UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-K
 
FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the Transition Period from               to              
Commission file number 000-24612
 
ADTRAN, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	 	63-0918200	
(State of Incorporation)	 	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)	
 	 	 	
901 Explorer Boulevard	 	 	
Huntsville, Alabama 35806-2807	 	(256) 963-8000	
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)	 	(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)	
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of Each Class:	 	Name of Each Exchange on which Registered	
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	 	NASDAQ Global Select Market	
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes   ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act.    Yes   ☐     No   ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ☒     No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)
 
Large Accelerated Filer	 	☒	 	Accelerated Filer	 	☐	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Non-accelerated Filer	 	☐	 	Smaller Reporting Company	 	☐	
Emerging growth company	 	☐	 	 	 	 	
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐     No   ☒
 The aggregate market value of the registrant's outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2017 was $979,857,575 based on a closing market price of $20.65 as quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.  There were 48,424,089 shares of common stock outstanding as of February 8, 2018.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 9, 2018 are incorporated herein by reference in Part III.

 

ADTRAN, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017
Table of Contents
 
Item
Number	 	 	 	Page
Number	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	PART I	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
1.	 	Business	 	2	
 	 	 	 	 	
1A.	 	Risk Factors	 	11	
 	 	 	 	 	
1B.	 	Unresolved Staff Comments	 	25	
 	 	 	 	 	
2.	 	Properties	 	25	
 	 	 	 	 	
3.	 	Legal Proceedings	 	25	
 	 	 	 	 	
4.	 	Mine Safety Disclosures	 	25	
 	 	 	 	 	
4A.	 	Executive Officers of the Registrant	 	26	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	PART II	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
5.	 	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	 	27	
 	 	 	 	 	
6.	 	Selected Financial Data	 	28	
 	 	 	 	 	
7.	 	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	 	29	
 	 	 	 	 	
7A.	 	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	 	44	
 	 	 	 	 	
8.	 	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	 	45	
 	 	 	 	 	
9.	 	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	 	84	
 	 	 	 	 	
9A.	 	Controls and Procedures	 	84	
 	 	 	 	 	
9B.	 	Other Information	 	84	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	PART III	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
10.	 	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	 	85	
 	 	 	 	 	
11.	 	Executive Compensation	 	85	
 	 	 	 	 	
12.	 	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	 	85	
 	 	 	 	 	
13.	 	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	 	85	
 	 	 	 	 	
14.	 	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	 	85	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	PART IV	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
15.	 	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	 	86	
 	 	 	 	 	
16.	 	Form 10-K Summary	 	88	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	SIGNATURES	 	89	

 
1

 PAR T I
ITEM 1.	 BUSINESS	
 
Overview
ADTRAN, Inc. (ADTRAN) is a leading global provider of networking and communications equipment. Our solutions enable voice, data, video and Internet communications across a variety of network infrastructures. These solutions are deployed by many of the United States’ and the world’s largest communications service providers (CSPs), distributed enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses, public and private enterprises, and millions of individual users worldwide.
 
We were incorporated under the laws of Delaware in November 1985, and commenced operations in January 1986. We are headquartered in Cummings Research Park in Huntsville, Alabama. The mailing address at our headquarters is 901 Explorer Boulevard, Huntsville, Alabama, 35806. The telephone number at this location is (256) 963-8000.
 
Network Solutions
Network Solutions includes software and hardware products that enable CSPs and enterprise customers to realize a fully connected world. CSPs are now being challenged to deliver Gigabit-enabled residential services, widely available high-bandwidth cloud connectivity services for enterprise customers, and scalable Ethernet and optical networking for mobile backhaul and data center connectivity. These needs are driving CSPs to transition their networks to a fiber-rich, cloud-controlled and software-defined future state for large-scale converged service delivery.
 
We are focused on being a top global supplier of Access infrastructure and related value-added solutions from the Cloud Edge to the Subscriber Edge. We offer a broad portfolio of flexible hardware and software network solutions that enable CSPs to meet today’s service demands, while enabling them to transition to the fully converged, scalable, highly automated, cloud-controlled voice, data, Internet and video network of the future.
 
We are accelerating the industry’s transition to open, programmable, scalable networks. The ADTRAN Mosaic TM Software-Defined Access (SD-Access) architecture combines modern Web-scale technologies with open-source platforms to facilitate rapid innovation in multi-technology, multi-vendor environments. The Mosaic cloud platform and Mosaic OS, combined with programmable network elements, provide operators with a highly agile, open-services architecture. This allows operators to better compete with Web-scale competition by reducing the time and cost to on-board new service, technologies and best-of-breed suppliers as they strive to reduce operational costs while creating and deploying differentiated product offerings. Our products and services provide solutions supporting fiber- and copper-based infrastructures and a growing number of wireless and coax-based solutions, lowering the overall cost to deploy advanced services across a wide range of applications.
 
To further the goal of accelerating the industry’s path to SD-Access, we launched our Mosaic Open Networking Alliance to foster the widespread development and industry adoption of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) solutions based on open standards. The Alliance includes two levels of engagement, the first of which comprises Collaboration Members committed to joint innovation, collaboration, insight and knowledge sharing. The second tier includes Integration Members, a community of partners who will integrate with or work within the Mosaic framework. This involves Technology Partners focused on delivering innovative programmable network functions and service partners delivering managed services, system integration and other network operation requirements.
 
Services & Support
To complement our Network Solutions portfolio and to enable our customers to accelerate time to market, reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction, we offer a complete portfolio of maintenance, turnkey network implementation, maintenance, solutions integration and managed services. ADTRAN Professional Services enables CSPs to increase their service velocity, while providing higher customer satisfaction. Our proven nationwide system of resources effectively addresses our customers’ unique requirements. Our network implementation services offer a full spectrum of services related to engineering (pre-construction), installation/turn-up (construction), and provisioning (post-construction), partnering with customers to tailor a program to each specific service delivery need.

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We also o ffer a full spectrum of professional services under the ProServices® umbrella. ADTRAN ProServices is a comprehensive and flexible service program designed to offer complete networking lifecycle support. The ProServices portfolio consists of three distinct service offerings: ProStart® (planning and implementation), ProCare® (maintenance and support), and ProCloud® (cloud-based managed services). Our maintenance services are specifically designed to protect customers' networks from unnecessary downtime throug h services such as managed spares, and remote or on-site technical support beyond our standard warranty coverage. Our ProCare® program, which is available to all of our customers, guarantees priority access to technical support engineers. Five different ma intenance programs ranging from five-days-a-week, eight-hours-a-day and next business day equipment replacement to seven-days-a-week, 24-hours-a-day, and equipment replacement within four hours of notification are offered. In addition to protecting our cus tomers’ network, ProCare provides resalable service value designed for the end-user customer. ProCloud offers the same maintenance benefits of ProCare, as well as a full suite of cloud-based network solutions that are easily deployable. These offerings hav e enabled us to provide resalable service offerings to help build a successful recurring revenue model with exceptional flexibility. Our Network Care Plans provide peace of mind, knowing that any issues will be identified, addressed and rectified as quickl y as possible. Network Care Plans offer prioritized remote or on-site support, after-hours emergency support, advanced replacement, early access to software patches and upgrades, as well as bundled training and network management vouchers with the option o f Element Management as part of the support plan.
 
Our Solutions Integration offerings include the new SD-Access Accelerator and Resident Engineering services. These solutions enable service providers to explore the benefits of SD-Access without impacting their network. Simply stated, the SD-Access Accelerator includes system integration services with a compact, R-CORD pod. This fully functional SD-Access system enables service providers to cost-effectively perform functional testing, develop transition plans, access a variety of applications and environments and evaluate fully functional disaggregated solutions. Our resident engineering services provide an on-site ADTRAN engineer, whose goal is to drive customer success by serving as the single point of contact for product knowledge, on-going network troubleshooting, and technical expertise enabling service providers to gain a strategic competitive advantage from our products.
 
Revenue Categories
In addition to reporting our Network Solutions and Services & Support segments, we report revenue across three categories – Access & Aggregation, Customer Devices, and Traditional & Other Products.
Access & Aggregation solutions are used by CSPs to connect their network infrastructure to their subscribers. This category includes software and hardware-based products and services that aggregate and/or originate access technologies. The portfolio of ADTRAN solutions within this category includes a wide array of modular or fixed physical form factors designed to deliver the best technology and economic fit based on the target subscriber density and environmental conditions.
The Access & Aggregation category includes product and service families such as:
 
 	•	Mosaic branded network management and subscriber services control and orchestration software within a SD-Access architecture	
 	•	SDX series of SDN-controlled programmable network elements that form the hardware components within a SD-Access architecture	
 	•	Total Access® 5000 Series Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) and Fiber to the Node (FTTN) Multi-Service Access Nodes (MSAN)	
 	•	hiX 5600 Series fiber aggregation and FTTN MSAN	
 	•	Fiber to the Distribution Point (FTTdp) Gfast Optical Network Units (ONU)	
 	•	GPON, EPON and 10G PON Optical Line Terminals (OLT)	
 	•	Optical Networking Edge (ONE) aggregation	
 	•	IP-based Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs)	
 	•	Cabinet and Outside-Plant (OSP) enclosures and services	
 	•	Pluggable optical transceivers (i.e., SFP, SFP+, XFP, QSFP), cables and other miscellaneous materials	
 	•	Planning, engineering, program management, maintenance, installation and commissioning services to implement customer network solutions	
 	•	Other products and services that are generally applicable to Access & Aggregation	
 
3

Customer Devices includes our products and services that p rovide end users access to CSP networks. Our Customer Devices portfolio includes a comprehensive array of service provider and enterprise hardware and software products and services.
The Customer Devices category includes products and services such as:
 	•	Broadband customer premises solutions, including Passive Optical Network (PON) and point-to-point Ethernet Optical Network Terminals (ONTs)	
 	•	Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) MicroNodes	
 	•	Residential and business gateways	
 	•	Wi-Fi access points and associated powering and switching infrastructure	
 	•	Enterprise Session Border Controllers (eSBC)	
 	•	Branch office and access routers	
 	•	Carrier Ethernet services termination devices	
 	•	Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) media gateways	
 	•	ProServices pre-sale and post-sale technical support	
 	•	Planning, engineering, program management, maintenance, installation and commissioning services to implement customer devices solutions into consumer, small business and enterprise locations	
 	•	Other products and services that are generally applicable to customer devices	
Traditional & Other Products generally includes a mix of prior-generation technologies’ products and services, as well as other products and services that do not fit within the Access & Aggregation or Customer Devices categories.
The Traditional & Other Products category includes products and services such as:
 	•	Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)-based aggregation systems and customer devices	
 	•	HDSL, ADSL and other mature technologies used to deliver business and residential services over the CSP access and customer networks	
 	•	Other products and services that do not fit within the Access & Aggregation and Customer Devices categories	
 
Access & Aggregation
We have more than 30 years of expert domain experience in the access network. We understand the transformative effects of broadband. We have seen time and time again how this technology transforms communities, rebuilds urban centers, revitalizes schools, stimulates economic growth and delivers innovative residential and business services . We have enabled hundreds of Gigabit communities across the United States. These communities are now seeing the true benefits of this technology and its impact on education, health care and economic development.
 
Simply stated, our Access & Aggregation solutions enable CSPs to connect to their customers. It was not that long ago that just having Internet connection was enough. Now that the Internet has become engrained in all aspects of our everyday lives, customers want high-speed broadband connectivity everywhere, all the time. We are enabling CSPs to meet this demand with a unique portfolio of innovative solutions. These products enable CSPs to maximize their current network investment while transitioning to next-generation virtualized networks.
 
Our market leadership is exemplified by our leading global position in hardened OSPs and our serving as a key provider for the world’s largest vectoring deployments. We are leading the introduction of industry-leading technology innovations like NGPON2 and XGS-PON, supporting multi-Gigabit per second services over fiber, and Gfast, supporting Gigabit services over existing phone lines and TV cabling, all supporting the enablement of Gigabit communities.

4

Next-Gen Passive Optical Network (PON) technologies will enable access speeds up to 10 times that of existing FTTP technologies, providing the network scale and agility needed to support a Web-scale world. The primary value of Next-Gen PON technologies like NG-PON2 and XGS-PON is the ability to serve a mix of residential, business and backhaul services over a common network. Next-Gen PON enables operators to double the life of their fiber investment.
 
Gfast is quickly gaining momentum among CSPs for its ability to enable Gigabit speeds over existing phone and TV infrastructure. We are a leader in the development of this technology and have been selected for five nationwide Gfast commercial deployments across six continents.
 
VDSL2 vectoring has become the fastest growing product in our company’s history, shipping over 10 million ports in less than three years. This advanced broadband technology supports the world’s regulatory goals for broadband penetration including ultra-fast broadband speeds over existing infrastructure. This drastically reduces zoning issues, build delays and tenant disruption, helping to advance the Gigabit Society. Super-Vectoring offers three times the broadband capacity of vectoring.
 
SDN and NFV are two key network architectural approaches that are enabling service providers and enterprises to create more agile, programmable networks. SDN enables highly scalable network programmability to facilitate service automation. NFV virtualizes functions typically performed in proprietary hardware and moves them into software functions that run on general-purpose hardware. The combination of these two technologies enables user-driven networks where subscribers can self-activate a wide range of sophisticated on-demand services without having to engage the CSP.
 
ADTRAN Mosaic™ is the industry’s most open and complete Software Defined Access (SD-Access) solution that natively integrates a complete FTTx portfolio with an open-source SDN controller. It is also the most awarded SD-Access solution in the industry with 13 industry awards. This breakthrough innovation is the first to market and supports the rapid service creation and delivery of broadband and business services at Web-scale. This solution is anchored by the Mosaic Cloud Platform (CP) and the Mosaic Operating System (OS). The Mosaic CP is built on an open, micro-services architecture that provides network management and SDN orchestration for the entire access network, from the cloud edge to the subscriber edge. It unlocks control and management functions from the underlying network elements, enabling a more flexible, agile services delivery environment. This provides a framework to support user-driven service models and a platform to deploy new network applications. Our Mosaic OS provides a consistent and field-proven feature set across a broad spectrum of network elements and access technologies. Its modular software architecture enables service providers to rapidly on-board new access technologies and introduce disruptive operational efficiencies while creating revenue-generating, on-demand applications across their entire access network.
 
We are focused on building next-generation access components with open, programmable application programming interfaces (APIs) allowing them to be natively integrated into any leading open source SDN control and orchestration system. To facilitate this approach, We are co-chairing the Broadband Forum’s SDN and NFV Work Area which is in the process of defining a common set of APIs for broadband access equipment.
 
 The cable/multiple-service operator (cable/MSO) market represents a growing portion of the fixed broadband access industry. In September 2016, we acquired key fiber access products, technologies and service relationships from a third party. These solutions, combined with our organic fiber access product portfolio and our distributed access expertise, present new opportunities in the cable/MSO market. As cable/MSOs define their technology future, the concept of fiber deep and distributed access take on more prominence. Fiber deep is a strategy of pushing fiber deeper into the access network. This approach hinges on distributing broadband access electronics in the outdoors, hanging from poles, overhead lines or in small pits along walkways. Over 20 years of telco market fiber-to-the-node deployment experience has allowed us to become an expert in deploying these challenging distributed access architectures. Fiber deep and distributed access architectures are all centered on giving cable/MSOs the technology architectures required for their relevancy in the Gigabit age and laying the path to a software-defined future.
 
Customer Devices
The Customer Devices portfolio includes a comprehensive array of CSP and enterprise hardware and software products and services typically found at the end-user premises that are used to terminate services from a CSP. Products in this category include our broadband fiber ONTs, RFoG micronodes, routers, switches, Wi-Fi access points and enterprise session border controllers. This category also includes our ProServices offerings that are discussed in detail under Services & Support.

