible senior notes of $561.5 million , proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan of $9.9 million , and proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options of $9.7 million , partially offset by the purchase of the capped call in connection with the issuance of our convertible senior notes of $63.9 million .

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Net cash provided by financing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2017 of $20.6 million was primarily attributable to proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options of $15.2 million and proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan of $7.1 million.

Critical Accounting Polices and Estimates
We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies and estimates.
Except for updates to our accounting policies related to the adoption of ASC 606, there were no changes to our critical accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018, that had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 1 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, including our updated accounting policies related to the adoption of ASC 606.
Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
Our principal commitments consist of obligations under operating leases for office facilities and contractual commitments for hosting and other support costs.
There were no material changes to our commitments under contractual obligations from those disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

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Through June 30, 2018 , we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
 
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
While we primarily transact with customers in the U.S. dollar, we also transact in foreign currencies, including the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Australian Dollar, Singapore Dollar, Danish Krone, Brazilian Real, Philippine Peso, Japanese Yen, and Indian Rupee, due to foreign operations and customer sales. We expect to continue to grow our foreign operations and customer sales. Our international subsidiaries maintain certain asset and liability balances that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of these subsidiaries, which is the U.S. dollar for all international subsidiaries. Changes in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar can result in fluctuations in our total assets, liabilities, revenue, operating expenses, and cash flows.
We operate a hedging program to mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our cash flows and earnings. For additional information, see Note 3 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
We had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $873.0 million as of June 30, 2018 , of which $817.8 million was invested in money market funds, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, and agency securities. The cash and cash equivalents are held for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our investments in marketable securities are made for capital preservation purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
Our cash equivalents and our portfolio of marketable securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed rate securities may have their market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities

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may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fluctuate due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our debt securities as “available for sale,” no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary.
As of June 30, 2018 , an immediate increase of 100-basis points in interest rates would have resulted in a decline in the fair value of our cash equivalents and portfolio of marketable securities of approximately $3.6 million . This estimate is based on a sensitivity model that measures market value changes when changes in interest rates occur. Fluctuations in the value of our cash equivalents and portfolio of marketable securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in other comprehensive income, and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other than temporary.
In March 2018, we issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2023. The fair value of our convertible senior notes is subject to interest rate risk, market risk and other factors due to the conversion feature. The fair value of the convertible senior notes will generally increase as our common stock price increases and will generally decrease as our common stock price declines. The interest and market value changes affect the fair value of our convertible senior notes but do not impact our financial position, cash flows or results of operations due to the fixed nature of the debt obligation. Additionally, we carry the convertible senior notes at face value less unamortized discount on our balance sheet, and we present the fair value for required disclosure purposes only.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Based on management’s evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, claims, investigations, and government inquires in the ordinary course of business. We have received, and may in the future continue to receive, claims from third parties asserting, among other things, infringement of their intellectual property rights, defamation, privacy, and contractual rights. Legal risk is enhanced in certain jurisdictions outside the United States where our protection from liability for content added to our products by third parties may be unclear and where we may be less protected under local laws than we are in the United States. Future litigation may be necessary to defend ourselves, our partners, and our customers by determining the scope, enforceability, and validity of third-party proprietary rights, or to establish our proprietary rights. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider such risks and uncertainties, together with the other information contained in this report, and in our other public filings. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition, or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections, and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. In addition, if any of the following risks and uncertainties, or if any other risks and uncertainties, actually occurs, our business, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed substantially, which could cause the market price of our stock to decline, perhaps significantly.

 
Risks Related to Our Business
We derive, and expect to continue to derive, substantially all of our revenue and cash flows from Support. If we fail to adapt this product to changing market dynamics and customer preferences or to achieve increased market acceptance of Support, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects would be harmed.
We derive, and expect to continue to derive, substantially all of our revenue and cash flows from sales of subscriptions to Support. As such, the market acceptance of this product is critical to our success. Demand for our products, including Support, is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as continued market acceptance of our products by customers for existing and new use cases, the timing of development and release of new products, features, and functionality introduced by our competitors, technological change, and growth or contraction in our addressable market. We expect that an increasing focus on the customer experience and the growth of various communications channels will profoundly impact the market for customer support software and blur distinctions between traditionally separate systems for customer support, marketing automation, and customer relationship management, enabling new competitors to emerge. If we are unable to meet customer demands to improve relationships between organizations and their customers through flexible solutions designed to address all these needs or otherwise achieve more widespread market acceptance of our products, including Support, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects will be adversely affected.
We have a history of losses and we expect our revenue growth rate to decline. As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and sustain our profitability.
We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $34.4 million and $26.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $63.7 million and $51.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $461.7 million as of June 30, 2018 . For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , our revenue was $141.9 million and $102.1 million , respectively, representing a 39% growth rate. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , our revenue was $271.7 million and $196.0 million , respectively, representing a 39% growth rate. Our historical revenue growth has been inconsistent, and should not be considered indicative of our future performance. We expect that our revenue growth rate will decline over time. We may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and sustain profitability as we also expect our costs to increase in future periods. We expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on:

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•	development of our family of products, including investments in our research and development team, the development or acquisition of new products, features, and functionality, and improvements to the scalability, availability, and security of our products;	
		
•	enhancements to our network operations and infrastructure;	
		
•	sales and marketing, including an expansion of our direct sales organization;	
		
•	continued international expansion in an effort to increase our customer base and sales; and  	
		
•	general administration, including legal, accounting, and other expenses related to being a public company.	
These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth of our business. If we fail to continue to grow our revenue, our operating results and business would be harmed.
We face a number of risks in our strategy to increasingly target larger organizations for sales of our products and, if we do not manage these efforts effectively, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
As we target more of our sales efforts to larger organizations, we expect to incur higher costs and longer sales cycles, and we may be less effective at predicting when we will complete these sales. In this market segment, the decision to subscribe to one or more of our products may require the approval of a greater number of technical personnel and management levels within a potential customer’s organization than we have historically encountered, and if so, these types of sales would require us to invest more time educating these potential customers on the benefits of our products. In addition, larger organizations may demand more features and integration services. We have limited experience in developing and managing sales channels and distribution arrangements for larger organizations. As a result of these factors, these sales opportunities may require us to devote greater research and development, sales, product support, and professional services resources to individual customers, resulting in increased costs and reduced profitability, and would likely lengthen our typical sales cycle, which could strain our resources. Moreover, these transactions may require us to delay recognizing portions of the associated revenue we derive from these customers until any technical or implementation requirements have been met, and larger customers may demand discounts to the subscription prices they pay for our products. Furthermore, because we have limited experience selling to larger organizations, our investment in marketing our products to these potential customers may not be successful, which could harm our results of operations and our overall ability to grow our customer base. Following sales to larger organizations, we may have fewer opportunities to expand usage of our products or to sell additional functionality, and we may experience increased subscription terminations as compared to our experience with smaller organizations, any of which could harm our results of operations.
Failure to effectively expand and maintain our sales capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products.
Increasing our customer base and achieving broader market acceptance of our products will depend, to a significant extent, on our ability to effectively expand and maintain our sales and marketing operations and activities. We are substantially dependent on our direct sales force to obtain certain of our new customers, including larger organizations. We plan to continue to expand our direct sales force both domestically and internationally to increase our sales capacity. During the twelve months ended June 30, 2018 , our sales and marketing organization increased by approximately 190 employees to approximately 760 employees. There is significant competition for experienced sales and marketing professionals with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth in the future will depend, in part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining a sufficient number of experienced sales and marketing professionals. New hires require significant training and time before they achieve full productivity, particularly in new sales segments and territories. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become as productive as we anticipate as quickly as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the future in the markets where we do business. We cannot predict whether, or to what extent, our sales will increase as we expand our sales and marketing functions or how long it will take for new personnel to become productive. Our business will be harmed if our sales and marketing efforts do not generate a significant increase in revenue. 
The market in which we participate is intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be harmed.
The market for customer service solutions is fragmented, rapidly evolving, and highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry. With respect to larger organizations and enterprises seeking to deploy a customer service software system, we have many competitors that are larger than us and which have greater name recognition, much longer operating histories, more established customer relationships, larger marketing budgets, and significantly greater resources than we do. Among the small to medium-sized organizations that make up a large proportion of our customers, we often compete with general use computer applications and other tools, which these organizations use to provide support and which can be deployed for little or no cost.

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These include shared accounts for email communication, phone banks for voice communication, and pen and paper, text editors, and spreadsheets for tracking and management.
Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or customer requirements. With the introduction of new technologies, the evolution of our products, and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. Pricing pressures and increased competition generally could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses, or the failure of our products to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business.
We face competition from in-house software systems, large integrated systems vendors, and smaller companies offering alternative SaaS applications. Our competitors vary in size and in the breadth and scope of the products and services they offer. For larger organizations, we compete with customer software systems and large enterprise software vendors such as salesforce.com, Inc., Oracle Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, and ServiceNow, Inc., each of which may have greater operational flexibility to bundle competing products and services with other software offerings, or offer them at a lower price than our current Suite offering, which will negatively affect our competitiveness for that offering. In addition, we compete with a number of other SaaS providers with focused applications competitive to one or more of our products, including applications developed by Freshworks, Inc. and desk.com (a salesforce.com service) that compete with Support. Further, other established SaaS providers not currently focused on the functionality that our products provide may expand their services to compete with us. Many of our current and potential competitors have established marketing relationships, access to larger customer bases, pre-existing customer relationships, and major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators, and resellers. Additionally, some existing and potential customers, particularly large organizations, have elected, and may in the future elect, to develop their own internal customer support software system. Certain of our competitors have partnered with, or have acquired, and may in the future partner with or acquire, other competitors to offer services, leveraging their collective competitive positions, which makes, or would make, it more difficult for us to compete with them. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors or retain existing customers, which would harm our business.
Our business depends substantially on our customers renewing their subscriptions, expanding the use of their subscriptions, and purchasing subscriptions for additional products from us. Any decline in our customer retention or expansion, or any failure by us to sell subscriptions to additional products to existing customers, would harm our future operating results.
In order for us to maintain or improve our operating results, it is important that our customers renew their subscriptions when the initial contract term expires, and add additional authorized agents to their customer accounts. Even though the majority of our revenue is derived from subscriptions to our products that have terms longer than one month, a significant portion of the subscriptions to our products have monthly terms. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions, and our customers may not renew subscriptions with a similar contract period or with the same or a greater number of agents. Some of our customers have elected not to renew their agreements with us and it is difficult to accurately predict long-term customer retention. Additionally, our future success is also substantially dependent on our ability to expand our existing customers' use of our products by expanding the number of products to which such customers subscribe. This may require increasingly sophisticated and costly sales efforts and may not result in additional sales.
Our customer retention, our ability to sell additional products to existing customers, and the rate at which our existing customers purchase subscriptions to additional products may be impacted by a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with our products, our product support, our prices, the prices of competing software systems, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base, the effects of global economic conditions, or reductions in our customers’ spending levels. In addition, the rate at which our existing customers purchase subscriptions to additional products depends on a number of factors, including the perceived need for additional products to build better relationships between organizations and their customers. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions, renew on less favorable terms, fail to add more agents, or fail to purchase subscriptions to additional products, our revenue may decline, and we may not realize improved operating results from our customer base.
We may not be able to integrate new products into our infrastructure, which could negatively impact our future sales and results of operations.
Our business depends in part on our ability to build or acquire products that both complement our existing products and respond to our customers’ needs. Our customers also expect that new products will integrate with existing products that we currently offer. Our ability to successfully integrate newly developed or acquired products into a shared services infrastructure is unproven. Because we have a limited history in integrating newly developed or acquired products and the market for such

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products is rapidly evolving, it is difficult for us to predict our operating results following the integration of such products. If we are not able to fully integrate new products into our infrastructure, our business could be harmed.
If we are not able to develop enhancements to our products or introduce new products and services that achieve market acceptance and that keep pace with technological developments, our business would be harmed.
Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our products and to introduce new products and services. In order to grow our business, we must research and develop products and services that reflect the changing nature of customer service, and expand beyond customer service to other areas of improving relationships between organizations and their customers. In the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , our research and development expenses were 27 % and 28 % of our revenue, respectively. In each of the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , our research and development expenses were 28% of our revenue. If we do not spend our research and development budget efficiently or effectively on compelling innovation and technologies, our operating results may be harmed and we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy.
The success of any enhancement to our products depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, and market acceptance. Any new product or service that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain defects, or may not achieve the market acceptance necessary to generate sufficient revenue. If we are unable to successfully develop new products or services, enhance our existing products to meet customer requirements, or otherwise gain market acceptance, our business and operating results will be harmed.
Because our products are available over the Internet, we need to continuously modify and enhance them to keep pace with changes in Internet-related hardware, software, communications, and database technologies and standards. If we are unable to respond in a timely and cost-effective manner to these rapid technological developments and changes in standards, our products may become less marketable, less competitive, or obsolete, and our operating results will be harmed.
We employ a pricing model that subjects us to various challenges that could make it difficult for us to derive sufficient value from our customers.
We generally charge our customers for their use of our products based on the number of users they enable as “agents” to provide customer service under their customer account, as well as the features and functionality enabled. The features and functionality we provide within our products enable our customers to promote customer self-service and otherwise efficiently and cost-effectively address product support requests without the need for substantial human interaction. As a result of these features, customer agent staffing requirements may be minimized and our revenue may be adversely impacted. Additionally, other than subscriptions related to our Suite offering, we generally require a separate subscription to enable the functionality of each of our products. We do not know whether our current or potential customers or the market in general will accept this pricing model going forward and, if it fails to gain acceptance, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
Our terms of service generally prohibit the sharing of user logins and passwords. These restrictions may be improperly circumvented or otherwise bypassed by certain users and, if they are, we may not be able to capture the full value of the use of our products. We license access and use of our products exclusively for our customers’ internal use. If customers improperly resell or otherwise make our products available to their customers, it may cannibalize our sales or commoditize our products in the market. Additionally, if a customer that has received a volume discount from us offers our products to its customers in violation of our terms of service, we may experience price erosion and be unable to capture sufficient value from the use of our products by those customers.
While our terms of service provide us the ability to enforce our terms, our customers may resist or refuse to allow us to audit their usage, in which case we may have to pursue legal recourse to enforce our rights. Any such enforcement action would require us to spend money, distract management, and potentially adversely affect our relationship with our customers.
We do not have the history with our subscription or pricing models that we need to accurately predict optimal pricing necessary to attract new customers and retain existing customers.
We have limited experience with respect to determining the optimal prices for our products and, as a result, we have in the past and expect in the future that we will need to change our pricing model from time to time. As the market for our products matures, or as new competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours, we may be unable to attract new customers at the same price or based on the same pricing models as we have used historically. Pricing decisions may also impact the mix of adoption among our subscription plans and negatively impact our overall revenue. Moreover, larger organizations may demand substantial price concessions. As a result, in the future we may be required to reduce our prices or

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develop new pricing models, which could adversely affect our revenue, gross margin, profitability, financial position, and cash flow.
Additionally, we have a very limited history in respect of pricing our Suite offering. We may not fully understand the impact of pricing changes in the market, and if we fail to find an optimal price for our Suite offering, our business and results of operations may be harmed.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth and organizational change in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our culture, our business and operating results could be harmed.
We have experienced and may continue to experience rapid growth and organizational change, which has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management, operational, and financial resources. For example, our headcount has grown from approximately 1,880 employees as of June 30, 2017 to approximately 2,360 employees as of June 30, 2018 . In addition, we have established subsidiaries in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Japan, the Philippines, Brazil, Germany, India, and Mexico since our inception in 2007, and, as a result of acquisitions, we also have subsidiaries in Singapore and France. We may continue to expand our international operations into other countries in the future. We have also experienced significant growth in the number of customers, end users, transactions, and data that our products support. Finally, our organizational structure is becoming more complex and we may need to scale and adapt our operational, financial, and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures, to manage this complexity. We will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and change in these areas without undermining our corporate culture of rapid innovation, simplicity in design, and attention to customer satisfaction that has been critical to our growth so far. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth and change in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our culture, the quality of our products and services may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.
If the market for SaaS business software applications develops more slowly than we expect or declines, our business would be adversely affected.
The market for SaaS business software applications is less mature than the market for on-premise business software applications, and the adoption rate of SaaS business software applications may be slower among subscribers in industries with heightened data security interests or business practices requiring highly customizable application software. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the widespread adoption of SaaS business applications in general, and of SaaS customer service applications in particular. Many organizations have invested substantial personnel and financial resources to integrate traditional on-premise business software applications into their businesses, and therefore may be reluctant or unwilling to migrate to SaaS applications. The expansion of the SaaS business applications market depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with SaaS, as well as the ability of SaaS providers to address data security and privacy concerns. If SaaS business applications do not continue to achieve market acceptance, if there is a reduction in demand for SaaS business applications caused by a lack of customer acceptance, or if there are technological challenges, weakening economic conditions, data security or privacy concerns, governmental regulation, competing technologies and products, or decreases in information technology spending, it would result in decreased revenue and our business would be adversely affected.
If our network or computer systems are breached or unauthorized access to customer data is otherwise obtained, our products may be perceived as insecure, we may lose existing customers or fail to attract new customers, and we may incur significant liabilities.
Use of our products involves the storage, transmission, and processing of our customers’ proprietary data, including personal or identifying information regarding their customers or employees. Unauthorized access to or security breaches of our products could result in the loss of data, loss of intellectual property or trade secrets, loss of business, severe reputational damage adversely affecting customer or investor confidence, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, or indemnity obligations. Furthermore, if our network or computer systems are breached or unauthorized access to customer data is otherwise obtained, we may be held responsible for damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws, regulations, or contractual obligations, and significant costs for remediation that may include liability for stolen assets or information and repair of system damage that may have been caused, incentives offered to customers or other business partners in an effort to maintain business relationships after a breach, and other liabilities. Notifications related to a security breach regarding or pertaining to any of such service providers could impact our reputation, harm customer confidence, hurt our sales and expansion into new markets, or cause us to lose existing customers. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant expenses to prevent, investigate, and remediate security breaches and vulnerabilities, including deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants. Our errors and

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omissions insurance coverage covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liability.
We have previously experienced significant breaches and identified significant vulnerabilities of our security measures and the security measures deployed by third-party vendors upon which we rely, and our products are at risk for future breaches as a result of third-party action, employee, vendor, or contractor error, malfeasance, or other factors.
New products and services, including newly acquired products and services, may rely on systems, networks, personnel, equipment, and vendors that may initially be different from those utilized in connection with our existing products and may not have been subject to the same security reviews and assessments as those used to provide our existing products. Any failure to complete these security reviews and assessments and to implement improvements to the security measures deployed to protect our new products in a timely manner could increase our risk of a security breach with respect to these products, which would harm our reputation and our business as a whole.
Because the techniques used and vulnerabilities exploited to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or vulnerabilities or to implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period.
Because data security is a critical competitive factor in our industry, we make numerous statements in our privacy policies, terms of service, and data processing agreements, through our certifications to privacy standards, and in our marketing materials, providing assurances about the security of our products, including detailed descriptions of security measures we employ. Should any of these statements be untrue or become untrue, even due to circumstances beyond our reasonable control, we may face claims of misrepresentation or deceptiveness by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, state and foreign regulators, and private litigants.
Our financial results may fluctuate due to increasing variability in our sales cycles.
We plan our expenses based on certain assumptions about the length and variability of our sales cycle. These assumptions are based upon historical trends for sales cycles and conversion rates associated with our existing customers, many of whom to date have been small to medium-sized organizations that make purchasing decisions with limited interaction with our sales or other personnel. As we continue to become more dependent on sales to larger organizations, we expect our sales cycles to lengthen and become less predictable. This may adversely affect our financial results. Factors that may influence the length and variability of our sales cycle include:

•	the need to educate prospective customers about the uses and benefits of our products;	
		
•	the discretionary nature of purchasing and budget cycles and decisions;	
		
•	the competitive nature of evaluation and purchasing processes;	
		
•	announcements or planned introductions of new products, features, or functionality by us or our competitors; and	
		
•	lengthy purchasing approval processes.	
An increasing dependence on sales to larger organizations may increase the variability of our financial results. If we are unable to close one or more expected significant transactions with these customers in a particular period, or if an expected transaction is delayed until a subsequent period, our operating results for that period, and for any future periods in which revenue from such transaction would otherwise have been recognized, may be adversely affected.
Our quarterly results may fluctuate for various other reasons, and if we fail to meet the expectations of analysts or investors, our stock price and the value of an investment in our common stock could decline substantially.
Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our quarterly financial results fall below the expectations of investors or any securities analysts who follow our stock, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Some of the important factors that may cause our revenue, operating results, and cash flows to fluctuate from quarter to quarter include:

•	our ability to attract new customers, retain and increase sales to existing customers, and satisfy our customers’ requirements;	
		
•	the number of new employees added to our company in a given period;	
		
•	the rate of expansion and productivity of our sales force;	
		
•	changes in our or our competitors’ pricing policies;	

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•	the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the operations and expansion of our business;	
		
•	new products, features, or functionalities introduced by our competitors;	
		
•	increasing efforts by our customers to develop native applications as a substitute for our own;	
		
•	significant security breaches, technical difficulties, or service interruptions to our products;	
		
•	the timing of customer payments and payment defaults by customers;	
		
•	general economic conditions that may adversely affect either our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase additional subscriptions, delay a prospective customer’s purchasing decision, reduce the value of new subscription contracts, or affect customer retention;	
		
•	changes in the relative and absolute levels of professional services we provide;  	
		
•	changes in foreign currency exchange rates;	
		
•	extraordinary expenses such as litigation or other dispute-related settlement payments;	
		
•	the impact of new accounting pronouncements; and	
		
•	the timing of the grant, price of our common stock, or vesting of equity awards to employees.	
Many of these factors are outside of our control, and the occurrence of one or more of them might cause our revenue, operating results, and cash flows to vary widely. As such, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our revenue, operating results, and cash flows may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance.
Interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology and infrastructure may adversely affect our business and operating results.
Our continued growth depends in part on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our products at any time and within an acceptable amount of time. Our products are proprietary, and we rely on the expertise of members of our engineering, operations, and software development teams for their continued performance. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users simultaneously accessing our products, distributed denial of service attacks, or other security related incidents. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our products become more complex and our user traffic increases. If any of our products are unavailable or if our users are unable to access our products within a reasonable amount of time or at all, our business would be negatively affected. In addition, a significant portion of our infrastructure does not currently support the mirroring of data. Therefore, in the event of any of the factors described above, or certain other failures of our infrastructure, customer data may be permanently lost. Moreover, some of our customer agreements and certain subscription plans include performance guarantees and service level standards that obligate us to provide credits or termination rights in the event of a significant disruption in our services. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business and operating results may be adversely affected.
Real or perceived errors, failures, or bugs in our products could adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.
Because our products are complex, undetected errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs may occur, especially when updates are deployed. Our products are often used in connection with large-scale computing environments with different operating systems, system management software, equipment, and networking configurations, which may cause errors or failures of our products or other aspects of the computing environment into which they are deployed. In addition, deployment of our products into complicated, large-scale computing environments may expose undetected errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our products. We have discovered, and expect to continue to discover, software errors, failures, vulnerabilities, and bugs in our products, some of which have or may only be discovered and remediated after deployment to customers. Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our products could result in negative publicity, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our products, loss of competitive position, or claims by customers for losses sustained by them. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend additional resources in order to help correct the problem.
Incorrect or improper implementation or use of our products could result in customer dissatisfaction and negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects.
Our products are deployed in a wide variety of technology environments and into a broad range of complex workflows. Increasingly, our products have been, and will continue to be, integrated into large-scale, complex technology environments

