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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 ____________________________________
FORM 10-Q
____________________________________ 
(Mark One)

		
☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
or

		
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from            to             .
Commission File No. 000-22513
____________________________________
AMAZON.COM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ____________________________________

			
Delaware	 	91-1646860	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	
410 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5210
(206) 266-1000
(Address and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

			
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered	
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share	AMZN	Nasdaq Global Select Market	
____________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

						
Large accelerated filer	 	☒	Accelerated filer	 	☐	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Non-accelerated filer	 	☐	Smaller reporting company	 	☐	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Emerging growth company	 	☐	
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
498,776,032 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of April 22, 2020

	

Table of Contents

AMAZON.COM, INC.
FORM 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2020
INDEX

	
			
 	 	Page	
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	 	
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3	
 	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	3	
 	Consolidated Statements of Operations	4	
 	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5	
 	Consolidated Balance Sheets	6	
 	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7	
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19	
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32	
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33	
 	 	
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	 	
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34	
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34	
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	44	
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	44	
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	44	
Item 5.	Other Information	44	
Item 6.	Exhibits	45	
Signatures	46	

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	
		
Item 1.	Financial Statements	
AMAZON.COM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
(unaudited)

																
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	 	Twelve Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	 	2019	 	2020	
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	$	32,173		 	$	36,410		 	$	17,616		 	$	23,507		
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	3,561		 	2,535		 	12,005		 	10,563		
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized content costs, operating lease assets, and other	4,854		 	5,362		 	16,524		 	22,297		
Stock-based compensation	1,274		 	1,757		 	5,509		 	7,347		
Other operating expense (income), net	(13	)	 	67		 	205		 	244		
Other expense (income), net	(135	)	 	565		 	268		 	451		
Deferred income taxes	415		 	322		 	714		 	704		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Inventories	719		 	1,392		 	(2,815	)	 	(2,605	)	
Accounts receivable, net and other	(401	)	 	1,262		 	(6,043	)	 	(6,018	)	
Accounts payable	(6,384	)	 	(8,044	)	 	7,095		 	6,532		
Accrued expenses and other	(2,932	)	 	(2,761	)	 	(235	)	 	(1,213	)	
Unearned revenue	888		 	607		 	1,133		 	1,430		
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	1,846		 	3,064		 	34,360		 	39,732		
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of property and equipment	(3,290	)	 	(6,795	)	 	(13,619	)	 	(20,365	)	
Proceeds from property and equipment sales and incentives	569		 	1,367		 	2,303		 	4,970		
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other	(1,169	)	 	(91	)	 	(3,342	)	 	(1,384	)	
Sales and maturities of marketable securities	2,643		 	11,626		 	8,205		 	31,664		
Purchases of marketable securities	(6,876	)	 	(15,001	)	 	(13,506	)	 	(39,938	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(8,123	)	 	(8,894	)	 	(19,959	)	 	(25,053	)	
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from long-term debt and other	190		 	693		 	833		 	2,776		
Repayments of long-term debt and other	(351	)	 	(667	)	 	(817	)	 	(3,000	)	
Principal repayments of finance leases	(2,214	)	 	(2,600	)	 	(7,649	)	 	(10,013	)	
Principal repayments of financing obligations	(2	)	 	(17	)	 	(266	)	 	(43	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(2,377	)	 	(2,591	)	 	(7,899	)	 	(10,280	)	
Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(12	)	 	(484	)	 	(611	)	 	(401	)	
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(8,666	)	 	(8,905	)	 	5,891		 	3,998		
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD	$	23,507		 	$	27,505		 	$	23,507		 	$	27,505		
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid for interest on long-term debt	$	286		 	$	290		 	$	858		 	$	879		
Cash paid for operating leases	709		 	1,029		 	709		 	3,680		
Cash paid for interest on finance leases	165		 	168		 	471		 	650		
Cash paid for interest on financing obligations	2		 	22		 	142		 	59		
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	168		 	305		 	840		 	1,017		
Assets acquired under operating leases	875		 	2,408		 	875		 	9,403		
Property and equipment acquired under finance leases	2,628		 	2,166		 	10,972		 	13,262		
Property and equipment acquired under build-to-suit arrangements	436		 	379		 	3,336		 	1,304		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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AMAZON.COM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in millions, except per share data)
(unaudited)

	
								
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net product sales	$	34,283		 	$	41,841		
Net service sales	25,417		 	33,611		
Total net sales	59,700		 	75,452		
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	33,920		 	44,257		
Fulfillment	8,601		 	11,531		
Technology and content	7,927		 	9,325		
Marketing	3,664		 	4,828		
General and administrative	1,173		 	1,452		
Other operating expense (income), net	(5	)	 	70		
Total operating expenses	55,280		 	71,463		
Operating income	4,420		 	3,989		
Interest income	183		 	202		
Interest expense	(366	)	 	(402	)	
Other income (expense), net	164		 	(406	)	
Total non-operating income (expense)	(19	)	 	(606	)	
Income before income taxes	4,401		 	3,383		
Provision for income taxes	(836	)	 	(744	)	
Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	(4	)	 	(104	)	
Net income	$	3,561		 	$	2,535		
Basic earnings per share	$	7.24		 	$	5.09		
Diluted earnings per share	$	7.09		 	$	5.01		
Weighted-average shares used in computation of earnings per share:	 	 	 	
Basic	491		 	498		
Diluted	502		 	506		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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AMAZON.COM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)
(unaudited)

	
								
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net income	$	3,561		 	$	2,535		
Other comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $(1) and $21	(8	)	 	(874	)	
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities:	 	 	 	
Unrealized gains (losses), net of tax of $0 and $12	32		 	(203	)	
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in “Other income (expense), net,” net of tax of $0 and $0	1		 	—		
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities	33		 	(203	)	
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	25		 	(1,077	)	
Comprehensive income	$	3,586		 	$	1,458		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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AMAZON.COM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions, except per share data)

	
								
 	December 31, 2019	 	March 31, 2020	
 		 	(unaudited)	
ASSETS	 	 	 	
Current assets:	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	36,092		 	$	27,201		
Marketable securities	18,929		 	22,091		
Inventories	20,497		 	18,857		
Accounts receivable, net and other	20,816		 	17,836		
Total current assets	96,334		 	85,985		
Property and equipment, net	72,705		 	77,779		
Operating leases	25,141		 	26,279		
Goodwill	14,754		 	14,739		
Other assets	16,314		 	16,456		
Total assets	$	225,248		 	$	221,238		
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	 	 	
Current liabilities:	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	$	47,183		 	$	40,056		
Accrued expenses and other	32,439		 	30,791		
Unearned revenue	8,190		 	8,864		
Total current liabilities	87,812		 	79,711		
Long-term lease liabilities	39,791		 	40,300		
Long-term debt	23,414		 	23,437		
Other long-term liabilities	12,171		 	12,518		
Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)			 			
Stockholders’ equity:	 	 	 	
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:	 	 	 	
Authorized shares — 500	 	 	 	
Issued and outstanding shares — none	—		 	—		
Common stock, $0.01 par value:	 	 	 	
Authorized shares — 5,000	 	 	 	
Issued shares — 521 and 522	 	 	 	
Outstanding shares — 498 and 499	5		 	5		
Treasury stock, at cost	(1,837	)	 	(1,837	)	
Additional paid-in capital	33,658		 	35,412		
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(986	)	 	(2,063	)	
Retained earnings	31,220		 	33,755		
Total stockholders’ equity	62,060		 	65,272		
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	225,248		 	$	221,238		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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AMAZON.COM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)

Note 1 — ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in our opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals necessary for a fair presentation of our consolidated cash flows, operating results, and balance sheets for the periods presented. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for 2020 due to seasonal and other factors. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Amazon.com, Inc. and its consolidated entities (collectively, the “Company”), consisting of its wholly-owned subsidiaries and those entities in which we have a variable interest and of which we are the primary beneficiary, including certain entities in India and certain entities that support our seller lending financing activities. Intercompany balances and transactions between consolidated entities are eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, income taxes, useful lives of equipment, commitments and contingencies, valuation of acquired intangibles and goodwill, stock-based compensation forfeiture rates, vendor funding, inventory valuation, collectability of receivables, and impairment of investments. Given the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, these estimates are becoming more challenging, and actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
We review the useful lives of equipment on an ongoing basis, and effective January 1, 2020 we changed our estimate of the useful life for our servers from three to four years. The longer useful life is due to continuous improvements in our hardware, software, and data center designs. The effect of this change in estimate for Q1 2020, based on servers that were included in “Property and equipment, net” as of December 31, 2019 and those acquired during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, was a reduction in depreciation and amortization expense of $786 million and an increase in net income of $602 million, or $1.21 per basic share and $1.19 per diluted share.
Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is calculated using our weighted-average outstanding common shares. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using our weighted-average outstanding common shares including the dilutive effect of stock awards as determined under the treasury stock method. In periods when we have a net loss, stock awards are excluded from our calculation of earnings per share as their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect.
The following table shows the calculation of diluted shares (in millions):

						
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share	491		 	498		
Total dilutive effect of outstanding stock awards	11		 	8		
Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share	502		 	506		

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Inventories
Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are primarily accounted for using the first-in, first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category. The inventory valuation allowance, representing a write-down of inventory, was $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
Accounts Receivable, Net and Other
Included in “Accounts receivable, net and other” on our consolidated balance sheets are amounts primarily related to customers, vendors, and sellers. As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, customer receivables, net, were $12.6 billion and $11.3 billion, vendor receivables, net, were $4.2 billion and $2.7 billion, and seller receivables, net, were $863 million and $801 million. Seller receivables are amounts due from sellers related to our seller lending program, which provides funding to sellers primarily to procure inventory.
We estimate losses on receivables based on expected losses, including our historical experience of actual losses. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $718 million and $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
Digital Video and Music Content
The total capitalized costs of video, which is primarily released content, and music as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020 were $5.8 billion and $6.1 billion. Total video and music expense was $1.7 billion and $2.4 billion in Q1 2019 and Q1 2020.
Unearned Revenue
Unearned revenue is recorded when payments are received or due in advance of performing our service obligations and is recognized over the service period. Unearned revenue primarily relates to prepayments of AWS services and Amazon Prime memberships. Our total unearned revenue as of December 31, 2019 was $10.2 billion, of which $3.4 billion was recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2020. Included in “Other long-term liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets was $2.0 billion and $1.8 billion of unearned revenue as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
Additionally, we have performance obligations, primarily related to AWS, associated with commitments in customer contracts for future services that have not yet been recognized in our financial statements. For contracts with original terms that exceed one year, those commitments not yet recognized were $34.1 billion as of March 31, 2020. The weighted average remaining life of our long-term contracts is 3.3 years. However, the amount and timing of revenue recognition is largely driven by customer usage, which can extend beyond the original contractual term.
Note 2 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Marketable Securities
As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities primarily consisted of cash, AAA-rated money market funds, U.S. and foreign government and agency securities, and other investment grade securities. Cash equivalents and marketable securities are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:
Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.
Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3—Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment.
We measure the fair value of money market funds and certain marketable equity securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Other marketable securities were valued either based on recent trades of securities in inactive markets or based on quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. We did not hold significant amounts of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, or marketable securities categorized as Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.

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The following table summarizes, by major security type, our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in millions):

																				
 	December 31, 2019	 	March 31, 2020	
  	Total
Estimated
Fair Value	 	Cost or
Amortized
Cost	 	Gross
Unrealized
Gains	 	Gross
Unrealized
Losses	 	Total
Estimated
Fair Value	
Cash	$	9,776		 	$	8,363		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	8,363		
Level 1 securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Money market funds	18,850		 	16,260		 	—		 	—		 	16,260		
Equity securities (1)	202		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	174		
Level 2 securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign government and agency securities	4,794		 	3,467		 	—		 	(1	)	 	3,466		
U.S. government and agency securities	7,080		 	4,295		 	51		 	(1	)	 	4,345		
Corporate debt securities	11,881		 	13,957		 	41		 	(205	)	 	13,793		
Asset-backed securities	2,360		 	2,868		 	3		 	(51	)	 	2,820		
Other fixed income securities	394		 	375		 	2		 	(1	)	 	376		
Equity securities (1)	5		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	2		
 	$	55,342		 	$	49,585		 	$	97		 	$	(259	)	 	$	49,599		
Less: Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (2)	(321	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(307	)	
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	$	55,021		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	49,292		
___________________
		
(1)	The related unrealized gain (loss) recorded in “Other income (expense), net” was $68 million and $(31) million in Q1 2019 and Q1 2020.	
		