5

We provide a unique advantage in that we are one of the only companies in the information and communications t echnology industry that offer products spanning from the CSP demarcation point to the desktop and beyond. We offer a broad array of business networking solutions, from appliance-based to virtualized, including optical fiber, copper and coax, which enable s ervice differentiation and network monetization, while reducing operating expenses for our customers.
 
Our portfolio includes solutions, such as IP business gateways and access routers that provide businesses access to CSP networks, and enterprise communications solutions that enable businesses to construct voice, data and video networks at a single site or among distributed sites. These products are sold through CSPs as part of bundled business services or through our network of Value-Added-Resellers (VARs), managed service providers (MSPs) and system integrators.
Our ONTs are designed to address the fiber access market with industry-leading voice, data and video capabilities. These ONTs include both indoor and outdoor models for residential and business applications. With several different series of GPON, EPON and Active Ethernet ONTs, carriers can benefit from high data rates of fiber optic transmission and the flexibility offered by our portfolio of Ethernet-based systems that can be easily configured for new, customized service offerings.
 
Traditional & Other Products
These products generally utilize legacy technologies such as HDSL, ADSL, TDM, or ATM, and represent a prior generation of a current product or are products that do not fit under either Access & Aggregation or Customer Devices.
 
Customers
We have a diverse customer base that includes Tier 1, 2 and 3 CSPs, cable MSOs and distributed enterprises. M ajor CSPs and many smaller providers typically require product approval prior to adopting a vendor's products for use in their networks. We are involved in a constant process of submitting new and succeeding generations of products for approval.
 
Two customers, CenturyLink, Inc. and Deutsche Telekom, AG, individually comprised more than 10 percent of our revenue in 2017. The revenues from these customers are reported in both the Network Solutions and Services & Support segments.
 For a discussion of risks associated with customers, CSPs and approval processes, see “Risk Factors – The lengthy sales and a   pproval process required by major and other CSPs for new products could result in fluctuations in our revenue,” “Risk Factors – We depend heavily on sales to certain customers; the loss of any of these customers would significantly reduce our revenues and net income,” and “Risk Factors – Consolidation and deterioration in the Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) market could result in a significant decrease in our revenue,” in Item 1A of this report.
Distribution, Sales and Marketing
We sell our products globally through our direct sales organization and our distribution network. Our direct sales organization supports major accounts and has offices in a number of domestic and international locations. Sales to most competitive CSPs and independent telephone companies are fulfilled through a combination of direct sales and major technology distribution companies.
 
Before placing any orders, CSPs typically require lengthy product qualification and standardization processes that can extend for several months or years. Once approved, product orders are typically placed under single or multi-year supply agreements that are generally not subject to minimum volume commitments. CSPs generally prefer having two or more suppliers for most products, so individual orders are usually subject to competition based on some combination of total value, service, price, delivery and other terms.
 
End-user focused products are fulfilled through a combination of direct sales and major technology distribution companies. This is supported by a direct sales organization for major accounts and a channel-based sales organization to facilitate sales to our partners. MSPs, VARs and system integrators may be affiliated with the company as a channel partner, or they may purchase from a distributor in an unaffiliated fashion. Affiliated partners participate with us at various program levels, based on sales volume and other factors, to receive benefits such as product discounts, market development funds, technical support and training. We maintain field offices worldwide to support direct sales, distributors, MSPs, VARs and system integrators.
Outside of the United States, most CSP products are sold through our direct sales organization and end-user products are sold direct or through distribution arrangements customized for each region. Each region is supported by a field office that offers sales and support functions, and in some cases, warehousing and manufacturing support.

6

Our field sales organizations, distributors, and CSP customers r eceive support from regional-based marketing, sales and customer support groups. Under certain circumstances, other headquarters personnel may be involved in sales and other activities.
 
Our services offerings can be purchased directly from us, or through one of our CSPs, channel partners or distribution partners.
 
Research and Development
Rapidly changing technologies, evolving industry standards, changing customer requirements, and continuing developments in communications service offerings characterize the markets for our products. Our on-going ability to adapt to these changes and to develop new and enhanced products that meet or anticipate market demand is a significant factor influencing our competitive position and our prospects for growth.
 
During 2017, 2016 and 2015, product development expenditures totaled $130.4 million, $124.8 million and $129.9 million, respectively. Our product development activities are an important part of our strategy. We plan to maintain an emphasis on product development each year to respond to rapidly changing technology and evolving industry standards.
 
We strive to deliver innovative network access solutions that lower the total cost of deploying services, increase the level of performance achievable with established infrastructures, reduce operating and capital expense for our customers, increase network bandwidth and functionality, and extend network reach. Our development process is conducted in accordance with ISO 9001, TL 9000, and ISO 14001, which are international standards for quality and environmental management systems.
 
While we develop most of our products internally, in some cases, we license intellectual property (IP) or use Original Design Manufacturer (ODM) partners across certain products. Internal development on advanced technology products gives us more control over design and manufacturing issues, while for traditional designs, ODM and/or licensed IP gives us the ability to leverage the economies of scale of our technology partners. This balanced approach to product development ensures we provide a “best-in-class” approach to our customers.
 
As we continue to create more software-based IP, such as our SDN/NFV portfolio, our use of “Lean Agile Enterprise” ensures we remain responsive and customer-focused. This enables continuous delivery so we can deliver products faster and more economically to our customers and the market.
 
Our ability to continually reduce product costs is an important part of our overall business strategy. Our product development efforts are often centered on entering a market with improved technology, allowing us to offer products at competitive prices. We then compete for market share. We continually re-engineer successive generations of the product to improve our product costs.
 
Product development activities focus on products to support both existing and emerging communications industry technologies in segments of our markets that we consider viable revenue opportunities. We are actively engaged in developing and refining technologies to support data, voice, and video transport primarily over IP/Ethernet network architectures. This includes Ethernet aggregation, fiber optic transport and access, DSL access, access routing, Ethernet switching, wireless LANs, integrated access, converged services, VoIP, network management and professional services.
 
A centralized research function supports product development efforts throughout the company. This group provides guidance to our various product design and engineering teams in digital signal processing technologies, computer simulation and modeling, CAD/CAM tool sets, custom semiconductor design, optical transceiver design, industry standards and technological forecasting.
 
Many communications issues, processes and technologies are governed by Standards Development Organizations (SDOs). These SDOs consist of representatives from various manufacturers, CSPs and testing laboratories working to establish specifications and compliance guidelines for emerging communications technologies. We are an active participant in several SDOs and have assisted with the development of worldwide standards in many technologies.

7

Our SDO activities are primarily in the area of broadband access. This includes involvement with the ITU-Telecommunications sector (ITU-T), ATIS, ETSI, NICC (UK Interoperability Standards), and the Broadband Forum (BBF). We are involved in the evolution of optical access technologies, participating in activities in the ITU-T, FSAN, IEEE and BBF on next-generation PON. We are also invo lved in standards development efforts related to maximizing the bandwidth potential of the copper pair to enable new applications. We continue to be involved with the industry-wide interoperability, performance testing, and system-level projects related to those standards in the BBF and are leading the work in the BBF to specify the application of SDN and NFV in the access network. We are also members of ATIS, MEF, Open Compute Project, Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA) and the ETSI Network Functions Virtualization Indu stry Specification Group (NFV-ISG).
 
For a discussion of risks associated with our research and development activities, see “Risk Factors – We must continue to update and improve our products and develop new products in order to compete and to keep pace with improvements in communications technology” and “Risk Factors – We engage in research and development activities to improve the application of developed technologies, and as a consequence may miss certain market opportunities enjoyed by larger companies with substantially greater research and development efforts who may focus on more leading edge development,” in Item 1A of this report.
 
Manufacturing and Operations
The principal steps in our manufacturing process include the purchase and management of materials, assembly, testing, final inspection, packing, and shipping. We purchase parts and components for the assembly of some products from a large number of suppliers through a worldwide sourcing program. Additionally, we manage a process which identifies the components that are best purchased directly by contract manufacturers for use in the assembly of our products to achieve manufacturing efficiency, quality and cost objectives. Certain key components used in our products are currently available from a single source, and other key components are available from only a limited number of sources. In the past, we have experienced delays in the receipt of certain key components, which has resulted in delays in related product deliveries. We attempt to manage these risks through developing alternative sources, by staging inventories at strategic locations, through engineering efforts designed to obviate the necessity of certain components, and by maintaining close contact and building long-term relationships with our suppliers.
 
We rely on subcontractors for assembly and testing of certain printed circuit board assemblies, sub-assemblies, chassis, enclosures and equipment shelves, and to purchase some of the raw materials used in such assemblies. We typically manufacture our lower-volume, higher-mix product assemblies at our manufacturing site in Huntsville, Alabama. We build and test new product prototypes and many of our initial production units for our products in Huntsville, and we later transfer the production of higher-volume, lower-mix assemblies to our subcontractors. Subcontract assembly operations can lengthen fulfillment cycle times, but we believe we can respond more rapidly to uncertainties in incoming order rates by selecting assembly subcontractors that have significant reserve capacity and flexibility. Our subcontractors have proven to be flexible and able to meet our quality requirements. We conduct the majority of transactions with our foreign suppliers in United States currency.
 
We ship the majority of products to our U.S. customers from our facilities in Huntsville, Alabama, although we also fulfill customer orders from other locations near our customers' sites. The majority of our products shipped to EMEA customers come from locations in that region. We also ship directly from subcontractors to a number of customers in the U.S. and international locations. Most of our facilities are certified pursuant to the most current releases of ISO 9001, TL 9000, and ISO 14001. Our Huntsville facilities and many of our key suppliers are U.S. Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) certified. Our products are also certified to certain other telephone company standards, including those relating to emission of electromagnetic energy and safety specifications.
 
For a discussion of risks associated with manufacturing activities, see “Risk Factors – Our strategy of outsourcing a portion of our manufacturing requirements to subcontractors located in various international regions may result in us not meeting our cost, quality or performance standards” and “Risk Factors – Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and key components may prevent us from delivering our products on a timely basis, which could have a material adverse effect on customer relations and operating results,” in Item 1A of this report.
 
Competition
We compete in markets for networking and communications services and solutions for CSPs, businesses, government agencies and other organizations worldwide. Our products and services provide solutions supporting voice, data and video communications across fiber-, copper- and wireless-based infrastructure, as well as across wide area networks, local area networks, and the Internet.

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The markets for our product s are intensely competitive, and numerous competitors exist in each of our product segments. These competitive conditions have resulted in competitor consolidations, bankruptcies and liquidations. Consumer acceptance of alternative communications technolog ies such as coaxial cable through cable/MSOs and cellular-based wireless services that compete with our products has grown in recent years. Our development of 10G EPON and RFoG products better positions us to compete in the MSO market. Competition might fu rther increase if new technologies emerge, new companies enter the market, or existing competitors expand their product lines.
 
We compete with a number of companies in the markets we serve. Key competitors in our core broadband access market include Arris, Calix, Inc., Ciena Corporation, Huawei Technologies, Nokia, DASAN Zhone Solutions and ZTE Corporation. In the customer devices market, our primary competitors include Arris, Calix, Inc., Cisco, Edgewater Networks, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and Ubiquiti Networks. In addition to these OEM vendors, we face increasing competition from various ODM vendors who are being engaged directly by some of our service provider customers. Some of these companies compete in a single product segment, while others compete across multiple product lines.
 
Competitors of our Services & Support business include Ericsson, Fujitsu Network Communications, Nokia and Calix, Inc.
 
For further discussion of risks associated with our competition, see “Risk Factors – We must continue to update and improve our products and develop new products in order to compete and to keep pace with improvements in communications technology” and “Risk Factors – We compete in markets that have become increasingly competitive, which may result in reduced gross profit margins and market share,” in Item 1A of this report.
 
Seasonality
We have experienced quarterly fluctuations in customer activity due to seasonal considerations. We typically experience reductions in order volume toward the beginning and end of the calendar year, which may result in lower revenues in the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year. These seasonal effects may vary and do not always correlate to our operating results. Accordingly, they should not be considered a reliable indicator of our future revenue or operating results.
 
Foreign Currency
We record transactions denominated in foreign currencies on a monthly basis using exchange rates from throughout the year. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured at the balance sheet dates using the closing rates of exchange between those foreign currencies and the functional currency with any transaction gains or losses reported in other income (expense). Our primary exposures to foreign currency exchange rate movements are with our German subsidiary, whose functional currency is the Euro, our Australian subsidiary, whose functional currency is the Australian dollar, and our Mexican subsidiary, whose functional currency is the United States dollar. Adjustments resulting from translating financial statements of international subsidiaries are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
 
Backlog and Inventory
A substantial portion of our shipments in any fiscal period relate to orders received and shipped within that fiscal period for customers under agreements containing non-binding purchase commitments. Further, a significant percentage of orders require delivery within a few days. These factors normally result in very little order backlog or order flow visibility. Additionally, backlog levels may vary because of seasonal trends, timing of customer projects and other factors that affect customer order lead times. We believe that because we fill a substantial portion of customer orders within the fiscal quarter of receipt, backlog is not a meaningful indicator of actual sales for any succeeding period.
 
To meet this type of demand, we have implemented supply chain management systems to manage the production process. We maintain substantial inventories of raw materials for long lead-time components to support this demand and avoid expedite fees. We also maintain substantial finished goods inventories. Our practice of maintaining sufficient inventory levels to assure prompt delivery of our products and services increases the amount of inventory that may become obsolete. The obsolescence of this inventory may require us to write down the value of the obsolete inventory, which may have an adverse effect on our operating results.
 
For further discussion of risks associated with managing our inventory, see “Risk Factors – Managing our inventory is complex and may include write-downs of excess or obsolete inventory,” in Item 1A of this report.
 
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Government Regulation
Our products must comply with various regulations and standards established by communications authorities in various countries, as well as those of certain international bodies. For instance, environmental legislation within the European Union (EU) may increase our cost of doing business as we amend our products to comply with these requirements. The EU issued directives on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS), Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), and the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). We continue to implement measures to comply with the RoHS directive, the WEEE directive and the REACH regulation as individual countries issue their implementation guidance.
 
For further discussion of risks associated with government regulation, see “Risk Factors – Our products may not continue to comply with evolving regulations governing their sale, which may harm our business” and “Risk Factors – Regulatory and potential physical impacts of climate change and other natural events may affect our customers and our production operations, resulting in adverse effects on our operating results,” in Item 1A of this report.
 
Employees
As of December 31, 2017, we had 2,060 full-time employees in the U.S. and in our international subsidiaries located in North America, Latin America, EMEA and the Asia-Pacific region. The majority of ADTRAN GmbH employees, our subsidiary in Germany, are subject to collective bargaining agreements of either the Association of Metal and Electrical Industry in Berlin and Brandenburg e.V. or NORDMETALL Association of Metal and Electrical Industry e.V. In addition, a small number of our ADTRAN GmbH employees are represented by other collective bargaining agreements. We have never experienced a work stoppage, and we believe that our relationship with our employees is good.
 
We also utilize contractors and temporary employees domestically and internationally in various manufacturing, engineering, sales, and general and administrative capacities, as needed.
 
Intellectual Property
The ADTRAN corporate logo is a registered trademark of ADTRAN. The name "ADTRAN" is a registered trademark of ADTRAN. A number of our product identifiers and names also are registered. We claim rights to a number of unregistered trademarks as well.
 
We have ownership of over 580 patents worldwide related to our products and have over 133 additional patent applications pending. Our patents expire at various dates between January 2018 and October 2036. We will continue to seek additional patents from time to time related to our research and development activities. We do not derive any material amount of revenue from the licensing of our patents.
 
We protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights in accordance with good legal and business practices. We believe, however, that our competitive success will not depend on the ownership of intellectual property, but instead will depend primarily on the innovative skills, technical competence and marketing abilities of our personnel.
 