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and specialized use cases, and we believe our future success will depend on our ability to increase use of our products in such deployments. We often assist our customers in implementing our products, but many customers attempt to implement deployments, including complex deployments, themselves. If we or our customers are unable to implement our products successfully, or are unable to do so in a timely manner, customer perceptions of our products and of our company may be impaired, our reputation and brand may suffer, and customers may choose not to renew or expand the use of our products.
Our customers and third-party partners may need training in the proper use of our products to maximize their potential. If our products are not implemented or used correctly or as intended, inadequate performance may result. Because our customers rely on our products to manage a wide range of operations and to drive a number of their internal processes, the incorrect or improper implementation or use of our products, our failure to train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our products or our failure to provide adequate product support to our customers, may result in negative publicity or legal claims against us. Also, as we continue to expand our customer base, any failure by us to properly provide these services will likely result in lost opportunities for additional subscriptions to our products.
Any failure to offer high-quality product support or customer success initiatives may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our financial results.
In deploying and using our products, our customers depend on our product support team and customer success organization to resolve complex technical and operational issues. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for product support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope, and delivery of our product support to compete with changes in product support services provided by our competitors. Increased customer demand for product support, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, adoption of Suite and increasing usage by customers of multiple products may additionally increase demand on our product support team and customer success organizations. Additionally, we may be unable to develop our customer success organization to continue to support the increasing level of complexity that larger enterprise customers require while maintaining the same level of engagement across all customers.
Our sales are highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality product support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality product support, or maintain a high complexity customer success organization, could adversely affect our reputation, our ability to sell our products to existing and prospective customers, and our business, operating results, and financial position.
We depend on our executive officers and other key employees and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key employees. We rely on our leadership team and on individual contributors in the areas of research and development, operations, security, sales, marketing, support, and general and administrative functions. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business.
We do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period of time and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, especially our Chief Executive Officer, or other key employees could have an adverse effect on our business.
In addition, to execute on our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel in the San Francisco Bay Area, where our headquarters is located, and in other locations where we maintain offices, is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing software and SaaS applications and experienced sales professionals. We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. For example, certain domestic immigration laws restrict or limit our ability to recruit internationally. Any changes to U.S. immigration policies that restrain the flow of technical and professional talent may inhibit our ability to recruit and retain highly qualified employees. Additionally, many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived or actual value of our equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

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We are highly dependent upon free trials of our products and other inbound lead generation strategies to drive our sales and revenue. If these strategies fail to continue to generate sales opportunities or do not convert into paying customers, our business and results of operations would be harmed.
We are highly dependent upon our marketing strategy of offering free trials of our products and other inbound lead generation strategies to generate sales opportunities. These strategies may not be successful in continuing to generate sufficient sales opportunities necessary to increase our revenue. Many early users never convert from the trial version of a product to a paid version of such product. Further, we often depend on individuals within an organization who initiate the trial versions of our products being able to convince decision makers within their organization to convert to a paid version. Many of these organizations have complex and multi-layered purchasing requirements. To the extent that these users do not become, or are unable to convince others to become, paying customers, we will not realize the intended benefits of this marketing strategy and our ability to grow our revenue will be adversely affected.
If we are unable to develop and maintain successful relationships with channel partners, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
To date, we have been primarily dependent on our direct sales force to sell subscriptions to our products. Although we have developed certain channel partners, such as referral partners, resellers, and integration partners, these channels have resulted in limited revenue to date. We believe identifying, developing, and maintaining strategic relationships with additional channel partners are important to driving revenue growth for our company, and will continue to dedicate resources to those efforts. Our agreements with our existing channel partners are non-exclusive, meaning our channel partners may offer customers the products of several different companies, including products that compete with ours. They may also cease marketing our products with limited or no notice and with little or no penalty. We expect that any additional channel partners we identify and develop will be similarly non-exclusive and not bound by any requirement to continue to market our products. If we fail to identify additional channel partners, in a timely and cost-effective manner, or at all, or are unable to assist our current and future channel partners in independently selling and deploying our products, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. Additionally, customer retention and expansion attributable to customers acquired through our channel partners may differ significantly from customers acquired through our direct sales efforts. If our channel partners do not effectively market and sell our products, or fail to meet the needs of our customers, our reputation and ability to grow our business may also be adversely affected.
Sales by channel partners are more likely than direct sales to involve collectibility concerns. In particular sales by our channel partners into developing markets, and accordingly, variations in the mix between revenue attributable to sales by channel partners and revenue attributable to direct sales, may result in fluctuations in our operating results.
If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business, operating results, and financial condition may be adversely affected.
We believe that maintaining and enhancing our reputation as a differentiated and category-defining company in customer service is critical to our relationships with our existing customers and to our ability to attract new customers. The successful promotion of our brand attributes will depend on a number of factors, including our marketing efforts, our ability to continue to develop high-quality software, and our ability to successfully differentiate our products from competitive products and services. We are and have been highly dependent upon “consumer” tactics to build our brand and develop brand loyalty, but may need to increasingly spend significant energy to develop branding to retain and increase brand recognition with our customers who are larger enterprises. In addition, independent industry analysts often provide reviews of our products, as well as products and services offered by our competitors, and perception of our products in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. If these reviews are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors’ products and services, our brand may be adversely affected. It may also be difficult to maintain and enhance our brand, specifically following the launch of our updated corporate brand, in connection with sales through channel or strategic partners.
The promotion of our brand requires us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that these expenditures will continue to increase, as our market becomes more competitive, as we expand into new markets, and as more sales are generated through our channel partners. To the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, this revenue may not offset the increased expenses we incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow, we may have reduced pricing power relative to competitors, and we could lose customers or fail to attract potential customers, all of which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks that can adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

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In the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , we derived 49% and 46% of our revenue from customers located outside of the United States, respectively. In the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , we derived 48% and 46% of our revenue from customers located outside of the United States, respectively. We are continuing to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy. We currently have sales personnel and sales and product support operations in certain countries across North America, Europe, Australia, Asia, and South America. To date a very limited portion of our sales has been driven by resellers or other channel partners. We believe our ability to convince new customers to subscribe to our products or to convince existing customers to renew or expand their use of our products is directly correlated to the level of engagement we obtain with the customer. To the extent we are unable to effectively engage with non-U.S. customers due to our limited sales force capacity and limited channel partners, we may be unable to effectively grow in international markets.
Our international operations subject us to a variety of additional risks and challenges, including:

•	increased management, travel, infrastructure, and legal compliance costs associated with having multiple international operations;	
		
•	longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing contracts, collecting accounts receivable, or satisfying revenue recognition criteria, especially in emerging markets;	
		
•	increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;	
		
•	requirements or preferences for domestic products;	
		
•	differing technical standards, existing or future regulatory and certification requirements, and required features and functionality;	
		
•	economic conditions in each country or region and general economic uncertainty around the world;	
		
•	compliance with foreign privacy and security laws and regulations and the risks and costs of non-compliance;	
		
•	compliance with laws and regulations for foreign operations, including anti-bribery laws (such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. Travel Act, and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010), import and export controls laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions, and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell our products in certain foreign markets, and the risks and costs of non-compliance;	
		
•	heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact our financial results and result in restatements of our consolidated financial statements;	
		
•	fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the related effect on our operating results;	
		
•	difficulties in repatriating or transferring funds from or converting currencies in certain countries;	
		
•	communication and integration problems related to entering new markets with different languages, cultures, and political systems;	
		
•	differing labor standards, including restrictions related to, and the increased cost of, terminating employees in some countries;	
		
•	the need for localized software and licensing programs;	
		
•	the need for localized language support;	
		
•	reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries and practical difficulties of enforcing rights abroad; and	
		
•	compliance with the laws of numerous foreign tax jurisdictions, including withholding obligations, and overlapping of different tax regimes.	
Any of these risks could adversely affect our international operations, reduce our international revenue, or increase our operating costs, adversely affecting our business, operating results, financial condition, and growth prospects.
Compliance with laws and regulations applicable to our international operations substantially increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. We may be unable to keep current with new or revised government requirements as they change from time to time. Failure to comply with these regulations could have adverse effects on our business. Additionally, in many foreign countries it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or U.S. or other regulations applicable to us. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and policies, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, contractors, partners, and agents will comply with these laws and policies. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, partners, or agents could result in delays in revenue recognition, financial reporting misstatements, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, civil and criminal penalties, damages, injunctions, other collateral consequences, or the prohibition of the importation or exportation of our products and services, and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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Because our products can be used to collect and store personal information, domestic and international privacy and data security concerns could result in additional costs and liabilities to us or inhibit sales of our products.
Personal privacy and data security have become significant issues in the United States, Europe, and in many other jurisdictions where we offer our products. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Many federal, state, and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. In the United States, these include rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of federal agencies and state attorneys general and consumer protection agencies. Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data security and privacy legal framework with which we or our customers must comply, including the Directive, and data protection legislation of the individual member states subject to the Directive. On May 25, 2018, the Directive was replaced with the European General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which imposes additional obligations and risks upon our business. Compliance with GDPR has and will continue to require valuable management and employee time and resources, and failure to comply with GDPR could trigger severe penalties, including steep fines of up to €20.0 million or 4% of global annual revenue, whichever is higher, and could reduce demand for our products. In many jurisdictions enforcement actions and consequences for non-compliance are also rising.
Failure to comply with data protection regulations may result in data protection authorities and other privacy regimes imposing additional obligations to obtain consent from data subjects by or on behalf of our customers. Additionally, the inability to guarantee compliance or otherwise provide acceptable privacy assurances may inhibit the sale and use of our software in the European Union and certain other markets, which could, were it to occur, harm our business and operating results.
In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. Further, our customers may require us to comply with more stringent privacy and data security contractual requirements. Particularly in this regulatory environment, if we or other SaaS providers experience data security incidents, loss of customer data, disruptions in delivery, or other problems, the market for SaaS business applications, including our products, may be negatively affected.
Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws (including the GDPR), commercial frameworks, and standards are uncertain, it is possible that these laws, frameworks, and standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our products. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, breach of contract claims, and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and security or data security laws, regulations, and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business.
Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our products. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our products, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries.
Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy or reductions in information technology spending could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.
Our operating results may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the global economy on us or our customers. The revenue growth and potential profitability of our business depend on demand for business software applications and services generally and for customer service systems in particular. In addition, our revenue is dependent on the number of users of our products which in turn is influenced by the employment and hiring patterns of our customers. To the extent that weak economic conditions cause our customers and prospective customers to freeze or reduce their hiring for personnel providing service and support, demand for our products may be negatively affected. Historically, during economic downturns there have been reductions in spending on information technology and customer service systems as well as pressure for extended billing terms and other financial concessions. If economic conditions deteriorate, our customers and prospective customers may elect to decrease their information technology and customer service budgets, which would limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

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We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls.
We are subject to U.S. export controls, and we incorporate encryption technology into our products that is enabled through mobile applications and other software we may be deemed to export. These encryption products and the underlying technology may be exported outside of the U.S. only with the required export authorizations, including by license, a license exception, or other appropriate government authorizations, including the filing of an encryption registration. We previously deployed mobile applications prior to obtaining the required export authorizations. Accordingly, we have not fully complied with applicable encryption controls in U.S. export administration regulations.
Furthermore, U.S. export controls laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, territories, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. While we are currently taking precautions to prevent our products from being enabled by persons targeted by U.S. sanctions, including IP blocking and periodic customer screening against U.S. government lists of prohibited persons, such measures may be circumvented. Given the technical limitations in developing measures that will prevent access to internet based services from particular geographies or by particular individuals, we have previously identified and expect we will continue to identify customer accounts for our products that we suspect originate from countries which are subject to U.S. embargoes.
We are aware that trials of and subscriptions to our products have been initiated by persons and organizations in countries that are the subject of U.S. embargoes. Our provision of services in these instances was likely in violation of U.S. export controls and sanctions laws. We have terminated the accounts of such organizations as we have become aware of them, implemented certain measures designed to prevent future unauthorized access by such persons and organizations, and filed voluntary self-disclosures with the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security, or BIS, and the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, concerning prior potential violations. With respect to these matters, each of BIS and OFAC completed its investigations, and no monetary penalties or other sanctions were imposed.
If we are found to be in violation of U.S. sanctions or export controls laws, it could result in fines or penalties for us and for individuals, including civil penalties of approximately $300,000 or twice the value of the transaction, whichever is greater, per violation, and in the event of conviction for a criminal violation, fines of up to $1 million and possible incarceration for responsible employees and managers for willful and knowing violations. Each instance in which we provide services through our products or in which unlicensed encryption functionality software is downloaded may constitute a separate violation of these laws.
If our channel partners fail to obtain appropriate import, export, or re-export licenses or permits, we may also be adversely affected, through reputational harm as well as other negative consequences, including government investigations and penalties. We presently incorporate sanctions compliance requirements in our channel partner agreements for our products. Complying with export controls and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Failure to comply with exports control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may expose us to government investigations and penalties, which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to offer or distribute our products or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our products in those countries. Changes in our products or future changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our products in international markets or prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products globally. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions, or related legislation, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products would likely adversely affect our business operations and financial results.
We recognize revenue over the term of our customer contracts. Consequently, downturns or upturns in new sales may not be immediately reflected in our operating results and may be difficult to discern.
We generally recognize subscription revenue from customers ratably over the terms of their contracts and a majority of our revenue is derived from subscriptions that have terms longer than one month. As a result, a portion of the revenue we report in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions with terms that are longer than one month in any single quarter may have a small impact on our revenue results for that quarter. However, such a decline will negatively affect our

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revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our products, and potential changes in our pricing policies or rate of expansion or retention, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. We may also be unable to reduce our cost structure in line with a significant deterioration in sales. In addition, because we believe a substantial percentage of subscriptions to our products are shorter than many comparable SaaS companies and because we have many variations of billing cycles, our deferred revenue may be a less meaningful indicator of our future financial results as compared to other SaaS companies. A significant majority of our costs are expensed as incurred, while revenue is recognized over the life of the agreement with the applicable customer. As a result, increased growth in the number of our customers could continue to result in our recognition of more costs than revenue in the earlier periods of the terms of our agreements. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers must be recognized over the applicable subscription term.
Certain of our operating results and financial metrics may be difficult to predict as a result of seasonality.
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience in the future, seasonality in our business, and our operating results and financial condition may be affected by such trends in the future. We generally experience seasonal fluctuations in demand for our products and services, and believe that our quarterly sales are affected by industry buying patterns. For example, we typically have customers who add flexible agents when they need more capacity during busy periods, especially in the fourth quarter, and then subsequently scale back in the first quarter of the following year. We believe that the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may continue for the foreseeable future, particularly as we expand our sales to larger enterprises. Additionally, since a large percentage of our subscriptions are monthly, customers are able to increase and decrease the number of authorized agents for whom they require a subscription quickly and easily, thereby potentially increasing the impact of seasonality on our revenue. Seasonality within our business may be reflected to a much lesser extent, and sometimes may not be immediately apparent, in our revenue, due to the fact that we recognize subscription revenue over the term of our agreement. To the extent we experience this seasonality, it may cause fluctuations in our operating results and financial metrics, and make forecasting our future operating results and financial metrics difficult. Additionally, we do not have sufficient experience in selling certain of our products to determine if demand for these services are or will be subject to material seasonality.
Our ongoing and planned expenditures on third-party managed hosting services, investments in self-managed colocation data centers, and expenditures on transitioning our services and customers fully to third-party managed hosting services, are expensive and complex, have resulted, and will result, in a negative impact on our cash flows, and may negatively impact our financial results.
We have made and will continue to make substantial expenditures for third-party managed hosting services and investments in our self-managed colocation data centers to support our growth and provide enhanced levels of service to our customers. We recently decreased the amount of capital expenditures on hosting equipment for use in our self-managed colocation data centers as we transition to greater dependence on third-party managed hosting services, but expect to continue to incur significant expense to operate and maintain our self-managed colocation data centers. We have employed a hybrid hosting model in which we utilize managed hosting services, where a third party manages most aspects of our hosting operations, and self-managed colocation data centers, where we have more direct control over the hosting infrastructure and its operation. This has and may continue to have a negative impact on our cash flows and gross profit. If costs associated with third-party managed hosting services utilized to support our growth are greater than expected or if we are required to make larger investments in our self-managed colocation data centers than we anticipated, the negative impact on our operating results would likely exceed our initial expectations. Furthermore, if we determine to no longer utilize our self-managed colocation data centers, we may be forced to accelerate expense recognition as a result of the shorter estimated life of such assets.
We plan to continue to invest significant resources in connection with transitioning our customers and services infrastructure to third-party managed hosting services and may encounter obstacles in completing the transition. Given that we will increasingly become more reliant on third-party managed hosting services, any significant disruption of or interference in our use of such services will negatively impact our operations and customer satisfaction. In addition, third-party managed hosting services may take actions beyond our control that could seriously harm our business, including:

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•	discontinuing or limiting our access to the services;	
		
•	increasing price terms, including establishing more favorable relationships or pricing terms with one or more of our competitors;	
		
•	terminating or seeking to terminate the contractual relationship altogether, or	
		
•	modifying or interpreting its terms of service or other policies in a manner that impacts our ability to run our businesses and operations.	
Our business and growth depend in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties, including technology partners, channel partners, and professional services partners.
We depend on, and anticipate that we will continue to depend on, various third-party relationships in order to sustain and grow our business. We are highly dependent upon third-party technology partners for certain critical features and functionality of our platform. For example, the features available on Zendesk Talk are highly dependent on our technology integration with Twilio, Inc. Failure of this or any other technology provider to maintain, support, or secure its technology platforms in general, and our integrations in particular, or errors or defects in its technology, could materially and adversely impact our relationship with our customers, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and operating results. Any loss of the right to use any of this hardware or software could result in delays or difficulties in our ability to provide our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available, identified, obtained, and integrated.
For deployments of our products into complex technology environments and workflows, we are highly dependent on third-party implementation consultants to provide professional services to our customers. The failure of these third-party consultants to perform their services adequately may disrupt or damage the relationship between us and our customers, damage our brand, and harm our business.
Identifying, negotiating, and documenting relationships with strategic third parties such as technology partners and implementation providers require significant time and resources. In addition, integrating third-party technology is complex, costly, and time-consuming. Our agreements with technology partners and implementation providers are typically limited in duration, non-exclusive, and do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. Our competitors may be effective in providing incentives to third parties to favor their products or services or to prevent or reduce subscriptions to our products.
If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these strategic third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results would suffer. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure you that these relationships will result in improved operating results.
If we fail to integrate our products with a variety of operating systems, software applications, and hardware that are developed by others, our products may become less marketable, less competitive, or obsolete, and our operating results would be harmed.
Our products must integrate with a variety of network, hardware, and software platforms, and we need to continuously modify and enhance our products to adapt to changes in cloud-enabled hardware, software, networking, browser, and database technologies. In particular, we have developed our products to be able to easily integrate with third-party SaaS applications, including the applications of software providers that compete with us, through the interaction of application platform interfaces, or APIs. To date, we have not typically relied on a long-term written contract to govern our relationship with these providers. Instead, we are typically subject to the standard terms and conditions for application developers of such providers, which govern the distribution, operation, and fees of such software systems, and which are subject to change by such providers from time to time. To the extent that we do not have long-term written contracts to govern our relationship with these providers, we rely on the fact that the providers of such software systems continue to allow us access to their APIs to enable these customer integrations. Our business may be harmed if any provider of such software systems:

•	discontinues or limits our access to its APIs;	
		
•	modifies its terms of service or other policies, including fees charged to, or other restrictions on us or other application developers;	
		
•	changes how customer information is accessed by us or our customers;	
		
•	establishes more favorable relationships with one or more of our competitors; or	
		
•	otherwise favors its own competitive offerings over ours.	
We believe a significant component of our value proposition to customers is the ability to optimize and configure our products to communicate with these third-party SaaS applications through our respective APIs. If we are not permitted or able

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to integrate with these and other third-party SaaS applications in the future, demand for our products could be adversely impacted and business and operating results would be harmed. In addition, an increasing number of individuals within organizations are utilizing mobile devices to access the Internet and corporate resources and to conduct business. We have designed mobile applications to provide access to our products through these devices. If we cannot provide effective functionality through these mobile applications as required by organizations and individuals that widely use mobile devices, we may experience difficulty attracting and retaining customers. Failure of our products to operate effectively with future infrastructure platforms and technologies could also reduce the demand for our products, resulting in customer dissatisfaction and harm to our business. If we are unable to respond to changes in a cost-effective manner, our products may become less marketable, less competitive, or obsolete, and our operating results may be negatively impacted.
We may acquire or invest in companies, which may divert our management’s attention and result in additional dilution to our stockholders. We may be unable to integrate acquired businesses and technologies successfully or achieve the expected benefits of such acquisitions.
We may evaluate and consider potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses, technologies, services, products, and other assets in the future. We also may enter into relationships with other businesses to expand our products and services, which could involve preferred or exclusive licenses, additional channels of distribution, discount pricing, or investments in other companies.
Any acquisition, investment, or business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel, or operations of the acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired company choose not to work for us, their software is not easily adapted to work with our products, or we have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in ownership, management, or otherwise. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources, and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for development of our existing business. Moreover, the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, investment, or business relationship may not be realized or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.
Negotiating these transactions can be time-consuming, difficult, and expensive, and our ability to complete these transactions may often be subject to approvals that are beyond our control. Consequently, these transactions, even if announced, may not be completed. For one or more of these transactions, we may:

•	issue additional equity securities that would dilute our existing stockholders;	
		
•	use cash that we may need in the future to operate our business;	
		
•	incur large charges or substantial liabilities;	
		
•	incur debt on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay;	
		
•	encounter difficulties retaining key employees of the acquired company or integrating diverse software codes or business cultures; and	
		
•	become subject to adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation, or deferred compensation charges.	

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We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights.
There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development activity in our industry. Our future success depends in part on not infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. We may receive claims from third parties, including our competitors, that our products and underlying technology infringe or violate a third party’s intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our technology. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering one or more of our products, or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. We may also be obligated to indemnify our customers or business partners in connection with any such litigation and to obtain licenses, modify our products, or refund subscription fees, which could further exhaust our resources. In addition, we may incur substantial costs to resolve claims or litigation, whether or not successfully asserted against us, which could include payment of significant settlement, royalty, or license fees, modification of our products, or refunds to customers of subscription fees. Even if we were to prevail in the event of claims or litigation against us, any claim or litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and other employees from our business operations. Such disputes could also disrupt our products, adversely impacting our customer satisfaction and ability to attract customers.
Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement and other losses.
Our agreements with customers and other third parties may include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement, damages caused by us to property or persons, or other liabilities relating to or arising from our products or other acts or omissions. The term of these contractual provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. Large indemnity payments or damage claims from contractual breach could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. From time to time, customers require us to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for breach of confidentiality or failure to implement adequate security measures with respect to their data stored, transmitted, or processed by our products and customer service platform. Although we normally contractually limit our liability with respect to such obligations, we may still incur substantial liability related to them. Any dispute with a customer with respect to such obligations could have adverse effects on our relationship with that customer and other current and prospective customers, reduce demand for our products, and harm our business and operating results.
Our use of “open source” software could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation.
We use open source software in our products and expect to continue to use open source software in the future. We may face claims from others claiming ownership of, or seeking to enforce the terms of, an open source license, including by demanding release of the open source software, derivative works, or our proprietary source code that was developed using such software. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and operating results. In addition, if the license terms for the open source software we utilize change, we may be forced to reengineer our products or incur additional costs. Although we have implemented policies to regulate the use and incorporation of open source software into our products, we cannot be certain that we have not incorporated open source software in our products in a manner that is inconsistent with such policies.
Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.
Our success and ability to compete depend in part upon our intellectual property. We currently have two issued patents and have a limited number of patent applications, none of which may result in an issued patent. We primarily rely on copyright, trade secret, and trademark laws, trade secret protection, and confidentiality or license agreements with our employees, customers, partners, and others to protect our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate.

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In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our failure to secure, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights could adversely affect our brand and adversely impact our business.
We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs.
We have funded our operations since inception primarily through, customer payments for subscription services, the issuance of our convertible senior notes, and public and private equity financings. We do not know when or if our operations will generate sufficient cash to fund our ongoing operations. In the future, we may require additional capital to respond to business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions, a decline in the level of subscriptions for our products, or unforeseen circumstances. We may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all. Any additional debt financing obtained by us could involve restrictive covenants relating to financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. Additionally, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service any debt financing obtained by us, which may force us to reduce or delay capital expenditures or sell assets or operations. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities, or other securities convertible into equity, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.
We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
As our international operations expand, our exposure to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates grows. While we have primarily transacted with customers in U.S. dollars historically, we expect to continue to expand the number of transactions with our customers that are denominated in foreign currencies in the future. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may make our subscriptions more expensive for international customers, which could harm our business. Additionally, we incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-U.S. locations in the local currency for such locations. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could result in an increase to the U.S. dollar equivalent of such expenses. These fluctuations could cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors. Additionally, such foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations could make it more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations.
Our international subsidiaries maintain net assets that are denominated in currencies other than the functional operating currencies of these entities. Accordingly, changes in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar can affect our operating results due to transactional and translational remeasurements that are reflected in our results of operations. To the extent that fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors, the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected.
We currently operate a hedging program to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on our cash flows and earnings. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added, or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We do not collect sales and use, value added, or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales, based on our understanding that such taxes are not applicable. Sales and use, value added, and similar tax laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties, and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. Such tax assessments, penalties, and interest, or future requirements, may adversely affect our results of operations.