(2)	We are required to pledge or otherwise restrict a portion of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as collateral for real estate leases, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. We classify cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities with use restrictions of less than twelve months as “Accounts receivable, net and other” and of twelve months or longer as non-current “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. See “Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies.”	
The following table summarizes the remaining contractual maturities of our cash equivalents and marketable fixed income securities as of March 31, 2020 (in millions):

								
 	Amortized
Cost	 	Estimated
Fair Value	
Due within one year	$	26,936		 	$	26,935		
Due after one year through five years	11,645		 	11,498		
Due after five years through ten years	533		 	527		
Due after ten years	2,108		 	2,100		
Total	$	41,222		 	$	41,060		

Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities because borrowers may have certain prepayment conditions.
Equity Warrants and Non-Marketable Equity Investments
We hold equity warrants giving us the right to acquire stock of other companies. As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, these warrants had a fair value of $669 million and $528 million, and are recorded within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. These assets are primarily classified as Level 2 assets.
As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, equity investments not accounted for under the equity-method and without readily determinable fair values, had a carrying value of $1.5 billion, and are recorded within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets with adjustments recognized in “Other income (expense), net” on our consolidated statements of operations.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Reconciliation
The following table provides a reconciliation of the amount of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in millions):

								
 	December 31, 2019	 	March 31, 2020	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	36,092		 	$	27,201		
Restricted cash included in accounts receivable, net and other	276		 	282		
Restricted cash included in other assets	42		 	22		
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	36,410		 	$	27,505		

Note 3 — LEASES
Gross assets acquired under finance leases, inclusive of those where title transfers at the end of the lease, are recorded in “Property and equipment, net” and were $57.4 billion and $58.0 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. Accumulated amortization associated with finance leases was $30.0 billion and $30.5 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
Lease cost recognized in our consolidated statements of operations is summarized as follows (in millions):

								
 	Three Months Ended March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Operating lease cost	$	836		 	$	1,068		
Finance lease cost:	 	 	 	
Amortization of lease assets	2,307		 	1,894		
Interest on lease liabilities	156		 	164		
Finance lease cost	2,463		 	2,058		
Variable lease cost	250		 	264		
Total lease cost	$	3,549		 	$	3,390		

Other information about lease amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements is summarized as follows:

						
 	December 31, 2019	 	March 31, 2020	
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases	11.5 years		 	11.4 years		
Weighted-average remaining lease term – finance leases	5.5 years		 	5.6 years		
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases	3.1	%	 	3.0	%	
Weighted-average discount rate – finance leases	2.7	%	 	2.6	%	

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Our lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):

												
 	December 31, 2019	
 	Operating Leases	 	Finance Leases	 	Total	
Gross lease liabilities	$	31,963		 	$	28,875		 	$	60,838		
Less: imputed interest	(6,128	)	 	(1,896	)	 	(8,024	)	
Present value of lease liabilities	25,835		 	26,979		 	52,814		
Less: current portion of lease liabilities	(3,139	)	 	(9,884	)	 	(13,023	)	
Total long-term lease liabilities	$	22,696		 	$	17,095		 	$	39,791		

												
 	March 31, 2020	
 	Operating Leases	 	Finance Leases	 	Total	
Gross lease liabilities	$	33,654		 	$	28,147		 	$	61,801		
Less: imputed interest	(6,570	)	 	(1,828	)	 	(8,398	)	
Present value of lease liabilities	27,084		 	26,319		 	53,403		
Less: current portion of lease liabilities	(3,279	)	 	(9,824	)	 	(13,103	)	
Total long-term lease liabilities	$	23,805		 	$	16,495		 	$	40,300		

Note 4 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
We have entered into non-cancellable operating and finance leases and financing obligations for equipment and office, fulfillment, sortation, delivery, data center, physical store, and renewable energy facilities.
The following summarizes our principal contractual commitments, excluding open orders for purchases that support normal operations and are generally cancellable, as of March 31, 2020 (in millions): 

																												
 	Nine Months Ended December 31,	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	 	 	
 	2020	 	2021	 	2022	 	2023	 	2024	 	Thereafter	 	Total	
Debt principal and interest	$	1,881		 	$	2,016		 	$	2,605		 	$	2,294		 	$	4,100		 	$	26,020		 	$	38,916		
Operating lease liabilities	2,922		 	3,913		 	3,499		 	3,156		 	2,855		 	17,309		 	33,654		
Finance lease liabilities, including interest	7,461		 	8,217		 	4,652		 	1,564		 	1,046		 	5,207		 	28,147		
Financing obligations, including interest	108		 	145		 	148		 	150		 	152		 	2,451		 	3,154		
Unconditional purchase obligations (1)	2,960		 	3,801		 	3,352		 	3,125		 	3,002		 	2,370		 	18,610		
Other commitments (2) (3)	3,179		 	2,639		 	2,107		 	1,812		 	1,761		 	16,658		 	28,156		
Total commitments	$	18,511		 	$	20,731		 	$	16,363		 	$	12,101		 	$	12,916		 	$	70,015		 	$	150,637		
___________________
		
(1)	Includes unconditional purchase obligations related to certain products offered in our Whole Foods Market stores and long-term agreements to acquire and license digital media content that are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. For those digital media content agreements with variable terms, we do not estimate the total obligation beyond any minimum quantities and/or pricing as of the reporting date. Purchase obligations associated with renewal provisions solely at the option of the content provider are included to the extent such commitments are fixed or a minimum amount is specified.	
		
(2)	Includes the estimated timing and amounts of payments for rent and tenant improvements associated with build-to-suit lease arrangements and lease arrangements prior to the lease commencement date and digital media content liabilities associated with long-term digital media content assets with initial terms greater than one year.	
		
(3)	Excludes approximately $3.8 billion of accrued tax contingencies for which we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period of payment, if any.	

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Pledged Assets
As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, we have pledged or otherwise restricted $994 million and $984 million of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, and certain property and equipment as collateral for real estate leases, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. Additionally, we have pledged our cash and seller receivables for debt related to our Credit Facility. See “Note 5 — Debt.”
Other Contingencies
In 2016, we determined that we processed and delivered orders of consumer products for certain individuals and entities located outside Iran covered by the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act or other United States sanctions and export control laws. The consumer products included books, music, other media, apparel, home and kitchen, health and beauty, jewelry, office, consumer electronics, software, lawn and patio, grocery, and automotive products. Our review is ongoing and we have voluntarily reported these orders to the United States Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control and the United States Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security. In March 2020, BIS notified us that it had completed and closed its review with the issuance of a Warning Letter. We intend to cooperate fully with OFAC with respect to its review, which may result in the imposition of penalties. For additional information, see Item 5 of Part II, “Other Information — Disclosure Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act.”
We are subject to claims related to various indirect taxes (such as sales, value added, consumption, service, and similar taxes), including in jurisdictions in which we already collect and remit such taxes. If the relevant taxing authorities were successfully to pursue these claims, we could be subject to significant additional tax liabilities. For example, in June 2017, the State of South Carolina issued an assessment for uncollected sales and use taxes for the period from January 2016 to March 2016, including interest and penalties. South Carolina is alleging that we should have collected sales and use taxes on transactions by our third-party sellers. In September 2019, the South Carolina Administrative Law Court ruled in favor of the Department of Revenue and we have appealed the decision to the state Court of Appeals. We believe the assessment is without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. If other tax authorities were successfully to seek additional adjustments of a similar nature, we could be subject to significant additional tax liabilities.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is involved from time to time in claims, proceedings, and litigation, including the matters described in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 7 — Commitments and Contingencies — Legal Proceedings” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K as supplemented by the following:
Beginning in March 2020, a number of class-action complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, the Superior Court of Quebec - Division of Montreal, and the Federal Court of Canada against Amazon.com, Inc. and related entities. The complaints allege, among other things, a price fixing arrangement between Amazon.com, Inc. and third-party sellers in Amazon’s stores, monopolization and attempted monopolization of an alleged online retail market or submarkets, and consumer protection and unjust enrichment claims. The complaints allege several distinct purported classes, including consumers who purchased a product through Amazon’s stores and consumers who purchased a product offered by Amazon through another e-commerce retailer. The complaints seek billions of dollars of alleged actual damages, treble damages, punitive damages, and injunctive relief. We dispute the allegations of wrongdoing and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in these matters.
In addition, we are regularly subject to claims, litigation, and other proceedings, including potential regulatory proceedings, involving patent and other intellectual property matters, taxes, labor and employment, competition and antitrust, privacy and data protection, consumer protection, commercial disputes, goods and services offered by us and by third parties, and other matters.
The outcomes of our legal proceedings and other contingencies are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular period. We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our legal proceedings and other contingencies that could affect the amount of liability, including amounts in excess of any previous accruals and reasonably possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments and changes to our accruals and disclosures as appropriate. For the matters we disclose that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible or is immaterial, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies. Until the final resolution of such matters, if any of our estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, we may experience losses in excess of the amounts recorded, which could have a material effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
See also “Note 7 — Income Taxes.”

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Note 5 — DEBT
As of March 31, 2020, we had $23.2 billion of unsecured senior notes outstanding (the “Notes”). As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, the net unamortized discount and debt issuance costs on the Notes was $101 million. We also have other long-term debt with a carrying amount, including the current portion and borrowings under our credit facility, of $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. The face value of our total long-term debt obligations is as follows (in millions):

								
 	December 31, 2019	 	March 31, 2020	
1.900% Notes due on August 21, 2020 (3)	1,000		 	1,000		
3.300% Notes due on December 5, 2021 (2)	1,000		 	1,000		
2.500% Notes due on November 29, 2022 (1)	1,250		 	1,250		
2.400% Notes due on February 22, 2023 (3)	1,000		 	1,000		
2.800% Notes due on August 22, 2024 (3)	2,000		 	2,000		
3.800% Notes due on December 5, 2024 (2)	1,250		 	1,250		
5.200% Notes due on December 3, 2025 (4)	1,000		 	1,000		
3.150% Notes due on August 22, 2027 (3)	3,500		 	3,500		
4.800% Notes due on December 5, 2034 (2)	1,250		 	1,250		
3.875% Notes due on August 22, 2037 (3)	2,750		 	2,750		
4.950% Notes due on December 5, 2044 (2)	1,500		 	1,500		
4.050% Notes due on August 22, 2047 (3)	3,500		 	3,500		
4.250% Notes due on August 22, 2057 (3)	2,250		 	2,250		
Credit Facility	740		 	740		
Other long-term debt	830		 	859		
Total debt	24,820		 	24,849		
Less current portion of long-term debt	(1,307	)	 	(1,311	)	
Face value of long-term debt	$	23,513		 	$	23,538		

_____________________________
		
(1)	Issued in November 2012, effective interest rate of the 2022 Notes was 2.66%.	
		
(2)	Issued in December 2014, effective interest rates of the 2021, 2024, 2034, and 2044 Notes were 3.43%, 3.90%, 4.92%, and 5.11%.	
		
(3)	Issued in August 2017, effective interest rates of the 2020, 2023, 2024, 2027, 2037, 2047, and 2057 Notes were 2.16%, 2.56%, 2.95%, 3.25%, 3.94%, 4.13%, and 4.33%.	
		