The communications industry is characterized by the existence of an ever-increasing volume of patent litigation and licensing activities. From time to time we receive and may continue to receive notices of claims alleging that we are infringing upon patents or other intellectual property. We cannot predict whether we will prevail in any claims or litigation over alleged infringements, or whether we will be able to license any valid and infringed patents, or other intellectual property, on commercially reasonable terms. It is possible that litigation may result in significant legal costs and judgments. Any intellectual property infringement claims, or related litigation against or by us, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
 
For a discussion of risks associated with our intellectual property and proprietary rights, see “Risk Factors – Our failure to maintain rights to intellectual property used in our business could adversely affect the development, functionality, and commercial value of our products,” in Item 1A of this report.

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Available Information
A copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports, are available free of charge on the Internet at our Web site, www.adtran.com , as soon as reasonably practicable (generally, within one day) after we electronically file these reports with, or furnish these reports to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The reference to our Web site address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on the Web site, which information should not be considered part of this document. You may also read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we have filed electronically with the SEC.
ITEM 1A.	 RISK FACTORS	
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of ADTRAN. ADTRAN and its representatives may from time to time make written or oral forward-looking statements, including statements contained in this report and our other filings with the SEC and other communications with our stockholders. Generally, the words, "believe," "expect," "intend," "estimate," "anticipate," "will," "may," "could" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. We caution you that any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf are subject to uncertainties and other factors that could cause these statements to be wrong. Some of these uncertainties and other factors are listed below. Though we have attempted to list comprehensively these important factors, we caution investors that other factors may prove to be important in the future in affecting our operating results. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of these factors, nor can we assess the impact each factor or combination of factors may have on our business.
You are further cautioned not to place undue reliance on those forward-looking statements because they speak only of our views as of the date the statements were made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. The following are some of the risks that could affect our financial performance or could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements:
Our operating results may fluctuate in future periods, which may adversely affect our stock price.
Our operating results have been and will continue to be subject to quarterly and annual fluctuations as a result of numerous factors. These factors include, but are not limited to:
 	•	Fluctuations in demand for our products and services, especially with respect to significant network expansion projects undertaken by CSPs;	
 	•	Continued growth of communications network traffic and the adoption of communication services and applications by enterprise and consumer end users;	
 	•	Changes in sales and implementation cycles for our products and reduced visibility into our customers’ spending plans and associated revenue;	
 	•	Reductions in demand for our traditional products as new technologies gain acceptance;	
 	•	Our ability to maintain appropriate inventory levels and purchase commitments;	
 	•	Price and product competition in the communications and networking industries, which can change rapidly due to technological innovation;	
 	•	The overall movement toward industry consolidation among both our competitors and our customers;	
 	•	Our dependence on sales of our products by channel partners, the timing of their replenishment orders, the potential for conflicts and competition involving our channel partners and large end-user customers and the potential for consolidation among our channel partners;	
 	•	Variations in sales channels, product cost or mix of products and services sold;	
 	•	Delays in receiving acceptance from certain customers as defined under contract, for shipments or services performed near the end of a reporting period;	
 	•	Our ability to maintain high levels of product support and professional services;	
 
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 	•	Ma nufacturing and customer order lead times;	
 	•	Fluctuations in our gross margin, and the factors that contribute to this as described below;	
 	•	Our ability to achieve cost reductions;	
 	•	The ability of our customers, channel partners, and suppliers to obtain financing or to fund capital expenditures;	
 	•	Our ability to execute on our strategy and operating plans;	
 	•	Benefits anticipated from our investments in engineering, sales and marketing activities;	
 	•	The effects of climate change and other natural events;	
 	•	The effect of political or economic conditions, terrorist attacks, acts of war, or other unrest in certain international markets; and	
 	•	Changes in tax laws and regulations, or accounting pronouncements.	
As a result, operating results for a particular future period are difficult to predict, and prior results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods. Any of the above mentioned factors, or other factors discussed elsewhere in this document, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow that could adversely affect our stock price.
Our revenue for a particular period can be difficult to predict, and a shortfall in revenue may harm our operating results.
As a result of the many factors discussed in this report, our revenue for a particular quarter is difficult to predict and will fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Our typical pattern of customer orders requests product delivery within a short period following receipt of an order. Consequently, we do not typically carry a significant order backlog and are dependent upon obtaining orders and completing delivery in accordance with shipping terms that are predominantly within each quarter to achieve our targeted revenues. Our net sales may grow at a slower rate than in previous quarters or may decline. Our deployment/installation cycle can vary depending on the customer’s schedule, site readiness, network size and complexity and other factors, which can cause our revenue to fluctuate from period to period. Our ability to meet financial expectations could also be affected if the variable sales patterns seen in prior quarters recur in future quarters. We have experienced periods of time during which manufacturing issues have delayed shipments, leading to variable shipping patterns. In addition, to the extent that manufacturing issues and any related component shortages result in delayed shipments in the future, and particularly in quarters in which we and our subcontractors are operating at higher levels of capacity, it is possible that revenue for a quarter could be adversely affected, and we may not be able to remediate the conditions within the same quarter.
In the past, under certain market conditions, long manufacturing lead times have caused our customers to place the same order multiple times. When this multiple ordering occurs, along with other factors, it may cause difficulty in predicting our sales and, as a result, could impair our ability to manage parts inventory effectively.
We plan our operating expense levels based primarily on forecasted revenue levels. These expenses and the impact of long-term commitments are relatively fixed in the short term. A shortfall in revenue could lead to operating results being below expectations because we may not be able to quickly reduce these fixed expenses in response to short-term business changes.
General economic conditions may reduce our revenues and harm our operating results.
Economic conditions may contribute to a slowdown in communications industry spending, including specific market segments in which we operate. The potential reoccurrence of these trends and their duration and depth are difficult to predict. Capital spending for network infrastructure projects of our largest customers could be delayed or cancelled in response to reduced consumer spending, tight capital markets or declining liquidity trends. Sustained trends of this nature could have a material, adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

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Our exposure to the credit risks of our customers and distributors may make it difficult to collect accounts receivable and could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flow.
Most of our sales are made on an open credit basis, frequently with payment terms of 30 to 45 days in the U.S. and typically longer in many geographic markets outside the U.S. As our international sales grow, our total accounts receivable balance will likely increase. Our days sales outstanding (DSO) could also increase as a result of greater mix of international sales. Additionally, international laws may not provide the same degree of protection against defaults on accounts receivable as provided under U.S. laws governing domestic transactions; therefore, as our international business grows, we may be subject to higher bad debt expense compared to historical trends. Overall, we monitor individual customer payment capability in granting such open credit arrangements, seek to limit such open credit to amounts that we believe customers can pay, and maintain reserves we believe are adequate to cover exposure for doubtful accounts. In the course of our sales to customers, we may encounter difficulty collecting accounts receivable and could be exposed to risks associated with uncollectible accounts receivable. We may be exposed to similar credit risks relating to collections from distributors of our products, and we apply similar processes to monitor and reserve for any exposures. Turmoil in the financial markets could impact certain of our customers’ ability to maintain adequate credit facilities with financial institutions, thereby potentially impacting their ability to pay their debts. While we attempt to monitor these situations carefully and attempt to take appropriate measures to collect accounts receivable balances, there are no assurances we can avoid accounts receivable write-downs or write-offs of doubtful accounts. Such write-downs or write-offs could negatively affect our operating results for the period in which they occur, and could potentially have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
We expect gross margins to vary over time, and our levels of product and services gross margins may not be sustainable.
Our level of gross margins may not be sustainable and may be adversely affected by numerous factors, including:
 	•	Changes in customer, geographic, or product mix, including software and the mix of configurations and professional services revenue within each product group;	
 	•	Introduction of new products by competitors, including products with price-performance advantages;	
 	•	Our ability to reduce product cost;	
 	•	Increases in material or labor cost;	
 	•	Foreign currency exchange rate movements;	
 	•	Expediting costs incurred to meet customer delivery requirements;	
 	•	Excess inventory and inventory holding charges;	
 	•	Obsolescence charges;	
 	•	Changes in shipment volume;	
 	•	Our ability to absorb fixed manufacturing costs during short-term fluctuations in customer demand;	
 	•	Loss of cost savings due to changes in component pricing or charges incurred due to inventory holding periods if parts ordering does not correctly anticipate product demand;	
 	•	Lower than expected benefits from value engineering;	
 	•	Increased price competition, including competitors from Asia, especially China;	
 	•	Changes in distribution channels;	
 	•	Increased warranty cost;	
 	•	Liquidated damages costs relating to customer contractual terms; and	
 	•	Our ability to manage the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations relating to our accounts receivable and accounts payable.	

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We must continue to update and improve our products and develop new products to compete and to keep pace with improvements in communications technolog y.
The markets for our products are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, and continuing improvements in the communications service offerings of CSPs. If technologies or standards applicable to our products, or CSP offerings based on our products, become obsolete or fail to gain widespread commercial acceptance, our existing products or products under development may become obsolete or unmarketable. Moreover, the introduction of products embodying new technologies, the emergence of new industry standards, or changes in CSP offerings could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. For instance, we offer a large number of products that apply primarily to the delivery of high-speed digital communications over the local loop utilizing copper wire. We compete favorably with our competitors by developing a high-performance line of these products. We market products that apply to fiber optic transport in the local loop. We expect, however, that use of coaxial cable and mobile wireless access in place of local loop access will increase. Also, MSOs are increasing their presence in the local loop. To meet the requirements of these new delivery systems and to maintain our market position, we expect to continue to develop new products and/or modify existing products. We expect that our recent acquisition of EPON and RFoG products from a third party will better position us to compete in this adjacent market.
Our sales and profitability in the past have, to a significant extent, resulted from our ability to anticipate changes in technology, industry standards and CSP offerings, and to develop and introduce new and enhanced products. Our continued ability to adapt will be a significant factor in maintaining or improving our competitive position and our prospects for growth. We cannot assure that we will be able to respond effectively to changes in technology, industry standards, CSP offerings or new product announcements by our competitors. We also cannot assure that we will be able to successfully develop and market new products or product enhancements, or that these products or enhancements will achieve market acceptance. Should the rate of decline in sales of certain traditional TDM based products exceed the rate of market acceptance and growth in sales of our newer IP-based products, our revenues may be adversely affected. Any failure by us to continue to anticipate or respond in a cost-effective and timely manner to changes in technology, industry standards, CSP offerings, or new product announcements by our competitors, or any significant delays in product development or introduction, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to competitively market our products and on our revenues, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Our products may not continue to comply with evolving regulations governing their sale, which may harm our business.
Our products must comply with various regulations, regional standards established by communications authorities, import/export control authorities or other authorities who control the execution of trade agreements in various countries, as well as those of certain international bodies. Although we believe our products are currently in compliance with domestic and international standards and regulations in countries in which we currently sell, there can be no assurance that we will be able to design our products to comply with evolving standards and regulations in the future. Changes in domestic or international communications regulations, tariffs, potential changes in trade policies by the U.S. and other nations, application requirements, import/export controls or expansion of regulation to new areas, including access, communications or commerce over the Internet, may affect customer demand for our products or slow the adoption of new technologies which may affect our sales. Further, the cost of complying with the evolving standards and regulations, or the failure to obtain timely domestic or foreign regulatory approvals or certification such that we may not be able to sell our products where these standards or regulations apply, may adversely affect our revenues, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

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Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our global activities could subject us to penalties or other adverse consequences.
A significant portion of our total revenues is generated from sales outside of the U.S. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of directing, obtaining or keeping business, and requires companies to maintain reasonable books and records and a system of internal accounting controls. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners or other representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar legislation, governmental authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow. To help ensure that we remain compliant with FCPA, we have proactively implemented internally and externally focused measures and controls to address this risk. We help ensure that our employees understand the key requirements of FCPA compliance and the consequences of non-compliance through training courses and detective controls. ADTRAN senior management and employees whose responsibilities include international activities are required to complete an online training program and pass an exam every two years. We have put processes in place to help detect non-compliance through providing our employees access to a worldwide reporting “hotline”, available by phone and online, that is maintained by a third party provider. Finally, we perform annual reviews of our employees’ expense reports and corporate credit card activity to identify possible corruption concerns. We have also implemented controls to help ensure our third party partners and customers observe FCPA requirements. Prior to selling to new international distributors, resellers or agents, we review third party data and check them against over 200 denied party lists from government institutions worldwide for potential FCPA concerns. We also require international distributors, resellers and agents complete an Anti-Corruption Due Diligence Questionnaire, which is reviewed and assessed by a cross-functional compliance committee and our export compliance function.
We are subject to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection and other matters. Violations of these laws and regulations may harm our business.
A wide variety of provincial, state, national and international laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of data, including personal data. Foreign data protection, privacy and other laws and regulations, including the European Union’s (EU) recently enacted General Data Protection Regulation, are often more restrictive than those in the U.S. These data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations are varied, evolving, can be subject to significant change, may be augmented or replaced by new or additional laws and regulations, and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. If we violate these laws and regulations, governmental authorities in the U.S., the EU and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Our failure or the failure of our contract manufacturers to comply with applicable environmental regulations could adversely impact our results of operations.
The manufacture, assembly and testing of our products may require the use of hazardous materials that are subject to environmental, health and safety regulations. Our failure or the failure of our contract manufacturers to comply with any of these applicable requirements could result in regulatory penalties, legal claims or disruption of production. In addition, our failure or the failure of our contract manufacturers to properly manage the use, transportation, emission, discharge, storage, recycling or disposal of hazardous materials could subject us to increased costs or liabilities. Existing and future environmental regulations may restrict our use of certain materials to manufacture, assemble and test products. Any of these consequences could adversely impact our results of operations by increasing our expenses and/or requiring us to alter our manufacturing processes.
If our products do not interoperate with our customers’ networks, installations may be delayed or cancelled, which could harm our business.
Our products must interface with existing networks, each of which may have different specifications, utilize multiple protocol standards and incorporate products from other vendors. Many of our customers’ networks contain multiple generations of products that have been added over time as these networks have grown and evolved. Our products may be required to interoperate with many or all of the products within these networks, as well as future products to meet our customers’ requirements. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers’ networks, we may have to modify our software or hardware to fix or overcome these errors so that our products will interoperate with the existing software and hardware. Implementation of product corrections involving interoperability issues could increase our costs and adversely affect our results of operations. Such issues may affect our ability to obtain product acceptance from other customers.
 