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Our international operations subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences.
We were founded in Denmark in 2007 and were headquartered in Denmark until we reincorporated in Delaware in 2009. Today, we generally conduct our international operations through subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. Our intercompany relationships and transactions are subject to complex regulations, including transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. Our tax returns are generally subject to examination by taxing authorities and the relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions or transactions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations.
Additionally, tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. The United States recently enacted significant tax reform, and certain provisions of the new law may potentially adversely affect us in the future. In addition, governmental tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the tax positions of companies. Many countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, are actively considering changes to existing tax laws that, if enacted, could increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business. If U.S. or other foreign tax authorities change applicable tax laws, our overall taxes could increase, and our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely impacted.
If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
We review our intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually. As of June 30, 2018 , we had a net balance of $65.6 million of goodwill and intangible assets related to prior acquisitions. An adverse change in market conditions, particularly a change resulting in a significant decrease in our share price, or if such change has the effect of changing one of our critical assumptions or estimates, could result in a change to the estimation of fair value that could result in an impairment charge to our goodwill or intangible assets. Any such charges may have a material negative impact on our operating results.
Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
As of December 31, 2017, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of $464.5 million and $218.4 million, respectively, due to prior period losses. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, including in connection with our initial public offering or our follow-on public offering. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. In addition, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, the amount of NOLs that we are permitted to deduct in any taxable year is limited to 80% of our taxable income in such year, where taxable income is determined without regard to the NOL deduction itself. There is a risk that due to changes under the Tax Act, regulatory changes, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to realize a tax benefit from the use of our NOLs, whether or not we attain profitability.
Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change. For example, on January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification 606, “ Revenue from Contracts with Customers, ” which changed our accounting policies regarding revenue recognition and incremental costs to acquire contracts. We also adjusted our consolidated financial statements from amounts previously reported to reflect the adoption. Certain other standards that become effective in the future may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 1 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial information for information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial

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statements. Any difficulties in implementing these standards could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.
Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.
Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. Our estimates and forecasts relating to the size and expected growth of the customer relationship management market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.
We depend and rely upon SaaS technologies from third parties to operate our business and interruptions or performance problems with these technologies may adversely affect our business and operating results.
We rely heavily on hosted SaaS applications from third parties in order to operate critical functions of our business, including billing and order management, enterprise resource planning, and financial accounting services. If these services become unavailable due to extended outages or interruptions, or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, our expenses could increase, our ability to manage finances could be interrupted, and our processes for managing sales of our products and supporting our customers could be impaired until equivalent services, if available, are identified, obtained, and implemented, all of which could adversely affect our business.
Changes in laws and regulations related to the Internet or changes in the Internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our products, cause us to incur additional expenses, or otherwise have a negative impact on our business.
The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the Internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication, and business applications. Federal, state, or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the Internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our products in order to comply with these changes or substantially increase costs associated with the operation of our products. Additionally, the adoption of any laws, regulations, or practices limiting Internet neutrality could allow Internet service providers to block, degrade, or interfere with our products or services. These laws, regulations, or practices could decrease the demand for, or the usage of, our products and services, increase our cost of doing business, and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, government agencies or private organizations have imposed and may impose additional taxes, fees, or other charges for accessing the Internet or commerce conducted via the Internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of Internet-related commerce or communications generally, or result in reductions in the demand for Internet-based platforms and services such as ours. In addition, the use of the Internet as a business tool could be adversely affected due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of Internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease-of-use, accessibility, and quality of service. The performance of the Internet and its acceptance as a business tool has been adversely affected by “viruses,” “malware,” and similar malicious programs, and the Internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
Our corporate headquarters are located in San Francisco, California and we operate in or utilize hosting resources that are located in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Key features and functionality of our products are enabled by third parties that are headquartered in California and operate in or utilize data centers in the United States and Europe. Additionally, we rely on our network and third-party infrastructure and enterprise applications, internal technology systems, and our website for our development, marketing, operational support, hosted services, and sales activities. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane, or catastrophic event such as fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war, or terrorist attack, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our application development, lengthy interruptions in our products, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data, all of which could have an adverse effect on our future operating results.
Exposure to United Kingdom political developments, including the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union, could have a material adverse effect on us.
On June 23, 2016, a referendum was held on the United Kingdom's membership in the European Union, the outcome of which was a vote in favor of leaving the European Union. The United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union creates

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an uncertain political and economic environment in the United Kingdom and potentially across other European Union member states, which may last for a number of months or years.
The result of the referendum means that the long-term nature of the United Kingdom's relationship with the European Union is unclear and that there is considerable uncertainty as to when any such relationship will be agreed and implemented. In the interim, there is a risk of instability for both the United Kingdom and the European Union, which could adversely affect our results, financial condition, and prospects.
The political and economic instability created by the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union has caused and may continue to cause significant volatility in global financial markets and the value of the British Pound Sterling currency or other currencies, including the Euro. Depending on the terms reached regarding any exit from the European Union, it is possible that there may be adverse practical or operational implications on our business.
The outcome of the referendum has also created uncertainty with regard to the regulation of data protection in the United Kingdom. In particular, it is unclear how the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union will affect the United Kingdom's enactment of the European General Data Protection Regulation, and how data transfers to and from the United Kingdom will be regulated.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Our stock price has been, and may continue to be, volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, resulting in substantial losses for our stockholders.
The trading price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile and could fluctuate widely regardless of our operating performance. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

•	actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;	
		
•	the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections, or our failure to meet these projections;	
		
•	failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our company, changes in financial estimates, and publication of other news by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;	
		
•	ratings changes by any securities analysts who follow our company;	
		
•	announcements by us or our competitors of significant technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;	
		
•	changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;	
		
•	price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;	
		
•	changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles;	
		
•	actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;	
		
•	developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or our products, or third-party proprietary rights;	
		
•	announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;	
		
•	new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;  	
		
•	any major change in our board of directors or management;	
		
•	sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders;	
		
•	lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and	
		
•	other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events.	
In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many technology companies. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from operating our business, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Our directors, officers, and principal stockholders beneficially own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant influence over matters subject to stockholder approval.

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As of June 30, 2018 , our directors, officers, five percent or greater stockholders, and their respective affiliates beneficially owned in the aggregate approximately 38% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to exert significant influence in matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to exert significant influence in elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.
Substantial future sales of shares of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and significant stockholders, or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.
Additionally, the shares of common stock subject to outstanding options and restricted stock unit awards under our equity incentive plans and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations.
Certain holders of our common stock have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, and limit the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

•	authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by our stockholders, shares of undesignated preferred stock with terms, rights, and preferences determined by our board of directors that may be senior to our common stock;	
		
•	require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;	
		
•	specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the Chair of our board of directors, or our Chief Executive Officer;	
		
•	establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;	
		
•	establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II, and Class III, with each class serving three-year staggered terms;	
		
•	prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors;	
		
•	provide that our directors may be removed only for cause;  	
		
•	provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum; and	
		
•	require the approval of our board of directors or the holders of at least 75% of our outstanding shares of capital stock to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation.	
These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our management could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the listing requirements of the exchanges and other

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markets upon which our common stock is listed, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. We are required to disclose changes made in our internal control and procedures on a quarterly basis and to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Although we have already hired additional employees to assist us in complying with these requirements, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase our operating expenses.
In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected.
Being a public company and these new rules and regulations have made it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and in the future we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.
As a result of disclosure of information in our filings with the SEC, our business and financial condition have become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and operating results.
We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to changes in the value of our common stock.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation, and expansion of our business, and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock may be prohibited or limited by the terms of our future debt financing arrangements. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the increase, if any, of our stock price, which may never occur.
If securities or industry analysts do not continue to publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our common stock price and trading volume to decline.
Our charter documents designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees.

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Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (A) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (B) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (C) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our certificate of incorporation, or our bylaws, or (D) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of our certificate of incorporation described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to our Outstanding Convertible Notes

Servicing our debt may require a significant amount of cash. We may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our indebtedness, and we may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle for cash conversions of the Notes or to repurchase the Notes for cash upon a fundamental change, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In March 2018, we issued $575 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2023, or Notes, in a private offering. The interest rate is fixed at 0.25% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2018. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flows from operations in the future that are sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flows, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional debt financing or equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance any future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

Holders of the Notes have the right to require us to repurchase their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Notes) at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Upon conversion, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases in connection with such conversion and our ability to pay may additionally be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase the Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture governing the notes or to pay any cash payable on future conversions as required by such indenture would constitute a default under such indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.
 
The conditional conversion feature of the Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Notes is triggered, holders of Notes will be entitled to convert the Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

Transactions relating to our Notes may affect the value of our common stock.

The conversion of some or all of the Notes would dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering shares of our common stock upon any conversion of such Notes. Our Notes may become in the future convertible at the option of their holders under certain circumstances. If holders of our Notes elect to convert

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their notes, we may settle our conversion obligation by delivering to them a significant number of shares of our common stock, which would cause dilution to our existing stockholders.

In addition, in connection with the issuance of the Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain financial institutions, or the Option Counterparties. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion or settlement of the Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. From time to time, the Option Counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Notes. This activity could cause a decrease in the market price of our common stock.

The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

Under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 470-20,  Debt with Conversion and Other Options , or ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. ASC 470-20 requires the value of the conversion option of the Notes, representing the equity component, to be recorded as additional paid-in capital within stockholders’ equity in our consolidated balance sheet and as a discount to the Notes, which reduces their initial carrying value. The carrying value of the Notes, net of the discount recorded, will be accreted up to the principal amount of the Notes from the issuance date until maturity, which will result in non-cash charges to interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Accordingly, we will report lower net income or higher net loss in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the current period’s accretion of the debt discount and the instrument’s coupon interest, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our common stock and the trading price of the Notes.
 
In addition, under certain circumstances, convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partly in cash are currently accounted for utilizing the treasury stock method, the effect of which is that the shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share except to the extent that the conversion value of the Notes exceeds their principal amount. Under the treasury stock method, for diluted earnings per share purposes, the transaction is accounted for as if the number of shares of common stock that would be necessary to settle such excess, if we elected to settle such excess in shares, are issued. We cannot be sure that the accounting standards in the future will continue to permit the use of the treasury stock method. If we are unable to use the treasury stock method in accounting for the shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes, then our diluted earnings per share would be adversely affected in periods when we report net income.

Item 6. Exhibits
The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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EXHIBIT
INDEX

	
											
 	 	 	 	Incorporated by Reference	
Exhibit Number	 	Exhibit Description	 	Form	 	File No.	 	Exhibit	 	Filing Date	
10.1#	 	Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy.	 	8-K	 	001-36456	 	10.1	 	May 1, 2018	
10.2	 	Lease Agreement by and between Marlin Cove, Inc. and SF Prosperity 1, LLC, as tenants in common, and Zendesk, Inc., dated June 22, 2018.
	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.1	 	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.2	 	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
32.1*	 	Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	 	Furnished herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.INS	 	XBRL Instance Document	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.SCH	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.CAL	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.DEF	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.LAB	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.PRE	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	 	Filed herewith	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	

 

		
#	Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract, or agreement.	
*	The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.	

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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 	 	Zendesk, Inc.	
Date: August 2, 2018	 	By:	/s/ Elena Gomez	
 	 	 	Elena Gomez	
 	 	 	Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	

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Exhibit 10.2

OFFICE LEASE
For the Premises at
The Warfield Office Tower

982-988 Market Street, Suite 700
San Francisco, California
between
MARLIN COVE, INC.,
and
SF PROSPERITY 1, LLC,
as tenants in common
and
ZENDESK, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIAL LEASE TERMS ................................................................................. 1
BASIC LEASE TERMS ...................................................................................... 5
		
1.	Premises .................................................................................................... 5	

2.	Term .......................................................................................................... 7	

3.	Rent ........................................................................................................... 7	

4.	Additional Rent.........................................................................................7	

5.	Permitted Use............................................................................................ 9	

6.	Compliance With Laws .......................................................................... 10	

7.	Option to Extend ..................................................................................... 12	

8.	Utilities and Services ............................................................................... 14	

9.	Improvements and Alterations; Liens; Improvement Allowance ....... 14	

10.	Insurance; Waiver of Subrogation....................................................... 17	

11.	Damage or Destruction .......................................................................... 18	

12.	Security Deposit ...................................................................................... 19	

13.	Assignments and Subletting .................................................................. 20	

14.	Rules ........................................................................................................ 22	

15.	Control of Appearance, Signs, and Advertising Media ...................... 24	

16.	Repairs and Maintenance ...................................................................... 24	

17.	Property Protection ................................................................................ 25	

18.	Environmental Compliance ................................................................... 25	

19.	Landlord’s Access to Premises ............................................................... 27	

20.	Indemnity ................................................................................................. 27	

21.	Abandonment .......................................................................................... 29	

22.	Conveyance by Landlord ....................................................................... 29	

23.	Condemnation......................................................................................... 29	

24.	Default; Remedies ................................................................................... 30	

25.	Subordination and Estoppel Certificates .............................................. 32	

26.	Holding Over and Surrender ................................................................. 33	

27.	Commissions ............................................................................................ 34	

28.	Notices ...................................................................................................... 34	

29.	No Third Party Beneficiaries ................................................................. 34	

1

		
30.	Force Majeure ......................................................................................... 35	

31.	No Merger ................................................................................................ 35	

32.	Signage ..................................................................................................... 35	

33.	Prohibited Persons and Transactions .................................................... 35	

34.	General .................................................................................................... 35	

SIGNATURES.................................................................................................................. 39

EXHIBIT A	--    Premises	
		
EXHIBIT B	--    Disability Access Obligations under San Francisco Administrative Code Chapter 38	
		
EXHIBIT C	--    Rules and Regulations	
		
ATTACHMENT A	--    Exclusions from “operating expenses”	
		
ATTACHMENT B --	Form of Estoppel Certificate	
ATTACHMENT C -- Form of Subordination, Non-Disturbance and Attornment Agreement
ATTACHMENT D -- Declaration Of Restrictions And Amendment To Condominium Plan

2

OFFICE LEASE
This Office Lease (this “ Lease ”) is made as of the 22 day of June, 2018 (the “ Effective Date ”), in San Francisco, California by and between Marlin Cove, Inc., a California corporation and SF Prosperity 1, LLC, a California limited liability company, as tenants-in-common (collectively, “ Landlord ”), and the person named below as “ Tenant ”. Under the terms, covenants, and conditions of this Lease, Landlord hereby leases to Tenant, and Tenant leases from Landlord, the real property described below as the Premises. This Lease consists of the Special Lease Terms, Basic Lease Terms, and any Exhibits.
SPECIAL LEASE TERMS

					
A.     	Landlord:	Marlin Cove, Inc., a California corporation, and SF Prosperity 1, LLC, a California limited liability company, as tenants-in-common, or such other party to whom this Lease is assigned.	
B.     	Landlord Address:	c/o Group I
500 Sansome Street, Suite 750
San Francisco, CA 94111
Attention: Property Manager
Email: yvonney@groupi.com

With a copy to:

Thompson, Welch, Soroko & Gilbert LLP
450 Pacific Avenue, Suite 200
San Francisco, CA 94133
Attention: Charles M. Thompson, Esq.
Email: cthompson@twsglaw.com	
C.     	Tenant:	Zendesk, Inc., a Delaware corporation.	
D.     	Tenant Address:	Prior to the Commencement Date, Tenant’s address shall be:
1019 Market Street
San Francisco, California
Attn: Legal Department
Email: legal@zendesk.com
After the Commencement Date, Tenant’s address shall be at the Premises, Attn: Legal Department, Email: legal@zendesk.com.
With a copy to:

SHARTIS FRIESE LLP
One Maritime Plaza, 18th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94111
Attention: Jonathan M. Kennedy, Esq.

1

	
					
E.     	Premises:	The property commonly known as the entire Seventh Floor of 982-988 Market Street, San Francisco, California, deemed to be approximately 5,402 rentable square feet (“ RSF ”), as shown on EXHIBIT A . The Building in which the Premises are located is referred to in this Lease as the “ Building ”. The foregoing RSF of the Premises are calculated in accordance with the modified Building Owners and Managers Association (“ BOMA ”) Standard for the measurement of commercial office space (ANSI/BOMA Z65.1 2010). Neither Landlord nor Tenant shall have the right to re-measure the Premises during the Lease Term.	
F.     	Commencement Date:	The date of the mutual execution and delivery of this Lease, subject to the delivery of the Premises as provided in Section 1.1 .	
G.     	Lease Term:	Five (5) years (plus any partial month at the beginning of the Lease Term), commencing on the Commencement Date and expiring on June 30, 2023, subject to extension of the Lease Term by Tenant’s exercise of the Option to Extend granted under this Lease.	
H.     	Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises; Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date:	On the later to occur of (i) April 10, 2020 and (ii) the date on which Landlord delivers possession of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises to Tenant (the “ Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date ”), the Premises shall be expanded to include an additional 10,979 RSF of space, consisting of (i) 5,454 RSF of space located on the entire Eighth Floor of the Building, and (ii) 5,525 RSF of space located on the entire Ninth Floor of the Building (the “ Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises ”), in accordance with the provisions set forth in Section 1.3 . At the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date, the Premises shall be expanded to include the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises, and the lease Term for the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises shall expire concurrently with the expiration date of the Lease Term.	
I.     	Monthly Base Rent:	Monthly Base Rent, net of utilities, janitorial service, and prorated trash collection expenses, shall be $72.00 per RSF per year for the first year of the initial Lease Term. Monthly Base Rent shall increase by three percent (3%) per RSF per year on July 1 st  of each year following the Commencement Date.	
 	 	
Period	Annual Base Rent per RSF	
Monthly Base Rent	
		Commencement Date – 06/30/2019	$72.00	$32,412.00	
		07/01/2019 – 06/30/2020	$74.16	$33,384.36	
		07/01/2020 – 06/30/2021	$76.38	$34,385.89	
		07/01/2021 – 06/30/2022	$78.68	$35,417.47	
		07/01/2022 – 06/30/2023	$81.04	$36,479.99	
J.     	Prepaid Rent:	$32,412.00, which shall be applied toward the Monthly Base Rent when such becomes payable on the Commencement Date, payable upon execution of this Lease.	

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K.     	Additional Rent:

	Beginning on the Commencement Date, Tenant shall pay to Landlord monthly estimates amounts of Tenant's Share of the direct cost of utilities, janitorial service and trash collection expenses allocated to the Premises.
From and after the expiration of the Base Year, Tenant shall pay to Landlord Tenant’s Share (as defined below) of the Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes in excess of the Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes incurred by Landlord during the Base Year as provided in Section 4 .
 “ Tenant’s Share ” is 13.92%  of the Building operating expenses allocated to the office space in the Building, plus 12.73%  of the direct taxes and operating expenses allocated to the whole Building.
The “ Base Year ” under this Lease is calendar year 2018 from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Tenant’s Share of utilities, janitorial service, and trash expenses shall not be subject to Base Year offset.
Collectively, Tenant’s Share of the operating expenses incurred by Landlord and the direct cost of utilities, janitorial service and trash collection expenses allocated to the Premises are the “ Additional Rent ”.	
L.     	Security Deposit	$32,412.00, payable upon execution of this Lease.	
M.     	Tenant Improvement Allowance:	$10.00 per RSP of the Premises (i.e., $54,020.00), in accordance with the provisions set forth in Section 9.3 .	
N.     	Permitted Use:	General office use.	
O.     	Option to Extend:	One (1) Option to Extend for an additional three (3) year term at one hundred percent (100%) of Fair Market Rent pursuant to the provisions of Section 7 .	
P.     	Operating Hours:	Tenant shall have access to the Premises 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, for purposes of conducting its business.	
Q.     	Signage:	Tenant, at Tenant’s sole cost and expense, shall be allowed to install signage at the entrance to the Premises, subject to Building standards, Landlord and the Association (defined below) approval, and the provisions of Section 32  and applicable Laws.
Landlord, at Landlord’s sole cost and expense, shall include Tenant’s name on the Building lobby directory.	
R.     	Bicycle Access:	The Building will have a common bicycle storage area in the basement available on a first-come basis. Tenant shall be allowed to bring bicycles into elevators and the Premises subject to the rules and restrictions imposed by the Association.	
S.     	Animals & Pets:	Tenant shall be allowed to bring certain pets into the Building and the Premises subject to the rules and restrictions imposed by the Association and as provided in Section 14.1 .	

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T.     	Building Security & Security Systems:	Landlord or the Association will provide security guard service in the main Lobby during normal business hours, and will install a security access system at the lobby doors and surveillance cameras in the Common Areas.
Landlord or the Association shall have the right to lock the main entry door to the Building and control elevator access at any time of day, or day of the week, in order to maintain the security of the Building. Tenant will be provided with access codes and/or FOB keys to enter the Building and operate the elevator during all times.	
U.     	Roof Deck:	Tenant shall have access to the common roof deck subject to rules of use established by the Association. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Tenant shall be responsible for the cost of any additional maintenance, clean-up and repair costs incurred by Landlord or the Association resulting from Tenant’s use of the deck.	
V.     	Lounge/ Showers:	Tenant shall have access to the common lounge area and showers on the 2 nd  floor at no additional cost, subject to rules of use established by the Association.	