(4)	Consists of $872 million of 2025 Notes issued in December 2017 in exchange for notes assumed in connection with the acquisition of Whole Foods Market and $128 million of 2025 Notes issued by Whole Foods Market that did not participate in our December 2017 exchange offer. The effective interest rate of the 2025 Notes was 3.02%.	
Interest on the Notes issued in 2012 is payable semi-annually in arrears in May and November. Interest on the Notes issued in 2014 is payable semi-annually in arrears in June and December. Interest on the Notes issued in 2017 is payable semi-annually in arrears in February and August. Interest on the 2025 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears in June and December. We may redeem the Notes at any time in whole, or from time to time, in part at specified redemption prices. We are not subject to any financial covenants under the Notes. The proceeds from the November 2012 and the December 2014 Notes were used for general corporate purposes. The proceeds from the August 2017 Notes were used to fund the consideration for the acquisition of Whole Foods Market, to repay notes due in 2017, and for general corporate purposes. The estimated fair value of the Notes was approximately $26.2 billion and $27.5 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, which is based on quoted prices for our debt as of those dates.
In October 2016, we entered into a $500 million secured revolving credit facility with a lender that is secured by certain seller receivables, which we subsequently increased to $740 million and may from time to time increase in the future subject to lender approval (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility is available until October 2022, bears interest at the London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”) plus 1.40%, and has a commitment fee of 0.50% on the undrawn portion. There were $740 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, which had a weighted-average interest rate of 3.4% and 3.3% as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2019 and

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March 31, 2020, we have pledged $852 million and $848 million of our cash and seller receivables as collateral for debt related to our Credit Facility. The estimated fair value of the Credit Facility, which is based on Level 2 inputs, approximated its carrying value as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
Other long-term debt, including the current portion, had a weighted-average interest rate of 4.1% and 3.9% as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of this debt primarily to fund certain business operations. The estimated fair value of other long-term debt, which is based on Level 2 inputs, approximated its carrying value as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
In April 2018, we established a commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) under which we may from time to time issue unsecured commercial paper up to a total of $7.0 billion at any time, with individual maturities that may vary but will not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. In April 2020, we issued $1.1 billion under the Commercial Paper Program.
In April 2018, in connection with our Commercial Paper Program, we amended and restated our unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders to increase our borrowing capacity thereunder to $7.0 billion. As amended and restated, the Credit Agreement has a term of three years, but it may be extended for up to three additional one-year terms if approved by the lenders. The interest rate applicable to outstanding balances under the amended and restated Credit Agreement is LIBOR plus 0.50%, with a commitment fee of 0.04% on the undrawn portion of the credit facility. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
Note 6 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Stock Repurchase Activity
In February 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $5.0 billion of our common stock, with no fixed expiration. There were no repurchases of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2020.
Stock Award Activity
Common shares outstanding plus shares underlying outstanding stock awards totaled 512 million and 513 million as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. These totals include all vested and unvested stock awards outstanding, including those awards we estimate will be forfeited. Stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions): 

								
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Cost of sales	$	24		 	$	41		
Fulfillment	234		 	260		
Technology and content	675		 	961		
Marketing	209		 	332		
General and administrative	132		 	163		
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,274		 	$	1,757		

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 (in millions):

							
 	Number of Units	 	Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value	
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	14.3		 	$	1,458		
Units granted	0.9		 	1,900		
Units vested	(1.0	)	 	893		
Units forfeited	(0.4	)	 	1,406		
Outstanding as of March 31, 2020	13.8		 	1,530		

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Scheduled vesting for outstanding restricted stock units as of March 31, 2020, is as follows (in millions):

																					
 	Nine Months Ended December 31,	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	 	 	
 	2020	 	2021	 	2022	 	2023	 	2024	 	Thereafter	 	Total	
Scheduled vesting—restricted stock units	4.8		 	5.0		 	2.3		 	1.3		 	0.2		 	0.2		 	13.8		

As of March 31, 2020, there was $8.3 billion of net unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements. This compensation is recognized on an accelerated basis with approximately half of the compensation expected to be expensed in the next twelve months, and has a weighted-average recognition period of 1.1 years. The estimated forfeiture rate as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020 was 27%. Changes in our estimates and assumptions relating to forfeitures may cause us to realize material changes in stock-based compensation expense in the future.
Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
The following table shows the changes in stockholders’ equity (in millions):

								
 	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Total beginning stockholders’ equity	$	43,549		 	$	62,060		
 	 	 	 	
Beginning and ending common stock	5		 	5		
 	 	 	 	
Beginning and ending treasury stock	(1,837	)	 	(1,837	)	
 	 	 	 	
Beginning additional paid-in capital	26,791		 	33,658		
Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock	1,268		 	1,754		
Ending additional paid-in capital	28,059		 	35,412		
 	 	 	 	
Beginning accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,035	)	 	(986	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss)	25		 	(1,077	)	
Ending accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,010	)	 	(2,063	)	
 	 	 	 	
Beginning retained earnings	19,625		 	31,220		
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles (1)	7		 	—		
Net income	3,561		 	2,535		
Ending retained earnings	23,193		 	33,755		
 	 	 	 	
Total ending stockholders’ equity	$	48,410		 	$	65,272		
___________________
		
(1)	We recorded cumulative effect adjustments related to the new lease standard in Q1 2019 and the new measurement of credit losses standard in Q1 2020.	
Note 7 — INCOME TAXES
Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment.
Our quarterly tax provision, and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate, is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, intercompany transactions, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in how we do business, acquisitions, investments, audit-related developments, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, foreign currency gains (losses), changes in statutes, regulations, case law, and administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other

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laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions, and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Additionally, our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. For example, the impact of discrete items and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower.
For 2020, we estimate that our effective tax rate will be favorably affected by the impact of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. federal research and development credit and adversely affected by state income taxes and losses incurred in certain foreign jurisdictions for which we may not realize a tax benefit. Losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit, primarily due to losses of foreign subsidiaries, reduce our pre-tax income without a corresponding reduction in our tax expense, and therefore increase our effective tax rate. We record valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets associated with losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit.
Our income tax provisions for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020 were $836 million and $744 million, which included $261 million and $273 million of net discrete tax benefits primarily attributable to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds was $168 million and $305 million in Q1 2019 and Q1 2020.
As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, tax contingencies were approximately $3.9 billion and $3.8 billion. Changes in state, federal, and foreign tax laws may increase our tax contingencies. The timing of the resolution of income tax examinations is highly uncertain, and the amounts ultimately paid, if any, upon resolution of the issues raised by the taxing authorities may differ from the amounts accrued. It is reasonably possible that within the next twelve months we will receive additional assessments by various tax authorities or possibly reach resolution of income tax examinations in one or more jurisdictions. These assessments or settlements could result in changes to our contingencies related to positions on prior years’ tax filings.
We are under examination, or may be subject to examination, by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for the calendar year 2007 and thereafter. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to our taxes or our net operating losses with respect to years under examination as well as subsequent periods.
In October 2014, the European Commission opened a formal investigation to examine whether decisions by the tax authorities in Luxembourg with regard to the corporate income tax paid by certain of our subsidiaries comply with European Union rules on state aid. On October 4, 2017, the European Commission announced its decision that determinations by the tax authorities in Luxembourg did not comply with European Union rules on state aid. Based on that decision the European Commission announced an estimated recovery amount of approximately €250 million, plus interest, for the period May 2006 through June 2014, and ordered Luxembourg tax authorities to calculate the actual amount of additional taxes subject to recovery. Luxembourg computed an initial recovery amount, consistent with the European Commission’s decision, that we deposited into escrow in March 2018, subject to adjustment pending conclusion of all appeals. In December 2017, Luxembourg appealed the European Commission’s decision. In May 2018, we appealed. We believe the European Commission’s decision to be without merit and will continue to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. We are also subject to taxation in various states and other foreign jurisdictions including China, Germany, India, Japan, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom. We are under, or may be subject to, audit or examination and additional assessments by the relevant authorities in respect of these particular jurisdictions primarily for 2009 and thereafter.
Note 8 — SEGMENT INFORMATION
We have organized our operations into three segments: North America, International, and AWS. We allocate to segment results the operating expenses “Fulfillment,” “Technology and content,” “Marketing,” and “General and administrative” based on usage, which is generally reflected in the segment in which the costs are incurred. The majority of technology infrastructure costs are allocated to the AWS segment based on usage. The majority of the remaining non-infrastructure technology costs are incurred in the U.S. and are allocated to our North America segment. There are no internal revenue transactions between our reportable segments. These segments reflect the way our chief operating decision maker evaluates the Company’s business performance and manages its operations.

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North America
The North America segment primarily consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through North America-focused online and physical stores. This segment includes export sales from these online stores.
International
The International segment primarily consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through internationally-focused online stores. This segment includes export sales from these internationally-focused online stores (including export sales from these online stores to customers in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada), but excludes export sales from our North America-focused online stores.
AWS
The AWS segment consists of amounts earned from global sales of compute, storage, database, and other service offerings for start-ups, enterprises, government agencies, and academic institutions.
Information on reportable segments and reconciliation to consolidated net income is as follows (in millions):

								
 	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
North America	 	 	 	
Net sales	$	35,812		 	$	46,127		
Operating expenses	33,525		 	44,815		
Operating income	$	2,287		 	$	1,312		
 	 	 	 	
International	 	 	 	
Net sales	$	16,192		 	$	19,106		
Operating expenses	16,282		 	19,504		
Operating income (loss)	$	(90	)	 	$	(398	)	
 	 	 	 	
AWS	 	 	 	
Net sales	$	7,696		 	$	10,219		
Operating expenses	5,473		 	7,144		
Operating income	$	2,223		 	$	3,075		
 	 	 	 	
Consolidated	 	 	 	
Net sales	$	59,700		 	$	75,452		
Operating expenses	55,280		 	71,463		
Operating income	4,420		 	3,989		
Total non-operating income (expense)	(19	)	 	(606	)	
Provision for income taxes	(836	)	 	(744	)	
Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	(4	)	 	(104	)	
Net income	$	3,561		 	$	2,535		

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Net sales by groups of similar products and services, which also have similar economic characteristics, is as follows (in millions):

								
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net Sales:	 	
Online stores (1)	$	29,498		 	$	36,652		
Physical stores (2)	4,307		 	4,640		
Third-party seller services (3)	11,141		 	14,479		
Subscription services (4)	4,342		 	5,556		
AWS	7,696		 	10,219		
Other (5)	2,716		 	3,906		
Consolidated	$	59,700		 	$	75,452		
____________________________
		
(1)	Includes product sales and digital media content where we record revenue gross. We leverage our retail infrastructure to offer a wide selection of consumable and durable goods that includes media products available in both a physical and digital format, such as books, music, videos, games, and software. These product sales include digital products sold on a transactional basis. Digital product subscriptions that provide unlimited viewing or usage rights are included in “Subscription services.”	
		
(2)	Includes product sales where our customers physically select items in a store. Sales from customers who order goods online for delivery or pickup at our physical stores are included in “Online stores.”	
		
(3)	Includes commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees, and other third-party seller services.	
		
(4)	Includes annual and monthly fees associated with Amazon Prime memberships, as well as audiobook, digital video, digital music, e-book, and other non-AWS subscription services.	
		
(5)	Primarily includes sales of advertising services, as well as sales related to our other service offerings.	

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Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	
Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding guidance, industry prospects, or future results of operations or financial position, made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking. We use words such as anticipates, believes, expects, future, intends, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ materially for a variety of reasons, including, among others, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and customer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet, online commerce, and cloud services, the amount that Amazon.com invests in new business opportunities and the timing of those investments, the mix of products and services sold to customers, the mix of net sales derived from products as compared with services, the extent to which we owe income or other taxes, competition, management of growth, potential fluctuations in operating results, international growth and expansion, the outcomes of claims, litigation, government investigations, and other proceedings, fulfillment, sortation, delivery, and data center optimization, risks of inventory management, seasonality, the degree to which we enter into, maintain, and develop commercial agreements, proposed and completed acquisitions and strategic transactions, payments risks, and risks of fulfillment throughput and productivity. In addition, the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic amplify many of these risks. These risks and uncertainties, as well as other risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ significantly from management’s expectations, are described in greater detail in Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.”
For additional information, see Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Judgments
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company’s critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company’s financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and judgments addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results. For additional information, see Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 1 — Description of Business and Accounting Policies,” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Accounting Policies,” of this Form 10-Q. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions, and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information presently available. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments, or conditions.
Inventories
Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are primarily accounted for using the first-in first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category. These assumptions about future disposition of inventory are inherently uncertain and changes in our estimates and assumptions may cause us to realize material write-downs in the future. As a measure of sensitivity, for every 1% of additional inventory valuation allowance as of March 31, 2020, we would have recorded an additional cost of sales of approximately $210 million.
In addition, we enter into supplier commitments for certain electronic device components and certain products. These commitments are based on forecasted customer demand. If we reduce these commitments, we may incur additional costs.
Income Taxes
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany

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transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes to our forecasts of income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions. In addition, a number of countries are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals, such as the U.S. tax reform legislation commonly known as the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “U.S. Tax Act”). Finally, foreign governments may enact tax laws in response to the U.S. Tax Act that could result in further changes to global taxation and materially affect our financial position and results of operations.
We are also currently subject to tax controversies in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, investigation, or other tax controversy could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these proceedings to determine the adequacy of our tax accruals. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of audits, investigations, and any other tax controversies could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash flow information is as follows (in millions):