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The lengthy sales and approval process required by major and other CSPs for new products could result in fluctuations in our revenue.
In the industry in which we compete, sales and approval cycles are often lengthy. Selling efforts often involve a significant commitment of time and resources by us and our customers that may include extensive product testing, laboratory or network certification, or region-specific product certification and homologation requirements for deployment in networks. Additionally, a supplier must first obtain product approval from a major or other CSP to sell its products to them. This process can last from six to 18 months, or longer, depending on the technology, the CSP, and the demand for the product from the CSP’s subscribers. Consequently, we are involved in a constant process of submitting for approval succeeding generations of products, as well as products that deploy new technology or respond to new technology demands from a major or other CSP. We have been successful in the past in obtaining these approvals; however, we cannot be certain that we will obtain these approvals in the future or that sales of these products will continue to occur. Any attempt by a major or other CSP to seek out additional or alternative suppliers, or to undertake, as permitted under applicable regulations, the production of these products internally, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Furthermore, the delay in sales until the completion of the approval process, the length of which is difficult to predict, could result in fluctuations of revenue and uneven operating results from quarter to quarter or year to year.
We engage in research and development activities to improve the application of developed technologies, and as a consequence may miss certain market opportunities enjoyed by larger companies with substantially greater research and development efforts which may focus on more leading-edge development.
A portion of our research and development activities are focused on the refinement and redefinition of access technologies that are currently accepted and commonly practiced, which may include emerging technologies not yet widely distributed across all networks. These research and development efforts result in improved applications of technologies for which demand already exists or is latent. We rarely engage in research projects that represent a vast departure from the current business practices of our key customers. This includes pioneering new services and participating in leading-edge field trials or demonstration projects for new technologies. While we believe our strategy provides a higher likelihood of producing nearer term revenue streams, this strategy could reduce our ability to influence industry standards and share in the establishment of intellectual property rights associated with new technologies, and could result in lost revenue opportunities should a new technology achieve rapid and widespread market acceptance.
We depend heavily on sales to certain customers; the loss of any of these customers would significantly reduce our revenues and net income.
Historically, a large percentage of our sales have been made to major CSPs and larger independent communications companies. In 2017, these customers continued to comprise over half of our revenue. As long as the major and larger independent communications companies represent such a substantial percentage of our total sales, our future success will significantly depend upon certain factors which are not within our control, including:
 	•	the timing and size of future purchase orders, if any, from these customers;	
 	•	changes in strategic plans of these customers;	
 	•	the product requirements of these customers;	
 	•	the financial and operational success of these customers;	
 	•	the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on these customers;	
 	•	the success of these customers' services deployed using our products; and	
 	•	the impact of work stoppages at these customers.	
In the past, sales to our large customers have fluctuated and may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. The loss of, or a significant reduction or delay in, sales to any such customer or the occurrence of sales fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Further, any attempt by a major or other CSP to seek out additional or alternative suppliers or to undertake, as permitted under applicable regulations, the production of these products internally, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

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There has been a trend toward industry consolidation in our markets for several years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions and as companies are ac quired or are unable to continue operations. This could lead to variability in our operating results and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flow. In addition, particularly in the CSP market , rapid consolidation will lead to fewer customers, with the effect that a loss of a major customer could have a material impact on our results that we would not have anticipated in a marketplace composed of more numerous participants.
If we are unable to integrate future acquisitions successfully, it could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flow.
We may make acquisitions to improve or expand our product offerings, customer base, talent, or intellectual property. Our future acquisition strategy will depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate acquisitions. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including, but not limited to:
 	•	Difficulties integrating and managing the operations, technologies and products of the companies we acquire;	
 	•	Our inability to maintain the key business relationships and the brand equity of businesses we acquire;	
 	•	Our inability to retain key personnel of the acquired business; and	
 	•	Our responsibility for the liabilities of the businesses we acquire, including those which we may not anticipate.	
 
Our strategy of outsourcing a portion of our manufacturing requirements to subcontractors located in various international regions may result in us not meeting our cost, quality or performance standards.
We are heavily dependent on subcontractors for the assembly and testing of certain printed circuit board assemblies, subassemblies, chassis, enclosures and equipment shelves, and the purchase of some raw materials used in such assemblies. This reliance involves several risks, including the unavailability of, or interruptions in, access to certain process technologies and reduced control over product quality, delivery schedules, transportation, manufacturing yields and costs. We may not be able to provide product order volumes to our subcontractors that are high enough to achieve sufficient cost savings. If shipments fall below forecasted levels, we may incur increased costs or be required to take ownership of excess inventory. Changes in international tariff structures could adversely impact our product costs. In addition, a significant component of maintaining cost competitiveness is the ability of our subcontractors to adjust their costs to compensate for possible adverse exchange rate movements. To the extent that the subcontractors are unable to do so, and we are unable to procure alternative product supplies, then our competitiveness and results of operations could be adversely impaired. These risks may be exacerbated by economic or political uncertainties, terrorist actions, the effects of climate change, natural disasters or pandemics in the foreign countries in which our subcontractors are located.
To date, we believe that we have successfully managed the risks of our dependence on these subcontractors through a variety of efforts, which include seeking and developing alternative subcontractors while maintaining existing relationships; however, we cannot be assured that delays in product deliveries will not occur in the future because of shortages resulting from this limited number of subcontractors or from the financial or other difficulties of these parties. Our inability to develop alternative subcontractors if and as required in the future, or the need to undertake required retraining and other activities related to establishing and developing a new subcontractor relationship, could result in delays or reductions in product shipments which, in turn, could have a negative effect on our customer relationships and operating results.

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Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and key components may prevent us from delivering our products on a timely basis, which could have a material adverse effect on customer relations and operating results.
Certain raw materials and key components used in our products are currently available from only one source, and others are available from only a limited number of sources. The availability of these raw materials and supplies may be subject to market forces beyond our control, such as merger and acquisition activity of our suppliers and consolidation in some segments of our supplier base. From time to time, there may not be sufficient quantities of raw materials and supplies in the marketplace to meet customer demand. Many companies utilize the same raw materials and supplies that we do in the production of their products. Companies with more resources than our own may have a competitive advantage in obtaining raw materials and supplies due to greater buying power. These factors can result in reduced supply, higher prices of raw materials, and delays in the receipt of certain of our key components, which in turn may generate increased costs, lower margins, and delays in product delivery, with a corresponding adverse effect on revenues and customer relationships. Furthermore, due to general economic conditions in the U.S. and globally, our suppliers may experience financial difficulties, which could result in increased delays, additional costs, or loss of a supplier. We attempt to manage these risks through developing alternative sources, by staging inventories at strategic locations, through engineering efforts designed to obviate the necessity of certain components, and by building long-term relationships and close contact with each of our key suppliers; however, we cannot assure you that delays in or failures of deliveries of key components, either to us or to our contract manufacturers, and consequent delays in product deliveries, will not occur in the future.
In addition, the SEC has adopted disclosure requirements regarding the use of “conflict minerals” mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures to identify the source of such minerals included in manufactured products. The disclosures will require us to incur additional costs to verify the origins of the identified minerals used and comply with disclosure requirements. These requirements could affect the availability of minerals used in the manufacture of a limited number of parts contained in our products. This may reduce the number of suppliers who provide conflict-free minerals and may affect our ability to obtain products in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Our material sourcing is broad-based and multi-tiered. While we are taking steps to identify sourcing based on recommended standards for our industry, we may not be able to conclusively verify the origins for all minerals used in our products. An inability to make a sourcing determination of minerals in our products could impact our revenues and harm our financial condition should our customers require that we certify that all components used in our products are free of minerals from this region.
We compete in markets that have become increasingly competitive, which may result in reduced gross profit margins and market share.
The markets for our products are intensely competitive. Additional manufacturers have entered the markets in recent years to offer products in competition with us. Additionally, certain companies have, in recent years, developed the ability to deliver competing products using coaxial cable and cellular transmission, especially in high-density metropolitan areas. Competition will further increase if new companies enter the market or existing competitors expand their product lines. Some of these potential competitors may have greater financial, technological, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and personnel resources than we have. As a result, these competitors may be able to respond more rapidly or effectively to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, withstand significant price decreases, or devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of their products than we can.
In addition, our present and future competitors may be able to enter our existing or future markets with products or technologies comparable or superior to those that we offer. An increase in competition could cause us to reduce prices, decrease our market share, require increased spending by us on product development and sales and marketing, or cause delays or cancellations in customer orders, any one of which could reduce our gross profit margins and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
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Our estimates regarding future wa rranty obligations may change due to product failure rates, installation and shipment volumes, field service repair obligations and other rework costs incurred in correcting product failures. If our estimates change, the liability for warranty obligations may be increased or decreased, impacting future cost of goods sold.
Our products are highly complex, and we cannot ensure that our extensive product development, manufacturing and integration testing will be adequate to detect all defects, errors, failures and quality issues. Quality or performance problems for products covered under warranty could adversely impact our reputation and negatively affect our operating results, financial position and cash flow. The development and production of new products with high complexity often involves problems with software, components and manufacturing methods. If significant warranty obligations arise due to reliability or quality issues arising from defects in software, faulty components, or manufacturing methods, our operating results, financial position and cash flow could be negatively impacted by:
 	•	costs associated with fixing software or hardware defects;	
 	•	costs associated with internal or third-party installation errors;	
 	•	high service and warranty expenses;	
 	•	high inventory obsolescence expense;	
 	•	delays in collecting accounts receivable;	
 	•	payment of liquidated damages for performance failures; and	
 	•	a decline in sales to existing customers.	
Managing our inventory is complex and may include write-downs of excess or obsolete inventory.
Managing our inventory of components and finished products is complicated by a number of factors, including the need to maintain a significant inventory of certain components that are in short supply, have been discontinued by the component manufacturer, that must be purchased in bulk to obtain favorable pricing or that require long lead times. These issues may result in our purchasing and maintaining significant amounts of inventory, which if not used or expected to be used based on anticipated production requirements, may become excess or obsolete. Any excess or obsolete inventory could also result in sales price reductions and/or inventory write- downs, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The continuing growth of our international operations could expose us to additional risks, increase our costs and adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flow.
We are expanding our presence in international markets, which represented 24.0% of our net sales for 2017, and as a result, we anticipate increased sales and operating costs in these markets. This international expansion may increase our operational risks and impact our results of operations, including:
 	•	Exposure to unfavorable commercial terms in certain countries;	
 	•	The time and cost to staff and manage foreign operations;	
 	•	The time and cost to maintain good relationships with employee associations and works councils;	
 	•	The time and cost to ensure adequate business interruption controls, processes and facilities;	
 	•	The time and cost to manage and evolve financial reporting systems, maintain effective financial disclosure controls and procedures, and comply with corporate governance requirements in multiple jurisdictions;	
 	•	The cost to collect accounts receivable and extension of collection periods;	
 	•	The cost and potential disruption of facilities transitions required in some business acquisitions;	
 	•	Less regulation of patents or other safeguards of intellectual property in certain countries;	
 	•	Potential impact of adverse tax, customs regulations and transfer-pricing issues;	
 	•	Exposure to global social, political and economic instability, changes in economic conditions, and foreign currency exchange rate movements;	
 	•	Potential exposure to liability or damage of reputation resulting from a higher incidence of corruption or unethical business practices in some countries;	
 	•	Potential regulations on data protection, regarding the collection, use, disclosure and security of data;	
 
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 	•	Potential trade protection measures, export compliance issues, domestic preference procurement requirements, qualification to transact business and additional regulatory requirements; and	
 	•	Potential exposure to natural disasters, epidemics and acts of war or terrorism.	
If we are unable to successfully address the potential risks associated with our overall international expansion, our operating results, financial condition and cash flow may be negatively impacted.
We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
As our international sales increase or as utilization of international suppliers expands, we may transact additional business in currencies other than U.S. currency. As a result, we will be subject to the possibility of greater effects of foreign currency exchange translation on our financial statements. Sales contract commitments and accounts receivable balances based on foreign currency expose us to potential risk of loss as the value of the U.S. dollar fluctuates over time. In addition, for those countries outside the U.S. where we have significant sales or significant purchases of supplies, devaluation in the local currency could make our products more expensive for customers to purchase or increase our costs, thereby adversely affecting our competitiveness or results of operation. When appropriate, we may enter into various derivative transactions to enhance our ability to manage the volatility relating to these typical business exposures. If used, the derivative transactions will be intended to reduce, but not eliminate, the impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements; therefore, we generally would not anticipate hedging all outstanding foreign currency risk. There can be no assurance that exchange rate fluctuations in the future will not have a material adverse effect on our revenue from international sales, manufacturing costs, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Our success depends on our ability to reduce the selling prices of succeeding generations of our products.
Our strategy is to increase unit sales volumes and market share each year by introducing succeeding generations of products having lower selling prices and increased functionality as compared to prior generations of products. To maintain or increase our revenues and margins while continuing this strategy, we must continue, in some combination, to increase sales volumes of existing products, introduce and sell new products, or reduce our per unit costs at rates sufficient to compensate for the reduced revenue effect of continuing reductions in the average sales prices of our products. We cannot ensure that we will be able to maintain or increase revenues or margins by increasing unit sales volumes of our products, introducing and selling new products, or reducing unit costs of our products.
We are currently evaluating implementation of a new enterprise resource planning (ERP) software solution. If we do not appropriately manage this project, our operations could be significantly disrupted.
We are currently evaluating implementation of a new ERP software solution. This project could have a significant impact on our business processes, information systems, and internal controls, and will require significant change management, meaningful investment in capital and personnel resources, and coordination of numerous software and system providers and internal business teams. We may experience difficulties as we manage these changes and transition to a new ERP solution, including loss or corruption of data, delayed shipments, decreases in productivity as our personnel implement and become familiar with the new systems and processes, unanticipated expenses (including increased costs of implementation or costs of conducting business), and lost revenues. Difficulties in implementing a new ERP solution could disrupt our operations, divert management’s attention from key strategic initiatives, and have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flow.

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Breaches of our information systems and cyber-attacks could compromise our intellectual property and cause significant damage to our business and reputation.
We maintain sensitive data on our information systems and the networks of third-party providers, including intellectual property, financial data and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business, customers, suppliers, and business partners. We also produce networking equipment solutions and software used by network operators to ensure security and reliability in their management and transmission of data. Our customers, particularly those in regulated industries, are increasingly focused on the security features of our technology solutions and maintaining the security of information sensitive to us and our business partners is critical to our business and reputation. We rely upon a number of internal business processes and information systems to support key operations and financial functions, and the efficient operation of these processes and systems is critical. Companies are increasingly subjected to cyber-attacks and other attempts to gain unauthorized access. We have multiple layers of access control and devote significant resources to data encryption and other security measures to protect our information technology and communications systems. We test our vulnerability periodically and take action to further secure our networks, yet our network and storage applications and those systems and storage applications maintained by our third-party providers, may be subject to unauthorized access by cyber-attack or breached due to operator error, fraudulent activity or other system disruptions. In some cases, it is difficult to anticipate or immediately detect damage caused by such incidents. Unauthorized access or disclosure of our information could compromise our intellectual property and expose sensitive business information. Our information systems are designed to appropriate industry standards to reduce downtime in the event of power outages, weather or climate events and cyber-security issues. A significant failure of our systems due to these issues could result in significant remediation costs, disrupt business operations, and divert management attention, which could result in harm to our business reputation, operating results, financial condition and cash flow.
Our failure to maintain rights to intellectual property used in our business could adversely affect the development, functionality, and commercial value of our products.
Our future success depends in part upon our proprietary technology. Although we attempt to protect our proprietary technology by contract, trademark, copyright and patent registration, and internal security, these protections may not be adequate. Furthermore, our competitors can develop similar technology independently without violating our proprietary rights. From time to time, we receive and may continue to receive notices of claims alleging that we are infringing upon patents or other intellectual property. Any of these claims, whether with or without merit, could result in significant legal fees; divert our management’s time, attention and resources; delay our product shipments; or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. We cannot predict whether we will prevail in any claims or litigation over alleged infringements, or whether we will be able to license any valid and infringed patents, or other intellectual property, on commercially reasonable terms. If a claim of intellectual property infringement against us is successful and we fail to obtain a license or develop or license non-infringing technology, our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flow could be affected adversely.
Software under license from third-parties for use in certain of our products may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms.
We integrate third-party software into certain of our products. Licenses for this technology may not be available or continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms. Difficulties with third-party technology licensors could result in termination of such licenses, which may result in increased costs or require us to purchase or develop a substitute technology. Difficulty obtaining and maintaining third-party technology licenses may disrupt development of our products and increase our costs, which could harm our business.
Our use of open source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our products.
Several of our solutions utilize elements of open source or publicly available software. Although we closely monitor our use of open source software, the terms of many open source software licenses have not been interpreted by the courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to sell our products. In such event, we could be required to make our proprietary software generally available to third parties, including competitors, at no cost, to seek licenses from third-parties in order to continue offering our products, to re-engineer our products or to discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or at all, any of which could adversely affect our revenues and operating expenses.
 