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BASIC LEASE TERMS
1. Premises.
1.1      Delivery of Premises; Acceptance of Premises . Landlord hereby leases to Tenant, and Tenant hereby leases from Landlord, the Premises. Landlord shall deliver possession of the Premises to Tenant on the Commencement Date. Except as otherwise expressly set forth in this Lease, by taking possession of the Premises or portion thereof, Tenant shall be deemed to have accepted that portion of the Premises as being in good and sanitary order, condition, and repair. Tenant represents to Landlord that Tenant has made, directly or through Tenant’s contractors and agents, such inspection of the condition of that portion of the Premises as Tenant deems necessary. Except as otherwise expressly set forth in this Lease, however, Landlord shall deliver the Premises with the roof, HVAC system, electrical, plumbing, and lighting in good working order and condition, and Tenant shall accept the Premises in its presently existing “AS IS” condition. Except as otherwise expressly set forth herein, Tenant agrees that Landlord makes no express or implied representation or warranty as to the condition of the Premises or the fitness of the Premises for any particular use other than as expressly provided in this Lease.
1.2      Common Areas . The term “ Common Area(s) ” means all areas and facilities outside the Premises that are provided and designated by Landlord for general use and convenience of Tenant and other of Landlord’s lessees and their respective employees, customers, and invitees. Common Areas include, but are not limited to, elevators, foyers, stairways, corridors, roof deck, lounge, shower rooms and all common utility and communication closets, risers, chases and conduits.
The maintenance and operation of the Common Areas is the responsibility of the Warfield Theater Owners Association (the “ Association ”). The manner in which such Common Areas shall be maintained, and the expenditures for maintenance, shall be at the sole discretion of the Association and the use of such Common Areas shall be subject to such uniform and reasonable regulations and changes as the Association shall make from time to time, except that Landlord shall ensure the Association will maintain the Common Areas in good condition, consistent with other Historic Class B office buildings in the area. Without limiting the generality of the preceding sentence, the Association shall have the right from time to time to make changes in the Common Areas, including (without limitations) the location and size of entrances, exits, lobbies, and all other facilities thereof, the direction and flow of traffic, and the establishment of prohibited areas, provided that such changes shall not adversely affect Tenant’s access to or use of the Premises for the normal conduct of Tenant’s business. Landlord hereby grants to Tenant, during the Lease Term, the right to use, for the benefit of Tenant and Tenant’s officers, employees, agents, customers, and invitees, in common with others entitled to such use, all accessible and habitable Common Areas, subject to any rights, powers, and privileges reserved to Landlord and the Association.
1.3      Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises
1.3.1      Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises Commencement . Subject to the rights of Benchmark Capital Holdings Co., L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company (“ Benchmark ”), and of any assignee, sublessee, or other transferee of all or any portion of

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Benchmark’s interest in the Benchmark Lease (as defined below), to extend the term (with or without an existing contractual right to do so) of that certain Lease dated May 21, 2012, as amended by that certain Amendment to Lease dated November 30, 2012, as further amended by that certain Second Amendment to Lease dated December 26, 2013, as further amended by that certain Third Amendment to Lease and Partial Termination Agreement dated January 6, 2017, as further amended by that certain Fourth Amendment to Lease dated October 26, 2017, and as may be further amended from time to time, by and between Benchmark and Landlord (collectively, the “ Benchmark Lease ”), commencing on the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date, the Premises shall be expanded to include the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises.
1.3.2      Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises Monthly Base Rent . In addition to the Monthly Base Rent payable by Tenant to Landlord for the Premises, commencing upon the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date, Tenant shall pay to Landlord, as Monthly Base Rent for each RSF of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises, an amount equal to the Monthly Base Rent then being paid by Tenant for each RSF of the original Premises as of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date and shall be subject to adjustment as set forth in Section I of the Special Lease Terms. In addition, for purposes of calculating Tenant’s Share of Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes in excess of the Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes incurred by Landlord during the Base Year, effective as of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date, Tenant’s Share shall be increased to the following amounts to reflect the addition of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises: 42.21% of the Building Operating Expenses allocated to the office space in the Building, plus 38.60% of the Direct Taxes and Operating Expenses allocated to the whole Building.
1.3.3      Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises Increased Security Deposit . Commencing upon the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date, the Security Deposit shall be increased to an amount equal to the total Monthly Base Rent for Premises (including the Monthly Base Rent for the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises) (the “ Increased Security Deposit Amount ”), and, within fifteen (15) days of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date, Tenant shall deposit additional cash with Landlord in an amount sufficient to increase the Security Deposit to the Increased Security Deposit Amount.
1.3.4      Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises Term . The lease term for the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises shall commence as of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date and shall expire on the expiration of the Lease Term.
1.3.5      Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises As-Is . The Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises shall be delivered to Tenant on the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date in its “as is” condition, and Landlord shall not be obligated to provide or pay for any improvement of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises.
1.3.6      Other Terms . The Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises shall become part of the Premises for all purposes of this Lease as of the Ninth Floor Commencement Date, and except as otherwise expressly provided in this Section 1.3.6 , all of the terms and conditions of this Lease shall apply to the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises following the Eighth and Ninth Floor Commencement Date as though the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises was originally part of the Premises. Following delivery of the Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises to Tenant, Tenant shall execute

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an amendment adding such Eighth and Ninth Floor Premises to this Lease upon the foregoing terms and conditions within thirty (30) days of delivery of such amendment to Tenant by Landlord.
2.      Term . The Lease Term shall be for the period shown in the Special Lease Terms.
3.      Rent
3.1      Monthly Base Rent . Tenant shall pay to Landlord the Monthly Base Rent, without deduction, set off, prior notice, or demand, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Lease. Monthly Base Rent shall commence on the Commencement Date and be payable in advance on the first day of each month, commencing after expiration of the crediting to Tenant of the Prepaid Rent. Monthly Base Rent for any partial month shall be prorated based on the actual number of days in any such month. All Rent (defined below) shall be paid to Landlord at the address stated in the Special Lease Terms, unless Landlord provides notice to Tenant to pay at a different address. Landlord may, at Landlord’s option, direct Tenant to make all Rent payments by wire transfer or other electronic transfer approved by Tenant, directly from Tenant’s bank account to such account as Landlord may designate, provided that such alternate means will not require additional expense for Tenant. Monthly Base Rent and Additional Rent, together with any and all other amounts payable by Tenant to Landlord pursuant to the terms of this Lease, are hereinafter collectively referred to as “Rent”.
4.      Additional Rent
4.1      Definitions
4.1.1      “ Tenant’s Share ” is defined in the Special Lease Terms.
4.1.2      The “ Base Year ” is defined in the Special Lease Terms.
4.1.3      The term “ Operating Expenses ” shall include the actual, direct costs of operation, maintenance, and management of the entire Building, including the Premises, measured under generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied. By way of illustration, but not limitation, Operating Expenses shall include the cost or charges for the following items: heat, light, water, sewer, power, steam, and other utilities (including without limitation any temporary or permanent utility surcharge or other exaction, whether now or later imposed), waste disposal, janitorial services, guard services, window cleaning, air conditioning, materials and supplies, equipment and tools, service agreements on equipment, insurance premiums, licenses, permits and inspections, wages and salaries, management services, employee benefits and payroll taxes, Direct Taxes (as defined below) accounting and legal expenses, management fees (which shall in no event exceed six percent (6%) of the gross rents from the Building), cleaning and maintenance of flooring in public corridors and other Common Areas, and the reasonable cost of contesting the validity or applicability of any governmental enactments to the extent it results in a reduction of Operating Expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Operating Expenses for the Building shall not include any amounts identified on Attachment A .

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4.1.4      The term “ Direct Taxes ” shall include all real property taxes and assessments on the Building, the land on which the Building is situated, and the various estates in the Building and the land. Direct Taxes shall also include all personal property taxes levied on the Building and the land and assessed in lieu of, in substitution for, or in addition to, existing or additional real or personal property taxes on said Building, land, or personal property, whether or not now customary or within the contemplation of the parties, other than taxes paid by Tenant or any other tenant of the Building; taxes upon the gross or net rental income of Landlord derived from the Building and the land (excluding, however, city, county, state, and federal personal or entity income taxes measured by the income or gross receipts of Landlord from all sources and any franchise, inheritance or capital stock taxes and document transfer fees) and the cost to Landlord of contesting the amount or validity or applicability of any of such taxes. Net recoveries through protest, appeals, or other actions taken by Landlord in its discretion, after deduction of all costs and expenses, including counsel and other fees, shall be deducted from Direct Taxes for the year of receipt.
4.1.5      Tenant shall pay before delinquency any and all taxes, assessments, license fees, and public charges that are assessed, and which become payable during the Lease Term, upon Tenant’s alterations, improvements, fixtures, furniture, and personal property installed or located in the Premises. Landlord may instruct all taxing authorities to mail the appropriate statements and billings directly to Tenant at the address set forth in the Special Lease Terms above. Tenant shall deliver to Landlord on demand, original receipts or photocopies evidencing payment of all taxes, assessments and other public charges payable by Tenant. If Tenant fails to pay taxes, assessments, and charges that would constitute a lien or encumbrance on the Building or the land when due, Landlord may, but shall not be obligated to, pay those taxes, assessments, or charges, together with interest and penalties. Any amount that Landlord may pay pursuant to this Section 4.1.5 shall incur interest at the rate of ten percent (10%) per annum, and shall be repaid to Landlord within fifteen (15) days of written request therefor from Landlord.
4.1.6      Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 4.1.4 , Tenant shall pay to Landlord any (a) rent tax, gross receipts tax, sales or use tax, service tax, value added tax, or any other applicable tax based on Landlord’s receipt, or the payment by Tenant, of any Rent or services herein; and (b) taxes assessed upon this transaction or any document to which Tenant is a party creating or transferring an interest or an estate in the Premises. In the event that it shall not be lawful for Tenant to reimburse Landlord for such taxes, the Monthly Base Rent payable to Landlord under this Lease shall be revised to net to Landlord the same amount after imposition of any such tax upon Landlord as would have been received by Landlord under this Lease prior to the imposition of such tax.
4.2      Payment . Tenant shall pay to Landlord an amount equal to Tenant’s Share of Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes in excess of those paid or incurred by Landlord during the Base Year. If at any time during the Lease Term, including, without limitation, the Base Year, less than one hundred percent (100%) of the RSF of the Building is occupied, Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes that vary based upon occupancy shall be adjusted by Landlord to reasonably approximate the Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes which would have been incurred if the Building had been one hundred percent (100%) occupied.

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At or after the commencement of any calendar year subsequent to the Base Year, Landlord shall notify Tenant of Landlord’s estimate of the amount of any increase in Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes for such calendar year over Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes for the Base Year and of the amount of such estimated increases owed by Tenant. Tenant shall pay to Landlord on the first day of each calendar month during such calendar year one-twelfth (1/12) of the amount of such estimated increases in Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes payable by Tenant. Statements of the amount of actual Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes for the preceding calendar year and of the amount of such increases payable by Tenant (the “ Annual OpEx Statement ”) shall be given to Tenant on or before April 1 of the immediately succeeding calendar year. All amounts owed by Tenant as shown on the Annual OpEx Statement, less any amounts paid by Tenant, shall be due and payable within thirty (30) days following delivery of the Annual OpEx Statement to Tenant. In the event that Tenant has paid in any given year more than Tenant’s Share, then such overpayment shall be applied toward the Rent for the following year or, if the Lease has terminated, such overpayment shall be promptly refunded to Tenant. If the Building is not 100% occupied during the full Base Year with all occupants paying full rent, Landlord shall adjust the Operating Expenses to what the Operating Expenses would have been had the Building been 100% occupied during the entire Base Year and had all occupants been paying full rent (as opposed to free rent, half rent, etc.).
4.3      Proration . Tenant’s Share of Operating Expenses and Direct Taxes for the calendar year in which this Lease terminates shall be prorated based on the number of days from and including the commencement of said calendar year to and including the date on which this Lease terminates divided by three hundred sixty five (365). The termination of this Lease shall not release Tenant from Tenant’s obligation to pay any amounts owed by Tenant as shown on the Annual OpEx Statement or release Landlord from Landlord’s obligation to account for and refund any overpayment. In the event Landlord incurs subsequent to the Base Year costs or expenses associated with or relating to separate items of categories or subcategories of Operating Expenses which were not part of Operating Expenses during the entire Base Year, Operating Expenses for the Base Year shall be deemed increased by the amounts Landlord reasonably estimates it would have incurred during the Base Year with respect to such costs and expenses had such separate items or categories or subcategories of Operating Expenses been incurred in Operating Expenses during the entire Base Year.
4.4      Statement Preparation and Audit . If Tenant contests an Annual OpEx Statement in writing within ninety (90) days after receipt of same, then Tenant shall have the right to have the Annual OpEx Statement audited, at Tenant’s cost and in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, by Tenant’s personnel or an accounting or audit firm mutually acceptable to Landlord and Tenant. The audit shall be binding on the parties. If the audit determines an overpayment by Tenant, Landlord shall promptly refund the amount of such overpayment to Tenant. In the event that Landlord’s records are determined to be in error in an amount greater than 3%, then the reasonable costs of Tenant’s audit shall be paid by Landlord within thirty (30) days of Landlord’s receipt of a documented invoice therefor.
5.      Permitted Use. The Premises are to be used exclusively for the purpose shown in the Special Lease Terms. No other use shall be maintained or operated on the Premises without the written consent of Landlord. The use by Tenant of the Premises shall be in a lawful, careful, safe,

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and proper manner, and Tenant shall not do or permit anything to be done in or about the Premises that would increase the rate or affect any fire or other insurance covering the Premises. Tenant shall not commit nor suffer any waste on the Premises. Landlord does not represent or warrant that the Premises may be used for any particular use or purpose, and Tenant has made Tenant’s own determination that the Premises may be lawfully used for Tenant’s business.
6.      Compliance With Laws
6.1      Law(s). “ Law(s) ” means any law, statute, code, constitution, ordinance, resolution, regulation, rule, requirement, license, permit, certificate, administrative order, judgment, decree, or direction of any present or future municipal, county, state, federal, or other governmental or quasi-governmental agency, authority, department, board, panel, or court having jurisdiction over the parties to this Lease or the Premises or the Building now in force or which may hereafter be enacted, adopted, amended, or modified. Landlord represents and warrants to Tenant that on the date Landlord delivers the Premises to Tenant, the Building and the Premises shall be in compliance with all applicable Laws. Tenant shall not use the Premises or permit anything to be done in or about the Premises that will in any way conflict with any applicable Laws now in force or that may hereafter be enacted or promulgated. Following the Commencement Date, Tenant shall, at its sole cost and expense, promptly comply with all applicable Laws now in force or that may hereafter be in force, and with the requirements of any board of fire insurance underwriters or other similar bodies now or hereafter constituted, relating to, or affecting the condition, use, or occupancy of the Premises, except that Tenant shall not be obligated to repair or alter any part of the Premises to cause the same to comply with such requirements, unless the need for such repair or alteration is caused by Tenant’s particular occupancy or use of the Premises for other than standard office use. Landlord shall promptly comply with all applicable Laws now in force or that may hereafter be in force, and with the requirements of any board of fire insurance underwriters or other similar bodies now or hereafter constituted, relating to, or affecting the condition, use, or occupancy of the Building. The judgment of any court of competent jurisdiction or the admission of Tenant in any action against Tenant, whether Landlord is a party thereto or not, that Tenant has violated any Laws, shall be conclusive of that fact as between the Landlord and Tenant.
6.2      ADA.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Premises and the Building may be subject to, among other Laws, the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C.A. §§12101 et seq.), including, but not limited to Title III of that Act, and all Laws, including all requirements of Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations, as the same may be now in force or which may thereafter be enacted, adopted, amended, or modified (collectively, the “ ADA ”). Any of Tenant’s alterations, improvements, additions, or fixtures must comply with the requirements of the ADA. If any barrier removal work or other work is required under the ADA to any portion of the Building other than where the Premises are located, then such work shall be the responsibility of Landlord and shall be included as an operating expense to the extent required to comply with any governmental law or regulation (or any judicial interpretation thereof) or any insurance requirement that was not applicable to, and enforced against, the Building or Property as of the Commencement Date; except, however, if such work is required under the ADA to any portion of the Building other than where the Premises are located as a result of Tenant’s particular use of the Premises, any work or improvements, alterations, additions, or fixtures made to the Premises by or

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on behalf of Tenant, or Tenant’s acts or omissions, then such work may be performed by Landlord at the sole cost and expense of Tenant, and Tenant shall within ten (10) days receipt pay all invoices, which invoices shall include any and all costs associated with Landlord’s compliance with the ADA, therefore as Rent. Tenant will be responsible at its sole cost and expense for fully and faithfully complying with all applicable requirements of the ADA to the extent such requirements apply to Tenant’s use, occupancy, acts, or omissions and any work, improvements, alterations, additions, or fixtures made to the Premises or Building by or on behalf of Tenant.
6.3      Notification . Each of Tenant and Landlord shall use reasonable efforts to notify the other party hereto if it makes alterations to the Premises or the Common Areas, as the case may be, that might impact accessibility under the ADA. If a complaint is received by Landlord from either a private or government complainant regarding disability access to the Common Areas, Landlord reserves the right to mediate, contest, comply with or otherwise respond to such complaint as Landlord deems to be reasonably prudent under the circumstances. Within ten (10) business days after receipt by Tenant, Tenant shall advise Landlord in writing, and provide Landlord with copies of (as applicable), (a) any notices alleging violation of the ADA relating to any portion of the Premises or the Building; (b) any claims made or threatened orally or in writing regarding noncompliance with the ADA and relating to any portion of the Premises or the Building; or (c) any governmental or regulatory actions or investigations instituted or threatened regarding noncompliance with the ADA and relating to any portion of the Premises or the Building.
6.4      California Civil Code Section 1938. To Landlord’s actual knowledge, the Premises, the Building, and the Common Areas have not undergone an inspection by a Certified Access Specialist (CASp), and except to the extent expressly set forth in this Lease, Landlord shall have no liability or responsibility to make any repairs or modifications to the Premises, the Building, or the Common Areas in order to comply with accessibility standards. The following disclosure is hereby made pursuant to applicable California Law:
“A Certified Access Specialist (CASp) can inspect the subject premises and determine whether the subject premises comply with all of the applicable construction-related accessibility standards under state law. Although state law does not require a CASp inspection of the subject premises, the commercial property owner or lessor may not prohibit the lessee or tenant from obtaining a CASp inspection of the subject premises for the occupancy or potential occupancy of the lessee or tenant, if requested by the lessee or tenant. The parties shall mutually agree on the arrangements for the time and manner of the CASp inspection, the payment of the fee for the CASp inspection, and the cost of making any repairs necessary to correct violations of construction-related accessibility standards within the premises.” [California Civil Code §1938(e).]
Landlord and Tenant agree that if Tenant requests a CASp inspection of any portion of the Premises, the Building, or the Common Areas, (i) such CASp inspection shall be conducted in compliance with reasonable rules in effect at the Building with regard to such inspections and

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subject to Landlord’s prior written consent; (ii) Tenant, at its sole cost and expense, shall pay for the fee for such CASp inspection; and (iii) Landlord and Tenant’s respective responsibilities for the costs of making any repairs necessary to correct violations of construction-related accessibility standards within the Premises, the Building, or the Common Areas identified by such CASp inspection, if any, shall be as provided under this Lease.

6.5      Disabilities Access Obligations Notice and Access Information Notice. In accordance with Chapter 38 of the San Francisco Administrative Code, the Disability Access Obligations Notice attached hereto as EXHIBIT B (the “ Access Notice ”) is incorporated herein by this reference. Execution of this Lease by the parties hereto shall be deemed to constitute and represent the parties’ acknowledgement and execution of the Access Notice, notwithstanding that such Access Notice may not be separately executed. In addition, Tenant acknowledges receipt from Landlord of an Access Information Notice as required by San Francisco Administrative Code Chapter 38. Tenant acknowledges that such notices comply with the requirements of San Francisco Administrative Code Chapter 38.

7.      Option to Extend
7.1      Grant and Exercise. Tenant shall have an option to extend the Lease Term (“ Option to Extend ”) for an additional term (“ Extended Term ”) as delineated in the Special Lease Terms. This Option to Extend is personal only to Tenant and any assignee or other transferee pursuant to a Permitted Transfer (as defined in Section 13 of this Lease) and may not be exercised, assigned, sold, subleased, or otherwise transferred, voluntarily or involuntarily, by or to any other person or entity. Tenant may exercise the foregoing Option to Extend if and only if: (i) Tenant notifies Landlord in writing of its irrevocable election to extend the Lease Term for the Extended Term at least six (6) months but not more than twelve (12) months prior to the expiration of the Lease Term; (ii) Tenant extends the Lease Term with respect to the entire Premises (and not solely to a portion of the Premises); and (iii) Tenant is not in Default of this Lease (following the expiration of any applicable cure periods without cure) either at the time of giving notice of its irrevocable election to extend or on the commencement date of the Extended Term. If each of the conditions set forth in the immediately preceding sentence is not satisfied in full, then Tenant’s Option to Extend shall lapse and be null and void. Tenant’s notice of its election to extend the Lease Term shall be irrevocable when made.
7.2      Option Terms.  All of the terms and conditions of this Lease shall apply during the Extended Term except that (i) there shall be no further right to extend the Lease Term beyond the Extended Term; (ii) Landlord shall have no obligation to make improvements to the Premises of any nature whatsoever; and (iii) the Monthly Base Rent payable during the Extended Term shall be 100% of Fair Market Rent. For purposes hereof, “ Fair Market Rent ” shall mean the effective base rental rates (including periodic adjustments to such base rental rates) then being received for premises of similar size and quality to the Premises, located in the mid-market area of San Francisco area which are similar in size, quality and location to the Property, leased for terms of approximately three (3) years, and otherwise subject to leases containing substantially similar terms as those contained in this Lease (with consideration of prevailing market concessions for

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renewing tenants at that time). Notwithstanding the foregoing, “Fair Market Rent” shall not include any rental value attributable to improvements, alterations, fixtures, equipment, and personal property installed in the Premises at Tenant’s expense. In determining Fair Market Rent, no consideration shall be given to any savings to Landlord attributable to Landlord not incurring any costs for brokerage commissions, rent holidays, tenant improvements and/or tenant improvement allowances.
In the event the parties cannot mutually agree upon the Fair Market Rent, the following procedures shall apply. Not more than nine (9) months or less than three (3) months prior to the commencement of the Extended Term, Landlord and Tenant shall meet and attempt in good faith to determine and mutually agree upon the Monthly Base Rent to be paid during the Extended Term. If, sixty (60) days prior to the commencement of the Extended Term, the parties have not reached agreement, then the following procedure shall be used:
Within ten (10) days after the expiration of the foregoing period, each party, at its cost and by giving notice to the other, shall appoint an arbitrator, who shall be a real estate broker with not less than five (5) years full-time commercial lease experience in the area in which the Premises are located, to determine the Fair Market Rent. If a party does not appoint an arbitrator within said ten (10) day period, the single broker appointed shall be the sole arbitrator and shall set the Fair Market Rent. Landlord and Tenant shall submit their respective determinations of the then prevailing Fair Market Rent to the arbitrator(s), at such time and in such manner as directed by the arbitrator(s). The arbitrator(s) shall select either Landlord’s or Tenant’s determination of the then prevailing Fair Market Rent. If two (2) arbitrators are appointed, and they are unable to agree within thirty (30) days, they shall select a third broker meeting the qualifications stated above within ten (10) days after the last day the two (2) brokers are given to determine the Fair Market Rent ("Referee"). If they are unable to agree on Referee, either of the parties to this Lease, by giving ten (10) days’ notice to the other, may file a petition with the American Arbitration Association solely for the purpose of selecting a Referee who meets the qualifications stated herein. Each party shall bear half the cost of the American Arbitration Association appointing the Referee and of paying the Referee’s fee. The Referee shall be a person who has not previously acted in any capacity for either of the parties hereto.
Within thirty (30) days after the selection of the Referee, the Referee shall select either Landlord’s or Tenant’s determination of the then prevailing Fair Market Rent. In determining the Fair Market Rent, the arbitrator(s) shall consider rents for comparable space in the vicinity of the Premises, taking into consideration quality, size, utility, location and views.
After the Fair Market Rent has been determined, the arbitrator(s) shall immediately notify Landlord and Tenant, and the decision thereof shall be binding on Landlord and Tenant.
7.3      Option Amendment. If Tenant is entitled to and properly exercises the Option to Extend, Landlord shall prepare an amendment (the “ Extension Amendment ”) to reflect changes to the Lease Term and other appropriate terms. Tenant shall execute (or make good faith comments to) and return the Extension Amendment to Landlord within fifteen (15) business days after Tenant’s receipt of same, but an otherwise valid exercise of the applicable Extension Option shall be fully effective regardless of whether the Extension Amendment is actually executed.