																
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	 	Twelve Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	 	2019	 	2020	
Cash provided by (used in):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating activities	$	1,846		 	$	3,064		 	$	34,360		 	$	39,732		
Investing activities	(8,123	)	 	(8,894	)	 	(19,959	)	 	(25,053	)	
Financing activities	(2,377	)	 	(2,591	)	 	(7,899	)	 	(10,280	)	
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows generated from operations and our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, which, at fair value, were $55.0 billion and $49.3 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. Amounts held in foreign currencies were $15.3 billion and $11.4 billion as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, and were primarily Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen.
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $1.8 billion and $3.1 billion for Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash received from our consumer, seller, developer, enterprise, and content creator customers, and advertisers, offset by cash payments we make for products and services, employee compensation, payment processing and related transaction costs, operating leases, and interest payments on our long-term obligations. Cash received from our customers and other activities generally corresponds to our net sales. Because consumers primarily use credit cards to buy from us, our receivables from consumers settle quickly. The increase in operating cash flow for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to the increase in non-cash charges to net income such as depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation. Cash provided by (used in) operating activities is also subject to changes in working capital. Working capital at any specific point in time is subject to many variables, including seasonality, inventory management and category expansion, the timing of cash receipts and payments, vendor payment terms, and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities corresponds with cash capital expenditures including leasehold improvements, incentives received from property and equipment vendors, proceeds from asset sales, cash outlays for acquisitions, investments in other companies and intellectual property rights, and purchases, sales, and maturities of marketable securities. Cash provided by (used in) investing activities was $(8.1) billion and $(8.9) billion for Q1 2019 and Q1 2020, with the variability caused primarily by our decision to purchase or lease property and equipment and purchases, maturities, and sales of marketable securities. Cash capital expenditures were $2.7 billion and $5.4 billion during Q1 2019 and Q1 2020, which primarily reflect additional capacity to support our fulfillment operations and additional investments in support of continued business growth in technology infrastructure (the majority of which is to support AWS). We made cash payments, net of acquired cash, related to acquisition and other investment activity of $1.2 billion and $91 million during Q1 2019 and Q1 2020.
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities was $(2.4) billion and $(2.6) billion for Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. Cash outflows from financing activities result from principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations and repayments of long-term debt and other and were $2.6 billion and $3.3 billion in Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. Property and equipment acquired under finance leases was $2.6 billion and $2.2 billion during Q1 2019 and Q1 2020, reflecting investments in support of continued business growth primarily due to investments in technology infrastructure for AWS, which investments we expect to continue over time.
We had no borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program or Credit Agreement and $740 million of borrowings outstanding under our Credit Facility as of March 31, 2020. In April 2020, we issued $1.1 billion under the Commercial Paper Program. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 5 — Debt” for additional information.
We recorded net tax provisions of $836 million and $744 million in Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. Certain foreign subsidiary earnings are subject to U.S. taxation under the U.S. Tax Act, which also repeals U.S. taxation on the subsequent repatriation of those earnings. We intend to invest substantially all of our foreign subsidiary earnings, as well as our capital in our foreign subsidiaries, indefinitely outside of the U.S. in those jurisdictions in which we would incur significant, additional costs upon repatriation of such amounts.
Tax benefits relating to excess stock-based compensation deductions and accelerated depreciation deductions are reducing our U.S. taxable income. The U.S. Tax Act enhanced and extended accelerated depreciation deductions by allowing full expensing of qualified property, primarily equipment, through 2022. Cash taxes paid (net of refunds) were $168 million and $305 million for Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.7 billion of federal tax credits potentially available to offset future tax liabilities. Our federal tax credits are primarily related to the U.S. federal research and development credit. As we utilize our federal tax credits we expect cash paid for taxes to increase. We endeavor to manage our global taxes on a cash basis, rather than on a financial reporting basis. In connection with the European Commission’s October

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2017 decision against us on state aid, Luxembourg tax authorities computed an initial recovery amount, consistent with the European Commission’s decision, of approximately €250 million, that we deposited into escrow in March 2018, subject to adjustment pending conclusion of all appeals.
Our liquidity is also affected by restricted cash balances that are pledged as collateral for real estate leases, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. To the extent we process payments for third-party sellers or offer certain types of stored value to our customers, some jurisdictions may restrict our use of those funds. These restrictions would result in the reclassification of a portion of our cash and cash equivalents from “Cash and cash equivalents” to restricted cash, which is classified within “Accounts receivable, net and other” and “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities were $321 million and $307 million. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies” and “Financial Statements — Note 5 — Debt” for additional discussion of our principal contractual commitments, as well as our pledged assets. Additionally, purchase obligations and open purchase orders, consisting of inventory and significant non-inventory commitments, were $18.4 billion as of March 31, 2020. These purchase obligations and open purchase orders are generally cancellable in full or in part through the contractual provisions.
We believe that cash flows generated from operations and our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, as well as our borrowing arrangements, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next twelve months. However, any projections of future cash needs and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty. See Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” We continually evaluate opportunities to sell additional equity or debt securities, obtain credit facilities, obtain finance and operating lease arrangements, enter into financing obligations, repurchase common stock, pay dividends, or repurchase, refinance, or otherwise restructure our debt for strategic reasons or to further strengthen our financial position.
The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions have caused significant volatility in financial markets. This disruption can contribute to potential defaults in our accounts receivable, affect asset valuations resulting in impairment charges, and affect the availability of lease and financing credit as well as other segments of the credit markets. We have utilized a range of financing methods to fund our operations and capital expenditures and expect to continue to maintain financing flexibility in the current market conditions. However, due to the rapidly evolving global situation, it is not possible to predict whether unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our liquidity and capital resources in the future.
The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities would likely be dilutive to our shareholders. In addition, we will, from time to time, consider the acquisition of, or investment in, complementary businesses, products, services, capital infrastructure, and technologies, which might affect our liquidity requirements or cause us to secure additional financing, or issue additional equity or debt securities. There can be no assurance that additional credit lines or financing instruments will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

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Results of Operations
We have organized our operations into three segments: North America, International, and AWS. These segments reflect the way the Company evaluates its business performance and manages its operations. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 8 — Segment Information.”
Effects of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions have affected our businesses, as well as those of our customers, suppliers, and third-party sellers. To serve our customers while also providing for the safety of our employees and service providers, we have adapted numerous aspects of our logistics, transportation, supply chain, purchasing, and third party seller processes. Among other actions, we have prioritized stocking and delivering household staples, medical supplies, and other high-demand products. We continue to monitor the rapidly evolving situation and expect to continue to adapt our operations to address federal, state, and local standards as well as to implement standards or processes that we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, and communities.
As reflected in the discussion below, the impact of the pandemic and actions taken in response to it had varying effects on our Q1 2020 results of operations, primarily in the last month of the quarter. Higher net sales in the North America and International segments reflect increased demand, particularly as more people are staying at home, for household staples and other essential products, partially offset by decreased demand for discretionary consumer products, delayed procurement and shipment of non-priority products, and supply chain interruptions. Other effects in the North America and International segments include increased fulfillment costs and cost of sales, primarily due to investments in employee hiring, pay, and benefits, as well as costs to maintain safe workplaces, and higher shipping costs, as well as content production delays. In addition, the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable increased, primarily in the AWS segment. We expect to continue to be affected by procurement and shipping delays, supply chain interruptions, higher product demand in certain categories, lower product demand in other categories, our ability to collect accounts receivable, and increased fulfillment costs and cost of sales as a percentage of net sales through at least Q2 2020, although it is not possible to determine the duration and spread of the pandemic or such actions, the ultimate impact on our results of operations for the second quarter or full year, or whether other currently unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our results of operations.

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Net Sales
Net sales include product and service sales. Product sales represent revenue from the sale of products and related shipping fees and digital media content where we record revenue gross. Service sales primarily represent third-party seller fees, which includes commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees, AWS sales, Amazon Prime membership fees, advertising services, and certain digital content subscriptions. Net sales information is as follows (in millions):

								
  	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net Sales:	 	 	 	
North America	$	35,812		 	$	46,127		
International	16,192		 	19,106		
AWS	7,696		 	10,219		
Consolidated	$	59,700		 	$	75,452		
Year-over-year Percentage Growth:	 	 	 	
North America	17	%	 	29	%	
International	9		 	18		
AWS	41		 	33		
Consolidated	17		 	26		
Year-over-year Percentage Growth, excluding the effect of foreign exchange rates:	 	 	 	
North America	17	%	 	29	%	
International	16		 	20		
AWS	42		 	33		
Consolidated	19		 	27		
Net sales mix:	 	 	 	
North America	60	%	 	61	%	
International	27		 	25		
AWS	13		 	14		
Consolidated	100	%	 	100	%	
Sales increased 26% in Q1 2020 compared to the comparable prior year period. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted net sales by $(387) million for Q1 2020. For a discussion of the effect on sales growth of foreign exchange rates, see “Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates” below.
North America sales increased 29% in Q1 2020 compared to the comparable prior year period. The sales growth primarily reflects increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers. Increased unit sales were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers, including from our shipping offers, and increased demand for household staples and other essential products, partially offset by decreased demand for discretionary consumer products, delayed procurement and shipment of non-priority products, and supply chain interruptions.
International sales increased 18% in Q1 2020 compared to the comparable prior year period. The sales growth primarily reflects increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers. Increased unit sales were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers, including from our shipping offers, and increased demand for household staples and other essential products, partially offset by decreased demand for discretionary consumer products, delayed procurement and shipment of non-priority products, and supply chain interruptions. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted International net sales by $(360) million for Q1 2020.
AWS sales increased 33% in Q1 2020 compared to the comparable prior year period. The sales growth primarily reflects increased customer usage, partially offset by pricing changes. Pricing changes were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers.

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Operating Income (Loss)
Operating income (loss) by segment is as follows (in millions):

								
 	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Operating Income (Loss):	 	 	 	
North America	$	2,287		 	$	1,312		
International	(90	)	 	(398	)	
AWS	2,223		 	3,075		
Consolidated	$	4,420		 	$	3,989		
Operating income decreased from $4.4 billion in Q1 2019 to $4.0 billion in Q1 2020. We believe that operating income (loss) is a more meaningful measure than gross profit and gross margin due to the diversity of our product categories and services.
The decrease in North America operating income in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased shipping and fulfillment costs and a product mix shift, partially offset by increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and slower growth in certain operating expenses. We expect operating income to be reduced through at least Q2 2020 due to COVID-19 related increases to fulfillment costs and cost of sales as a percentage of net sales, including investments in employee hiring, pay, and benefits as well as shipping costs.
The increase in International operating loss in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased shipping and fulfillment costs and marketing expense, partially offset by increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales. We expect operating income to be reduced through at least Q2 2020 due to COVID-19 related increases to fulfillment costs and cost of sales as a percentage of net sales, including investments in employee hiring, pay, and benefits as well as shipping costs. Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating loss by $(5) million for Q1 2020.
The increase in AWS operating income in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased customer usage and cost structure productivity, including a reduction in depreciation and amortization expense from our change in the estimated useful life of our servers, partially offset by increased payroll and related expenses, which was primarily driven by additional investments to support the business growth, pricing changes, increased spending on technology infrastructure, and increased allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating income by $63 million for Q1 2020.