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We may incur liabilities or become subject to litigation that would have a material effect on our business.
In the ordinary course of business, we accept purchase orders, and enter into sales and other related contracts, for the marketing, sale, manufacture, distribution, or use of our products and services. We may incur liabilities relating to our performance under such agreements, or which result from damage claims arising from certain events as outlined within the particular contract. While we attempt to structure all agreements to include normal protection clauses, such agreements may not always contain, or be subject to, maximum loss clauses, and liabilities arising from them may result in significant adverse changes to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims, including employment disputes, patent claims, disputes over contract agreements and other commercial disputes. In some cases, claimants seek damages, or other relief, such as royalty payments related to patents, which, if granted, could require significant expenditures. Any such disputes may be resolved before trial, or if litigated, may be resolved in our favor; however, the cost of claims sustained in litigation, and costs associated with the litigation process, may not be covered by our insurance. Such costs, and the demands on management time during such an event, could harm our business and have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Consolidation and deterioration in the Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) market could result in a significant decrease in our revenue.
We sell a moderate volume of products directly or indirectly to CLECs who compete with the established ILECs. The CLEC market is experiencing a process of consolidation. Many of our CLEC customers do not have a strong financial position and have limited ability to access the public financial markets for additional funding for growth and operations. If one or more of these CLECs fail, we could face a loss in revenue and an increased bad debt expense, due to their inability to pay outstanding invoices, as well as the corresponding decrease in customer base and future revenue. Furthermore, significant portions of our sales to CLECs are made through independent distributors. The failure of one or more CLECs could also negatively affect the financial position of a distributor to the point that the distributor could also experience business failure and/or default on payments to us.
We depend on distributors who maintain inventories of our products. If the distributors reduce their inventories of these products, our sales could be adversely affected.
We work closely with our distributors to monitor channel inventory levels and ensure that appropriate levels of product are available to resellers and end users. If our distributors reduce their levels of inventory of our products, our sales would be negatively impacted during the period of change.
If we are unable to successfully develop and maintain relationships with system integrators, CSPs, and enterprise VARs, our sales may be negatively affected.
As part of our sales strategy, we are targeting system integrators (SIs), CSPs, and enterprise VARs. In addition to specialized technical expertise, SIs, CSPs and VARs typically offer sophisticated service capabilities that are frequently desired by enterprise customers. To expand our distribution channel to include resellers with such capabilities, we must be able to provide effective support to these resellers. If our sales, marketing or service capabilities are not sufficient to provide effective support to such SIs, CSPs and VARs, our sales may be negatively affected, and current SI, CSP and VAR partners may terminate their relationships with us, which would adversely impact our sales and overall results of operations.
If we fail to manage our exposure to worldwide financial and securities markets successfully, our operating results and financial statements could be materially impacted.
We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates and prices of marketable equity and fixed-income securities. The primary objective of the large majority of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time achieving appropriate yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, a majority of our marketable securities are investment grade corporate and municipal fixed-rate bonds, and municipal money market instruments denominated in U.S. dollars. Our investment policy provides limitations for issuer concentration, which limits, at the time of purchase, the concentration in any one issuer to 5% of the market value of our total investment portfolio.
 
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We have significant investments in corporate bonds, municipal fixed-rate bonds, asset-backed bonds, mortgage/agency-backed bonds, U.S. government bonds and foreign government bonds. Through December 31, 2017, we h ave not been required to impair any of these investments; however, we may experience a reduction in value or loss of liquidity in these investments, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Fixed-rat e interest securities may have their fair value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while variable-rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Our investments are subject to general credit, liquidity, marke t, and interest rate risks, which may increase because of conditions in the financial markets and related credit liquidity issues. Consequently, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates, or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in fair value due to changes in interest rates.
At December 31, 2017, our long-term investments included $35.7 million of marketable equity securities, which included 346 unique securities, and had total net unrealized gains of $2.2 million. If market conditions deteriorate in 2018, we may be required to record impairment charges related to our marketable equity securities.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Item 7, Part II of this report and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 7A, Part II of this report for more information about our investments.
New or revised tax regulations, changes in our effective tax rate, or assessments arising from tax audits may have an adverse impact on our results.
We are subject to taxation in various jurisdictions, both domestically and internationally, in which we conduct business. Significant judgment is required in the determination of our provision for income taxes, and this determination requires the interpretation and application of complex and sometimes uncertain tax laws and regulations. Many of these jurisdictions have made changes to their tax policies or are contemplating changes, or have unpredictable enforcement activity. Increases in applicable tax rates, implementation of new taxes, changes in applicable tax laws and interpretations of these tax laws and actions by tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we operate could reduce our after-tax income and have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our effective tax rate may be adversely impacted by changes in the mix of earnings between jurisdictions with different statutory tax rates, in the valuation of our deferred tax assets, and by changes in tax rules and regulations. For instance, the accounting of uncertain tax positions and the amount of our estimated tax deduction for manufacturer’s domestic production activities under Internal Revenue Code Section 199 may add more variability to our future effective tax rates. We currently receive corporate income tax credits under a program administered by the Alabama State Industrial Development Authority in connection with revenue bonds issued to provide funding for expansion of our corporate facilities. We cannot be certain that the state of Alabama will continue to make these corporate income tax credits available; therefore, we may not realize the full benefit of these incentives, which would increase our effective tax rate. Also, employment-related tax benefits are currently accounted for in our effective tax rate. In addition, we are subject to examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and various other jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from these continuous examinations will not have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was signed into law. As a result of the Act, we have recognized an estimated expense of $11.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, of which $9.2 million related to the write-down of deferred tax assets and $2.7 million related to tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings. We have calculated our best estimate of the impact of the Act in our year-end income tax provision, in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed to finalize the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. Additional work is necessary to do a more detailed analysis of historical foreign earnings, as well as the full impact relating to the write-down of deferred tax assets. Any subsequent adjustments to these amounts will be recorded as income tax expense in the quarter the analysis is complete.
We are required to periodically evaluate the value of our long-lived assets, including the value of intangibles acquired and goodwill resulting from business acquisitions. Any future impairment charges required may adversely affect our operating results.
Valuation of our long-lived assets requires us to make assumptions about future sales prices and sales volumes for our products. These assumptions are used to forecast future, undiscounted cash flows. Forecasting future business trends is difficult and subject to modification. Should actual market conditions differ or our forecasts change, we may be required to reassess long-lived assets and could record an impairment charge. Any impairment charge relating to long-lived assets would have the effect of decreasing our earnings or increasing our losses in such period.
 
23

We may not fully realize the anticipated benefits of our restructuring plans. Our re structuring efforts may adversely affect our business and our operating results.
We have undertaken restructuring efforts to realign our organization to better match our market opportunities, technology development initiatives and improve efficiencies. There can be no assurance that we will fully realize the anticipated benefits to future financial results from our efforts. This realignment could adversely affect our ability to execute our business strategy by diverting management’s attention from normal daily operations, decreasing cash flow and operating results due to severance payments and facility termination costs, and could be disruptive to our business. If we fail to realize some or all of the expected benefits of this realignment, it could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Our success depends on attracting and retaining key personnel.
Our business has grown significantly since its inception. Our success is dependent in large part on the continued employment of our executive officers, including Thomas R. Stanton, our Chief Executive Officer, and other key management personnel. The unplanned departure of one or more of these individuals could adversely affect our business. In addition, for ADTRAN to continue as a successful entity we must also be able to attract and retain key engineers and technicians whose expertise helps us maintain competitive advantages. We believe that our future success will depend, in large part, upon our ability to continue to attract, retain, train, and motivate highly-skilled employees who are in great demand. Stock awards are designed to reward employees for their long-term contributions and to provide incentives for them to remain with us. Changes to our overall compensation program, including our stock incentive program, may adversely affect our ability to retain key employees. Properly managing our continued growth, avoiding the problems often resulting from such growth and expansion, and continuing to operate in the manner which has proven successful to us to date will be critical to the future success of our business.
Regulatory and potential physical impacts of climate change and other natural events may affect our customers and our production operations, resulting in adverse effects on our operating results.
There is a growing political and scientific consensus that emissions of greenhouse gases continue to alter the composition of the atmosphere, affecting large-scale weather patterns and the global climate. It appears that some form of U.S. federal regulation related to greenhouse gas emissions may occur, and any such regulation could result in the creation of additional costs in the form of taxes or emission allowances. The impact of any future legislation, regulations or product specification requirements on our products and business operations is dependent on the design of the final mandate or standard, so we are unable to predict its significance at this time.
The potential physical impacts of climate change and other natural events on our customers, suppliers, and on our operations are highly uncertain, and will be particular to the circumstances developing in various geographical regions. These events may include changes in weather patterns (including drought and rainfall levels), water availability, storm patterns and intensities, ocean levels, temperature levels, earthquakes and tsunamis. These potential physical effects may adversely affect our revenues, costs, production and delivery schedules, and cause harm to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
While we believe our internal control over financial reporting is adequate, a failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as our business expands could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of our fiscal year, and issue a report that states whether or not such internal control is effective. Compliance with these requirements requires significant cost and the commitment of time and staff resources. Expansion of our business, particularly in international geographies, necessitates ongoing changes to our internal control systems, processes and information systems. We cannot be certain that as this expansion occurs, our current design for internal control over financial reporting will be sufficient to enable management or our independent registered public accounting firm to determine that our internal control is effective for any period, or on an ongoing basis. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements, which could have an adverse effect on our stock price.
The price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to fluctuate significantly.
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol ADTN. Since our initial public offering in August 1994, there has been, and may continue to be, significant volatility in the market for our common stock, based on a variety of factors, including factors listed in this section, some of which are beyond our control.
 
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ITEM 1B.	 UNRESOLV ED STAFF COMMENTS	
None.
ITEM 2.	 PROPERTIES	
Our headquarters and principal administrative, engineering and manufacturing facilities are located on an 82-acre campus in Cummings Research Park in Huntsville, Alabama. Two office buildings serve both our Network Solutions and our Services & Support segments. We lease engineering facilities in Europe and India that are used to develop products sold by our Network Solutions segment.
In addition, we lease office space in North America, Latin America, EMEA, and the Asia-Pacific region, providing sales and service support for both of our segments.
These cancelable and non-cancelable leases expire at various times through 2025. For more information, see Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
We also have numerous sales and support staff operating from home-based offices serving both our Network Solutions and our Services & Support segments, which are located within the United States and abroad.
ITEM 3.	 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	
We have been involved from time to time in litigation in the normal course of our business. We are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation matters that could have a material adverse effect on us.
ITEM 4.	 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	
Not applicable.
 
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ITEM 4A.	 EXECUTIVE OFFI CERS OF THE REGISTRANT	
Set forth below, in accordance with General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K and Instruction 3 of Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K, is certain information regarding the executive officers of ADTRAN. Unless otherwise indicated, the information set forth is as of December 31, 2017.
 
Thomas R. Stanton	 	Age 53	
2007 to present	 	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board	
 
Roger D. Shannon	 	Age 52	
2015 to present	 	Senior Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Secretary and Treasurer	
2006 – 2015	 	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer – Steel Technologies LLC	
 
Michael K. Foliano	 	Age 57	
2006 to present	 	Senior Vice President of Operations	
 
Kevin P. Heering	 	Age 46	
2017 to present	 	Senior Vice President, Services and Support	
2014 – 2017	 	Senior Vice President, Quality and Administration	
2010 – 2014	 	Vice President, Quality	
 
Charles Marsh	 	Age 51	
2017 to present	 	Senior Vice President, Sales	
2016 – 2017	 	Managing Director, Americas – XURA	
2016	 	Vice President Sales, Americas – Hewlett Packard Enterprise	
2012 – 2016	 	President, America Sales – Alcatel Lucent	
2009 – 2012	 	Vice President, North American Sales – Alcatel Lucent	
 
Eduard Scheiterer	 	Age 64	
2015 to present	 	Senior Vice President, Research and Development	
2014 – 2015	 	Senior Vice President and Managing Director, International Markets	
2012 – 2014	 	Managing Director – Adtran GmbH, a German wholly owned subsidiary of Adtran, Inc.	
2009 – 2012	 	Head of Broadband Access – Nokia (formerly Nokia Siemens Networks), Germany	
 
James D. Wilson, Jr.	 	Age 47	
2015 to present	 	Senior Vice President of Technology and Strategy	
2006 – 2015	 	Senior Vice President and General Manager, Carrier Networks	
 
There are no family relationships among our directors or executive officers. All officers are elected annually by, and serve at the discretion of, the Board of Directors of ADTRAN.

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 PART II
ITEM 5.	 MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	
 
ADTRAN's common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol ADTN. As of January 31, 2018, ADTRAN had 176 stockholders of record and approximately 7,202 beneficial owners of shares held in street name. The following table shows the high and low closing prices per share for our common stock as reported by NASDAQ for the periods indicated.
 
Common Stock Prices	 	
 	 	High	 	 	Low	 	
2017	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
First Quarter	 	$	23.20	 	 	$	20.75	 	
Second Quarter	 	$	20.65	 	 	$	19.10	 	
Third Quarter	 	$	24.00	 	 	$	20.05	 	
Fourth Quarter	 	$	24.50	 	 	$	19.35	 	
2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
First Quarter	 	$	20.47	 	 	$	16.60	 	
Second Quarter	 	$	20.43	 	 	$	17.14	 	
Third Quarter	 	$	19.74	 	 	$	17.81	 	
Fourth Quarter	 	$	23.15	 	 	$	17.90	 	
 
The following table shows the shareholder dividends paid in each quarter of 2017 and 2016. The Board of Directors presently anticipates that it will declare a regular quarterly dividend so long as the present tax treatment of dividends exists and adequate levels of liquidity are maintained.
 
Dividends per Common Share	 	
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
First Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Second Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Third Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Fourth Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
 
Stock Repurchases
The following table sets forth repurchases of our common stock for the months indicated.
 
Period	 	Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased	 	 	Average
Price Paid
per Share	 	 	Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs  (1)	 	 	Maximum Number of
Shares that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs	 	
October 1, 2017 – October 31, 2017	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,559,068	 	
November 1, 2017 – November 30, 2017	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,559,068	 	
December 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,559,068	 	
Total	 	 	—	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	 	 	
 
(1)	Since 1997, our Board of Directors has approved multiple share repurchase programs that have authorized open market repurchase transactions of up to 50.0 million shares of our common stock, which will be implemented through open market or private purchases from time to time as conditions warrant.	
 
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ITEM 6.	 SELECTE D FINANCIAL DATA	
Income Statement Data
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
 
Year Ended December 31,	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Sales	 	$	666,900	 	 	$	636,781	 	 	$	600,064	 	 	$	630,007	 	 	$	641,744	 	
Cost of sales	 	 	363,240	 	 	 	345,437	 	 	 	333,167	 	 	 	318,680	 	 	 	332,858	 	
Gross profit	 	 	303,660	 	 	 	291,344	 	 	 	266,897	 	 	 	311,327	 	 	 	308,886	 	
Selling, general and administrative expenses	 	 	135,489	 	 	 	131,805	 	 	 	123,542	 	 	 	131,958	 	 	 	129,366	 	
Research and development expenses	 	 	130,434	 	 	 	124,804	 	 	 	129,876	 	 	 	132,258	 	 	 	131,055	 	
Operating income	 	 	37,737	 	 	 	34,735	 	 	 	13,479	 	 	 	47,111	 	 	 	48,465	 	
Interest and dividend income	 	 	4,380	 	 	 	3,918	 	 	 	3,953	 	 	 	5,019	 	 	 	7,012	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(556	)	 	 	(572	)	 	 	(596	)	 	 	(677	)	 	 	(2,325	)	
Net realized investment gain	 	 	4,685	 	 	 	5,923	 	 	 	10,337	 	 	 	7,278	 	 	 	8,614	 	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	(1,559	)	 	 	(651	)	 	 	(1,465	)	 	 	1,175	 	 	 	(911	)	
Gain on bargain purchase of a business	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,542	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Income before provision for income taxes	 	 	44,687	 	 	 	46,895	 	 	 	25,708	 	 	 	59,906	 	 	 	60,855	 	
Provision for income taxes (1)	 	 	(20,847	)	 	 	(11,666	)	 	 	(7,062	)	 	 	(15,286	)	 	 	(15,061	)	
Net income	 	$	23,840	 	 	$	35,229	 	 	$	18,646	 	 	$	44,620	 	 	$	45,794	 	
 
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic	 	 	48,153	 	 	 	48,724	 	 	 	51,145	 	 	 	55,120	 	 	 	59,001	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding – assuming dilution (2)	 	 	48,699	 	 	 	48,949	 	 	 	51,267	 	 	 	55,482	 	 	 	59,424	 	
Earnings per common share – basic	 	$	0.50	 	 	$	0.72	 	 	$	0.36	 	 	$	0.81	 	 	$	0.78	 	
Earnings per common share – assuming dilution (2)	 	$	0.49	 	 	$	0.72	 	 	$	0.36	 	 	$	0.80	 	 	$	0.77	 	
Dividends declared and paid per common share	 	$	0.36	 	 	$	0.36	 	 	$	0.36	 	 	$	0.36	 	 	$	0.36	 	
 
Balance Sheet Data (In thousands)
 
At December 31,	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Working capital (3)	 	$	306,296	 	 	$	226,367	 	 	$	219,219	 	 	$	214,985	 	 	$	260,252	 	
Total assets	 	$	669,094	 	 	$	667,235	 	 	$	632,904	 	 	$	738,694	 	 	$	789,898	 	
Total debt	 	$	26,700	 	 	$	27,800	 	 	$	28,900	 	 	$	30,000	 	 	$	46,500	 	
Stockholders' equity	 	$	497,911	 	 	$	479,517	 	 	$	480,160	 	 	$	549,013	 	 	$	604,606	 	
 
(1)	Provision for income taxes in 2017 reflects an estimated expense of $11.9 million related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017. See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.	
(2)	Assumes exercise of dilutive stock options calculated under the treasury method. See Notes 1 and 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.	
(3)	Working capital consists of current assets less current liabilities. Amounts prior to 2016 have been recast to conform to the current period’s presentation as a result of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.	
 