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8.      Utilities and Services.  Landlord represents that the Premises are not presently separately metered for electricity. Landlord shall provide to the Building and the Premises electrical services reasonably sufficient for general office use, and Tenant shall pay to Landlord the actual costs for such electrical services to the Premises. During the Lease Term, Landlord, at its sole cost and expense, may install a submeter to the Premises or may have the utility company provide separate metering, at Landlord’s discretion. To the extent separate utility metering is available to the Premises, Tenant shall engage and procure its own utility services to the Premises, including electrical and telecommunications. Landlord shall provide to the Building and the Premises water and garbage services reasonably sufficient for general office use, and Tenant shall pay to Landlord Tenant’s Share of the costs for such water and garbage services to the Building. Landlord shall also provide to the Building and the Premises janitorial services consistent with Historic Class B office buildings in the area. Tenant shall pay to Landlord Tenant’s Share of the costs of such janitorial services to the Building and Premises and the direct costs of such janitorial services to the Premises. Tenant shall pay such charges within thirty (30) days after receiving an invoice showing such pro-rations and reasonable back-up information. Tenant shall be responsible to determine that there is sufficient utility capacity in the Premises for purposes of conducting Tenant’s use, and Landlord does not represent the availability or quantity of any utilities in the Premises. Tenant agrees that Landlord shall not be liable for damages, by abatement of Rent or otherwise, for any interruption or cessation of any service or utility (including telephone and telecommunication services, UPS services, or utilities), or for any diminution in the quality or quantity thereof, when such failure or delay or diminution is occasioned, in whole or in part, by breakage, repairs, replacements, or improvements, by any strike, lockout, or other labor trouble, by inability to secure electricity, gas, water, or other fuel at the Premises or Building after reasonable effort to do so, by any riot or other dangerous condition, emergency, accident, or casualty whatsoever, by act or Default of Tenant or other parties, or by any other cause; and such failures or delays or diminution shall never be deemed to constitute an eviction or disturbance of Tenant’s use and possession of the Premises or relieve Tenant from paying Rent or performing any of its obligations under this Lease provided that nothing herein shall be interpreted to relieve Landlord of its obligations, as specifically stated in this Lease to provide services required to be provided by Landlord hereunder.
9.      Improvements and Alterations; Liens; Improvement Allowance
9.1      Improvements and Alterations .
9.1.1      Tenant, its employees, agents, licensees, or contractors shall not make or install any alterations, improvements, additions, or fixtures (collectively, “ Improvements ”) that affect the exterior or interior of the Premises or any structural, mechanical, or electrical component of the Premises, or mark, paint, drill, or in any way deface any floors, walls, ceilings, partitions, or any wood, stone, or iron work, without Landlord’s consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. No construction or installation pursuant to this Section 9.1.1 shall be commenced by Tenant until Landlord has granted approval. All Improvements to the Premises will be at Tenant’s option (subject to Landlord’s consent as provided in this Section 9.1.1 ) and at Tenant’s sole cost other as provided in Section 9.3 below. Tenant shall indemnify and defend Landlord for all liens, claims, or damages caused by such Improvements by Tenant. In no event shall Landlord's consent be required for any refurbishment of the Premises by Tenant (including,

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but not limited to, recarpeting, repainting or similar cosmetic alterations) or for any single nonstructural alteration project costing less than Twenty Thousand Dollars ($20,000.00) or for the installation or removal of decorations.
9.1.2      Tenant shall give Landlord not less than ten (10) business days’ advanced written notice of the date of commencement of any construction work on the Premises so that Landlord can post notices of nonresponsibility.
9.1.3      Any and all Improvements effected by Tenant shall be constructed, installed or performed in a professional workmanlike manner, by licensed contractors retained by Tenant, in compliance with all applicable Laws, and Tenant or Tenant’s contractors shall obtain all permits and approvals of government agencies required by applicable Laws in connection therewith.
9.1.4      All Improvements (except Tenant’s trade fixtures) that may be made or installed upon Premises by either Landlord or Tenant and that in any manner are attached to the floors, walls, or ceilings, shall be the property of Landlord, and, at the termination of this Lease, shall remain upon and be surrendered with the Premises as a part of the Premises, without disturbance or injury unless Landlord, by written notice provided to Tenant at the time Landlord approves of such Improvements (which notice Landlord shall be obligated to provide at such time), requires same to be removed or returned to their original condition prior to the Improvements. Tenant shall repair any damage to the Premises occasioned by the removal of its trade fixtures. If Landlord notifies Tenant in writing at the time that it gives its consent to any Improvements requested by Tenant that Tenant must remove such Improvements or restore the Premises to its original condition at the end of the Term, Tenant shall remove and/or restore the same, at Tenant’s expense, upon the termination of this Lease, and Tenant shall, forthwith and with all due diligence at Tenant’s sole cost and expense remove such Improvements, restore the Premises to their original condition, and repair any damage to the Premises or Building caused by such removal or restoration.
9.2      Liens. Tenant shall keep the Premises free from any liens arising out of any work performed, materials furnished, or obligations incurred by Tenant. If a lien is so placed, Tenant shall, within thirty (30) days after receipt of notice from Landlord of the filing of the lien, fully discharge the lien by settling the claim which resulted in the lien or by bonding or insuring over the lien in the manner prescribed by the applicable Law.
9.3      Tenant Improvement Allowance.  Tenant’s initial build-out of the Premises shall be referred to as the “ Initial Tenant Improvements ”. Provided that Tenant is not in Default under this Lease beyond any applicable notice and cure periods, Landlord shall make available and pay Tenant the Tenant Improvement Allowance in the amount set forth in the Special Lease Terms. Without limiting any of Landlord's other obligations under this Lease, in no event shall Landlord be obligated to make disbursements in a total amount which exceeds the Tenant Improvement Allowance. During the construction of the Initial Tenant Improvements, Landlord shall make monthly disbursements of the Tenant Improvement Allowance for Tenant Improvement Allowance Items (as defined below) for the benefit of Tenant and shall authorize the release of monies for the benefit of Tenant as follows:

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9.3.1      Not more often than once each month on a day designated by Landlord or if no date is designated by Landlord, then on the first Tuesday of each month (in either event, a “Submittal Date”) during the period from the date hereof through the construction of the Tenant Improvements, Tenant shall deliver to Landlord: (A) a request for reimbursement to Tenant in a form to be provided by Landlord, showing the schedule, by trade, of percentage of completion of the Initial Tenant Improvements in the Premises, detailing the portion of the work completed; (B) invoices from all other persons or entities engaged in providing labor or materials in connection with the Initial Tenant Improvements (collectively, “ Tenant’s Agents ”) for labor rendered and materials delivered to the Premises for the applicable payment period with evidence reasonably satisfactory to Landlord that Tenant has paid such invoices; (C) executed unconditional waiver and release on progress payment in the form prescribed by California Civil Code Section 8134 from all of Tenant’s Agents for which payments is sought; and (D) all other information reasonably requested in good faith by Landlord. Tenant’s request for payment shall be deemed Tenant’s acceptance and approval of the work furnished and/or the materials supplied as set forth in Tenant’s request for reimbursement vis-à-vis Landlord. Provided that Tenant is not in Default under this Lease beyond any applicable notice and cure periods, within forty-five (45) days following the Submittal Date, and assuming Landlord receives all of the information described in Items (A) through (D) above, Landlord shall deliver a check to Tenant payable solely to Tenant in payment of the lesser of: (1) the amounts so requested by Tenant, as set forth above in this Section 9.3.1 less a ten percent (10%) retention (the aggregate amount of such retentions to be known as the “ Final Retention ”); and (2) the balance of any remaining available portion of the Tenant Improvement Allowance (not including the Final Retention). Landlord’s obligation to make disbursements out of the Tenant Improvement Allowance through the construction of the Initial Tenant Improvements shall cease when ninety percent (90%) of the Tenant Improvement Allowance has been disbursed by Landlord. Landlord’s payment of such amounts shall not be deemed Landlord’s approval or acceptance of the work furnished or materials supplied as set forth in Tenant’s request for reimbursement. Provided that all conditions for payment have been fully satisfied, Tenant may elect in its discretion to receive the Tenant Improvement Allowance in periodic installments, subject to the timing requirements of this Section, or may elect for convenience to receive the entire amount as a single Final Retention.
9.4      Provided that Tenant is not in Default under this Lease beyond any applicable notice and cure periods, a check for the Final Retention payable solely to Tenant shall be delivered by Landlord to Tenant following the completion of construction of Initial Tenant Improvements, within forty-five (45) days after the last of the following conditions has occurred: (A) Landlord has inspected the Premises and determined that Tenant’s Initial Tenant Improvements are complete; (B) Tenant has obtained all required certificates of occupancy (or signed off building permits) from the City and County of San Francisco for use and operation of the Premises and delivered copies of all such certificates to Landlord; (C) Tenant has installed all or substantially all of its equipment, furnishings, fixtures, and trade fixtures in the Premises and is conducting business in the Premises; (D) Tenant has obtained an unconditional waiver and release on final payment in the form prescribed by California Civil Code Section 8138 from all of Tenant’s Agents involved with Tenant’s Initial Tenant Improvements and delivered complete copies thereof to Landlord; (E) Tenant’s architect has issued a certificate, in a form reasonably acceptable to Landlord, certifying that the construction of the Initial Tenant Improvements in the Premises has been substantially completed in accordance with the terms provided in this Section and Landlord has been provided with a copy thereof; (F)

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Tenant has recorded a notice of completion in the Office of the Office of the Recorder of the County of San Francisco in accordance with California Civil Code Sections 8182 and 8184 and provided Landlord with a copy thereof; and (G) Landlord has received copies of all receipted bills marked paid relating to the Tenant Improvements.
9.5      Landlord shall only be obligated to make disbursements from the Tenant Improvement Allowance to the extent costs are incurred by Tenant for Tenant Improvement Allowance Items. As used in this Lease, “ Tenant Improvement Allowance Items ” shall mean:
9.6      Fees and costs of the architect, the engineer and Tenant’s Agents;
9.7      Plan check, permit and license fees relating to construction of the Initial Tenant Improvements;
9.8      The cost of construction of the Initial Tenant Improvements, including, without limitation, testing and inspection costs, and trash removal costs, utility usage, and contractors' fees and general conditions;
9.9      The cost of any changes in the Building when such changes are required by the approved construction drawings or to comply with all applicable building codes, such cost to include all direct architectural and/or engineering fees and expenses incurred in connection therewith;
9.10      The cost of any changes to the construction drawings or Initial Tenant Improvements required by all applicable building codes;
9.11      Sales and use taxes; and
9.12      All other costs approved by or expended by Tenant in connection with the design, permitting or construction of the Tenant Improvements.
9.13      Provided that Tenant is not in Default under this Lease beyond any applicable notice and cure periods, any amount of the Tenant Improvement Allowance not disbursed by the date that is six (6) months after the Commencement Date shall be applied toward Monthly Base Rent next coming due under this Lease.
10.      Insurance; Waiver of Subrogation
10.1      Liability and Property . During the Lease Term, Tenant, at its own expense, shall maintain in full force a policy or policies of commercial general liability and property damage insurance that insures Tenant against any and all liability for injury and damage to persons and property and for death of any person or persons occurring in or about the Premises. The General Liability policy shall include Landlord as an additional insured party, and shall be for an amount not less than $2,000,000.00 for any one person injured or killed, or less than $2,000,000.00 for any one accident, or less than $2,000,000.00 for property damage in aggregate. Tenant shall maintain its required insurance as primary insurance policies with a financially reasonable insurance company or companies licensed to do business in the State of California, which companies must be rated A-

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VII or better in the most recent Best’s Insurance Report (which rating must be maintained throughout the Lease Term). Tenant shall provide Landlord with certificates of insurance within five (5) business days after Landlord’s written request therefor. Landlord and/or the Association shall maintain such “all-risk” fire and casualty insurance as Landlord determines appropriate on the Building as a whole, which shall not include insurance coverage of Tenant’s improvements, alterations, fixtures, equipment, inventory or personal property, provided that such insurance shall be in amounts at least equal to the full replacement value of the Building, exclusive of footings and foundations. Tenant and Landlord acknowledge that neither of them anticipates maintaining earthquake insurance. If Tenant fails to procure or maintain the insurance required of it, Landlord may, following delivery of written notice to Tenant and Tenant’s failure to cure same within five (5) business days following receipt of such notice, but shall not be required to procure and maintain same, at the expense of Tenant, and any such amounts paid by Landlord shall be immediately due and payable to Landlord.
10.2      Waiver of Subrogation.  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Lease, Landlord and Tenant hereby release each other from any liability in connection with, and waive their rights of recovery against the other with respect to, loss or damage arising out of or incident to any peril of the type to be covered by the property insurance required to be carried by either party under this Lease, or actually carried, whether due to the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord or Tenant or their agents, employees, contractors, or invitees, or any other cause. Landlord and Tenant each agree to require their respective insurers issuing any property insurance carried by either party, including the property insurance required under this Lease, to waive any rights of subrogation that such companies may have against the other party.
11.      Damage or Destruction
11.1      If the Building or the Premises is partially or totally destroyed by fire or other casualty insured under the insurance described above (less the amount of Landlord’s deductibles and coinsured amounts thereunder), and the applicable insurance proceeds will pay for one hundred percent (100%) of the reconstruction costs, such damages shall be repaired or rebuilt promptly by Landlord, unless (a) the damage or destruction occurs in the last two hundred seventy (270) days of the Term or (b) a reputable general contractor employed by Landlord shall estimate that the time to restore such damage shall exceed two hundred seventy (270) days from the date of such casualty, in which case either party shall have the right to terminate this Lease by written notice to the other party, or (c) the estimated cost to rebuild or restore the Building exceeds twenty-five percent (25%) of its market value, in which case Landlord shall have the right to terminate this Lease by written notice to Tenant. Landlord shall notify Tenant of Landlord’s estimate of the time required to rebuild or restore within ninety (90) days after such damage or destruction.
11.2      Unless this Lease is terminated as provided above, this Lease shall remain in full force and effect, and the parties waive the provisions of any Law to the contrary, including sections 1932 and 1933 of the Civil Code of the State of California.
11.3      If on account of any damage or destruction which Landlord is required to repair or rebuild there is a material interference with Tenant’s access to or use of the Premises during Tenant’s normal business hours, and this Lease is not otherwise terminated, a just and proportionate part of the Rent shall be abated until the Premises are repaired or rebuilt and Tenant’s access to and

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use thereof has been restored; provided , however , that if any damage or destruction is due to the fault or neglect of Tenant or its employees, agents, invitees or visitors, or if any damage or destruction arises under or with respect to compliance with any applicable building code or similar Law and pertains to portions of the Premises that Tenant rather than Landlord is required to repair or to maintain in accordance with applicable Laws, there shall be no abatement of Rent, except to the extent said Rent is paid by Landlord’s rent interruption insurance. All other obligations of Tenant under this Lease shall remain in full force and effect.
11.4      If Landlord should elect or be obligated to repair or rebuild because of any damage or destruction, Landlord’s obligation shall be limited to the Common Areas and the Premises, but shall not include any improvement, addition, or alteration constructed by Tenant, which shall be the sole responsibility of Tenant. If Landlord’s restoration work shall not be completed within the later of (a) 270 days from the date of the damage or (b) 60 days after the expiration of Landlord’s reasonable estimated restoration period, then Tenant shall have the right to terminate this Lease by giving at least 30 days’ prior written notice to Landlord within ten (10) days following the later of such dates to occur. In the event of any such termination of this Lease under the preceding sentence, then neither Landlord nor Tenant shall have any rights, liabilities or obligations accruing under this Lease after the effective date of termination, except for such rights and liabilities which, by the terms of this Lease or at Law, are obligations of Tenant or Landlord which survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease.
11.5      Other than abatement of Rent as aforesaid, Tenant shall not be entitled to any compensation or damages from Landlord for loss of the use of the whole or any part of the Premises, Tenant’s personal property, or Common Area, or any inconvenience or annoyance occasioned by such damage, repair, reconstruction, or restoration.
12.      Security Deposit. Tenant has deposited with Landlord the amount indicated in the Special Lease Terms as a Security Deposit. Such sum shall be held by Landlord as security for the faithful performance by Tenant of all the terms, covenants, and conditions of this Lease to be kept and performed by Tenant during the Lease Term (including any extension thereof). If Tenant commits a Default, including, but not limited to, the provisions relating to the payment of Rent, and such Default is not cured within any applicable cure period, Landlord may (but shall not be required to) use, apply or retain all or any part of this Security Deposit for the payment of any rental or any other sum in Default, or for the payment of any amount that Landlord may spend or become obligated to spend by reason of Tenant’s Default, or to compensate Landlord for any other loss or damage that Landlord may suffer by reason of Tenant’s Default. If any portion of said Security Deposit is so used or applied, Tenant shall within fifteen (15) days after written demand therefor, deposit cash with Landlord in an amount sufficient to restore the Security Deposit to its original amount, and Tenant’s failure to do so shall be a material breach of this Lease. Landlord shall not be required to keep this Security Deposit separate from its general funds, and Tenant shall not be entitled to interest on such deposit. The Security Deposit or any balance thereof after application as provided hereunder, shall be returned to Tenant (or, at Landlord’s option, to the last successor to Tenant’s interest hereunder) within thirty (30) days after the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term (including any extension thereof). In the event of termination of Landlord’s interest in

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this Lease, Landlord shall transfer said deposit to Landlord’s successor in interest and shall, within five (5) business days of such transfer provide Tenant with written notice thereof.
13.      Assignments and Subletting
13.1      Except in connection with a Permitted Transfer (defined below) Tenant shall not voluntarily assign or encumber this Lease or any interest in this Lease, or permit the use of the Premises by any person or persons other than Tenant and its agents, employees, visitors, and contractors, or sublet the Premises, or any part, without Landlord’s prior consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, subject to the provisions of Section 13.2 below. Any attempt by Tenant to assign this Lease or sublet the Premises, or any portion thereof, without Landlord’s consent, at Landlord’s option, shall be null, void, and of no effect. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Lease, Tenant may assign this Lease or sublet the Premises, or any portion thereof, without Landlord’s consent, to any entity which controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with Tenant; to any entity which results from a merger of, reincorporation of, reorganization of, or consolidation with Tenant; or to any entity which acquires substantially all of the memberships, interests, stock or assets of Tenant, as a going concern, with respect to the business that is being conducted in the Premises (hereinafter each a “ Permitted Transfer ”). Landlord shall have no right to terminate this Lease in connection with, and shall have no right to any sums or other economic consideration, including any "bonus rent" resulting from, any Permitted Transfer.
13.2      By way of example and without limitation, Tenant acknowledges and agrees that Landlord’s withholding of consent shall be deemed to be reasonable under this Lease and under any applicable Laws in any of the following situations (or where Landlord has not been provided with sufficient information to determine that none of the following apply):
13.2.1      Tenant has not provided sufficient information to Landlord that, in Landlord’s reasonable judgment, would enable Landlord to determine that the proposed transferee satisfies Landlord’s then current credit and other standards for tenants of the Building or has a financial condition sufficient to perform its obligations as Tenant under this Lease, in the event of an assignment of this Lease. In order to determine whether a proposed transfer satisfies such criteria, Tenant shall, prior to any such transfer, provide Landlord with such evidence of financial status and capacity as Landlord may reasonably request, including, but not limited to, current, complete and accurate audited or certified financial statements of the proposed transferee, and federal and state tax returns of the proposed transferee; or
13.2.2      The proposed transferee is of a character or reputation or is engaged in a business that is not consistent with the quality of the Building or the existing tenant mix; or
13.2.3      The proposed use of the Premises by the proposed transferee would (a) be unlawful, (b) be inappropriate to the location and configuration of the Premises, (c) cause Landlord to be in violation of another lease or agreement to which Landlord is a party, or would give an occupant of the Building a right to cancel its lease, (d) likely cause an increase in insurance premiums for insurance policies applicable to the Building, (e) likely require new tenant improvements that Landlord would be entitled to disapprove pursuant to 9 above, (f) likely create

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any increased burden in the operation of the Building, or in the operation of any Building systems or facilities, or (g) likely impair the reputation or character of the Building; or
13.2.4      Tenant has failed to pay all of Landlord’s reasonable documented out of pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with negotiation, review and processing of the transfer, including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs; provided, however, that Tenant shall not be obligated to pay any more than three thousand dollars ($3,000.00) per proposed sublet or assignment; or
13.2.5      The proposed assignee has not assumed in writing in form reasonably satisfactory to Landlord all the obligations of Tenant under this Lease; or
13.2.6      At the time of the proposed transfer, Tenant has committed a Default hereunder or an event shall have occurred that with notice, the passage of time, or both, would become a Default; or
13.2.7      Either the proposed transferee, or any person or entity that directly or indirectly, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the proposed transferee: (a) occupies space in the Building at the time of the request for consent, (b) is negotiating with Landlord to lease space in the Building at such time, or (c) has negotiated with Landlord during the six (6) month period immediately preceding Tenant’s request for consent, unless in such case Landlord does not have adequate space in the Building for the proposed transferee.
13.3      Additionally, Landlord may require as a condition of such approval that all Landlord’s reasonable out of pocket costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, in evaluating and approving any such assignment be paid by Tenant. No subletting or assignment, including with the consent of Landlord, shall relieve Tenant of its obligation to pay Rent and to perform all of the other obligations to be performed by Tenant. Approval of any subletting, assignment, or transfer shall only be by a specific writing setting forth such approval, and the acceptance of Rent by Landlord from Tenant or any other person (including a proposed sublessee, assignee, or transferee, including one who may actually have taken possession without approval) shall not be deemed to be a waiver by Landlord of any provision of this Lease or to be a consent to any assignment, subletting, or other transfer. Consent to one assignment, subletting, or other transfer shall not be deemed to constitute consent to any subsequent assignment, subletting, or other transfer. If Tenant assigns or sublets the Premises, or any part of the Premises to any party other than in connection with a Permitted Transfer, Tenant shall pay to Landlord fifty percent (50%) of the excess rent received by Tenant from subtenants and fifty percent (50%) of all consideration received by Tenant for any assignment, after first deducting any sums incurred by Tenant with respect to such transaction, including, without limitation, brokerage fees, consent fees, legal fees and expenses, tenant improvement costs, free rent and other inducements, and fees and costs paid to Landlord in connection with a request for consent.
13.4      Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 13 , Landlord shall have the option, by giving written notice to Tenant within thirty (30) days after receipt of Tenant’s notice of Tenant’s intent to assign any or all of Tenant’s right or interest under this Lease or to cause, together with all prior sublets then remaining in effect, fifty percent (50%) or more of the Premises

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to be sublet (except in connection with a Permitted Transfer) (a “ Proposed Transfer ”), to recapture the Premises. Such recapture notice shall cancel and terminate this Lease as of the date stated in Tenant’s notice of Proposed Transfer as the effective date of the Proposed Transfer (or, at Landlord’s option, shall cause the Transfer to be made to Landlord or its agent, in which case the parties shall execute the transfer documentation promptly thereafter). If Landlord recaptures the Premises, Landlord shall have the right to negotiate directly with Tenant’s proposed Transferee and to enter into a direct lease or occupancy agreement with any such party on such terms as shall be acceptable to Landlord in its sole and absolute discretion, and Tenant hereby waives any claims against Landlord related thereto, including, without limitation, any claims for compensation or profit related to such lease or occupancy agreement.
14.      Rules.  Landlord shall have the right from time to time to promulgate uniform and reasonable rules and regulations for the safety, care, and cleanliness of the Premises and Building and all of the Common Areas, and for the preservation of good order. Current Rules and Regulations are attached to this Lease as EXHIBIT C . On delivery of a copy of such rules and regulations (or any amendment thereto), Tenant shall comply with them, and a material violation of any of them shall constitute a Default by Tenant under this Lease. If there is a conflict between the rules and regulations and any of the provisions of this Lease, the provisions of this Lease shall prevail. Tenant understands that the Premises are part of a commercial condominium association known as the Association and that Tenant is subject to the rules and regulations established and enforced by the Association. Tenant shall be liable to Landlord for any damages, fines, penalties, or other consequences imposed on Landlord by the Association that are directly or indirectly caused by Tenant, its employees, officers, agents, vendors and invitees.
14.1      Animals and Pets.  Except as otherwise restricted below, by the Association, or by the Association’s CC&Rs, Tenant is permitted to bring up to three (3) dogs onto the Premises provided such animals are not kept, bred or raised for commercial purposes. In addition, fish in an aquarium (30 gallons maximum) are also permitted. Landlord and Association permission is required to bring any other type of pet into the Building. No pet shall be allowed in the Building that the Landlord or the Association determine to be a threat to the safety, welfare, quiet comfort or enjoyment of other Tenants and invitees. If the Landlord or the Association determines that a pet is a nuisance, annoyance or threat, the pet will be required to be removed from the Building. Pet owners agree to comply with the following requirements for pets brought into the Building:
14.1.1.1      The California State Health and Safety Code.
14.1.1.2      All applicable Laws such as but not limited to licensing, vaccinations, leashing, sanitation, etc.
14.1.1.3      All cats and dogs must be spayed or neutered.
14.1.1.4      All dogs and cats must be restrained on a leash at all times in Common Areas and under no circumstances are they to be allowed to run free in the Building or on the Roof Deck.

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14.1.1.5      Any pet found off-leash in the common areas may be removed to a pound or animal shelter by calling the appropriate authorities.
14.1.1.6      No pets are allowed in the Lounge area or the common shower rooms at any time.
14.1.1.7      If a person already in an elevator should object to the entry of an animal into the elevator, the animal and its handler/owner must wait for another elevator or take the stairs.
14.1.1.8      In no event shall any pit bull, rottweiler, doberman pinscher, mastiff, canaria press, or any other dog breed known as a "fighting breed" or mix thereof be allowed in the Building, provided that Landlord shall endeavor to provide an initial informational electronic mail notice to Tenant if Landlord believes that one of the prohibited breeds has been permitted into the Premises by Tenant, so as to allow corrective action by Tenant.
14.1.1.9      The Common Areas (including, but not limited to, hallways, stairwells, elevators, patios, decks, balconies, courtyards, roof deck, roof, sidewalks, and landscaping beds) shall not be used for relieving of pets’ bodily functions. Any accidental defecation must immediately be removed and disposed of by the pet’s owner and the area cleaned and sanitized. The cost of cleaning and deodorizing Common Areas due to pet “accidents” is the pet owner’s obligation.
14.1.1.10      Within five (5) business days following Tenant's receipt of Landlord's written request therefor, Tenant shall provide Landlord with reasonable satisfactory evidence showing that all current vaccinations have been received by each of the pets within the Premises.
14.1.1.11      No pets shall be brought into the Building if any such pet is ill or contracts a disease that could potentially threaten the health or wellbeing of any tenant or occupant of the Building. Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary contained in this Amendment, Landlord shall have the unilateral right at any time to rescind Tenant's right to have pets in the Building, if in Landlord's reasonable judgment, any such pets are found to be a substantial nuisance (for purposes hereof, a pet may found to be a “substantial nuisance” if such pet defecates in the Common Areas, damages or destroys property at the Building or exhibits threatening behavior).
14.1.1.12      Damages to the Common Areas by pets under the control of Tenant, its invitees, its agents or its employees shall be billed to the Tenant at the current replacement and/or repair cost, plus administrative expenses. The expense limit does not apply to liability for injury to persons caused by pets.
14.1.1.13      Pet owners are responsible for controlling the noise of their pets. Pet owners are responsible for any personal injury or property damage caused by their pets.