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Operating Expenses
Information about operating expenses is as follows (in millions):

								
 	Three Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Operating Expenses:	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	$	33,920		 	$	44,257		
Fulfillment	8,601		 	11,531		
Technology and content	7,927		 	9,325		
Marketing	3,664		 	4,828		
General and administrative	1,173		 	1,452		
Other operating expense (income), net	(5	)	 	70		
Total operating expenses	$	55,280		 	$	71,463		
Year-over-year Percentage Growth:	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	10	 %	 	30	%	
Fulfillment	10		 	34		
Technology and content	17		 	18		
Marketing	36		 	32		
General and administrative	10		 	24		
Other operating expense (income), net	(108	)	 	1,531		
Percent of Net Sales:	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	56.8	 %	 	58.7	%	
Fulfillment	14.4		 	15.3		
Technology and content	13.3		 	12.4		
Marketing	6.1		 	6.4		
General and administrative	2.0		 	1.9		
Other operating expense (income), net	—		 	—		
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales primarily consists of the purchase price of consumer products, inbound and outbound shipping costs, including costs related to sortation and delivery centers and where we are the transportation service provider, and digital media content costs where we record revenue gross, including video and music.
The increase in cost of sales in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased product and shipping costs resulting from increased sales. We expect cost of sales as a percentage of net sales to increase through at least Q2 2020 due to COVID-19 related increases in our shipping costs.
Shipping costs to receive products from our suppliers are included in our inventory and recognized as cost of sales upon sale of products to our customers. Shipping costs, which include sortation and delivery centers and transportation costs, were $7.3 billion and $10.9 billion in Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. We expect our cost of shipping to continue to increase to the extent our customers accept and use our shipping offers at an increasing rate, we reduce shipping rates, we use more expensive shipping methods, including faster delivery, and we offer additional services. We seek to mitigate costs of shipping over time in part through achieving higher sales volumes, optimizing our fulfillment network, negotiating better terms with our suppliers, and achieving better operating efficiencies. We believe that offering low prices to our customers is fundamental to our future success, and one way we offer lower prices is through shipping offers.
Costs to operate our AWS segment are primarily classified as “Technology and content” as we leverage a shared infrastructure that supports both our internal technology requirements and external sales to AWS customers.

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Fulfillment
Fulfillment costs primarily consist of those costs incurred in operating and staffing our North America and International fulfillment centers, physical stores, and customer service centers and payment processing costs. While AWS payment processing and related transaction costs are included in fulfillment, AWS costs are primarily classified as “Technology and content.” Fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales may vary due to several factors, such as payment processing and related transaction costs, our level of productivity and accuracy, changes in volume, size, and weight of units received and fulfilled, the extent to which third party sellers utilize Fulfillment by Amazon services, timing of fulfillment network and physical store expansion, the extent we utilize fulfillment services provided by third parties, mix of products and services sold, and our ability to affect customer service contacts per unit by implementing improvements in our operations and enhancements to our customer self-service features. Additionally, because payment processing costs associated with seller transactions are based on the gross purchase price of underlying transactions, and payment processing and related transaction costs are higher as a percentage of sales versus our retail sales, sales by our sellers have higher payment processing costs as a percent of net sales.
The increase in fulfillment costs in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to variable costs corresponding with increased product and service sales volume and inventory levels, costs from expanding our fulfillment network, which includes physical stores, and increased allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. We expect fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales to increase through at least Q2 2020 due to COVID-19 related increases in our labor costs.
We seek to expand our fulfillment network to accommodate a greater selection and in-stock inventory levels and to meet anticipated shipment volumes from sales of our own products as well as sales by third parties for which we provide the fulfillment services. We regularly evaluate our facility requirements.
Technology and Content
Technology and content costs include payroll and related expenses for employees involved in the research and development of new and existing products and services, development, design, and maintenance of our stores, curation and display of products and services made available in our online stores, and infrastructure costs. Infrastructure costs include servers, networking equipment, and data center related depreciation and amortization, rent, utilities, and other expenses necessary to support AWS and other Amazon businesses. Collectively, these costs reflect the investments we make in order to offer a wide variety of products and services to our customers.
We seek to invest efficiently in numerous areas of technology and content so we may continue to enhance the customer experience and improve our process efficiency through rapid technology developments, while operating at an ever increasing scale. Our technology and content investment and capital spending projects often support a variety of product and service offerings due to geographic expansion and the cross-functionality of our systems and operations. We expect spending in technology and content to increase over time as we continue to add employees and technology infrastructure. These costs are allocated to segments based on usage. The increase in technology and content costs in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased payroll and related costs associated with technical teams responsible for expanding our existing products and services and initiatives to introduce new products and service offerings and an increase in spending on technology infrastructure, offset by a reduction in depreciation and amortization expense from our change in the estimated useful life of our servers. See Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of how management views advances in technology and the importance of innovation. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Description of Business and Accounting Policies — Use of Estimates” for additional information on our change in the estimated useful life of our servers.
Marketing
Marketing costs include advertising and payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling activities, including sales commissions related to AWS. We direct customers to our stores primarily through a number of marketing channels, such as our sponsored search, third party customer referrals, social and online advertising, television advertising, and other initiatives. Our marketing costs are largely variable, based on growth in sales and changes in rates. To the extent there is increased or decreased competition for these traffic sources, or to the extent our mix of these channels shifts, we would expect to see a corresponding change in our marketing costs.
The increase in marketing costs in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling activities, as well as spending on marketing channels.
While costs associated with Amazon Prime memberships and other shipping offers are not included in marketing expense, we view these offers as effective worldwide marketing tools, and intend to continue offering them indefinitely.

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General and Administrative
The increase in general and administrative costs in absolute dollars in Q1 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increases in payroll and related expenses.
Other Operating Expense (Income), Net
Other operating expense (income), net was $(5) million and $70 million for Q1 2019 and Q1 2020, and was primarily related to the amortization of intangible assets.
Interest Income and Expense
Our interest income was $183 million and $202 million during Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. We generally invest our excess cash in AAA-rated money market funds and investment grade short- to intermediate-term fixed income securities. Our interest income corresponds with the average balance of invested funds based on the prevailing rates, which vary depending on the geographies and currencies in which they are invested.
Interest expense was $366 million and $402 million during Q1 2019 and Q1 2020, and was primarily related to finance leases.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net was $164 million and $(406) million during Q1 2019 and Q1 2020. The primary components of other income (expense), net are related to equity securities and warrant valuations and foreign currency.
Income Taxes
Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment.
Our quarterly tax provision, and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate, is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, intercompany transactions, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in how we do business, acquisitions, investments, audit-related developments, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, foreign currency gains (losses), changes in statutes, regulations, case law, and administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions, and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Additionally, our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. For example, the impact of discrete items and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower.
For 2020, we estimate that our effective tax rate will be favorably affected by the impact of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. federal research and development credit and adversely affected by state income taxes and losses incurred in certain foreign jurisdictions for which we may not realize a tax benefit. Losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit, primarily due to losses of foreign subsidiaries, reduce our pre-tax income without a corresponding reduction in our tax expense, and therefore increase our effective tax rate. We record valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets associated with losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit.
Our income tax provisions for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020 were $836 million and $744 million, which included $261 million and $273 million of net discrete tax benefits primarily attributable to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Regulation G, Conditions for Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures, and other SEC regulations define and prescribe the conditions for use of certain non-GAAP financial information. Our measures of free cash flows and the effect of foreign exchange rates on our consolidated statements of operations meet the definition of non-GAAP financial measures.
We provide multiple measures of free cash flows because we believe these measures provide additional perspective on the impact of acquiring property and equipment with cash and through finance leases and financing obligations.

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Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow is cash flow from operations reduced by “Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives.” The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020 (in millions):

	
								
 	Twelve Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	34,360		 	$	39,732		
Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(11,316	)	 	(15,395	)	
Free cash flow	$	23,044		 	$	24,337		
 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(19,959	)	 	$	(25,053	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(7,899	)	 	$	(10,280	)	
Free Cash Flow Less Principal Repayments of Finance Leases and Financing Obligations
Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations is free cash flow reduced by “Principal repayments of finance leases” and “Principal repayments of financing obligations.” Principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations approximates the actual payments of cash for our finance leases and financing obligations. The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020 (in millions):

								
 	Twelve Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	34,360		 	$	39,732		
Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(11,316	)	 	(15,395	)	
Free cash flow	23,044		 	24,337		
Principal repayments of finance leases	(7,649	)	 	(10,013	)	
Principal repayments of financing obligations	(266	)	 	(43	)	
Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations	$	15,129		 	$	14,281		
 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(19,959	)	 	$	(25,053	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(7,899	)	 	$	(10,280	)	

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Free Cash Flow Less Equipment Finance Leases and Principal Repayments of All Other Finance Leases and Financing Obligations
Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations is free cash flow reduced by equipment acquired under finance leases, which is included in “Property and equipment acquired under finance leases,” principal repayments of all other finance lease liabilities, which is included in “Principal repayments of finance leases,” and “Principal repayments of financing obligations.” All other finance lease liabilities and financing obligations consists of property. In this measure, equipment acquired under finance leases is reflected as if these assets had been purchased with cash, which is not the case as these assets have been leased. The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020 (in millions):

								
 	Twelve Months Ended
March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	34,360		 	$	39,732		
Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(11,316	)	 	(15,395	)	
Free cash flow	23,044		 	24,337		
Equipment acquired under finance leases (1)	(10,909	)	 	(12,209	)	
Principal repayments of all other finance leases (2)	(76	)	 	(407	)	
Principal repayments of financing obligations	(266	)	 	(43	)	
Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations	$	11,793		 	$	11,678		
 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(19,959	)	 	$	(25,053	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(7,899	)	 	$	(10,280	)	
___________________
		
(1)	For the twelve months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, this amount relates to equipment included in “Property and equipment acquired under finance leases” of $10,972 million and $13,262 million.	
		
(2)	For the twelve months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, this amount relates to property included in “Principal repayments of finance leases” of $7,649 million and $10,013 million.	
All of these free cash flows measures have limitations as they omit certain components of the overall cash flow statement and do not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. For example, these measures of free cash flows do not incorporate the portion of payments representing principal reductions of debt or cash payments for business acquisitions. Additionally, our mix of property and equipment acquisitions with cash or other financing options may change over time. Therefore, we believe it is important to view free cash flows measures only as a complement to our entire consolidated statements of cash flows.

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Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates
Information regarding the effect of foreign exchange rates, versus the U.S. Dollar, on our net sales, operating expenses, and operating income is provided to show reported period operating results had the foreign exchange rates remained the same as those in effect in the comparable prior year periods. The effect on our net sales, operating expenses, and operating income from changes in our foreign exchange rates versus the U.S. Dollar is as follows (in millions):

																								
 	Three Months Ended March 31,	
 	2019	 	2020	
 	As
Reported	 	Exchange
Rate
Effect (1)	 	At Prior
Year
Rates (2)	 	As Reported	 	Exchange
Rate
Effect (1)	 	At Prior
Year
Rates (2)	
Net sales	$	59,700		 	$	1,127		 	$	60,827		 	$	75,452		 	$	387			$	75,839		
Operating expenses	55,280		 	1,211		 	56,491		 	71,463		 	450			71,913		
Operating income	4,420		 	(84	)	 	4,336		 	3,989		 	(63	)		3,926		
___________________
		
(1)	Represents the change in reported amounts resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates from those in effect in the comparable prior year period for operating results.	
		
(2)	Represents the outcome that would have resulted had foreign exchange rates in the reported period been the same as those in effect in the comparable prior year period for operating results.	
Guidance
We provided guidance on April 30, 2020, in our earnings release furnished on Form 8-K as set forth below. These forward-looking statements reflect Amazon.com’s expectations as of April 30, 2020, and are subject to substantial uncertainty. Our results are inherently unpredictable and may be materially affected by many factors, such as fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and customer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet, online commerce, and cloud services, as well as those outlined in Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” This guidance reflects our estimates as of April 30, 2020 regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations, including those discussed above, and is highly dependent on numerous factors that we may not be able to predict or control, including: the duration and spread of the pandemic; actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the pandemic; the impact of the pandemic on global and regional economies and economic activity, workforce staffing and productivity, and our significant and continuing spending on employee safety measures; our ability to continue operations in affected areas; and consumer demand and consumer spending patterns, as well as the effects on suppliers, creditors, and third-party sellers, all of which are uncertain. This guidance also assumes the impacts on consumer demand and spending patterns, including impacts due to concerns over the current economic outlook, will be in line with those experienced during Q2 to date, and the additional assumptions set forth below. However, it is not possible to determine the ultimate impact on our operations for the second quarter, or whether other currently unanticipated direct or indirect consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our operations.
Second Quarter 2020 Guidance
		
•	Net sales are expected to be between $75.0 billion and $81.0 billion, or to grow between 18% and 28% compared with second quarter 2019. This guidance anticipates an unfavorable impact of approximately 70 basis points from foreign exchange rates.	
		
•	Operating income (loss) is expected to be between $(1.5) billion and $1.5 billion, compared with $3.1 billion in second quarter 2019. This guidance assumes approximately $4.0 billion of costs related to COVID-19.	
		
•	This guidance assumes, among other things, that no additional business acquisitions, investments, restructurings, or legal settlements are concluded.	