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ITEM 7.	 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS O F FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	
 
Overview
ADTRAN, Inc. (ADTRAN) is a leading global provider of networking and communications equipment. Our solutions enable voice, data, video and Internet communications across a variety of network infrastructures. These solutions are deployed by many of the United States’ and the world’s largest communications service providers (CSPs), distributed enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses, public and private enterprises, and millions of individual users worldwide.
Our success depends upon our ability to increase unit volume and market share through the introduction of new products and succeeding generations of products having lower selling prices and increased functionality as compared to both the prior generation of a product and to the products of competitors. An important part of our strategy is to reduce the cost of each succeeding product generation and then lower the product’s selling price based on the cost savings achieved in order to gain market share and/or improve gross margins. As a part of this strategy, we seek in most instances to be a high-quality, low-cost provider of products in our markets. Our success to date is attributable in large measure to our ability to design our products initially with a view to their subsequent redesign, allowing both increased functionality and reduced manufacturing costs in each succeeding product generation. This strategy enables us to sell succeeding generations of products to existing customers, while increasing our market share by selling these enhanced products to new customers.
 
In addition to reporting our Network Solutions and Services & Support segments, we report revenue across three categories – Access & Aggregation, Customer Devices, and Traditional & Other Products.
 
Access & Aggregation solutions are used by CSPs to connect their network infrastructure to their subscribers. This category includes software and hardware-based products and services that aggregate and/or originate access technologies. The portfolio of ADTRAN solutions within this category includes a wide array of modular or fixed physical form factors designed to deliver the best technology and economic fit based on the target subscriber density and environmental conditions.
The Access & Aggregation category includes product and service families such as:
 
 	•	Mosaic branded network management and subscriber services control and orchestration software within a SD-Access architecture	
 	•	SDX series of SDN-controlled programmable network elements that form the hardware components within a SD-Access architecture	
 	•	Total Access ® 5000 Series Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) and Fiber to the Node (FTTN) Multi-Service Access Nodes (MSAN)	
 	•	hiX 5600 Series fiber aggregation and FTTN MSAN	
 	•	Fiber to the Distribution Point (FTTdp) Gfast Optical Network Units (ONU)	
 	•	GPON, EPON and 10G PON Optical Line Terminals (OLT)	
 	•	Optical Networking Edge (ONE) aggregation	
 	•	IP-based Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs)	
 	•	Cabinet and Outside-Plant (OSP) enclosures and services	
 	•	Pluggable optical transceivers (i.e., SFP, SFP+, XFP, QSFP), cables and other miscellaneous materials	
 	•	Planning, engineering, program management, maintenance, installation and commissioning services to implement customer network solutions	
 	•	Other products and services that are generally applicable to Access & Aggregation	

 
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Customer Devices includes our products and services that provide end users access to CSP networks. Our Customer Devices portfolio includes a comprehensive array of service provider and enterprise hardware and software products and services.
The Customer Devices category includes products and services such as:
 	•	Broadband customer premises solutions, including Passive Optical Network (PON) and point-to-point Ethernet Optical Network Terminals (ONTs)	
 	•	Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) MicroNodes	
 	•	Residential and business gateways	
 	•	Wi-Fi access points and associated powering and switching infrastructure	
 	•	Enterprise Session Border Controllers (eSBC)	
 	•	Branch office and access routers	
 	•	Carrier Ethernet services termination devices	
 	•	Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) media gateways	
 	•	ProServices pre-sale and post-sale technical support	
 	•	Planning, engineering, program management, maintenance, installation and commissioning services to implement customer devices solutions into consumer, small business and enterprise locations	
 	•	Other products and services that are generally applicable to customer devices	
 
Traditional & Other Products generally includes a mix of prior generation technologies’ products and services, as well as other products and services that do not fit within the Access & Aggregation or Customer Devices categories.
The Traditional & Other Products category includes products and services such as:
 	•	Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)-based aggregation systems and customer devices	
 	•	HDSL, ADSL and other mature technologies used to deliver business and residential services over the CSP access and customer networks	
 	•	Other products and services that do not fit within the Access & Aggregation and Customer Devices categories	
Sales were $666.9 million in 2017, compared to $636.8 million in 2016 and $600.1 million in 2015. Our gross profit margin was 45.5% in 2017, compared to 45.8% in 2016 and 44.5% in 2015. Net income was $23.8 million in 2017, compared to $35.2 million in 2016 and $18.6 million in 2015. Earnings per share, assuming dilution, were $0.49 in 2017, compared to $0.72 in 2016 and $0.36 in 2015. Earnings per share in 2017, 2016 and 2015 include the effect of the repurchase of 0.9 million, 1.4 million and 4.0 million shares of our stock in those years, respectively.
Our operating results have fluctuated on a quarterly basis in the past, and may vary significantly in future periods due to a number of factors, including customer order activity and backlog. Backlog levels vary because of seasonal trends, the timing of customer projects and other factors that affect customer order lead times. Many of our customers require prompt delivery of products. This requires us to maintain sufficient inventory levels to satisfy anticipated customer demand. If near-term demand for our products declines, or if potential sales in any quarter do not occur as anticipated, our financial results could be adversely affected. Operating expenses are relatively fixed in the short term; therefore, a shortfall in quarterly revenues could significantly impact our financial results in a given quarter.
 
Our operating results may also fluctuate as a result of a number of other factors, including a decline in general economic and market conditions, foreign currency exchange rate movements, increased competition, customer order patterns, changes in product and services mix, timing differences between price decreases and product cost reductions, product warranty returns, expediting costs and announcements of new products by us or our competitors. Additionally, maintaining sufficient inventory levels to assure prompt delivery of our products increases the amount of inventory that may become obsolete and increases the risk that the obsolescence of this inventory may have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Also, not maintaining sufficient inventory levels to assure prompt delivery of our products may cause us to incur expediting costs to meet customer delivery requirements, which may negatively impact our operating results in a given quarter.
 
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Accordingly, our historical financial performance is not necessarily a meaningful indicator of future results, and, in general, management expects that our financial results may vary from period to period. See Note 16 of Notes t o Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. For a discussion of risks associated with our operating results, see Item 1A of this report.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the results of financial operations. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied across our two reportable segments: (1) Network Solutions and (2) Services & Support.
 	•	Revenue is generally recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the product price is fixed or determinable, collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, and product returns are reasonably estimable. For product sales, revenue is generally recognized upon shipment of the product to our customer in accordance with the title transfer terms of the sales agreement, generally Ex Works, per International Commercial Terms. In the case of consigned inventory, revenue is recognized when the end customer assumes ownership of the product. Contracts that contain multiple deliverables are evaluated to determine the units of accounting, and the consideration from the arrangement is allocated to each unit of accounting based on the relative selling price and corresponding terms of the contract. When this is not available, we are generally not able to determine third-party evidence of selling price because of the extent of customization among competing products or services from other companies. In these instances, we use best estimates to allocate consideration to each respective unit of accounting. These estimates include analysis of respective bills of material and review and analysis of similar product and service offerings. We record revenue associated with installation services when respective contractual obligations are complete. In instances where customer acceptance is required, revenue is deferred until respective acceptance criteria have been met. Contracts that include both installation services and product sales are evaluated for revenue recognition in accordance with contract terms. As a result, installation services may be considered a separate deliverable or may be considered a combined single unit of accounting with the delivered product. Generally, either the purchaser, ADTRAN, or a third party can perform the installation of our products. Sales taxes invoiced to customers are included in revenue, and represent less than one percent of total revenues. The corresponding sales taxes paid are included in cost of goods sold. Value added taxes collected from customers in international jurisdictions are recorded in accrued expenses as a liability. Revenue is recorded net of discounts. Sales returns are recorded as a reduction of revenue and accrued based on historical sales return experience, which we believe provides a reasonable estimate of future returns.	
A significant portion of our products are sold in the U.S. through a non-exclusive distribution network of major technology distributors. These organizations then distribute or provide fulfillment services to an extensive network of VARs and SIs. VARs and SIs may be affiliated with us as a channel partner, or they may purchase from the distributor on an unaffiliated basis. Additionally, with certain limitations, our distributors may return unused and unopened product for stock-balancing purposes when these returns are accompanied by offsetting orders for products of equal or greater value.
 	•	We carry our inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method. We use standard costs for material, labor, and manufacturing overhead to value our inventory. Our standard costs are updated on at least a quarterly basis and any variances are expensed in the current period; therefore, our inventory costs approximate actual costs at the end of each reporting period. We write down our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory by an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated fair value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual future demand or market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, we may be required to make additional inventory write-downs. Our reserve for excess and obsolete inventory was $23.4 million and $25.2 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Inventory disposals charged against the reserve were $8.3 million, $4.7 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.	
 
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 	•	For purposes of determining the estimated fair v alue of our stock option awards on the date of grant, we use the Black-Scholes Model. This model requires the input of certain assumptions that require subjective judgment. These assumptions include, but are not limited to, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. Because our stock option awards have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the input assumptions can mater ially affect the fair value estimate, the existing model may not provide a reliable, single measure of the fair value of our stock option awards. For purposes of determining the estimated fair value of our market-based performance stock unit (PSU) awards o n the date of grant, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation valuation method. The PSUs are subject to a market condition based on the relative total shareholder return of ADTRAN against all of the companies in the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index and vest at the e nd of a three-year performance period. The fair value of performance-based PSUs, restricted stock units (RSUs) and restricted stock is equal to the closing price of our stock on the business day immediately preceding the grant date. Compensation expense re lated to unvested performance-based PSUs will be recognized over the requisite service period of three years as achievement of the performance obligation becomes probable. Management will continue to assess the assumptions and methodologies used to calcula te the estimated fair value of stock-based compensation. Circumstances may change and additional data may become available over time, which could result in changes to these assumptions and methodologies and thereby materially impact our fair value determin ation. If factors change in future periods, the compensation expense that we record may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period.	
 	•	We estimate our income tax provision or benefit in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including estimating exposures related to examinations by taxing authorities. We also make judgments regarding the realization of deferred tax assets, and establish valuation allowances where we believe it is more likely than not that future taxable income in certain jurisdictions will be insufficient to realize these deferred tax assets. Our estimates regarding future taxable income and income tax provision or benefit may vary due to changes in market conditions, changes in tax laws, or other factors. If our assumptions, and consequently our estimates, change in the future, the valuation allowances we have established may be increased or decreased, impacting future income tax expense. At December 31, 2017 and 2016 respectively, the valuation allowance was $6.0 million and $6.1 million. As of December 31, 2017, we have state research tax credit carry-forwards of $3.8 million, which will expire between 2018 and 2030. These carry-forwards were caused by tax credits in excess of our annual tax liabilities to an individual state where we no longer generate sufficient state income. In addition, as of December 31, 2017, we have a deferred tax asset of $5.2 million relating to net operating loss carry-forwards which will expire between 2018 and 2030. These carry-forwards are the result of acquisitions in 2009 and in 2011. The acquired net operating losses are in excess of the amount of estimated earnings. We believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize the full benefits of our deferred tax asset arising from these credits and net operating losses, and accordingly, have provided a valuation allowance against that piece.	
We establish reserves to remove some or all of the tax benefit of any of our tax positions at the time we determine that the positions become uncertain. We adjust these reserves, including any impact on the related interest and penalties, as facts and circumstances change.
 	•	Our products generally include warranties of 90 days to five years for product defects. We accrue for warranty returns at the time revenue is recognized based on our historical return rate and estimate of the cost to repair or replace the defective products. We engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of our component suppliers. Our products continue to become more complex in both size and functionality as many of our product offerings migrate from line card applications to total systems. The increasing complexity of our products will cause warranty incidences, when they arise, to be more costly. Our estimates regarding future warranty obligations may change due to product failure rates, material usage, and other rework costs incurred in correcting a product failure. In addition, from time to time, specific warranty accruals may be recorded if unforeseen problems arise. Should our actual experience relative to these factors be worse than our estimates, we will be required to record additional warranty expense. Alternatively, if we provide for more reserves than we require, we will reverse a portion of such provisions in future periods. The liability for warranty obligations totaled $9.7 million and $8.5 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These liabilities are included in accrued expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.	
 	•	Pension benefit plan obligations are based on various assumptions used by our actuaries in calculating these amounts. These assumptions include discount rates, compensation rate increases, expected return on plan assets, retirement rates, and mortality rates. Actual results that differ from the assumptions and changes in assumptions could affect future expenses and obligations. Our net pension liability totaled $8.3 million and $10.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This liability is included in other non-current liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.	
 
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Results of Operations
The following table presents selected financial information derived from our consolidated statements of income expressed as a percentage of sales for the years indicated. Amounts may not foot due to rounding.
 
Year Ended December 31,	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Sales	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Products	 	 	81.0	%	 	 	82.5	%	 	 	87.9	%	
Services	 	 	19.0	 	 	 	17.5	 	 	 	12.1	 	
Total sales	 	 	100.0	 	 	 	100.0	 	 	 	100.0	 	
Cost of sales	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Products	 	 	41.9	 	 	 	42.5	 	 	 	49.0	 	
Services	 	 	12.6	 	 	 	11.7	 	 	 	6.6	 	
Gross profit	 	 	45.5	 	 	 	45.8	 	 	 	44.5	 	
Selling, general and administrative expenses	 	 	20.3	 	 	 	20.7	 	 	 	20.6	 	
Research and development expenses	 	 	19.6	 	 	 	19.6	 	 	 	21.6	 	
Operating income	 	 	5.7	 	 	 	5.5	 	 	 	2.2	 	
Interest and dividend income	 	 	0.7	 	 	 	0.6	 	 	 	0.7	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(0.1	)	 	 	(0.1	)	 	 	(0.1	)	
Net realized investment gain	 	 	0.7	 	 	 	0.9	 	 	 	1.7	 	
Other expense, net	 	 	(0.2	)	 	 	(0.1	)	 	 	(0.2	)	
Gain on bargain purchase of a business	 	 	—	 	 	 	0.6	 	 	 	—	 	
Income before provision for income taxes	 	 	6.7	 	 	 	7.4	 	 	 	4.3	 	
Provision for income taxes	 	 	(3.1	)	 	 	(1.8	)	 	 	(1.2	)	
Net income	 	 	3.6	%	 	 	5.5	%	 	 	3.1	%	
 
2017 Compared to 2016
 
Sales
Our sales increased 4.7% from $636.8 million in 2016 to $666.9 million in 2017. The increase in sales is attributable to a $14.9 million increase in Network Solutions sales and a $15.2 million increase in Services & Support sales.
 