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14.1.1.14      Pets shall not be left unattended in the Premises at any time, or in any of the Common Areas of the Building.
14.1.1.15      Tenants shall not allow any visitor to bring a pet into the building. This rule does not apply to any animal used by a tenant or visitor that is needed as a reasonable accommodation for the tenant or visitor’s disability.
14.1.1.16      [Intentionally Omitted]
14.1.1.17      In accordance with applicable Laws, service animals that assist persons with disabilities are considered to be auxiliary aids and are exempt from the pet rules (d) through (h) noted herein, and from any refundable pet deposit. Examples include guide dogs for persons with vision impairments, hearing dogs for persons with hearing impairments, and emotional assistance animals for persons with chronic mental illness.
14.1.1.18      The feeding of stray animals and wild birds at the Building is strictly prohibited as they pose a health hazard and are a nuisance to the other tenants in the Building.
15.      Control of Appearance, Signs, and Advertising Media. Without Landlord’s written consent and approval, not to be unreasonably withheld, except as provided in the Special Lease Terms, Tenant shall not: install any decorations or signs outside of the Premises; erect or install any door lettering, signs, advertising media or placards outside of the Premises; or keep or display any merchandise on, or otherwise obstruct, the sidewalks, Common Areas; or areaways adjacent to the Premises. Landlord shall install and maintain Tenant’s name in the Building directory in the lobby of the Building. Tenant shall not use on the Premises any advertising or other media objectionable to Landlord such as loud speakers, phonographs, or radio broadcasts that can be heard outside the Premises. No unsightly or objectionable items in the sole opinion of Landlord will be permitted to be visible outside of the Premises. Tenant acknowledges that Landlord and other third party owners of condominiums in the Building have various rights to place lighted signage on the exterior of the Building which may partially obstruct views from the Premises and/or create visual distractions, light pollution, and glare.
16.      Repairs and Maintenance
16.1      Landlord and the Association shall keep in good order, condition, and repair the Common Areas and the Building foundations, exterior walls (except for the interior faces), and roof of the Building, and all plumbing, mechanical, electrical, heating, air conditioning and ventilation equipment and systems that service portions of the Building other than or in addition to the Premises to their point of connection into the Premises, except (as to all items) for any damage caused by any act or omission of Tenant or its employees, agents, invitees, licenses, or contractors. Landlord shall not be obligated to repair the exterior or interior of doors, windows (except for the exterior windows), and plate glass, and/or showcases used on or in the Premises, and damage caused by any casualty or act of God, except as otherwise provided for herein.

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16.2      Excepting all responsibilities of Landlord under this Lease, Tenant shall keep and maintain in good order, condition and repair, except for reasonable use and wear and damage by fire or other casualty, the Premises and the Building including without limitation, all interior building fixtures, walls, floors, ceilings, appliances and similar equipment and the exterior and interior portions of doors, windows (excluding the exterior windows), plate glass, and showcases in the Premises. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, Tenant shall have no obligation to repair or maintain the Building infrastructure or systems, including the roof, foundation, structural elements, exterior shell, plumbing, curtain wall, elevators, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, or mechanical systems that service portions of the Building other than from the point of connection within Tenant’s Premises.
16.3      Any and all repairs effected by Tenant shall be performed in a professional workmanlike manner, by licensed contractors, in compliance with all applicable Laws, and Tenant or Tenant’s contractors shall obtain all permits and approvals of government agencies required by applicable Laws in connection therewith.
16.4      If Landlord deems any repairs required to be made by Tenant necessary, it may demand that Tenant make them by giving written notice to Tenant, and if Tenant refuses or neglects to commence such repairs within ten (10) days after such notice, or fails to diligently prosecute such repairs thereafter, Landlord may make or cause such repairs to be made. If Landlord makes or causes repairs to be made, Landlord shall not be responsible to Tenant for any loss or damage that may accrue to Tenant’s business by reason of the repair work, and Tenant shall, on demand, immediately pay to Landlord the cost of the repairs. Tenant waives the provisions of Sections 1941 and 1942 of the Civil Code of the State of California and any and all other statutes or Laws permitting repairs by a lessee at the expense of a lessor or to terminate a lease by reason of the condition of the Premises.
17.      Property Protection.  Tenant shall be responsible for securing the Premises against unauthorized entry. Except as provided in the Special Lease Terms, Landlord shall have no obligation to provide security to the Premises, the Building, or the Common Areas. Tenant shall keep all doors and windows closed to maximize the efficiency of heating and air conditioning systems. Tenant shall not allow any offensive odors such as cigar, pipe, or cigarette odors to offend adjacent tenants and their employees and invitees.
18.      Environmental Compliance
18.1      Tenant shall keep and maintain the Premises in compliance with and shall not cause or permit the Premises to be in violation of Laws relating to Hazardous Materials (as defined below), on the Premises, to the extent such Hazardous Materials were released in the Premises by Tenant or a Tenant employee, contractor, invitee, or Tenant-authorized licensee. Tenant shall not use, generate, manufacture, store, or dispose of on, under or about the Premises, or transport to or from the Premises or the Building any Hazardous Materials, other than the use and storage of materials which technically come within the definition of Hazardous Materials, but which are customarily used in the operation of the business described under “ Permitted Use ” in the Special Lease Terms or in a business office, such as cleaning and office supplies (the “ Permitted Hazardous

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Materials ”, provided that such materials are in ordinary and reasonable amounts and used, stored or disposed of in compliance with all Hazardous Materials Laws (as defined below).
18.2      Except with respect to Permitted Hazardous Materials, Tenant shall promptly advise Landlord in writing of (i) any and all enforcement, cleanup, remedial, removal, or other governmental or regulatory actions instituted, completed, or threatened pursuant to any applicable Laws relating to any Hazardous Materials affecting the Premises (“ Hazardous Materials Laws ”); (ii) all claims made or threatened by any third party against Tenant or the Premises relating to damage, contribution, cost recovery compensation, loss, or injury resulting from any Hazardous Materials (the matters set forth in clauses (i) and (ii) above are hereinafter referred to as “ Hazardous Materials Claims ”); and (iii) Tenant’s discovery of any occurrence or condition on any real property adjoining or in the vicinity of the Premises that could cause the Premises or any part thereof to be classified as “border-zone” property, under the provisions of the California Health and Safety Code, 25220 et seq ., or any regulation adopted in accordance therewith, or, to Tenant’s knowledge, to be otherwise subject to any restrictions on the ownership, occupancy, transferability, or use of the Premises under any Hazardous Materials Laws.
18.3      Without Landlord’s prior written consent, Tenant shall not take any remedial action in response to the presence of any Hazardous Materials in, on or under the Premises or the Building, nor enter into any settlement agreement, consent decree, or other compromise in respect to any Hazardous Materials Claims, which remedial action, settlement, consent or compromise might, in Landlord’s judgment, impair the value of the Premises or the Building; provided, however, that Landlord’s prior consent shall not be necessary in the event that the presence of Hazardous Materials on, under, or about the Premises or the Building either poses an immediate threat to the health, safety, or welfare or any individual or is of such a nature that an immediate remedial response is necessary, or is required by an applicable governmental authority, and in each case it is not possible to obtain Landlord’s consent before taking such action, provided that in such event Tenant shall notify Landlord as soon as practicable of any action so taken. Landlord agrees not to withhold its consent, when such consent is required hereunder, if either (i) a particular remedial action is ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction or other governmental authority, or (ii) Tenant establishes to the reasonable satisfaction of Landlord that there is no reasonable alternative to such remedial action that would result in materially less impairment of the value of the Premises or the Building.
18.4      Tenant shall be solely responsible for and shall indemnify, defend and hold the Landlord Indemnified Parties (as defined below) harmless from and against any claim, loss, damage, cost, expense, liability, or cause of action directly or indirectly arising out of the use, generation, manufacture, storage, treatment, release, threatened release, discharge, disposal, transportation or presence of any oil, gasoline, petroleum products, flammable explosives, asbestos, urea formaldehyde insulation, radioactive materials, hazardous wastes, toxic or contaminated substances or similar materials, including, without limitation, any substances which are “hazardous substances”, “hazardous wastes”, “hazardous materials”, or “toxic substances” under applicable environmental Laws, ordinances or regulations (collectively, “ Hazardous Materials ”) caused directly by Tenant, its employees, agents, contractors, invitees, assigns (and in no event any prior Landlord or operator of the Premises or the Building or Landlord or the employees or agents of Landlord) in, on or under any of the Premises and the Building, including, without limitation, (i)

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all consequential damages; (ii) the costs of any required or necessary repair, cleanup or detoxification of the Premises and the Building and the preparation and implementation of any closure, remedial or other required plans whether required under any Hazardous Materials Laws or otherwise; and (iii) all court costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, paid or incurred by Landlord or any other Indemnified Party in connection with such claim.
18.5      Each of the Landlord Indemnified Parties shall have the right to join and participate in, as a party if it so elects, any legal proceedings or actions initiated in connection with any Hazardous Materials Claims as to which the Landlord Indemnified Parties are entitled to indemnify under this Section 18 , and to have its reasonable attorneys’ fees in connection therewith paid by Tenant. Each of the Landlord Indemnified Parties shall have the right upon thirty (30) days’ prior written notice to Tenant, to settle or compromise in good faith any such Hazardous Materials Claims against them. In case any such claim shall be made against any of the Landlord Indemnified Parties, Tenant agrees that such Landlord Indemnified Parties may employ independent counsel of the Landlord Indemnified Parties’ own selection to appear and defend the Landlord Indemnified Parties. All of the reasonable documented costs and expenses of such defense shall be paid by Tenant.
19.      Landlord’s Access to Premises
19.1      Landlord and its designees, with reasonable notice (of not less than 24 hours), shall have the right to enter the Premises at all reasonable hours, and in emergencies at all times, to inspect the Premises, to make repairs, additions, or alterations to the Premises or the Building required or permitted to be performed under this Lease, provided Landlord shall use commercially reasonable efforts to minimize interference with Tenant’s access to and use of the Premises during Tenant’s normal business hours within the Premises. At Tenant’s option, all such entry shall be subject to the requirement that Landlord be accompanied by a Tenant representative.
19.2      For a period commencing one hundred eighty (180) days’ prior to the end of the Lease Term, Landlord and its designees, with reasonable notice (of not less than 24 hours), shall have reasonable access to the Premises, upon prior notice, for the purpose of showing the Premises to prospective lessees.
20.      Indemnity
20.1      Tenant shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Landlord, Landlord’s trustees, general partners and limited partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees, and agents of Landlord’s trustees, general partners, limited partners and shareholders (individually a “ Landlord Indemnified Party ” and collectively, the “ Landlord Indemnified Parties ”) against and from any and all claims arising from: (A) Tenant’s use of the Premises for the conduct of Tenant’s business; or (B) any activity, work, or other thing done or permitted by Tenant on the Premises, except as may be caused by or be the result of Landlord or any Landlord Indemnified Party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct or as expressly otherwise set forth in this Lease. Tenant shall further defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the Landlord Indemnified Parties against and from any and all claims arising from any and all Defaults committed by Tenant under the terms of this Lease, or arising from any act or omission (including, but not limited to negligent acts or omissions)

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of Tenant, or of any officer, agent, employee, guest, or invitee of Tenant. Except as expressly otherwise set forth in this Lease, Tenant shall also defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the Indemnified Parties against and from any and all claims brought by Tenant’s employees, contractors, agents, or business invitees (including customers) arising from any act (including but not limited to negligent and intentional torts and criminal acts) committed by any third party (other than an Indemnified Party or any agent or other person acting on behalf of any Indemnified Party) in the Premises. The indemnity provided by this Section 20.1 shall include indemnification, from and against all reasonable costs, attorneys’ fees, expenses, and liabilities incurred in connection with or arising from any such claim or any action or proceeding brought thereon; and in any suit, action, or proceeding brought against any of the Landlord Indemnified Parties by reason of any such claim, Tenant, upon notice from any of the Landlord Indemnified Parties, shall defend the same at Tenant’s expense by counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Landlord Indemnified Parties. Tenant as a material part of the consideration to Landlord, except as otherwise expressly set forth in this Lease, hereby assumes all risk of damage to property or injury to persons in, upon, or about the Premises, from any cause other than Landlord’s breach of this Lease or the negligence or willful misconduct of any Landlord Indemnified Party (but only to the extent attributable to Landlord’s breach of this Lease or the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord or any Landlord Indemnified Party), and Tenant hereby waives all such claims against the Landlord Indemnified Parties.
20.2      Landlord shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Tenant, Tenant’s members, trustees, general partners and limited partners, shareholders, directors, officers, employees, and the members, trustees, general partners and limited partners, shareholders, directors, officers, employees, and agents of Tenant’s trustees, general partners, limited partners and shareholders (“ Tenant Indemnified Parties ”) against and from (i) Landlord's gross negligence or willful misconduct, (ii) Landlord's breach of this Lease, and (iii) any and all claims made by third parties arising from the act or omission of Landlord, or Landlord’s contractors, subcontractors, trustees, general partners and limited partners, shareholders, directors, officers, employees, and the contractors, subcontractors, trustees, general partners and limited partners, shareholders, directors, officers, employees, and agents of Landlord’s trustees, general partners, limited partners and shareholders, including any default by Landlord under this Lease, provided that in no event shall Landlord be liable for consequential damages or lost profits. The indemnity provided by this Section 20.2 shall include indemnification, from and against all reasonable costs, attorneys’ fees, expenses, and liabilities incurred in connection with or arising from any such claim or any action or proceeding brought thereon; and in any suit, action, or proceeding brought against any of the Tenant Indemnified Parties by reason of any such claim, Landlord, upon notice from the relevant Tenant Indemnified Parties, shall defend the same at Landlord’s expense by counsel reasonably satisfactory to Tenant.
20.3      Landlord, Landlord’s agents and the other Landlord Indemnified Parties shall not be liable for any injury to or damage to persons or property resulting from fire, explosion, falling plaster, steam, gas, electricity, water, or rain that may leak from any part of the Premises or from the pipes, appliances, or plumbing works therein or from the roof, street, or subsurface, or from any other place resulting from dampness or any other cause whatsoever, unless caused by or due to the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord, Landlord’s contractors, subcontractors, agents, servants, or employees and only to the extent actually caused by the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord, Landlord’s contractors, subcontractors, agents, servants, or employees. Landlord,

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Landlord’s agents and the other Landlord Indemnified Parties shall not be liable for interference with the light or other incorporeal hereditament, loss of business by Tenant, or any latent defect in the Premises, unless caused by the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord, Landlord’s contractors, subcontractors, agents, servants, or employees. Tenant shall give prompt notice to Landlord in case of fire or accidents in the Premises or of defects therein or in the fixtures or equipment.
21.      Abandonment.  Tenant shall not abandon the Premises at any time during the Lease Term. If Tenant abandons the Premises, or is dispossessed by process of Law, or otherwise, Tenant shall promptly remove from the Premises all of Tenant’s personal property, unless Tenant is paying and is current on all rental obligations. “Abandonment” shall mean Tenant vacating the Premises for a period of more than thirty (30) days while also in violation of any provision specified in Section 24.1 hereof.
22.      Conveyance by Landlord.  If during the Lease Term, Landlord sells or otherwise transfers its interest in the Building and/or Premises, from and after the effective date of the sale, Landlord shall be released and discharged from any and all obligations and responsibilities under this Lease accruing or arising after the date of such transfer. Upon any conveyance of title to the Building and/or Premises, the grantee or transferee shall be deemed to have assumed Landlord’s obligations to be performed under this Lease from and after the date of such conveyance. If Tenant provides Landlord with any security for Tenant’s performance of its obligations hereunder, Landlord shall transfer such security to the grantee or transferee of Landlord’s interest in the Building and/or Premises, and upon such transfer, Landlord shall be released from any further responsibility or liability for such security and Tenant shall attorn to any such grantee or transferee as the new Landlord; provided, however, that Landlord shall provide Tenant with written notice of such transfer.
23.      Condemnation
23.1      If title to all of the Premises is taken for any public or quasi-public use by right of eminent domain or by private purchase in lieu of eminent domain, or if title to a portion of the Premises is taken, and a reasonable amount of reconstruction of the Premises will not result in the Premises being reasonably suitable for Tenant’s continued occupancy for the use for which the Premises are leased, in either such event, upon written notice given within thirty (30) days after the date that possession of the Premises or a part thereof is taken, Landlord or Tenant may terminate this Lease. If any part of the Premises shall be so taken and the remaining part of the Premises (after reconstruction of the then existing Building in which the Premises are located) is reasonably suitable for Tenant’s continued occupancy for the use for which the Premises are leased, this Lease, as to the part so taken, shall terminate as of the date that possession of such part is taken, and the Rent shall be reduced by an amount that bears the same ratio to the Rent provided in this Lease prior to such taking as the value of the portion of the Premises taken bears to the total value of the Premises immediately before the date of taking. If the Premises would not be reasonably suitable for Tenant’s use after the condemnation but can be reconstructed to be reasonably suitable for Tenant’s continued use, Landlord, at Landlord’s option, may at its own cost and expense make all necessary repairs or alterations to the Building in which the Premises are located, in which case

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this Lease shall continue, and otherwise this Lease shall terminate. There shall be no abatement of Rent during such restoration except to the extent otherwise provided in this Section 23 .
23.2      Tenant shall not be entitled to share in any portion of the award, and Tenant hereby expressly waives any right or claim to any part thereof. All compensation awarded or paid upon a total or partial taking of the Premises shall belong to Landlord, whether such compensation be awarded or paid as compensation for diminution in value of the leasehold or the fee. Tenant shall, however, have the right to claim and recover, only from the condemning authority and not from Landlord, any amount necessary to reimburse Tenant for the cost of removing stock and fixtures, cost of relocation, and Tenant’s goodwill; provided , however , that the foregoing shall not prohibit Tenant from prosecuting a separate claim against the condemning authority for an amount separately designated for the interruption of or damage to Tenant’s business or as compensation for Tenant’s personal property or other improvements paid for by Tenant.
24.      Default; Remedies
24.1      Events of Defaults.  The occurrence of any of the following shall constitute a material default and breach of this Lease by Tenant (each, a “Default”):
24.1.1      any failure by Tenant to pay Rent or any other monetary sums required to be paid within five (5) business days after Tenant's receipt of written notice of delinquency;
24.1.2      a failure by Tenant to observe and perform any other provision of this Lease to be observed or performed by Tenant, where such failure continues for thirty (30) days after written notice by Landlord to Tenant, unless such failure reasonably requires more than thirty (30) days to cure, then Tenant shall only be required to show documented proof that Tenant has undertaken commercially reasonable efforts to remedy within the thirty (30) day period, but in any event shall cure such failures within ninety (90) days;
24.1.3      the making by Tenant of any general assignment or general arrangement for the benefit of creditors;
24.1.4      the filing by or against Tenant of a petition to have Tenant adjudged a bankrupt or of a petition for reorganization or arrangement under any Law relating to bankruptcy unless, in the case of a petition filed against Tenant, the same is dismissed within sixty (60) days;
24.1.5      the appointment of a trustee or receiver to take possession of substantially all of Tenant’s assets located at the Premises or of Tenant’s interest in this Lease, where possession is not restored to Tenant within thirty (30) days; or
24.1.6      the attachment execution or other judicial seizure of substantially all of Tenant’s assets located at the Premises or of Tenant’s interest in this Lease where such seizure is not discharged within thirty (30) days.

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24.2      Remedies.  In the event of a Default by Tenant beyond any applicable notice and cure periods, Landlord may, at any time thereafter without limiting Landlord in the exercise of any right or remedy at Law or in equity which Landlord may have by reason of such Default:
24.2.1      Maintain this Lease in full force and effect and recover the Rent and other monetary charges as they become due pursuant to California Civil Code section 1951.4 or any similar, successor or related provision of Law, without terminating Tenant’s right to possession irrespective of whether Tenant shall have abandoned the Premises. In the event Landlord elects not to terminate this Lease, Landlord shall have the right to attempt to re-let the Premises at such Rent and upon such conditions and for such a term, and to do all acts necessary to maintain or preserve the Premises as Landlord deems reasonable and necessary without being deemed to have elected to terminate this Lease, including removal of all such persons and property from the Premises. Such property may be removed and stored in a public warehouse or elsewhere at the cost of and for the account of Tenant. In the event any such re-letting occurs, this Lease shall terminate automatically upon the new Tenant taking possession of the Premises. Notwithstanding that Landlord fails to elect to terminate this Lease initially, Landlord at any time during the Lease Term may elect to terminate this Lease by virtue of such previous default of Tenant
24.2.2      Terminate Tenant’s right to possession by any lawful means, in which case this Lease shall terminate and Tenant shall immediately surrender possession of the Premises to Landlord. In such event Landlord shall be entitled to recover from Tenant all damages incurred by Landlord by reason of Tenant’s Default, including, without limitation thereto, the following: (a) the worth at the time of award of any unpaid rent which had been earned at the time of such termination; plus (b) the worth at the time of award of the amount by which the unpaid rent which would have been earned after termination until the time of award exceeds the amount of such rental loss that is proved could have been reasonably avoided; plus (c) the worth at the time of award of the amount by which the unpaid rent for the balance of the term after the time of award exceeds the amount of such rental loss that is proved could be reasonably avoided; plus (d) any other amount necessary to compensate Landlord for all the detriment proximately caused by Tenant’s failure to perform its obligations under this Lease which in the ordinary course of events would be likely to result therefrom; plus (e) at Landlord’s election, such other amounts in addition to or in lieu of the foregoing as may be permitted from time to time by applicable Law. Upon any such re-entry, Landlord shall have the right to make any reasonable repairs, alterations, or modification to the Premises which Landlord in its sole discretion deems reasonable and necessary. As used in (a) and (b) above, the “worth at the time of award” is computed by allowing interest at the rate of ten percent (10%) per annum from the date of Default. As used in (c) above, the “worth at the time of award” is computed by discounting such amount at the discount rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco at the time of award plus one percent (1%). The term “rent,” as used in this sub-section 24.2.2 , shall be deemed to be and to mean the Monthly Base Rent to be paid pursuant to this Lease and all other monetary sums required to be paid by Tenant pursuant to the terms of this Lease. All such amounts, other than Monthly Base Rent, as may become due in the future shall be computed on the basis of the average monthly amount thereof accruing during the immediately preceding twelve (12) month period prior to Default, except that if it becomes necessary to compute such Rent before such twelve (12) month period has occurred, then on the basis of the average monthly amount accruing during such shorter period.