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Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	
We are exposed to market risk for the effect of interest rate changes, foreign currency fluctuations, and changes in the market values of our investments. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is set forth below and in Item 2 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and our long-term debt. Our long-term debt is carried at amortized cost and fluctuations in interest rates do not impact our consolidated financial statements. However, the fair value of our debt, which pays interest at a fixed rate, will generally fluctuate with movements of interest rates, increasing in periods of declining rates of interest and declining in periods of increasing rates of interest. We generally invest our excess cash in AAA-rated money market funds and investment grade short- to intermediate-term fixed income securities. Fixed income securities may have their fair market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, and we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities that have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates.
Foreign Exchange Risk
During Q1 2020, net sales from our International segment accounted for 25% of our consolidated revenues. Net sales and related expenses generated from our internationally-focused stores, including within Canada and Mexico (which are included in our North America segment), are primarily denominated in the functional currencies of the corresponding stores and primarily include Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen. The results of operations of, and certain of our intercompany balances associated with, our internationally-focused stores and AWS are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Upon consolidation, as foreign exchange rates vary, net sales and other operating results may differ materially from expectations, and we may record significant gains or losses on the remeasurement of intercompany balances. For example, as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates throughout the period compared to rates in effect the prior year, International segment net sales in Q1 2020 decreased by $360 million in comparison with Q1 2019.
We have foreign exchange risk related to foreign-denominated cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (“foreign funds”). Based on the balance of foreign funds as of March 31, 2020, of $11.4 billion, an assumed 5%, 10%, and 20% adverse change to foreign exchange would result in fair value declines of $570 million, $1.1 billion, and $2.3 billion. Fluctuations in fair value are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss),” a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are included in “Marketable securities” on our consolidated balance sheets and are measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income.
We have foreign exchange risk related to our intercompany balances denominated in various foreign currencies. Based on the intercompany balances as of March 31, 2020, an assumed 5%, 10%, and 20% adverse change to foreign exchange rates would result in losses of $195 million, $385 million, and $775 million, recorded to “Other income (expense), net.”
See Item 2 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Results of Operations — Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates” for additional information on the effect on reported results of changes in foreign exchange rates.
Equity Investment Risk
As of March 31, 2020, our recorded value in equity and equity warrant investments in public and private companies was $3.0 billion. Our equity and equity warrant investments in publicly traded companies represent $520 million of our investments as of March 31, 2020, and are recorded at fair value, which is subject to market price volatility. We perform a qualitative assessment for our equity investments in private companies to identify impairment. If this assessment indicates that an impairment exists, we estimate the fair value of the investment and, if the fair value is less than carrying value, we write down the investment to fair value. Our assessment includes a review of recent operating results and trends, recent sales/acquisitions of the investee securities, and other publicly available data. The current global economic climate provides additional uncertainty. Valuations of private companies are inherently more complex due to the lack of readily available market data. As such, we believe that market sensitivities are not practicable.

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Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	
We carried out an evaluation required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “1934 Act”), under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the 1934 Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
During the most recent fiscal quarter, there has not occurred any change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. Management does not expect, however, that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

	
		
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	
See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies — Legal Proceedings.”

	
		
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	
Please carefully consider the following discussion of significant factors, events, and uncertainties that make an investment in our securities risky. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could, in circumstances we may or may not be able to accurately predict, recognize, or control, have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, reputation, prospects, financial condition, operating results (including components of our financial results), cash flows, liquidity, and stock price. These risk factors do not identify all risks that we face; our operations could also be affected by factors, events, or uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present significant risks to our operations. In addition to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions on our business and operations discussed in Item 2 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in the risk factors below, additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic climate may give rise to or amplify many of the risks discussed below.
We Face Intense Competition
Our businesses are rapidly evolving and intensely competitive, and we have many competitors across geographies, including cross-border competition, and in different industries, including physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail, e-commerce services, web and infrastructure computing services, electronic devices, digital content, advertising, grocery, and transportation and logistics services. Some of our current and potential competitors have greater resources, longer histories, more customers, and/or greater brand recognition, particularly with our newly-launched products and services and in our newer geographic regions. They may secure better terms from vendors, adopt more aggressive pricing, and devote more resources to technology, infrastructure, fulfillment, and marketing.
Competition continues to intensify, including with the development of new business models and the entry of new and well-funded competitors, and as our competitors enter into business combinations or alliances and established companies in other market segments expand to become competitive with our business. In addition, new and enhanced technologies, including search, web and infrastructure computing services, digital content, and electronic devices continue to increase our competition. The Internet facilitates competitive entry and comparison shopping, which enhances the ability of new, smaller, or lesser known businesses to compete against us. As a result of competition, our product and service offerings may not be successful, we may fail to gain or may lose business, and we may be required to increase our spending or lower prices, any of which could materially reduce our sales and profits.
Our Expansion Places a Significant Strain on our Management, Operational, Financial, and Other Resources
We are continuing to rapidly and significantly expand our global operations, including increasing our product and service offerings and scaling our infrastructure to support our retail and services businesses. The complexity of the current scale of our business can place significant strain on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions, and our expansion increases these factors. Failure to manage growth effectively could damage our reputation, limit our growth, and negatively affect our operating results.
Our Expansion into New Products, Services, Technologies, and Geographic Regions Subjects Us to Additional Risks
We may have limited or no experience in our newer market segments, and our customers may not adopt our product or service offerings. These offerings, which can present new and difficult technology challenges, may subject us to claims if customers of these offerings experience service disruptions or failures or other quality issues. In addition, profitability, if any, in our newer activities may not meet our expectations, and we may not be successful enough in these newer activities to recoup our investments in them. Failure to realize the benefits of amounts we invest in new technologies, products, or services could result in the value of those investments being written down or written off.

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We Experience Significant Fluctuations in Our Operating Results and Growth Rate
We are not always able to accurately forecast our growth rate. We base our expense levels and investment plans on sales estimates. A significant portion of our expenses and investments is fixed, and we are not always able to adjust our spending quickly enough if our sales are less than expected.
Our revenue growth may not be sustainable, and our percentage growth rates may decrease. Our revenue and operating profit growth depends on the continued growth of demand for the products and services offered by us or our sellers, and our business is affected by general economic and business conditions worldwide. A softening of demand, whether caused by changes in customer preferences or a weakening of the U.S. or global economies, may result in decreased revenue or growth.
Our sales and operating results will also fluctuate for many other reasons, including due to factors described elsewhere in this section and the following:
		
•	our ability to retain and increase sales to existing customers, attract new customers, and satisfy our customers’ demands;	
		
•	our ability to retain and expand our network of sellers;	
		
•	our ability to offer products on favorable terms, manage inventory, and fulfill orders;	
		
•	the introduction of competitive stores, websites, products, services, price decreases, or improvements;	
		
•	changes in usage or adoption rates of the Internet, e-commerce, electronic devices, and web services, including outside the U.S.;	
		
•	timing, effectiveness, and costs of expansion and upgrades of our systems and infrastructure;	
		
•	the success of our geographic, service, and product line expansions;	
		
•	the extent to which we finance, and the terms of any such financing for, our current operations and future growth;	
		
•	the outcomes of legal proceedings and claims, which may include significant monetary damages or injunctive relief and could have a material adverse impact on our operating results;	
		
•	variations in the mix of products and services we sell;	
		
•	variations in our level of merchandise and vendor returns;	
		
•	the extent to which we offer fast and free delivery, continue to reduce prices worldwide, and provide additional benefits to our customers;	
		
•	factors affecting our reputation or brand image;	
		
•	the extent to which we invest in technology and content, fulfillment, and other expense categories;	
		
•	increases in the prices of fuel and gasoline, as well as increases in the prices of other energy products and commodities like paper and packing supplies and hardware products;	
		
•	the extent to which operators of the networks between our customers and our stores successfully charge fees to grant our customers unimpaired and unconstrained access to our online services;	
		
•	our ability to collect amounts owed to us when they become due;	
		
•	the extent to which use of our services is affected by spyware, viruses, phishing and other spam emails, denial of service attacks, data theft, computer intrusions, outages, and similar events; and	
		
•	disruptions from natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues (including terrorist attacks and armed hostilities), labor or trade disputes, and similar events.	
Our International Operations Expose Us to a Number of Risks
Our international activities are significant to our revenues and profits, and we plan to further expand internationally. In certain international market segments, we have relatively little operating experience and may not benefit from any first-to-market advantages or otherwise succeed. It is costly to establish, develop, and maintain international operations and stores, and promote our brand internationally. Our international operations may not become profitable on a sustained basis.
In addition to risks described elsewhere in this section, our international sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including:
		
•	local economic and political conditions;	

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•	government regulation (such as regulation of our product and service offerings and of competition); restrictive governmental actions (such as trade protection measures, including export duties and quotas and custom duties and tariffs); nationalization; and restrictions on foreign ownership;	
		
•	restrictions on sales or distribution of certain products or services and uncertainty regarding liability for products, services, and content, including uncertainty as a result of less Internet-friendly legal systems, local laws, lack of legal precedent, and varying rules, regulations, and practices regarding the physical and digital distribution of media products and enforcement of intellectual property rights;	
		
•	business licensing or certification requirements, such as for imports, exports, web services, and electronic devices;	
		
•	limitations on the repatriation and investment of funds and foreign currency exchange restrictions;	
		
•	limited fulfillment and technology infrastructure;	
		
•	shorter payable and longer receivable cycles and the resultant negative impact on cash flow;	
		
•	laws and regulations regarding consumer and data protection, privacy, network security, encryption, payments, advertising, and restrictions on pricing or discounts;	
		
•	lower levels of use of the Internet;	
		
•	lower levels of consumer spending and fewer opportunities for growth compared to the U.S.;	
		
•	lower levels of credit card usage and increased payment risk;	
		
•	difficulty in staffing, developing, and managing foreign operations as a result of distance, language, and cultural differences;	
		
•	different employee/employer relationships and the existence of works councils and labor unions;	
		
•	compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable U.S. and foreign laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials and other third parties;	
		
•	laws and policies of the U.S. and other jurisdictions affecting trade, foreign investment, loans, and taxes; and	
		
•	geopolitical events, including war and terrorism.	
As international physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail and other services grow, competition will intensify, including through adoption of evolving business models. Local companies may have a substantial competitive advantage because of their greater understanding of, and focus on, the local customer, as well as their more established local brand names. The inability to hire, train, retain, and manage sufficient required personnel may limit our international growth.
The People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) and India regulate Amazon’s and its affiliates’ businesses and operations in country through regulations and license requirements that may restrict (i) foreign investment in and operation of the Internet, IT infrastructure, data centers, retail, delivery, and other sectors, (ii) Internet content, and (iii) the sale of media and other products and services. For example, in order to meet local ownership, regulatory licensing, and cybersecurity requirements, we provide certain technology services in China through contractual relationships with third parties that hold PRC licenses to provide services. In India, the government restricts the ownership or control of Indian companies by foreign entities involved in online multi-brand retail trading activities. For www.amazon.in, we provide certain marketing tools and logistics services to third-party sellers to enable them to sell online and deliver to customers, and we hold indirect minority interests in entities that are third-party sellers on the www.amazon.in marketplace. Although we believe these structures and activities comply with existing laws, they involve unique risks, and the PRC and India may from time to time consider and implement additional changes in their regulatory, licensing, or other requirements that could impact these structures and activities. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation of PRC and Indian laws and regulations, and it is possible that these governments will ultimately take a view contrary to ours. In addition, our Chinese and Indian businesses and operations may be unable to continue to operate if we or our affiliates are unable to access sufficient funding or, in China, enforce contractual relationships we or our affiliates have in place. Violation of any existing or future PRC, Indian, or other laws or regulations or changes in the interpretations of those laws and regulations could result in our businesses in those countries being subject to fines and other financial penalties, having licenses revoked, or being forced to restructure our operations or shut down entirely.