Network Solutions sales increased 2.8% from $525.5 million in 2016 to $540.4 million in 2017. The increase in sales in 2017 is primarily attributable to an increase in sales of our Access & Aggregation products, partially offset by a decrease in sales of our Traditional & Other products. The increase in sales of our Access & Aggregation products is primarily attributable to increased VDSL2 vectoring product sales in the U.S. and European carrier markets. While we expect that revenues from Traditional & Other products will continue to decline over time, these revenues may fluctuate and continue for years because of the time required for our customers to transition to newer technologies.
 
Services & Support sales increased 13.7% from $111.3 million in 2016 to $126.5 million in 2017. The increase in sales in 2017 is primarily attributable to an increase in network installation services for Access & Aggregation products.
 
International sales, which are included in the Network Solutions and Services & Support amounts discussed above, increased 17.2% from $135.4 million in 2016 to $158.7 million in 2017. International sales, as a percentage of total sales, increased from 21.3% in 2016 to 23.8% in 2017. The increase in international sales in 2017 is primarily attributable to an increase in sales in EMEA, partially offset by a decrease in sales in Latin America and the APAC region.
 
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Our international revenues are largely focused on broadband infrastructure and are impacted by the dec isions of our customers as to timing for installation of new technologies, expansion of their networks and/or network upgrades. Our international customers must make these decisions in the regulatory and political environment in which they operate – both n ationally and in some instances, regionally – whether of a multi-country region or a more local region within a country. For example, the European Commission launched a Gigabit Society initiative, and before that, the Digital Agenda, which has provided a f avorable market environment for the deployment of ultra-broadband and Gigabit network solutions. Although the overall environment and market demand for broadband service deployment in the European Union has improved, some new broadband technologies are sti ll being reviewed for regulatory and standards completion, which may affect the timing of those technologies. In Mexico, regulatory changes have created uncertainty for customers, which have resulted in slowdowns in network buying patterns. The competitive landscape in certain international markets is also impacted by the increased presence of Asian manufacturers that seek to compete aggressively on price. A strengthening U.S. dollar can also negatively impact our revenues in regions such as Latin America, where our products are traditionally priced in U.S. dollars, while in regions where our products are sold in local currency, such as Europe, a stronger U.S. dollar can negatively impact operating income. Consequently, while we expect the global trend towar ds deployment of more robust broadband speeds and access to continue to create expanded market opportunities for us, the factors described above may result in pressure on revenues and operating income. However, we do not presently foresee a significant neg ative impact to our financial condition based on our strong liquidity and the generally positive environment described above.
 
We recognized a positive impact to our revenues in the first half of 2017 due to our being awarded a network expansion program by a large European tier-1 customer. We anticipate that as our European and Latin American customers resume their network upgrade projects, we may experience further enhancement to our revenues. We have recently announced receipt of a new nationwide award in the Pacific region, as well as additional awards based on new ADTRAN technologies in the EMEA region that we believe will likely result in a positive impact to our revenues. Further, we expect that a resolution of the regulatory changes in Mexico may result in business with our major customer in that region returning to a more normal level.
 
Cost of Sales
As a percentage of sales, cost of sales increased from 54.2% in 2016 to 54.5% in 2017. The increase is primarily attributable to a regional revenue shift, customer and product mix and services and support mix.
 
Network Solutions cost of sales, as a percent of that segment’s sales, increased from 51.5% of sales in 2016 to 51.7% of sales in 2017. The increase in Network Solutions cost of sales as a percentage of that segment’s sales is primarily attributable to customer and product mix.
 
An important part of our strategy is to reduce the product cost of each succeeding product generation and then to lower the product’s price based on the cost savings achieved. This may cause variations in our gross profit percentage due to timing differences between the recognition of cost reductions and the lowering of product selling prices.
 
Services & Support cost of sales, as a percent of that segment’s sales, decreased from 67.2% of sales in 2016 to 66.2% of sales in 2017. The decrease in Services & Support cost of sales as a percentage of that segment’s sales is primarily attributable to the mix of network installation programs and support.
 
Our Services business has experienced significant growth since 2015 as competitive pressures to expand broadband access and speeds have strained carriers’ ability to respond to customer demand. Our Services & Support revenues are comprised of network planning and implementation, maintenance, support and cloud-based management services, with network planning and implementation being the largest and fastest growing component. Compared to our other services such as maintenance, support and cloud-based management services, our network planning and implementation services typically utilize a higher percentage of internal and subcontracted engineers, professionals and contractors to perform the work for customers. The additional costs incurred to perform these infrastructure and labor intensive services inherently result in lower average gross margins as compared to maintenance and support services.
 
As our network planning and implementation revenues have grown and are now the largest component of our Services & Support business, our Services & Support segment gross margins have decreased versus those reported when maintenance and support comprised the majority of the business. Further, because the growth in our network planning and implementation services has resulted in our Services & Support revenues comprising a larger percentage of our overall revenues, and because our Services & Support gross margins are below those of the Network Solutions segment, our overall corporate gross margins have declined as that business has continued to grow. Within the Services & Support segment, we do expect variability in gross margins from quarter-to-quarter based on the mix of the services recognized.
 
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased 2.8% from $131.8 million in 2016 to $135.5 million in 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for administration, finance, information technology, human resources, sales and marketing, and general management, as well as rent, utilities, legal and accounting expenses, bad debt expense, advertising, promotional material, trade show expenses, and related travel costs. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to increases in ERP implementation expense, deferred compensation expense, travel expense, and equity-based compensation expense, partially offset by a decrease in performance-based compensation expense.
 
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales decreased from 20.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016 to 20.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales will generally fluctuate whenever there is a significant fluctuation in revenues for the periods being compared.
 
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses increased 4.5% from $124.8 million in 2016 to $130.4 million in 2017. The increase in research and development expenses is primarily attributable to an increase in labor and engineering materials related to customer specific projects, contract services and amortization of intangibles acquired in the third quarter of 2016.
 
Research and development expenses as a percentage of sales remained constant at 19.6% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. Research and development expenses as a percentage of sales will fluctuate whenever there are incremental product development activities or a significant fluctuation in revenues for the periods being compared.
 
We expect to continue to incur research and development expenses in connection with our new and existing products and our expansion into international markets. We continually evaluate new product opportunities and engage in intensive research and product development efforts which provide for new product development, enhancement of existing products and product cost reductions. We may incur significant research and development expenses prior to the receipt of revenues from a major new product group.
 
Interest and Dividend Income
Interest and dividend income increased 11.8% from $3.9 million in 2016 to $4.4 million in 2017. The increase in interest and dividend income is primarily attributable to an increase in the rate of return on investments.
 
Interest Expense
Interest expense, which is primarily related to our taxable revenue bond, remained consistent at $0.6 million in 2016 and 2017, as we had no substantial change in our fixed-rate borrowing. See “Financing Activities” in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information on our taxable revenue bond.
Net Realized Investment Gain
Net realized investment gain decreased 20.9% from $5.9 million in 2016 to $4.7 million in 2017. The decrease in realized investment gains is primarily attributable to decreased gains from the sale of equity securities. See “Investing Activities” in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information.
 
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net, comprised primarily of miscellaneous income and expense, gains and losses on foreign currency transactions, gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts, investment account management fees, and scrap raw material sales, increased 139.5% from $0.7 million of expense in 2016 to $1.6 million of expense in 2017. The change is primarily attributable to increased losses on our foreign exchange contracts.

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Gain on Bargain Purchase of a Business
Gain on bargain purchase of a business in 2016 is related to our acquisition of key fiber access products, technologies and service relationships from a third party on September 13, 2016. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
 
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate increased from 24.9% in 2016 to 46.7% in 2017. The increase in the effective tax rate between the two periods is primarily attributable to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017. As a result of the new law, we recognized an estimated expense of $11.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, of which $9.2 million related to the write-down of deferred tax assets and $2.7 million related to tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings. See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
 
Net Income
As a result of the above factors, net income decreased from $35.2 million in 2016 to $23.8 million in 2017. As a percentage of sales, net income decreased from 5.5% in 2016 to 3.6% in 2017.
2016 Compared to 2015
 
Sales
Our sales increased 6.1% from $600.1 million in 2015 to $636.8 million in 2016. The increase in sales is primarily attributable to a $38.6 million increase in Services & Support sales, partially offset by a $1.9 million decrease in Network Solutions sales.
 
Network Solutions sales decreased 0.4% from $527.4 million in 2015 to $525.5 million in 2016. The decrease in sales in 2016 is primarily attributable to a decrease in sales of our Access & Aggregation products and Traditional & Other products, partially offset by an increase in sales of our Customer Devices products. The decrease in sales of our Access & Aggregation products is primarily attributable to a decrease in international hiX product sales, partially offset by an increase in OSP DSLAM sales. The increase in sales of our Customer Devices products is primarily attributable to increased sales of our FTTP ONT products. While we expect that revenues from Traditional & Other products will continue to decline over time, these revenues may fluctuate and continue for years because of the time required for our customers to transition to newer technologies.
 
Services & Support sales increased 53.2% from $72.6 million in 2015 to $111.3 million in 2016. The increase in sales in 2016 is primarily attributable to an increase in network installation services for Access & Aggregation products.
 
International sales, which are included in the Network Solutions and Services & Support amounts discussed above, decreased 25.0% from $180.7 million in 2015 to $135.4 million in 2016. International sales, as a percentage of total sales, decreased from 30.1% in 2015 to 21.3% in 2016. Our international revenues are affected to a great extent by the timing of network upgrade projects at our larger European and Latin American customers and by changes in foreign exchange rates in territories in which we sell our products and services. Throughout 2016, our largest European customer focused on completing network upgrade activities in regions outside of our footprint with them. However, we expect that once current projects are completed, future network upgrades will resume in the second half of 2017 within our geographic footprint with this customer. Additionally, after reaching a cyclical high in the second quarter of 2014, the value of the Euro currency relative to the U.S. dollar declined significantly throughout the second half of 2014 and in 2015. Though the Euro-USD exchange rate appears to have stabilized since reaching a low in the fourth quarter of 2015, it remains approximately 20% below the highs of 2014. This decline in the value of the Euro throughout 2015 and into 2016 significantly reduced the U.S. dollar value of revenue from our European sales.
 
Cost of Sales
As a percentage of sales, cost of sales decreased from 55.5% in 2015 to 54.2% in 2016. The decrease is primarily attributable to a regional revenue shift and customer and product mix, partially offset by a change in services mix, restructuring expenses and an increase in warranty expense related to a product recall caused by a defect in a part provided by a third party supplier.

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Network Solutions cost of sales, as a percent of that segment’s sales, decreased from 55.7% of sales in 2015 to 51.5% of sales in 2016. The decrease in Network Solutions cost of sales as a percentage of that segment’s sales is primarily attributable to a regional revenue shift and customer and product mix, partially offset by restructuring expenses and an increase in warranty expens e related to a product recall caused by a defect in a part provided by a third party supplier .
 
Services & Support cost of sales, as a percent of that segment’s sales, increased from 54.1% of sales in 2015 to 67.2% of sales in 2016. The increase in Services & Support cost of sales as a percentage of that segment’s sales is primarily attributable to an increase in network installation services, which have higher costs than maintenance and support services, and in restructuring expenses.
 
An important part of our strategy is to reduce the product cost of each succeeding product generation and then to lower the product’s price based on the cost savings achieved. This may cause variations in our gross profit percentage due to timing differences between the recognition of cost reductions and the lowering of product selling prices.
 
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased 6.7% from $123.5 million in 2015 to $131.8 million in 2016. Selling, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for administration, finance, information systems, human resources, sales and marketing, and general management, as well as rent, utilities, legal and accounting expenses, bad debt expense, advertising, promotional material, trade show expenses, and related travel costs. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to an increase in variable incentive compensation expense and use tax expense, partially offset by a decrease in professional services.
 
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales increased from 20.6% for the year ended December 31, 2015 to 20.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales will generally fluctuate whenever there is a significant fluctuation in revenues for the periods being compared.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses decreased 3.9% from $129.9 million in 2015 to $124.8 million in 2016. The decrease in research and development expenses is primarily attributable to a decrease in compensation expense, lease expense and testing expense, partially offset by an increase in contract services. The decrease in compensation expense and lease expense in 2016 was primarily attributable to the consolidation of engineering resources that occurred during the second quarter of 2015.
 
Research and development expenses as a percentage of sales decreased from 21.6% for the year ended December 31, 2015 to 19.6% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Research and development expenses as a percentage of sales will fluctuate whenever there are incremental product development activities or a significant fluctuation in revenues for the periods being compared.
 
We expect to continue to incur research and development expenses in connection with our new and existing products and our expansion into international markets. We continually evaluate new product opportunities and engage in intensive research and product development efforts which provide for new product development, enhancement of existing products and product cost reductions. We may incur significant research and development expenses prior to the receipt of revenues from a major new product group.
 
Interest and Dividend Income
Interest and dividend income remained constant at $3.95 million in 2015 and $3.92 million in 2016.
 
Interest Expense
Interest expense, which is primarily related to our taxable revenue bond, remained consistent at $0.6 million in 2015 and 2016, as we had no substantial change in our fixed-rate borrowing. See “Financing Activities” in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information on our taxable revenue bond.

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Net Realized Investment Gain
Net realized investment gain decreased from $10.3 million in 2015 to $5.9 million in 2016. The decrease in realized investment gains is primarily attributable to fewer gains from the sale of equity securities in 2016. See “Investing Activities” in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information.
 
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net, comprised primarily of miscellaneous income, gains and losses resulting from foreign currency exchange rate movements, and investment account management fees, decreased from $1.5 million of expense in 2015 to $0.7 million of expense in 2016. The change is primarily attributable to gains on forward currency contracts during the fourth quarter of 2016.
 
Gain on Bargain Purchase of a Business
Gain on bargain purchase of a business is related to our acquisition of key fiber access products, technologies and service relationships from a third party on September 13, 2016. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
 
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate decreased from 27.5% in 2015 to 24.9% in 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate between the two periods is primarily attributable to the benefit associated with the bargain purchase gain.
 
Net Income
As a result of the above factors, net income increased from $18.6 million in 2015 to $35.2 million in 2016. As a percentage of sales, net income increased from 3.1% in 2015 to 5.5% in 2016.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
Liquidity
 
We intend to finance our operations with cash flow from operations. We have used, and expect to continue to use, the cash generated from operations for working capital, purchases of treasury stock, shareholder dividends, and other general corporate purposes, including (i) product development activities to enhance our existing products and develop new products and (ii) expansion of sales and marketing activities. We believe our cash and cash equivalents, investments and cash generated from operations to be adequate to meet our operating and capital needs for at least the next 12 months.
 
At December 31, 2017, cash on hand was $86.4 million and short-term investments were $16.1 million, which resulted in available short-term liquidity of $102.6 million, of which $56.8 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. At December 31, 2016, cash on hand was $79.9 million and short-term investments were $43.2 million, which resulted in available short-term liquidity of $123.1 million, of which $42.1 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. The decrease in short-term liquidity from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017 is primarily attributable to shifts among available investment option tenures to provide funds for our short-term cash needs.
 