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24.2.3      Landlord, at any time after Tenant commits a Default, and fails to cure within the appropriate notice and cure periods set forth herein, can cure such Default at Tenant’s cost. If Landlord at any time, by reason of Tenant’s Default, pays any sum or does any act that requires the payment of any sum, the sum paid by Landlord shall be due within fifteen (15) days of written request therefor from Landlord and shall bear interest at the maximum rate an individual is permitted to charge from the date the sum is paid by Landlord until Landlord is reimbursed by Tenant. The sum, together with interest on it, shall be Rent.
24.2.4      Rent not paid when due shall bear interest at the rate of ten percent (10%) per annum, plus a late charge as provided in this Lease.
24.2.5      Tenant acknowledges that late payment of Rent will cause Landlord to incur costs not contemplated by this Lease. Therefore, if any installment of Rent is not received by Landlord no later than five (5) days after the date when due, Tenant shall pay to Landlord an additional sum equal to five percent (5%) of the overdue Rent as a late charge, which shall begin accruing the day after the date when due, provided that, as a one-time exception, the first such failure during the Lease Term shall not be subject to such late charge or payments of interest on delinquent sums if Tenant pays the amount due within five (5) business days after Tenant’s receipt of written notice from Landlord that Tenant has failed to pay any Rent payment by the due date. Acceptance of any late charge shall not constitute a waiver of Tenant’s Default with respect to the overdue amount or prevent Landlord from exercising any of the other rights and remedies available to Landlord.
24.3      Landlord Defaults.  Landlord shall not be in default under this Lease unless Tenant shall have given Landlord written notice of the breach and, within thirty (30) days after notice, Landlord has not cured the breach or, if the breach is such that it cannot reasonably be cured under the circumstances within thirty (30) days, has not commenced diligently to prosecute the cure to completion within a reasonable period of time (a “ Landlord Default ”). Any money judgment obtained by Tenant based upon Landlord’s breach of this Lease shall be satisfied only out of the Landlord's interest in the building, rents and proceeds thereof including insurance proceeds, or the proceeds of the sale or disposition of Landlord’s interest in the Building (whether by Landlord or by execution of judgment).
25.      Subordination and Estoppel Certificates
25.1      This Lease shall be subordinate to any and all encumbrances now of record or recorded after the date of this Lease affecting the Premises, the Building, Common Area, other improvements, and land on which they are a part, and to any and all advances made on the security thereof, and to all renewals, modifications, replacements, and extensions. Tenant shall from time to time on request from Landlord execute, acknowledge, and deliver any documents or instruments that may be required by a lender, or otherwise convenient, to effectuate or acknowledge any subordination. In the event any proceedings are brought for foreclosure or in the event of the exercise of the power of sale under any mortgage, deed of trust, or other encumbrance covering the Premises, Tenant shall attorn to the purchaser as landlord, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of the Subordination, Non-Disturbance and Attornment Agreement as provided in Attachment C , attached hereto. If Tenant fails to execute, acknowledge, and deliver any such

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documents or instruments, Tenant irrevocably constitutes and appoints Landlord as Tenant’s special attorney-in-fact to execute, acknowledge, and deliver any such documents and instruments.
25.2      Landlord’s interest in this Lease, the Premises, and the Building shall not be subordinant to any encumbrances resulting from any act of Tenant, and nothing in this Lease shall be construed to require such subordination by Landlord. Tenant is not authorized to place or allow to be placed any lien, mortgage, deed of trust, or encumbrance of any kind upon all or any part of the Premises and/or the Building or Tenant’s leasehold interest in the Premises, and any such purported transaction shall be void. Furthermore, any such purported transaction shall be deemed a tortious interference with Landlord’s relationship with Tenant and Landlord’s fee ownership of the Premises and/or the Building.
25.3      Tenant shall, at any time and from time to time, without cost or charge to Landlord, upon not less than ten (10) business days’ prior written request by Landlord, execute, acknowledge, and deliver to Landlord a statement in writing certifying that this Lease is unmodified and in full force and effect (or if there have been modifications, that the same are in full force and effect as modified and stating the modification) and, if so, the dates to which the fixed Rent and any other charges have been paid in advance, and stating the Commencement Date, number of options to extend the Term and such other statements of fact pertinent to the terms and conditions of this Lease as Landlord may reasonably request, it being intended that any such statement delivered pursuant to this Section 25.3 may be relied upon by any prospective purchaser, encumbrancer, mortgagee, or lender (including assignees) of the Premises. The form of Estoppel Certificate is provided in Attachment B , attached hereto. Landlord shall, at any time and from time to time, without cost or charge to Tenant, upon not less than ten (10) business days’ prior written request by Tenant, execute, acknowledge, and deliver to Tenant a similar statement.
26.      Holding Over and Surrender
26.1      If Tenant should remain in possession of the Premises after the expiration of the Lease Term or without executing a new lease, such holding over shall be construed as a tenancy from month to month subject to all the conditions provision and obligations of this Lease that is consistent with a month-to-month tenancy. If such holding over is with the written approval of Landlord, the Monthly Base Rent shall be at the rate agreed upon by the parties at that time. If such holding over is without Landlord’s approval, the Monthly Base Rent shall be one hundred fifty percent (150%) of the Monthly Base Rent in effect for the last month of the Lease Term prior to the beginning of such holding over.
26.2      On the last day or sooner termination of the Lease Term, Tenant shall surrender the Premises, broom-clean, in good condition and repair (reasonable wear and tear excepted and damage due to casualty for which Landlord is responsible or condemnation excepted) together with all alterations, additions, and improvements that have been made in, to, or on the Premises, except movable furniture or trade fixtures and portable improvements put in at Tenant’s expense. If Tenant fails to remove any of its property from the Premises at the end of the Lease Term, all property not removed shall be deemed abandoned by Tenant. If the Premises are not surrendered at the end of the Lease Term, Tenant shall be liable for, and shall indemnify Landlord against, all loss or liability arising or resulting from delay by Tenant in surrendering the Premises,

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including but not limited to (i) any Rent payable by or any loss, cost, or damages, including lost profits, claimed by any prospective tenant of the Premises or any portion thereof, and (ii) Landlord’s damages as a result of such prospective tenant rescinding or refusing to enter into the prospective lease of the Premises or any portion thereof by reason of such failure to timely surrender the Premises;.
27.      Commissions.  Both Landlord and Tenant acknowledge that Newmark Cornish & Carey is acting as broker for both Tenant and Landlord. Landlord shall pay brokerage commissions pursuant to separate written agreement. Fifty percent (50%) of the commission shall be due and payable upon the full execution and delivery of this Lease, and fifty percent (50%) shall be due and payable on the Commencement Date. Aside from the parties named herein, neither party has had any contact or dealing regarding this Lease, or any communication in connection with this Lease, who can claim a commission or finder’s fee as a procuring cause of obtaining this Lease. If any other broker or finder perfects a claim for a commission or finder’s fee based on any contract, dealing or communication with Tenant, Tenant agrees to hold Landlord harmless from any cost, expense, or liability for any compensation, commission, or charges claimed by any realtor, broker, or other party acting or purporting to act on behalf of Tenant with respect to this Lease or the negotiations of this Lease. If any other broker or finder perfects a claim for a commission or finder’s fee based on any contract, dealing or communication with Landlord, Landlord agrees to hold Tenant harmless from any cost, expense, or liability for any compensation, commission, or charges claimed by any realtor, broker, or other party acting or purporting to act on behalf of Landlord with respect to this Lease or the negotiations of this Lease. The terms of this Section 27 shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease.
28.      Notices.  All notices and demands under this Lease by either party to the other shall be in writing and shall be sufficiently given and served upon the other party if personally delivered, sent by electronic mail, or mailed by first-class registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, or sent by recognized overnight courier and addressed as stated in the Special Lease Terms or such other address noticed by the applicable party under this Section. Such notices and demands shall be deemed to be duly served, given or delivered, (a) when personally delivered (provided that if the date of delivery or transmission is a weekend or holiday, the notice will be deemed given on the next-succeeding business day), or (b) three (3) business days after deposit in the U.S. Mail, first-class postage prepaid, return receipt requested, or (c) one (1) business day after deposit for overnight delivery with a nationally recognized courier. Either party may designate a different address by written notice. Email notice shall qualify for notice for any notice other than notices which establish time periods for a Landlord or Tenant default under this lease. To qualify as a notice triggering the time periods required to establish a Default by Tenant under Article 24, any notice, request, demand, direction or other communication sent by electronic mail must be confirmed within forty eight (48) hours by letter mailed or delivered in accordance with one of the other foregoing methods of delivering notice. By way of example any notice pertinent to a consent or occurrence at the Building may be sent by email.
29.      No Third Party Beneficiaries.  The parties to this Lease are Landlord and Tenant, and no other person or entity, whether a partner, shareholder, officer, director, employee, contractor,

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agent, subtenant, or business invitee of Tenant or otherwise, shall have any rights or be entitled to any benefits under this Lease.
30.      Force Majeure. Any prevention, delay, or stoppage due to strikes, lockouts, acts of God, enemy, terrorist, or hostile governmental action, civil commotion, fire, or other casualty beyond the control of the party obligated to perform shall excuse the performance by such party for a period equal to any such prevention, delay or stoppage, except the obligations imposed with regard to rental and other monies to be paid by Tenant pursuant to this Lease, and any failures to perform by Landlord which can be cured solely by the payment of money.
31.      No Merger . The voluntary or other surrender of this Lease by Tenant, or a mutual cancellation thereof, shall not result in a merger of Landlord’s and Tenant’s estates, and shall, at the option of Landlord, either terminate any or all existing subleases or subtenancies, or operate as an assignment to Landlord of any or all of such subleases or subtenancies.
32.      Signage.  Landlord shall include Tenant’s name, at Landlord’s cost, on the building directory sign in the lobby. Tenant shall be allowed to install, at Tenant’s cost, signage at the reception area/elevator vestibule on floors it occupies, subject to Landlord’s review and approval of location, size and design.
33.      Prohibited Persons and Transactions.  Landlord and Tenant each represents and warrants that neither it nor any of its affiliates, nor any of their respective partners, members, shareholders, or other equity owners, and none of their respective employees, officers, directors, representatives, or agents is, nor will they become, a person or entity with whom U.S. persons or entities are restricted from doing business under regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control ( OFAC ) of the Department of Treasury (including those named on OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List) or under any statute, executive order (including the September 24, 2001, Executive Order Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism), or other governmental action and is not and will not assign or otherwise transfer this Lease to, contract with, or otherwise engage in any dealings or transactions or be otherwise associated with such persons or entities.
34.      General
34.1      Governing Law.  This Lease shall be construed and governed in all respects by the Laws of the State of California.
34.2      Amendment.  This Lease and any term of this Lease may be amended, discharged, or terminated only by a written instrument signed by the party against whom enforcement of such amendment, discharge, or termination is sought.
34.3      Execution of Documents.  Each party agrees to execute, with acknowledgment or certification as necessary, all instruments and agreements that are reasonably necessary or convenient in fulfilling the purposes of this Lease, including as specifically provided herein in connection with Tenant's construction within the Premises.

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34.4      Binding on Successors and Assigns. This Lease shall be binding on each party and the party’s heirs, successors, assigns, executors, and administrators.
34.5      Integration. This Lease, any attached exhibits, and the documents expressly described or referred to in this Lease constitute all of the understandings and agreements existing between the parties concerning the subject of this Lease and the rights and obligations created under it. Neither party has made or relied upon any agreement, warranty, representation, promise, or statement, whether oral or written, not expressly included in this Lease.
34.6      Waivers, Delays, and Omissions. One or more waivers, consents, or approvals by any party of any covenant, condition, or act or any breach under this Lease shall not be construed as a waiver, consent, or approval of any subsequent condition, covenant, act, or breach or as a consent or approval to the same or any other covenant or condition. The acceptance by Landlord of any Rent shall not be deemed a waiver of or acquiescence to any breach other than the payment of that Rent amount itself, notwithstanding that the acceptance of the Rent occurs at a time after the breach and that Landlord is aware of the breach at the time of the Rent acceptance. A waiver by any party of any breach, and any consent or approval by any party, shall only be accomplished by a written document identifying the item being waived or approved. No delay or omission to exercise any right, power, or remedy accruing to any party upon any breach or default of the other party under this Lease shall impair any such right, power, or remedy of the party not in breach or default.
34.7      Form and Gender. Whenever the singular number or plural number is used, when required by the context, each shall include the other; and the masculine, feminine, and neuter genders shall include the others. The word “person” shall include corporation, firm, or association. If there is more than one Tenant, or more than one Landlord, the respective obligations imposed under this Lease upon such parties shall be joint and several.
34.8      References. References in this Lease to sections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, and exhibits are references to sections, paragraphs, and subparagraphs in this Lease and exhibits attached to this Lease unless specified otherwise.
34.9      Section Headings.  Section headings are for the convenience of the parties and do not form a part of this Lease.
34.10      Construction. The parties agree that this Lease is a negotiated agreement, with each party free to review and negotiate each section of this Lease and otherwise clarify all sections of this Lease that appear to the party (at the time of signing) to be ambiguous or unclear, and that both parties are, therefore, deemed to be the drafting parties, and that, therefore, the rules of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party or parties shall not be employed in the interpretation of this Lease.
34.11      Unenforceable Provisions.  If all or part of any one or more of the provisions contained in this Lease is for any reason held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect, the invalidity, illegality, or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions, and this Lease shall be equitably construed as if it did not contain the invalid, illegal, or unenforceable provision.

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34.12      Attorneys’ Fees. It is expressly agreed that if this Lease is referred to an attorney to collect any amount due under this Lease, or to enforce or protect any rights conferred upon Landlord by this Lease, Tenant promises and agrees to pay, within fifteen (15) days after written request therefor, all documented costs, including without limitation, reasonable attorney’s fees, incurred by Landlord in the enforcement of Landlord’s rights and remedies under this Lease. In the event an action is brought to enforce or interpret the provisions of this Lease, the prevailing party in such action shall be entitled to an award of its attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in such action, including any fees and costs incurred in any appeal and in any collection effort.
34.13      Time. Time is of the essence of each and every provision of this Lease.  Each party specifically acknowledges that such party’s failure to timely perform each and every one of its obligations under this Lease could cause serious damages to the other party.
34.14      Warranty of Authority. The parties hereto each warrant that the person executing this Lease on behalf of such entity has the authority to execute this Lease on behalf of such entity or other person.
34.15      Counterparts.  This Lease and all amendments and supplements to it may be executed in counterparts, and all counterparts together shall be construed as one document.
34.16      Approvals. Whenever this Lease requires an approval, consent, determination or judgment by either Landlord or Tenant, unless another standard is expressly set forth, such approval, consent, determination or judgment and any conditions imposed thereby shall be reasonable and shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
34.17      Quiet Enjoyment.
34.17.1       Provided Tenant has not committed a default which has not been cured within the applicable notice and cure periods hereunder, Tenant shall peaceably and quietly hold and enjoy the Premises for the Term and any extension thereof, without hindrance from Landlord or any party claiming by, through, or under Landlord, subject to the terms and conditions of this Lease.
34.17.2       Notwithstanding anything to the contrary specified in Section 34.17.2 , Tenant expressly acknowledges that the Warfield Theater within the Building (the “ Theater ”) has frequent events that include loud music and large crowds of people (each an “ Event ”). While such Events typically occur in the evenings, the stage set-up, sound checks, and break-down activities for such Events occur throughout the day and night. Tenant acknowledges and agrees that the sound checks and performances (together the “ Noise Factors ”) relating to such Events shall not, in and of themselves, constitute a violation of Tenant’s quiet enjoyment of the Premises or give rise to a claim that Tenant has been constructively evicted therefrom.
35.16.3 Tenant shall have the right to engage an acoustical engineer within 10 days of Lease execution to perform sound attenuation tests in the Premises during a concert or sound check in order to evaluate the Noise Factors and the suitability of the space for its intended use. Landlord shall reimburse Tenant up to $500 for such tests. If the results of the test indicate

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that decibel levels from the concert exceed 50 dB within the Premises for more than 20% of the test period, then Landlord will evaluate mitigating acoustical measures to bring the Noise Factors below that level. If no mitigating measures are found to be economically feasible, in Landlord’s sole determination, then this Lease shall be terminated and Landlord shall return any moneys paid by Tenant to Landlord.

[ Signature Page Follows ]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Lease effective as of the Effective Date.

	
		
“ Landlord ”:	Marlin Cove, Inc. , a California corporation, and
SF Prosperity 1, LLC , a California limited liability company,
as tenants-in-common

By: Ou Interests, Inc., a California corporation,
   dba Group I, a California corporation, Manager

   By: /s/ Joy Ou   
   Name:    Joy Ou                
   Its:    President                
   Execution Date: 6/22/18
	
“ Tenan t”:	Zendesk, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation

By: /s/ Hasani Caraway
Name: Hasani Caraway
Its: General Counsel and Secretary
Execution Date: June 20, 2018	

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EXHIBIT A

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 Premises

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EXHIBIT B
DISABILITY ACCESS OBLIGATIONS UNDER
SAN FRANCISCO ADMINISTRATIVE CODE CHAPTER 38

Before Tenant enters into the Lease with Landlord, for the following property: 982-988 Market Street, San Francisco, California (the “ Property ”), please be aware of the following important information about the Lease:
Tenant May Be Held Liable for Disability Access Violations on the Property . Even though Tenant is not the owner of the Property, Tenant, as the tenant, as well as the Property owner, may still be subject to legal and financial liabilities if the leased Property does not comply with applicable Federal and State disability access laws. Tenant may wish to consult with an attorney prior to entering this Lease to make sure that Tenant understands its obligations under Federal and State disability access laws. Landlord must provide Tenant with a copy of the Small Business Commission Access Information Notice under Section 38.6 of the Administrative Code in Tenant’s requested language (e.g., English, Spanish, Chinese). For more information about disability access laws applicable to small businesses, Tenant may wish to visit the website of the San Francisco Office of Small Business or call 415 554-6134.
The Lease Must Specify Who Is Responsible for Making Any Required Disability Access Improvements to the Property . Under City law, the Lease must include a provision in which Tenant and Landlord agree upon each of their respective obligations and liabilities for making and paying for required disability access improvements on the leased Property. [See Section 6 of the Lease.] The Lease must also require Tenant and Landlord to use reasonable efforts to notify each other if they make alterations to the leased Property that might impact accessibility under federal and state disability access laws. [See Section 6 of the Lease.] Tenant may wish to review those provisions with Tenant’s attorney prior to entering this Lease to make sure that Tenant understands its obligations under the Lease.
[ Signature Page Follows ]

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By signing below Tenant confirms that it has read and understood this Disability Access Obligations Notice.

		
“ Landlord ”:	Marlin Cove, Inc. , a California corporation, and
SF Prosperity 1, LLC , a California limited liability company,
as tenants-in-common

By: Ou Interests, Inc., a California corporation,
   dba Group I, a California corporation, Manager

   By: /s/ Joy Ou                   
   Name:    Joy Ou                
   Its:    President                
   Execution Date:   6/22/18            
	
“ Tenan t”:	Zendesk, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation

By: /s/ Hasani Caraway                      
Name: Hasani Caraway
Its: General Counsel and Secretary
Execution Date: June 20, 2018	

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EXHIBIT C
RULES AND REGULATIONS

1.    The sidewalks, halls, passages, exits, entrances, elevators and stairways of the Building shall not be obstructed by Tenant or its employees, guests, customers or invitees or used by any of them for any purpose other than for ingress to or egress from the Premises. The halls, passages, exits, entrances, elevators and stairways are not for the use of the general public, and Landlord shall in all cases retain the right to control and prevent access thereto of all persons whose presence in the judgment of Landlord would be prejudicial to the safety, character, reputation and interests of the Building and its tenants, provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent such access to persons with whom Tenant normally deals in the ordinary course of its business, unless such persons are engaged in illegal activities. Tenant and its employees, guests, customers and invitees shall not go upon the roof of the Building, except in areas that Landlord may designate from time to time. Tenant shall not penetrate the roof of the Building. Tenant shall not place anything or allow anything to be placed near the glass of any window, door, partition or wall which may appear unsightly from outside the Premises. No curtains, draperies, blinds, shutters, shades, screens, sunscreens or other coverings, hangings or decorations shall be attached to, hung or placed in or used in connection with any window of the Building other than the windows of the Premises without the prior written consent of Landlord. Except with the prior consent of Landlord or as permitted in the Lease, no awning, canopy or other projection of any kind over or around the windows or entrances of the Premises shall be installed by Tenant.

2.    The Premises shall not be used for lodging or sleeping, for washing clothes or for any improper or objectionable purposes.

3.    All janitorial work for the Premises shall be contracted and paid for by Tenant. Any person or persons employed by Tenant to do janitorial work shall be subject to prior approval by Landlord and subject to and under the reasonable control and direction of Landlord's representative while in the Building and outside the Premises.

4.    Tenant's obligations under the Lease to maintain the Premises shall include, without limitation and at Tenant's cost and expense, maintenance and cleaning of all exterior plate glass, stone and other exterior surfaces of the Premises, to preserve them in good order, condition and appearance, subject to such cleaning and maintenance guidelines, if any, as provided to Tenant by Landlord.

5.    The toilet rooms, toilets, urinals, wash bowls and other plumbing facilities and apparatus shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which they were constructed, no grease or other foreign substance of any kind whatsoever shall be deposited therein, and the expense of any breakage, stoppage or damage resulting to such facilities (whether on or off the Premises) from violation of this rule by Tenant or its employees or invitees shall be paid for by Tenant.

6.     The requirements of Tenant will be attended to only upon application by telephone or in person at the office of the Landlord's authorized representative or as provided in the Lease.

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Employees of Landlord and Landlord's authorized representative shall not perform any work or do anything outside of their regular duties unless under special instructions from Landlord.

7.     Upon the termination of its tenancy, Tenant shall deliver to Landlord all keys to doors in the Building and the Premises.

8.     Tenant shall close and securely lock all doors and windows of the Premises and shut off all water faucets, water apparatus and utilities at such time as Tenant's employees leave the Premises so as to prevent waste or damage for any failure or carelessness in this regard, and Tenant shall make good all injuries sustained by other tenants or occupants of the Building or Landlord to the extent resulting from such failure or carelessness.

9.    Tenant shall not use or keep or suffer to be used or kept in the Premises or the Building any kerosene, gasoline or flammable or combustible fluids or materials other than a normal supply of chemicals for office machines and for cleaning. Tenant shall install and maintain within the Premises, at Tenant's cost and expense, visibly marked, properly operational fire extinguishers next to all duplicating or photocopy machines, and any other heat producing equipment.

10.    No boring or cutting for telephone, telegraph or electric wires, or for any pipes, plumbing, ventilation or for any other similar intrusions will be allowed without the consent of Landlord, and such intrusions permitted shall be introduced at the place and in the manner approved by Landlord. The location of telephones, call boxes and all other equipment affixed to the Premises shall be subject to the approval of Landlord, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.

11.     Except with the prior consent of Landlord or as permitted in the Lease, Tenant shall not sell, or permit the sale from the Premises of, or use or permit the use of any sidewalk adjacent to the Premises for the sale of, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, theater tickets or any other goods, merchandise or service, nor shall Tenant carry on, or permit or allow any employee or other person to carry on, business in or from the Premises for the service or accommodation of occupants of any other portion of the Building, nor shall the Premises be used for manufacturing of any kind, or for any business or activity other than that specifically provided for in the Lease. Tenant shall not display or sell merchandise, or allow carts, portable signs, devices or any other objects to be stored or to remain, outside the defined exterior walls, roof and permanent doorways of the Premises or the Building without the prior consent of Landlord.

12.     Tenant shall not permit the use or operation of any vending machines (except by employees of Tenant), video or mechanical games on the Premises.

13.    Except with the prior written consent of Landlord or as expressly permitted in the Lease, no sign, placard, picture, advertisement, name or notice shall be inscribed, displayed, printed or affixed on or to any part of the outside or inside of the Building, and Landlord shall have the right to remove any such sign, placard, picture, advertisement, name or notice without notice to and at the expense of Tenant. As used herein, the term "sign" shall include window graphics, advertising placards, names, insignia, descriptive materials and any similar items.

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14.     Tenant shall not install any radio or television antenna, loudspeaker or other device on the roof or exterior walls of the Building. No advertising method shall be utilized by Tenant in the Premises which can be heard or perceived outside the Premises, including without limitation flashing lights, searchlights, loudspeakers, phonographs, radios or television equipment.

15.     Canvassing, soliciting, peddling or distribution of handbills or any other written material on the Real Property is prohibited, and Tenant shall cooperate to prevent such acts.

16.     Tenant and its employees and invitees shall not use in any space in the Common Areas any hand trucks except those equipped with rubber tires and side guards or such other material-handling equipment as Landlord may approve. No other vehicles of any kind shall be brought by Tenant or its employees or invitees into the Building or kept in or about the Premises.

17.     All loading, unloading and delivery of merchandise, supplies, materials, garbage and refuse shall be made only through such entryways and elevators and at such times as Landlord shall designate or as provided in the Lease. While loading and unloading, Tenant and its employees and invitees shall not obstruct or permit the obstruction of the entryways to the Building or any tenant's space therein. Tenant expressly assumes (i) all risk of damage to any and all articles so loaded, unloaded or delivered, and (ii) all risk of injury incidental to any such loading, unloading or delivery, whether or not such injured person is engaged in such activity, and Tenant shall repair at its cost and expense any damage to the Building resulting from such activities.

18.     Landlord shall have the right to prescribe the weight, size and position of all equipment, materials, supplies, furniture or other property brought into the Building by Tenant. Heavy objects shall, if reasonably considered necessary by Landlord, stand on wood strips of such thickness as is necessary to properly distribute the weight of such objects. Landlord will not be responsible for loss of or damage to any such property from any cause, and all damage to the Building by moving or maintaining Tenant's property shall be repaired at the cost and expense of Tenant.

19.     Tenant shall store all trash and garbage within the Premises until removal and shall not transport trash or garbage through any portion of the Building Common Area. All trash placed on any portion of the Real Property for pick-up shall be placed in locations and containers approved by Landlord. No material shall be placed in trash boxes or receptacles if such material is of such nature that it may not be disposed of in the ordinary and customary manner of removing and disposing of trash and garbage without being in violation of any law or ordinance governing such disposal. All garbage and refuse disposal shall be made only through entry ways provided for such purpose and at such times as Landlord shall designate.

20.    Landlord may reasonably direct the use of all pest extermination and scavenger contractors for the Premises at such reasonable intervals as Landlord may require, at Tenant's cost and expense not more than once per month.

21.    No birds, fish or animals of any kind shall be brought into or kept in, on or about the Premises, except seeing eye dogs required for individuals with visual impairments, hearing ear

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dogs required for individuals with hearing impairments or other service dogs required for individuals with other disabilities.

22.    Tenant shall not (i) use, keep or permit to be used or kept any foul or noxious gas or substance in the Premises, (ii) permit or suffer the Premises to be occupied or used in any manner offensive or objectionable to Landlord and other tenants of the Building by reason of noise, odors, fumes, smoke, vapors or unusual lights, including without limitation spotlights and/or vibrations, or (iii) interfere in any way with other tenants in the Building.

23.     (Intentionally Deleted).

24.     Landlord reserves the right to select the name of the Building and to make such change or changes of name as it may deem appropriate from time to time, and Tenant shall not refer to the Building by any name other than: (i) the name as selected by Landlord (as it may be changed from time to time), or (ii) the postal address, approved by the United States Post Office. Tenant shall not use the name of the Building in any respect other than as an address of its operation in the Building without the prior written consent of Landlord.