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We Face Risks Related to Successfully Optimizing and Operating Our Fulfillment Network and Data Centers
Failures to adequately predict customer demand or otherwise optimize and operate our fulfillment network and data centers successfully from time to time result in excess or insufficient fulfillment or data center capacity, increased costs, and impairment charges, any of which could materially harm our business. As we continue to add fulfillment and data center capability or add new businesses with different requirements, our fulfillment and data center networks become increasingly complex and operating them becomes more challenging. There can be no assurance that we will be able to operate our networks effectively.
In addition, failure to optimize inventory in our fulfillment network increases our net shipping cost by requiring long-zone or partial shipments. We and our co-sourcers may be unable to adequately staff our fulfillment network and customer service centers. Under some of our commercial agreements, we maintain the inventory of other companies, thereby increasing the complexity of tracking inventory and operating our fulfillment network. Our failure to properly handle such inventory or the inability of the other businesses on whose behalf we perform inventory fulfillment services to accurately forecast product demand may result in us being unable to secure sufficient storage space or to optimize our fulfillment network or cause other unexpected costs and other harm to our business and reputation.
We rely on a limited number of shipping companies to deliver inventory to us and completed orders to our customers. The inability to negotiate acceptable terms with these companies or performance problems or other difficulties experienced by these companies or by our own transportation systems could negatively impact our operating results and customer experience. In addition, our ability to receive inbound inventory efficiently and ship completed orders to customers also may be negatively affected by natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues, labor or trade disputes, and similar events.
The Seasonality of Our Retail Business Places Increased Strain on Our Operations
We expect a disproportionate amount of our retail sales to occur during our fourth quarter. Our failure to stock or restock popular products in sufficient amounts such that we fail to meet customer demand could significantly affect our revenue and our future growth. When we overstock products, we may be required to take significant inventory markdowns or write-offs and incur commitment costs, which could materially reduce profitability. We regularly experience increases in our net shipping cost due to complimentary upgrades, split-shipments, and additional long-zone shipments necessary to ensure timely delivery for the holiday season. If too many customers access our websites within a short period of time due to increased demand, we may experience system interruptions that make our websites unavailable or prevent us from efficiently fulfilling orders, which may reduce the volume of goods we offer or sell and the attractiveness of our products and services. In addition, we may be unable to adequately staff our fulfillment network and customer service centers during these peak periods and delivery and other fulfillment companies and customer service co-sourcers may be unable to meet the seasonal demand. Risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A relating to fulfillment network optimization and inventory are magnified during periods of high demand.
We generally have payment terms with our retail vendors that extend beyond the amount of time necessary to collect proceeds from our consumer customers. As a result of holiday sales, as of December 31 of each year, our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances typically reach their highest level (other than as a result of cash flows provided by or used in investing and financing activities). This operating cycle results in a corresponding increase in accounts payable as of December 31. Our accounts payable balance generally declines during the first three months of the year, resulting in a corresponding decline in our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances.
Our Commercial Agreements, Strategic Alliances, and Other Business Relationships Expose Us to Risks
We provide physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail and other services to businesses through commercial agreements, strategic alliances, and business relationships. Under these agreements, we provide web services, technology, fulfillment, computing, digital storage, and other services, as well as enable sellers to offer products or services through our stores. These arrangements are complex and require substantial infrastructure capacity, personnel, and other resource commitments, which may limit the amount of business we can service. We may not be able to implement, maintain, and develop the components of these commercial relationships, which may include web services, fulfillment, customer service, inventory management, tax collection, payment processing, hardware, content, and third-party software, and engaging third parties to perform services. The amount of compensation we receive under certain of our commercial agreements is partially dependent on the volume of the other company’s sales. Therefore, when the other company’s offerings are not successful, the compensation we receive may be lower than expected or the agreement may be terminated. Moreover, we may not be able to enter into additional or alternative commercial relationships and strategic alliances on favorable terms. We also may be subject to claims from businesses to which we provide these services if we are unsuccessful in implementing, maintaining, or developing these services.

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As our agreements terminate, we may be unable to renew or replace these agreements on comparable terms, or at all. We may in the future enter into amendments on less favorable terms or encounter parties that have difficulty meeting their contractual obligations to us, which could adversely affect our operating results.
Our present and future e-commerce services agreements, other commercial agreements, and strategic alliances create additional risks such as:
		
•	disruption of our ongoing business, including loss of management focus on existing businesses;	
		
•	impairment of other relationships;	
		
•	variability in revenue and income from entering into, amending, or terminating such agreements or relationships; and	
		
•	difficulty integrating under the commercial agreements.	
Our Business Suffers When We Are Unsuccessful in Making, Integrating, and Maintaining Acquisitions and Investments
We have acquired and invested in a number of companies, and we may in the future acquire or invest in or enter into joint ventures with additional companies. These transactions create risks such as:
		
•	disruption of our ongoing business, including loss of management focus on existing businesses;	
		
•	problems retaining key personnel;	
		
•	additional operating losses and expenses of the businesses we acquired or in which we invested;	
		
•	the potential impairment of tangible and intangible assets and goodwill, including as a result of acquisitions;	
		
•	the potential impairment of customer and other relationships of the company we acquired or in which we invested or our own customers as a result of any integration of operations;	
		
•	the difficulty of completing such transactions and achieving anticipated benefits within expected timeframes, or at all;	
		
•	the difficulty of incorporating acquired operations, technology, and rights into our offerings, and unanticipated expenses related to such integration;	
		
•	the difficulty of integrating a new company’s accounting, financial reporting, management, information and information security, human resource, and other administrative systems to permit effective management, and the lack of control if such integration is delayed or not successfully implemented;	
		
•	losses we may incur as a result of declines in the value of an investment or as a result of incorporating an investee’s financial performance into our financial results;	
		
•	for investments in which an investee’s financial performance is incorporated into our financial results, either in full or in part, the dependence on the investee’s accounting, financial reporting, and similar systems, controls, and processes;	
		
•	the difficulty of implementing at companies we acquire the controls, procedures, and policies appropriate for a larger public company;	
		
•	the risks associated with businesses we acquire or invest in, which may differ from or be more significant than the risks our other businesses face;	
		
•	potential unknown liabilities associated with a company we acquire or in which we invest; and	
		
•	for foreign transactions, additional risks related to the integration of operations across different cultures and languages, and the economic, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries.	
As a result of future acquisitions or mergers, we might need to issue additional equity securities, spend our cash, or incur debt, contingent liabilities, or amortization expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could reduce our profitability and harm our business or only be available on unfavorable terms, if at all. In addition, valuations supporting our acquisitions and strategic investments could change rapidly. We could determine that such valuations have experienced impairments or other-than-temporary declines in fair value which could adversely impact our financial results.

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We Have Foreign Exchange Risk
The results of operations of, and certain of our intercompany balances associated with, our international stores and product and service offerings are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Due to these fluctuations, operating results may differ materially from expectations, and we may record significant gains or losses on the remeasurement of intercompany balances. As we have expanded our international operations, our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations has increased. We also hold cash equivalents and/or marketable securities in foreign currencies including Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen. When the U.S. Dollar strengthens compared to these currencies, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, when translated, may be materially less than expected and vice versa.
The Loss of Key Senior Management Personnel or the Failure to Hire and Retain Highly Skilled and Other Key Personnel Could Negatively Affect Our Business
We depend on our senior management and other key personnel, particularly Jeffrey P. Bezos, our President, CEO, and Chairman. We do not have “key person” life insurance policies. We also rely on other highly skilled personnel. Competition for qualified personnel in the technology industry has historically been intense, particularly for software engineers, computer scientists, and other technical staff. The loss of any of our executive officers or other key employees or the inability to hire, train, retain, and manage qualified personnel, could harm our business.
We Could Be Harmed by Data Loss or Other Security Breaches
Because we collect, process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including confidential, sensitive, proprietary, and business and personal information, failure to prevent or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse, or other security breaches or vulnerabilities affecting our or our vendors’ or customers’ technology, products, and systems, could expose us or our customers to a risk of loss, disclosure, or misuse of such information, adversely affect our operating results, result in litigation, regulatory action (including under privacy or data protection laws), and potential liability for us, deter customers or sellers from using our stores and services, and otherwise harm our business and reputation. We use third-party technology and systems for a variety of reasons, including, without limitation, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers, back-office support, and other functions. Some of our systems have experienced past security breaches, and, although they did not have a material adverse effect on our operating results, there can be no assurance of a similar result in the future. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect customer information and prevent such incidents, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party vendor or customer, such measures cannot provide absolute security and may fail to operate as intended or be circumvented.
We Face Risks Related to System Interruption and Lack of Redundancy
We experience occasional system interruptions and delays that make our websites and services unavailable or slow to respond and prevent us from efficiently accepting or fulfilling orders or providing services to third parties, which may reduce our net sales and the attractiveness of our products and services. Steps we take to add software and hardware, upgrade our systems and network infrastructure, and improve the stability and efficiency of our systems may not be sufficient to avoid system interruptions or delays that could adversely affect our operating results.
Our computer and communications systems and operations in the past have been, or in the future could be, damaged or interrupted due to events such as natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues (including terrorist attacks and armed hostilities), computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, and similar events or disruptions. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays, and loss of critical data, and could prevent us from accepting and fulfilling customer orders and providing services, which could make our product and service offerings less attractive and subject us to liability. Our systems are not fully redundant and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient. In addition, our insurance may not provide sufficient coverage to compensate for related losses. Any of these events could damage our reputation and be expensive to remedy.

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We Face Significant Inventory Risk
In addition to risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A relating to fulfillment network and inventory optimization by us and third parties, we are exposed to significant inventory risks that may adversely affect our operating results as a result of seasonality, new product launches, rapid changes in product cycles and pricing, defective merchandise, changes in consumer demand and consumer spending patterns, changes in consumer tastes with respect to our products, spoilage, and other factors. We endeavor to accurately predict these trends and avoid overstocking or understocking products we manufacture and/or sell. Demand for products, however, can change significantly between the time inventory or components are ordered and the date of sale. In addition, when we begin selling or manufacturing a new product, it may be difficult to establish vendor relationships, determine appropriate product or component selection, and accurately forecast demand. The acquisition of certain types of inventory or components requires significant lead-time and prepayment and they may not be returnable. We carry a broad selection and significant inventory levels of certain products, such as consumer electronics, and at times we are unable to sell products in sufficient quantities or to meet demand during the relevant selling seasons. Any one of the inventory risk factors set forth above may adversely affect our operating results.
We Face Risks Related to Adequately Protecting Our Intellectual Property Rights and Being Accused of Infringing Intellectual Property Rights of Third Parties
We regard our trademarks, service marks, copyrights, patents, trade dress, trade secrets, proprietary technology, and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark, copyright, and patent law, trade secret protection, and confidentiality and/or license agreements with our employees, customers, and others to protect our proprietary rights. Effective intellectual property protection is not available in every country in which our products and services are made available. We also may not be able to acquire or maintain appropriate domain names in all countries in which we do business. Furthermore, regulations governing domain names may not protect our trademarks and similar proprietary rights. We may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, or diminish the value of our trademarks and other proprietary rights.
We are not always able to discover or determine the extent of any unauthorized use of our proprietary rights. Actions taken by third parties that license our proprietary rights may materially diminish the value of our proprietary rights or reputation. The protection of our intellectual property requires the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. Moreover, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property do not always adequately protect our rights or prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our proprietary rights. We also cannot be certain that others will not independently develop or otherwise acquire equivalent or superior technology or other intellectual property rights.
We have been subject to, and expect to continue to be subject to, claims and legal proceedings regarding alleged infringement by us of the intellectual property rights of third parties. Such claims, whether or not meritorious, have in the past, and may in the future, result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, injunctions against us, or significant payments for damages, including to satisfy indemnification obligations or to obtain licenses from third parties who allege that we have infringed their rights. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims.
Our digital content offerings depend in part on effective digital rights management technology to control access to digital content. Breach or malfunctioning of the digital rights management technology that we use could subject us to claims, and content providers may be unwilling to include their content in our service.
We Have a Rapidly Evolving Business Model and Our Stock Price Is Highly Volatile
We have a rapidly evolving business model. The trading price of our common stock fluctuates significantly in response to, among other risks, the risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A, as well as:
		
•	changes in interest rates;	
		
•	conditions or trends in the Internet and the industry segments we operate in;	
		
•	quarterly variations in operating results;	
		
•	fluctuations in the stock market in general and market prices for Internet-related companies in particular;	
		
•	changes in financial estimates by us or decisions to increase or decrease future spending or investment levels;	
		
•	changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts;	
		
•	changes in our capital structure, including issuance of additional debt or equity to the public;	
		
•	changes in the valuation methodology of, or performance by, other e-commerce or technology companies; and	
		
•	transactions in our common stock by major investors and certain analyst reports, news, and speculation.	