25.     Landlord may waive any one (1) or more of these rules and regulations for the benefit of any particular Building tenant or tenants, but no such waiver by Landlord shall be construed as a waiver of these rules and regulations in favor of any other Building tenant or tenants, nor prevent Landlord from thereafter enforcing any rule or regulation against any or all of the tenants of the Building.

26.     These rules and regulations are in addition to, and shall not be construed in any way to modify, alter or amend, in whole or part, the remaining provisions of the Lease.

27.     Landlord reserves the right to modify or rescind any of these rules and regulations and to make future rules and regulations as in its reasonable judgment may from time to time be necessary or desirable for the safety, care or cleanliness of the Building, or for the preservation of good order therein. Such rules and regulations, when made and written notice thereof is given to Tenant, shall be binding as if originally included in this Exhibit C.

* * * * * *

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ATTACHMENT A
Exclusions from term “operating expenses”
34.17.2.1      costs, including marketing costs, legal fees, space planners’ fees, advertising and promotional expenses, and brokerage fees incurred in connection with the original construction or development, or original or future leasing of the Building, and costs, including permit, license and inspection costs, incurred with respect to the installation of tenant improvements made for new tenants initially occupying space in the Building after the Commencement Date or incurred in renovating or otherwise improving, decorating, painting or redecorating vacant space for tenants or other occupants of the Building;
34.17.2.2      depreciation, interest and principal and other payments on mortgages and other debt costs, if any, penalties and interest, expense reserves, costs of capital repairs and alterations, and costs of capital improvements and equipment, but not excluding depreciation expenses for the amortization of the cost of capital improvements for reducing operating expenses (but only to the extent of actual reductions occasioned thereby) or causing the Building to comply with applicable legal requirements enacted after the Commencement Date;
34.17.2.3      costs for which Landlord is reimbursed (or entitled to reimbursement) by any tenant or occupant of the Building or by insurance by its carrier or any tenant’s carrier or by anyone else, and electric power costs for which any tenant directly contracts with the local public service company;
34.17.2.4      any bad debt loss, rent loss, or reserves for bad debts or rent loss;
34.17.2.5      the wages and benefits of any employee who does not devote substantially all of his or her employed time to the Building unless such wages and benefits are prorated to reflect time spent on operating and managing the Building
34.17.2.6      costs, other than those incurred in ordinary maintenance and repair, for sculpture, paintings or other objects of art;
34.17.2.7      any costs expressly excluded from operating expenses elsewhere in this Lease;
34.17.2.8      costs arising from the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord or its agents, employees, vendors, contractors, or providers of materials or services;
34.17.2.9      costs incurred relating to the presence of Hazardous Material (as defined in the Lease), except to the extent released or emitted by Tenant;

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34.17.2.10      costs arising from Landlord’s charitable or political contributions;
34.17.2.11      advertising and promotional expenditures (whether for existing tenants or in order to attract new tenants), and costs of acquisition and maintenance of signs in or on the Building to identify the owner of the Building or other tenants;
34.17.2.12      marketing costs, including leasing commissions, attorneys’ fees (in connection with the negotiation and preparation of letters, deal memos, letters of intent, leases, subleases and/or assignments), space planning costs, and other costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Lease, sublease and/or assignment negotiations and transactions with present or prospective tenants or other occupants of the Building;
34.17.2.13      costs, including permit, license and inspection costs, incurred with respect to the installation of tenants’ improvements made for tenants in the Building incurred in renovating or otherwise improving, decorating, painting or redecorating vacant space for tenants Building;
34.17.2.14      expenses in connection with services or other benefits for which Tenant is charged directly;
34.17.2.15      costs incurred by Landlord due to the violation by Landlord or any tenant of the terms and conditions of any lease of space in the Building;
34.17.2.16      costs for services normally provided by a property manager where operating expenses already include a management fee to such property manager;
34.17.2.17      costs arising from latent defects of any tenant improvements, or repair thereof;
34.17.2.18      costs (including in connection therewith all attorneys’ fees and costs of settlements, judgments and payments in lieu thereof) arising from claims, disputes or potential disputes in connection with potential or actual claims, litigation or arbitration pertaining to Landlord and/or the Building;
34.17.2.19      the cost of making any repairs, replacements or modifications to the Building that are required by any federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, court orders, governmental directives, governmental orders and interpretations of the foregoing (“Applicable Laws”) in effect as of, and as interpreted and enforced by governmental authority having jurisdiction or responsibility for such law as of, the Effective Date, including without limitation the ADA and any similar state or local law;
34.17.2.20      expenses in connection with services or benefits of a type which are not provided to Tenant but which are provided to other tenants or occupants of the Building or furnished to any tenant of the Building to a materially greater extent or in a manner materially more favorable to such tenant than that performed for or furnished to Tenant;

49

34.17.2.21      expenses solely allocable to the ground floor leased space in the Building and not the office spaces in the Building;
34.17.2.22      rental or other similar charges under any ground or underlying lease;
34.17.2.23      amounts paid to subsidiaries or other affiliates of Landlord (i.e., persons or companies controlled by, under common control with, or which control, Landlord) for services on or to the Land, the Building or the Premises (or any portion thereof), to the extent only that the costs of such services exceed competitive costs of such services were they not so rendered by a subsidiary or other affiliate of Landlord;
34.17.2.24      costs associated with the operation of the business of the partnership or entity which constitutes Landlord, or the operation of any parent, subsidiary or affiliate of Landlord, as the same are distinguished from the costs of operation of the Building, including without limitation costs of any disputes between Landlord and its employees or disputes of Landlord with third-party building management; and
34.17.2.25      costs due to casualty or condemnation, including insurance deductibles and coinsurance payments
34.17.2.26      legal, space planning, construction, and other expenses incurred in procuring tenants for the Building or renewing or amending leases with existing tenants or occupants of the Building;
34.17.2.27      costs of advertising and public relations, promotional costs, brokers’ commissions and attorneys’ fees and other costs associated with the leasing of space in the Building;
34.17.2.28      direct costs incurred in connection with the sale, financing, refinancing, mortgaging, or other change of ownership of the Building (but not including any increases in property taxes or similar taxes or increases in insurance coverages or carriers to the extent otherwise subject to reimbursement hereunder);
34.17.2.29      all costs relating to activities for the marketing, solicitation and execution or renewal of leases of space, including, without limitation, tenant allowances, the cost of constructing leasehold improvements and other monetary concessions granted to tenants;
34.17.2.30      costs associated with the sale or refinancing of the Building, including, without limitation, advertising, marketing, consulting or brokerage commissions;
34.17.2.31      costs associated with the acquisition, sale or financing of the fee, ground lease, air rights or development rights with respect to the Building;

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34.17.2.32      the cost of repairs to the Building arising out of casualty or condemnation, and
34.17.2.33      the cost of overtime or other expense to Landlord in curing its defaults or performing work expressly provided in this lease to be borne at Landlord’s expense and expressly provided to be excluded from Operating Expenses.
.

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ATTACHMENT B
Form of Estoppel Certificate
ESTOPPEL CERTIFICATE
_____________________, 20__
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
Re: 982-988 Market Street, San Francisco, CA
Gentlemen:
You and your successors, assigns, and designees (collectively, “ Buyer ”) are hereby advised that the undersigned is the tenant (“ Tenant ”) and present occupant of Floors_________, at 982-988 Market Street, San Francisco, California (the “ Premises ”). Tenant has been advised that you intend to [purchase / finance] the real property and improvements of which the Premises are a part (the “ Property ”). As an inducement to [Buyer’s purchase / Lender’s funding] of the Property, Tenant hereby certifies and warrants as follows:
1.    Tenant is leasing the Premises under the provisions of a lease agreement dated _____________________________________ from __________________________________ (“Landlord”), as amended by _____________________________________ (collectively the “Lease”). Attached hereto is a true, complete and correct copy of the Lease, which contains all of the understandings and agreements, whether oral or written, between Landlord and Tenant with respect to the Premises. The Lease has not been amended or modified, either verbally or in writing, except as attached hereto.
2.    The commencement date of the term of the Lease is _______________________, and Tenant’s obligation to pay rent has commenced. The expiration date of the Lease is _______________________________, and if the expiration date has already occurred, the Lease is now on a month-to-month basis. The Premises are deemed to contain ________ square feet of rentable area.
3.    (a)    The Lease provides for monthly base rent. Monthly base rent is currently payable in the amount of $_____________________, and such minimum monthly rent commenced to accrue on __________, _____;
(b)    The Lease provides for Tenant to pay a pro rata share of real property taxes. Additional charges presently payable under the terms of the Lease are: (if none, insert

52

“None”): ____________, and have been paid through ___________. Tenant is currently paying $_____________ per month for the foregoing expenses.
(c)    No rent has been paid by Tenant in advance under the Lease except for the monthly rent that became due for the current month, and rent and all other amounts payable by Tenant under the Lease are fully paid through _____________.
4.    The Lease contains no first right of refusal, option to purchase, option to extend, option to terminate, or exclusive business rights, except as follows:      
          
          .
5.    Landlord is holding a security deposit of $______________________.
6.    Tenant has accepted possession of the Premises pursuant to the terms of the Lease, and the Lease is in full force and effect. Tenant has not sublet any portion of the Premises, and Tenant has not assigned its interest in the Lease. To Tenant's knowledge, Landlord has fulfilled all of its duties and obligations under the Lease, and neither Tenant nor Landlord is in default under the terms, covenants or obligations of the Lease. To Tenant's knowledge Tenant has no offsets, counterclaims or credits against rentals, nor does Tenant possess or assert any claims against Landlord for any failure of performance of any of the terms of the Lease. The improvements and space required to be furnished according to the Lease have been completed in all respects. Landlord has no obligation to construct, refurbish, install, rehabilitate or renovate any existing or additional improvements in the Premises or in the Property.
7.    Tenant has no knowledge of a prior assignment, hypothecation or pledge of rents under the Lease or of the Lease.
8.    There has not been filed by or against Tenant any petition in bankruptcy, voluntary or otherwise, or an assignment for the benefit of creditors, any petition seeking reorganization or arrangement under the bankruptcy laws of the United States or of any State, or any other action brought under such bankruptcy laws.
9.    Tenant acknowledges that all of Tenant’s covenants and representations contained in this Estoppel Certificate are made with the understanding that [Buyer / Lender] shall rely on them in connection with its purchase of the Property.
10.    Upon Buyer’s notice of closing its acquisition of the Property, Tenant shall make all rental and other payments and send all other notices under the Lease to Buyer at:

      
 Attn:     

53

or to such other entity or address as Landlord shall direct in writing.
As used in this Estoppel Certificate, a phrase such as "to Tenant’s knowledge" or words of similar import shall mean that the warranty or representation is given to the extent the subject matter is within the actual, not constructive or imputed, knowledge of Tenant as of the date hereof without any obligation on Tenant’s part to make any independent investigation of the matters being represented and warranted, or to make any inquiry of any other persons, or to search or examine any files, records, books, correspondence and the like.
This document is only intended to be an Estoppel Certificate and is not intended to amend or revise the Lease in any way.
Tenant shall have no liability to any party relying on this Estoppel Certificate; the sole consequence of delivering this Estoppel Certificate is that Tenant shall be estopped from denying the accuracy of the statements contained herein and Tenant shall not assert or enforce any claim which is inconsistent with the statements contained herein.

Dated: _________________, ____
    
(Name of Tenant)
    
(Signature)

54

ATTACHMENT C
Form of Subordination, Non-Disturbance and Attornment Agreement

SUBORDINATION, NON-DISTURBANCE
AND ATTORNMENT AGREEMENT

THIS SUBORDINATION, NON-DISTURBANCE AND ATTORNMENT AGREEMENT (this “ Agreement ”) made as of the ___ day of ____________, 20__, by and among ______________________________, having its offices at ______________(“ Lender ”), _____________________, a ______________________, having an office at ______________________ (“ Tenant ”) and ________________-, having an office at ____________________ (“ Landlord ”).

WITNESSETH :

WHEREAS, Lender has agreed to make a loan (the “ Loan ”) to Landlord:

WHEREAS, the Loan will be evidenced by a promissory note (the “ Note” ) made by Landlord to order of Lender and will be secured by, among other things, a deed of trust and security agreement (the “ Deed of Trust ”) of even date herewith made by Landlord to Lender covering the land (the “ Land ”) described on Schedule A hereto and all improvements (the “ Improvements ”) now or hereafter located on the land (the Land and the Improvements hereinafter collectively referred to as the “ Trust Property ”); and

WHEREAS, by a lease dated as of [______________] (which lease, as the same may have been amended and supplemented, is hereinafter called the “ Lease ”), Landlord leased to Tenant approximately [__________] square feet of space located in the Improvements (the “ Premises ”); and

WHEREAS, the parties hereto desire to make the Lease subject and subordinate to the Deed of Trust.

NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto, in consideration of the covenants contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency or which are hereby acknowledged, hereby agree as follows:

1.     Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Lease.

2.    The Lease, as the same may hereafter be modified, amended or extended, and all of Tenant’s right, title and interest in and to the Premises and all rights, remedies and options of Tenant under the Lease, are and shall be unconditionally subject and subordinate to the Deed of Trust and the lien thereof, to all the terms, conditions and provisions of the Deed of Trust, to each and every advance made or hereafter made under the Deed of Trust, and to all renewals,

55

modifications, consolidations, replacements, substitutions and extensions of the Deed of Trust, so that at all times the Deed of Trust shall be and remain a lien on the Trust property prior and superior to the Lease for all purposes; provided, however, and Lender agrees, that so long as no default of Tenant has occurred under the Lease that remains uncured beyond applicable notice and cure periods; then, and in such event Tenant’s leasehold estate under the Lease shall not be terminated, Tenant’s possession of the Premises shall not be disturbed by Lender and Lender will accept the attornment of Tenant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Lender shall not in any event have any liability for any default by Landlord under the Lease occurring prior to the date on which Lender shall have succeeded to the rights of Landlord under the Lease (including without limitation any liability under any warranty of construction), except for such continuing defaults as continue after Lender (or any other successor in interest) shall have taken possession of the Premises and by so continuing constitute a default of Lender (or any other successor in interest) as Landlord under this Lease at such time.

1.      Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Lease, Tenant hereby agrees that in the event of any act, omission or default by Landlord or Landlord’s agents, employees, contractors, licensees or invitees which would give Tenant the right, either immediately or after the lapse of a period of time, to terminate the Lease, or to claim a partial or total eviction, or to reduce the rent payable thereunder or credit or offset any amounts against future rents payable thereunder, Tenant will not exercise any such right (i) until it has given written notice of such act, omission or default to Lender by delivering notice of such act, omission or default, by certified or registered mail, addressed to Lender at Lender’s address as given hereby or at the last address of Lender furnished to Tenant in writing, and (ii) until a period of not less than sixty (60) days for remedying such act, omission or default shall have elapsed following the giving of such notice. Tenant shall also give a copy of any such notice hereunder to any successor to lender’s interest under the Deed of Trust, provided that lender or such successor notifies Tenant of the name and address of the party Tenant is to notify. Lender’s cure of Landlord’s default shall not be considered an assumption by Lender of Landlord’s other obligations under the Lease. Unless Lender otherwise agrees in writing, Landlord shall remain solely liable to perform Landlord’s obligations under the Lease (but only to the extent required by and subject to the limitation included with the Lease), both before and after Lender’s exercise of any right or remedy under this Agreement. If Lender or any successor or assign become obligated to perform as Landlord under the Lease, such person or entity will be released from those obligations when such person or entity assigns, sells or otherwise transfers its interest in the premises or the Trust Property.

2.      Without limitation of any of the provisions of the Lease, in the event that, by reason of any default under the Deed of Trust on the part of Landlord, Lender or its successors or assigns shall succeed to the interest of Landlord or any successor to Landlord, then subject to the provisions of this Agreement including, without limitation, Paragraph 1 , above, the Lease shall nevertheless continue in full force and effect and Tenant shall and does hereby agree to attorn to and accept Lender or its successors or assigns and to recognize Lender or its successors or assigns as its Landlord under the Lease for the then remaining balance of the term thereof, and upon request of Lender or its successors or assigns, Tenant shall execute and deliver to Lender or its successors or assigns an agreement of attornment satisfactory to Lender or such successor or assign.

56

3.      If Lender or its successors or assigns shall succeed to the interest of Landlord or any successor to Landlord, Lender or its successors or assigns shall recognize Tenant and its rights under this Lease and shall assume the obligations of Landlord thereunder, provided that, in no event shall Lender or its successor or assigns have any liability for any act or omission of any prior landlord under the Lease which occurs prior to the date Lender or such successor or assign shall succeed to the rights of Landlord under the Lease other than continuing failures to perform the express obligations of the "Landlord" under the Lease after such date,

4.      nor any liability for claims, offsets or defenses which Tenant might have had against Landlord and in any event Lender and its successors or assigns shall have no personal liability as successor to Landlord and Tenant shall look only to the estate and property of Lender or its successors or assigns in the Land and the Improvements for the satisfaction of Tenant’s remedies for the collection of a judgment (or other judicial process) requiring the payment of money in the event of any default by Lender or its successors or assigns as Landlord under the Lease, and no other property or assets of Lender or its successors or assigns shall be subject to levy, execution or other enforcement procedure for the satisfaction of Tenant’s remedies under or with respect to the Lease, the relationship of Landlord and Tenant thereunder or Tenant’s use or occupancy of the Premises.

5.	Tenant agrees that no prepayment of rent or additional rent due under the	
Lease of more than one month in advance, and no amendment, modification, surrender or cancellation of the Lease, shall be binding upon or as against Lender, as holder of the Deed of Trust, and as Landlord under the Lease if it succeeds to that position, unless consented to in writing by Lender. In addition, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Agreement, Tenant agrees that, except for the Tenant Improvement Allowance set forth in Section 9.3 of the Lease, Lender, as holder of the Deed of Trust, and as landlord under the Lease if it succeeds to that position, shall in no event have any liability for the performance or completion of any initial work or installations or for any loan or contribution or rent concession towards initial work, which are required to be made by Landlord (A) under the Lease or under any related Lease documents or (B) for any space which may hereafter become part of said Premises, and any such requirement shall be inoperative in the event Lender succeeds to the position of Landlord prior to the completion or performance thereof Tenant further agrees with Lender that Tenant will not voluntarily subordinate the Lease to any lien or encumbrance without Lender’s prior written consent.

6.    Tenant shall cause Lender to be named as an additional insured in policies of insurance required to be carried by Tenant under Section 10.1 of the Lease.

7.	Landlord represents and warrants that the Lease was duly executed by	
Landlord and all consents, resolutions or other approvals required for Landlord to execute the Lease were obtained. Tenant represents and warrants that the Lease was duly executed by Tenant and all consents, resolutions or other approvals required for Tenant to execute the Lease were obtained.

8.    Tenant further represents and warrants to Lender that as of the date hereof (i) Tenant is the owner and holder of Tenant’ interest under the Lease, (ii) the Lease has not been modified or amended, (iii) the Lease is in full force and effect, (iv) the Premises have been completed,

57

(v) neither Tenant nor Landlord is in default under any of the terms, covenants or provisions of the Lease and Tenant to the best of its knowledge knows of no event which but for the passage of time or the giving of notice or both would constitute an event of default by Tenant or Landlord under the Lease, (vi) neither Tenant nor Landlord has commenced any action or given or received any notice for the purpose of terminating the Lease, (vii) all rents, additional rents and other sums due and payable under the Lease have been paid in full and no rents, additional rents or other sums payable under the Lease have been paid for more than one (1) month in advance of the due dates thereof, and (viii) there are no offsets or defenses to the payment of the rents, additional rents, or other sums payable under the Lease.

9.    Tenant and Landlord shall provide a document similar to this to any Lender making a loan secured by property including the Premises the proceeds of which loan are used to repay the loan secured by the Deed of Trust in whole or part as may be agreed to by such lender and subject to such reasonable modifications as may be requested by such lender.

10.    In the event of foreclosure of the Deed of Trust (by judicial process, power of sale or otherwise) or conveyance in lieu of foreclosure, which foreclosure, power of sale, or conveyance occurs prior to the expiration date of the Lease, including any extensions and renewals of the Lease now provided thereunder, and so long as Tenant is not in default under any of the terms, covenants and conditions of the Lease beyond any applicable grace or cure period, Lender agrees on behalf of itself, its successors and assigns, and on behalf of any purchaser at such foreclosure (" Purchaser ") that Tenant's interests under the Lease shall be recognized and Tenant shall not be disturbed in the quiet and peaceful possession of the Premises. Tenant acknowledges that Lender has a claim superior to Tenant's claim for insurance proceeds, if any, received with respect to the Improvements, the Land, or the Trust Property.

11.    This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original but all of which together shall constitute and be construed as one and the same instrument.

12.    All remedies which Lender may have against Landlord provided herein, if any, are cumulative and shall be in addition to any and all other rights and remedies provided by law and by other agreements between Lender and Landlord or others. If any party consists of multiple individuals or entities, each of same shall be jointly and severally liable for the obligations of such party hereunder.

14.    The reasonable cost of attorneys’ fees and disbursements for any legal action or arbitration between or among the parties arising out of any dispute or litigation relating to enforcement of this Agreement shall be borne by the party(s) against whom a final decision is rendered.

15.    All notices to be given under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed served upon receipt by the addressee if served personally or, if mailed, upon the first to occur of receipt or the refusal of delivery as shown on a return receipt, after deposit in the United States Postal Service certified mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the address of Landlord, Tenant

58

or Lender appearing below, or, if sent by telegram, when delivered by or refused upon attempted delivery by the telegraph office. Such addresses may be changed by notice given in the same manner. If any party consists of multiple individuals or entities, then notice to any one of same shall be deemed notice to such party.

Lender’s Address:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Attention:___________________________________

With a copy to:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Attention:___________________________________

Tenant’s Address:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Attention:___________________________________

With a copy to:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Attention:___________________________________

Landlord’s Address:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Attention:___________________________________

59

With a copy to:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Attention:___________________________________

16.    This Agreement shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with and governed by the laws of the State of California.

17.    This Agreement shall apply to, bind and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns. As used herein “ Lender ” shall include any subsequent holder of the Deed of Trust and any purchaser at any foreclosure or trustee’s sale.

18.    Landlord, Tenant and Lender agree that unless Lender shall otherwise consent in writing, Landlord’s estate in and to the Trust Property and the leasehold estate created by the Lease shall not merge but shall remain separate and distinct, notwithstanding the union of said estates either in Landlord or Tenant or any third party by purchase, assignment or otherwise.

19.    Tenant acknowledges that Landlord has assigned to Lender its right, title and interest in the Lease and to the rents, issues and profits of the Trust Property and the Property pursuant to the Deed of Trust, and that Landlord has been granted the license to collect such rents provided no event of Default has occurred under, and as defined in, the Deed of Trust. Tenant agrees to pay all rents and other amounts due under the Lease directly to Lender upon receipt of written demand by Lender, and Landlord hereby consents thereto. The assignment of the Lease to Lender for purposes of security, or the collection of rents by Lender pursuant to such assignment only, shall not obligate Lender to perform Landlord’s obligations under the Lease.

[Signature Page Follows]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have duly executed this Agreement as of the day and year first above written.

[LENDER]

By:____________________________________

Its:____________________________________

[LANDLORD]

By:____________________________________

Its:____________________________________

[TENANT]

By:____________________________________

Its:____________________________________

[Add Acknowledgments]

61

ATTACHMENT D
Declaration of Restrictions and Amendment to Condominium Plan

62

EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a),
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Mikkel Svane, certify that:
1.        I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Zendesk, Inc.;
2.        Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.        Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.        The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)        Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)        Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)        Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)        Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.        The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)        All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)        Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

					
Date:	August 2, 2018	By:	 	/s/ Mikkel Svane	
 	 	 	 	Mikkel Svane	
 	 	 	 	Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	

EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a),
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Elena Gomez, certify that:
1.        I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Zendesk, Inc.;
2.        Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.        Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.        The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)        Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)        Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)        Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.        The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)        All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)        Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

					
Date:	August 2, 2018	By:	 	/s/ Elena Gomez	
 	 	 	 	Elena Gomez	
 	 	 	 	Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)	

Exhibit 32.1
Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
As Adopted Pursuant to
Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Mikkel Svane, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Zendesk, Inc. for the period ended June 30, 2018 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Zendesk, Inc.

	
		
/s/ Mikkel Svane	 	
Mikkel Svane
Chair of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	 	
August 2, 2018	 	
 
I, Elena Gomez, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Zendesk, Inc. for the period ended June 30, 2018 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Zendesk, Inc.

	
		
/s/ Elena Gomez	 	
Elena Gomez
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)	 	
August 2, 2018	 	
 
The foregoing certifications are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Zendesk, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.