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Volatility in our stock price could adversely affect our business and financing opportunities and force us to increase our cash compensation to employees or grant larger stock awards than we have historically, which could hurt our operating results or reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders, or both.
Government Regulation Is Evolving and Unfavorable Changes Could Harm Our Business
We are subject to general business regulations and laws, as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the Internet, physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail, digital content, web services, electronic devices, artificial intelligence technologies and services, and other products and services that we offer or sell. These regulations and laws cover taxation, privacy, data protection, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, transportation, mobile communications, electronic device certification, electronic waste, energy consumption, environmental regulation, electronic contracts and other communications, competition, consumer protection, employment, trade and protectionist measures, web services, the provision of online payment services, registration, licensing, and information reporting requirements, unencumbered Internet access to our services or access to our facilities, the design and operation of websites, health, safety, and sanitation standards, the characteristics, legality, and quality of products and services, product labeling, the commercial operation of unmanned aircraft systems, and other matters. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, libel, data protection, and personal privacy apply to aspects of our operations such as the Internet, e-commerce, digital content, web services, electronic devices, and artificial intelligence technologies and services. A large number of jurisdictions regulate our operations, and the extent, nature, and scope of such regulations is evolving and expanding as the scope of our businesses expand. We are regularly subject to formal and informal reviews and investigations by governments and regulatory authorities under existing laws, regulations, or interpretations or pursuing new and novel approaches to regulate our operations. For example, the European Commission announced that it has opened an investigation to assess whether aspects of our operations with marketplace sellers violate EU competition rules. Unfavorable regulations, laws, decisions, or interpretations by government or regulatory authorities applying those laws and regulations, or inquiries, investigations, or enforcement actions threatened or initiated by them, could cause us to incur substantial costs, expose us to unanticipated civil and criminal liability or penalties (including substantial monetary fines), diminish the demand for, or availability of, our products and services, increase our cost of doing business, require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, damage our reputation, impede our growth, or otherwise have a material effect on our operations.
Claims, Litigation, Government Investigations, and Other Proceedings May Adversely Affect Our Business and Results of Operations
As an innovative company offering a wide range of consumer and business products and services around the world, we are regularly subject to actual and threatened claims, litigation, reviews, investigations, and other proceedings, including proceedings by governments and regulatory authorities, involving a wide range of issues, including patent and other intellectual property matters, taxes, labor and employment, competition and antitrust, privacy and data protection, consumer protection, commercial disputes, goods and services offered by us and by third parties, and other matters. The number and scale of these proceedings have increased over time as our businesses have expanded in scope and geographic reach and our products, services, and operations have become more complex and available to, and used by, more people. Any of these types of proceedings can have an adverse effect on us because of legal costs, disruption of our operations, diversion of management resources, negative publicity, and other factors. The outcomes of these matters are inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. Determining legal reserves or possible losses from such matters involves judgment and may not reflect the full range of uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes. Until the final resolution of such matters, we may be exposed to losses in excess of the amount recorded, and such amounts could be material. Should any of our estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, it could have a material effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In addition, it is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings, including as a result of a settlement, could involve licenses, sanctions, consent decrees, or orders requiring us to make substantial future payments, preventing us from offering certain products or services, requiring us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, requiring development of non-infringing or otherwise altered products or technologies, damaging our reputation, or otherwise having a material effect on our operations.

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We Face Additional Tax Liabilities and Collection Obligations
We are subject to a variety of taxes and tax collection obligations in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We may recognize additional tax expense and be subject to additional tax liabilities, including other liabilities for tax collection obligations due to changes in laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions. Such changes could come about as a result of economic, political, and other conditions. An increasing number of jurisdictions are considering or have adopted laws or administrative practices that impose new tax measures, including revenue-based taxes, targeting online commerce and the remote selling of goods and services. These include new obligations to collect sales, consumption, value added, or other taxes on online marketplaces and remote sellers, or other requirements that may result in liability for third party obligations. For example, the European Union, certain member states, and other countries have proposed or enacted taxes on online advertising and marketplace service revenues. Our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely effected by additional taxes of this nature imposed on us prospectively or retroactively or additional taxes or penalties resulting from the failure to comply with any collection obligations or failure to provide information about our customers, suppliers, and other third parties for tax reporting purposes to various government agencies. In some cases we also may not have sufficient notice to enable us to build systems and adopt processes to properly comply with new reporting or collection obligations by the effective date.
Our tax expense and liabilities are also affected by other factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes to our forecasts of income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, and changes in our tax assets and liabilities and their valuation. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our tax expense and liabilities.
We are also subject to tax controversies in various jurisdictions that can result in tax assessments against us. Developments in an audit, investigation, or other tax controversy can have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these proceedings to determine the adequacy of our tax accruals. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of audits, investigations, and any other tax controversies could be materially different from our historical tax accruals.
Our Supplier Relationships Subject Us to a Number of Risks
We have significant suppliers, including content and technology licensors, and in some cases, limited or single-sources of supply, that are important to our sourcing, services, manufacturing, and any related ongoing servicing of merchandise and content. We do not have long-term arrangements with most of our suppliers to guarantee availability of merchandise, content, components, or services, particular payment terms, or the extension of credit limits. Decisions by our current suppliers to stop selling or licensing merchandise, content, components, or services to us on acceptable terms, or delay delivery, including as a result of one or more supplier bankruptcies due to poor economic conditions, as a result of natural disasters, or for other reasons, may result in our being unable to procure alternatives from other suppliers in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, violations by our suppliers or other vendors of applicable laws, regulations, contractual terms, intellectual property rights of others, or our Supply Chain Standards, as well as products or practices regarded as unethical, unsafe, or hazardous, could expose us to claims, damage our reputation, limit our growth, and negatively affect our operating results.
We Are Subject to Risks Related to Government Contracts and Related Procurement Regulations
Our contracts with U.S., as well as state, local, and foreign, government entities are subject to various procurement regulations and other requirements relating to their formation, administration, and performance. We are subject to audits and investigations relating to our government contracts, and any violations could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contract, refunding or suspending of payments, forfeiture of profits, payment of fines, and suspension or debarment from future government business. In addition, some of these contracts provide for termination by the government at any time, without cause.
We Are Subject to Product Liability Claims When People or Property Are Harmed by the Products We Sell or Manufacture
Some of the products we sell or manufacture expose us to product liability or food safety claims relating to personal injury or illness, death, or environmental or property damage, and can require product recalls or other actions. Third parties who sell products using our services and stores increase our exposure to product liability claims, such as when these sellers do

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not have sufficient protection from such claims. Although we maintain liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Although we impose contractual terms on sellers that are intended to prohibit sales of certain type of products, we may not be able to detect, enforce, or collect sufficient damages for breaches of such agreements. In addition, some of our agreements with our vendors and sellers do not indemnify us from product liability.
We Are Subject to Payments-Related Risks
We accept payments using a variety of methods, including credit card, debit card, credit accounts (including promotional financing), gift cards, direct debit from a customer’s bank account, consumer invoicing, physical bank check, and payment upon delivery. For existing and future payment options we offer to our customers, we currently are subject to, and may become subject to additional, regulations and compliance requirements (including obligations to implement enhanced authentication processes that could result in significant costs and reduce the ease of use of our payments products), as well as fraud. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower profitability. We rely on third parties to provide certain Amazon-branded payment methods and payment processing services, including the processing of credit cards, debit cards, electronic checks, and promotional financing. In each case, it could disrupt our business if these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us. We also offer co-branded credit card programs, which could adversely affect our operating results if renewed on less favorable terms or terminated. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules, including data security rules, certification requirements, and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. Failure to comply with these rules or requirements, as well as any breach, compromise, or failure to otherwise detect or prevent fraudulent activity involving our data security systems, could result in our being liable for card issuing banks’ costs, subject to fines and higher transaction fees, and loss of our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers, process electronic funds transfers, or facilitate other types of online payments, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
In addition, we provide regulated services in certain jurisdictions because we enable customers to keep account balances with us and transfer money to third parties, and because we provide services to third parties to facilitate payments on their behalf. Jurisdictions subject us to requirements for licensing, regulatory inspection, bonding and capital maintenance, the use, handling, and segregation of transferred funds, consumer disclosures, maintaining or processing data, and authentication. We are also subject to or voluntarily comply with a number of other laws and regulations relating to payments, money laundering, international money transfers, privacy and information security, and electronic fund transfers. If we were found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to additional requirements and civil and criminal penalties, or forced to cease providing certain services.
We Are Impacted by Fraudulent or Unlawful Activities of Sellers
The law relating to the liability of online service providers is currently unsettled. In addition, governmental agencies have in the past and could in the future require changes in the way this business is conducted. Under our seller programs, we maintain policies and processes designed to prevent sellers from collecting payments, fraudulently or otherwise, when buyers never receive the products they ordered or when the products received are materially different from the sellers’ descriptions, and to prevent sellers in our stores or through other stores from selling unlawful, counterfeit, pirated, or stolen goods, selling goods in an unlawful or unethical manner, violating the proprietary rights of others, or otherwise violating our policies. When these policies and processes are circumvented or fail to operate sufficiently, it can harm our business or damage our reputation and we could face civil or criminal liability for unlawful activities by our sellers. Under our A2Z Guarantee, we reimburse buyers for payments up to certain limits in these situations, and as our third-party seller sales grow, the cost of this program will increase and could negatively affect our operating results.

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Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	
None.

	
		
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	
None.

	
		
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	
Not applicable.

	
		
Item 5.	Other Information	

Disclosure Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act
We determined that, between January 2012 and March 2020, we processed and delivered orders of consumer products for certain individuals and entities located outside Iran covered by the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act (“ITRA”), in addition to those we have previously disclosed, as follows: consumer products valued at approximately $10,900 for individuals who may have been acting for 13 Iranian embassies and diplomatic organizations located in countries other than Iran; consumer products valued at approximately $18,300 for individuals who may have been acting for four entities owned or controlled by the Iranian government; and consumer products valued at approximately $2,700 for individuals who may have been acting for seven entities designated under Executive Order 13224 or Executive Order 13382, three of which are owned or controlled by the Iranian government. The consumer products included books, other media, apparel, home and kitchen, jewelry, health and beauty, office, toys, consumer electronics, lawn and patio, automotive, musical instruments, software, grocery, and pet products. We are unable to accurately calculate the net profit attributable to these transactions. We do not plan to continue selling to these accounts in the future. Our review is ongoing and we are enhancing our processes designed to identify transactions associated with individuals and entities covered by the ITRA.

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Item 6.	Exhibits	

			
Exhibit
Number	 	Description	
 	 	 	
3.1	 	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter ended March 31, 2000).	
 	 	 	
3.2	 	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 25, 2016).	
 	 	 	
31.1	 	Certification of Jeffrey P. Bezos, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.	
 	 	 	
31.2	 	Certification of Brian T. Olsavsky, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.	
 	 	 	
32.1	 	Certification of Jeffrey P. Bezos, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.	
 	 	 	
32.2	 	Certification of Brian T. Olsavsky, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.	
 	 	 	
101	 	The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Balance Sheets, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.	
 	 	 	
104	 	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).	

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	
			
 	AMAZON.COM, INC. (REGISTRANT)	
 	 	 	
 	By:	/s/ Shelley L. Reynolds	
 	 	Shelley L. Reynolds	
 	 	Vice President, Worldwide Controller	
 	 	(Principal Accounting Officer)	
Dated: April 30, 2020

46

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Jeffrey P. Bezos, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of Amazon.com, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	
		
 	/s/ Jeffrey P. Bezos	
 	Jeffrey P. Bezos	
 	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	
 	(Principal Executive Officer)	
Date: April 30, 2020

Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Brian T. Olsavsky, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of Amazon.com, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	
		
 	/s/ Brian T. Olsavsky	
 	Brian T. Olsavsky	
 	Senior Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer	
 	(Principal Financial Officer)	
Date: April 30, 2020

Exhibit 32.1
Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Amazon.com, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on or about the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jeffrey P. Bezos, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

	
		
 	/s/ Jeffrey P. Bezos	
 	Jeffrey P. Bezos	
 	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	
 	(Principal Executive Officer)	
Date: April 30, 2020

Exhibit 32.2
Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Amazon.com, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on or about the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Brian T. Olsavsky, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

	
		
 	/s/ Brian T. Olsavsky	
 	Brian T. Olsavsky	
 	Senior Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer	
 	(Principal Financial Officer)	
Date: April 30, 2020