Operating Activities
 
Our working capital, which consists of current assets less current liabilities, increased 35.3% from $226.4 million as of December 31, 2016 to $306.3 million as of December 31, 2017. The current ratio, defined as current assets divided by current liabilities, increased from 2.79 as of December 31, 2016 to 3.87 as of December 31, 2017. The increase in our working capital and current ratio is primarily attributable to an increase in accounts receivable, inventory, and other receivables, and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued wages and benefits. The quick ratio, defined as cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and net accounts receivable, divided by current liabilities, increased from 1.70 as of December 31, 2016 to 2.31 as of December 31, 2017. The increase in the quick ratio is primarily attributable to an increase in accounts receivable and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued wages and benefits. The decrease in accrued wages and benefits was primarily attributable to a decrease in accrued variable incentive compensation.

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Net accounts receivable increased 56.1 % from $92.3 million at December 31, 2016 to $144.2 million at December 31, 2017. We did not have an allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2016 or 2017. Quarterly accounts receivable DSO increased from 52 days as of December 31, 2016 to 105 days as of December 31, 2017. The increase in net accounts receivable and DSO is attributable to customer specific payment terms that will become due early in the first quarter of 2018 and the timing of sales and collections during the quarter. Additionally, ce rtain international customers can have longer payment terms than U.S. customers.
 
Other receivables increased 67.2% from $15.9 million at December 31, 2016 to $26.6 million at December 31, 2017. The increase in other receivables is primarily attributable to an increase in lease receivables and income tax receivables.
 
Annual inventory turnover decreased from 3.51 turns as of December 31, 2016 to 3.19 turns as of December 31, 2017. Inventory increased 16.6% from $105.1 million at December 31, 2016 to $122.5 million at December 31, 2017. We expect inventory levels to fluctuate as we attempt to maintain sufficient inventory in response to seasonal cycles of our business ensuring competitive lead times while managing the risk of inventory obsolescence that may occur due to rapidly changing technology and customer demand.
 
Accounts payable decreased 21.6% from $77.3 million at December 31, 2016 to $60.6 million at December 31, 2017. Accounts payable will fluctuate due to variations in the timing of the receipt of supplies, inventory and services and our subsequent payments for these purchases.
 
Investing Activities
 
Capital expenditures totaled approximately $14.7 million, $21.4 million and $11.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These expenditures were primarily used to purchase computer hardware, software, manufacturing and test equipment, and building improvements.
 
Our combined short-term and long-term investments decreased $72.9 million from $219.3 million at December 31, 2016 to $146.4 million at December 31, 2017. This decrease reflects the impact of our cash used by our operating activities, cash needs for share repurchases, shareholder dividends, equipment acquisitions, as well as net realized and unrealized losses, and amortization of net premiums on our combined investments, partially offset by funds provided by stock option exercises by our employees.

We invest all available cash not required for immediate use in operations primarily in securities that we believe bear minimal risk of loss. At December 31, 2017, these investments included corporate bonds of $32.5 million, municipal fixed-rate bonds of $2.9 million, asset-backed bonds of $6.5 million, mortgage/agency-backed bonds of $5.5 million, U.S. government bonds of $14.3 million, and foreign government bonds of $0.7 million. At December 31, 2016, these investments included corporate bonds of $66.4 million, municipal fixed-rate bonds of $11.8 million, asset-backed bonds of $10.2 million, mortgage/agency-backed bonds of $13.0 million, U.S. government bonds of $29.8 million, foreign government bonds of $3.7 million, and variable rate demand notes of $11.9 million. As of December 31, 2017, our corporate bonds, municipal fixed-rate bonds, asset-backed bonds, mortgage/agency-backed bonds, U.S. government bonds, and foreign government bonds were classified as available-for-sale and had a combined duration of 1.15 years with an average credit rating of A+. Because our bond portfolio has a high quality rating and contractual maturities of a short duration, we are able to obtain prices for these bonds derived from observable market inputs, or for similar securities traded in an active market, on a daily basis.
 
Our long-term investments decreased 26.0% from $176.1 million at December 31, 2016 to $130.3 million at December 31, 2017. Long-term investments at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 included an investment in a certificate of deposit of $27.8 million, which serves as collateral for our revenue bond, as discussed below. We have investments in various marketable equity securities classified as long-term investments at a cost of $33.5 million and $30.6 million, and with a fair value of $35.7 million and $29.4 million, at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
 
Long-term investments at December 31, 2017 and 2016 also included $19.9 million and $14.6 million, respectively, related to our deferred compensation plan, and $0.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of other investments, consisting of interests in two private equity funds and an investment in a privately held telecommunications equipment manufacturer.

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We review our investment portfolio for potential “other-than-temporary” declines in value on an individual investment basis. We assess, on a quarterly basis, significant declines in value which may be considered other-than-temporary and, if necessary, recognize and record the appropriate charge to write-down the carrying value of such investments. In making this assessment, we take into consid eration qualitative and quantitative information, including but not limited to the following: the magnitude and duration of historical declines in market prices, credit rating activity, assessments of liquidity, public filings, and statements made by the i ssuer. We generally begin our identification of potential other-than-temporary impairments by reviewing any security with a fair value that has declined from its original or adjusted cost basis by 25% or more for six or more consecutive months. We then eva luate the individual security based on the previously identified factors to determine the amount of the write-down, if any. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we recorded charges of $0.2 million, $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectiv ely, related to the other-than-temporary impairment of certain publicly traded equity securities, our deferred compensation plan assets, and our investments in two private equity funds.
Financing Activities
 In conjunction with an expansion of our Huntsville, Alabama, facility, we were approved for participation in an incentive program offered by the State of Alabama Industrial Development Authority (the “Authority”). Pursuant to the program, on January 13, 1995, the Authority issued $20.0 million of its taxable revenue bonds and loaned the proceeds from the sale of the bonds to ADTRAN. The bonds were originally purchased by AmSouth Bank of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (the “Bank”). Wachovia Bank, N.A., Nashville, Tennessee (formerly First Union National Bank   of Tennessee) (the “Bondholder”), which was acquired by Wells Fargo & Company on December 31, 2008, purchased the original bonds from the Bank and made further advances to the Authority, bringing the total amount outstanding to $50.0 million. An Amended and Restated Taxable Revenue Bond (“Amended and Restated Bond”) was issued and the original financing agreement was amended. The Amended and Restated Bond bears interest, payable monthly. The interest rate is 2% per annum. The Amended and Restated Bond matures on January 1, 2020, and is currently outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $26.7 million. The estimated fair value of the bond using a level 2 valuation technique at December 31, 2017 was approximately $26.7 million, based on a debt security with a comparable interest rate and maturity and a Standard & Poor’s credit rating of AAA. We are required to make payments to the Authority in amounts necessary to pay the interest on the Amended and Restated Bond. Included in long-term investments at December 31, 2017 is $27.8 million which is invested in a restricted certificate of deposit. These funds serve as a collateral deposit against the principal of this bond, and we have the right to set-off the balance of the Bond with the collateral deposit in order to reduce the balance of the indebtedness.
In conjunction with this program, we are eligible to receive certain economic incentives from the state of Alabama that reduce the amount of payroll withholdings that we are required to remit to the state for those employment positions that qualify under the program. We realized economic incentives related to payroll withholdings totaling $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $1.3 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
We made principal payments of $1.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , and we anticipate making a principal payment in 2018 . At December 31, 2017, $1.1 million of the bond debt was classified as a current liability in accounts payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 
Dividends
 
During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid shareholder dividends totaling $17.4 million, $17.6 million and $18.4 million, respectively. The Board of Directors presently anticipates that it will declare a regular quarterly dividend so long as the present tax treatment of dividends exists and adequate levels of liquidity are maintained. The following table shows dividends per common share paid to our shareholders in each quarter of 2017, 2016 and 2015.
 
Dividends per Common Share	 	
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
First Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Second Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Third Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Fourth Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	

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Stock Repurchase Program
Since 1997, our Board of Directors has approved multiple share repurchase programs that have authorized open market repurchase transactions of up to 50.0 million shares of our common stock, which will be implemented through open market or private purchases from time to time as conditions warrant. For the years 2017, 2016 and 2015, we repurchased 0.9 million shares, 1.4 million shares and 4.0 million shares, respectively, for a cost of $17.3 million, $25.8 million and $66.2 million, respectively, at an average price of $20.27, $18.29 and $16.68 per share, respectively. We currently have the authority to purchase an additional 3.6 million shares of our common stock under the current plans approved by the Board of Directors.
Stock Option Exercises
To accommodate employee stock option exercises, we issued 0.7 million shares of treasury stock for $13.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, 0.3 million shares of treasury stock for $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, and 0.1 million shares of treasury stock for $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
We do not have off-balance sheet financing arrangements and have not engaged in any related party transactions or arrangements with unconsolidated entities or other persons that are reasonably likely to materially affect liquidity or the availability of or requirements for capital resources.
We have various contractual obligations and commercial commitments. The following table sets forth, in millions, the annual payments we are required to make under contractual cash obligations and other commercial commitments at December 31, 2017.
 
Contractual Obligations
 
(In millions)	 	Total	 	 	2018	 	 	2019	 	 	2020	 	 	2021	 	 	After 2021	 	
Long-term debt	 	$	26.7	 	 	$	1.1	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	25.6	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Interest on long-term debt	 	 	1.0	 	 	 	0.5	 	 	 	0.5	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Purchase obligations	 	 	140.0	 	 	 	139.1	 	 	 	0.8	 	 	 	0.1	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Operating lease obligations	 	 	8.5	 	 	 	3.1	 	 	 	0.9	 	 	 	0.8	 	 	 	0.8	 	 	 	2.9	 	
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act toll charge	 	 	2.7	 	 	 	0.5	 	 	 	0.2	 	 	 	0.2	 	 	 	0.2	 	 	 	1.6	 	
Totals	 	$	178.9	 	 	$	144.3	 	 	$	2.4	 	 	$	26.7	 	 	$	1.0	 	 	$	4.5	 	
 
We are required to make payments necessary to pay the interest on the Amended and Restated Bond, currently outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $26.7 million. The bond matures on January 1, 2020, and bears interest at the rate of 2% per annum. Included in long-term investments are $27.8 million of restricted funds, which is a collateral deposit against the principal amount of this bond. We made principal payments of $1.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. We anticipate making a principal payment in 2018. At December 31, 2017, $1.1 million of the bond debt was classified as a current liability in accounts payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Purchase obligations primarily relate to open purchase orders to our contract manufacturers, component suppliers, service partners, and other vendors.
We have committed to invest up to an aggregate of $7.9 million in two private equity funds, and we have contributed $8.4 million as of December 31, 2017, of which $7.7 million has been applied to these commitments. The additional $0.2 million commitment has been excluded from the table above due to uncertainty of when it will be applied.
We also have obligations related to uncertain income tax positions that have been excluded from the table above due to the uncertainty of when the related expense will be recognized. See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
 
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition , including most industry-specific revenue recognition guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the Codification. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 to fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASUs in 2016 containing implementation guidance related to ASU 2014-09, including: ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) , which is intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations; ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing , which is intended to clarify two aspects of Topic 606: identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance; ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients , which contains certain provisions and practical expedients in response to identified implementation issues; and ASU 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which is intended to clarify the Codification or to correct unintended application of guidance. ASU 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption. We adopted ASU 2014-09 and the related ASUs on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.
The two areas of impact of these ASUs are network installation service revenue performance obligations and contract costs. The output method will be used to measure network installation services progress. The primary impact will be the timing of revenue recognition for certain performance obligations related to service revenue arrangements that are currently deferred until customer acceptance.  
 
In connection with the adoption of the new revenue standard, effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers , with respect to capitalization and amortization of incremental costs of obtaining a contract. As a result, certain costs of obtaining a contract will need to be capitalized, including sales commissions, as the guidance requires the capitalization of all incremental costs incurred to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained, provided the costs are recoverable. The primary impact will be capitalization of certain sales commissions for our extended maintenance and support contracts in excess of one year and costs associated with our capital lease arrangements that are billed monthly, and amortization of those costs over the period that the related revenue is recognized.
We will recognize the cumulative adjustment for network installation service revenue performance obligations and contract costs to retained earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2018. We do not believe the cumulative adjustment will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements during 2018.
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02). ASU 2016-02 requires an entity to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and to disclose key information about the entity's leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective approach is required. We anticipate the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have a material impact on our financial position; however, we do not believe adoption will have a material impact on our results of operations. We believe the most significant impact relates to our accounting for operating leases for office space and equipment.
In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, entities will be required to compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual or interim impairment tests performed in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for annual or interim impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The amendments should be applied prospectively. We are currently evaluating whether to early adopt ASU 2017-04, but we do not expect it will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 
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In March 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-07, Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (ASU 2017-07). ASU 2017-07 amends ASC 715, Compensation — Retirement Benefits , to require employers that present a meas ure of operating income in their statements of earnings to include only the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in operating expenses (together with other employee compensation costs). The other components of net benefit cost, including amortization of prior service cost/credit, and settlement and curtailment effects, are to be included in non-operating expenses. ASU 2017-07 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal ye ars, beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018 and we do not expect ASU 2017-07 will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (ASU 2017-12). ASU 2017-12 expands and refines hedge accounting for both financial and non-financial risk components, aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of hedging instruments and hedge items in the financial statements, and includes certain targeted improvements to ease the application of current guidance related to the assessment of hedge effectiveness. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2017-12 will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
During 2017, we adopted the following accounting standards, which had no material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows:
In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (ASU 2015-11). Currently, Topic 330, Inventory , requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. Market could be replacement cost, net realizable value, or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin. ASU 2015-11 does not apply to inventory that is measured using last-in, first-out (LIFO) or the retail inventory method. The amendments apply to all other inventory, which includes inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost. ASU 2015-11 requires an entity to measure in scope inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. ASU 2015-11 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. The amendments should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We adopted ASU 2015-11 in the first quarter of 2017, and there was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In January 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. As a result, beginning in the first quarter of 2017, we began recognizing all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as income tax expense or benefit as a discrete event. The treatment of forfeitures has changed as we have elected to discontinue our past practice of estimating forfeitures and now account for forfeitures as they occur. As a result, we recorded an increase in additional paid in capital of $0.1 million, a charge to beginning retained earnings of $0.1 million, and an increase in the deferred tax assets related to non-qualified stock options and RSUs of $10 thousand. In addition, cash flows related to excess tax benefits will no longer be separately classified as a financing activity apart from other income tax cash flows within operating activities. We elected to retrospectively apply the changes in presentation to the statements of cash flows and no longer classify excess tax benefits as a financing activity, which had an immaterial impact on our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. There was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows as a result of these changes.
Subsequent Events
On January 16, 2018, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per common share to be paid to shareholders of record at the close of business on January 31, 2018. The quarterly dividend payment was $4.4 million and was paid on February 14, 2018. In July 2003, our Board of Directors elected to begin declaring quarterly dividends on our common stock considering the tax treatment of dividends and adequate levels of Company liquidity.
During the first quarter and as of February 23, 2018, we have repurchased 0.6 million shares of our common stock through open market purchases at an average cost of $16.18 per share. We currently have the authority to purchase an additional 2.9 million shares of our common stock under the current plan approved by the Board of Directors.
In January 2018, we announced an early retirement incentive program for employees that met certain requirements. The estimated liability associated with this program ranges from $3.6 to $14.3 million.
 
43

ITEM 7A.	 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITA TIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	
We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency rates and prices of marketable equity and fixed-income securities. The primary objective of the large majority of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time achieving appropriate yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, a majority of our marketable securities are investment grade, fixed-rate bonds and municipal money market instruments denominated in U.S. dollars. Our investment policy provides limitations for issuer concentration, which limits, at the time of purchase, the concentration in any one issuer to 5% of the market value of our total investment portfolio.
We maintain depository investments with certain financial institutions. Although these depository investments may exceed government insured depository limits, we have evaluated the credit worthiness of these financial institutions, and determined the risk of material financial loss due to exposure of such credit risk to be minimal. As of December 31, 2017, $83.7 million of our cash and cash equivalents, primarily certain domestic money market funds and foreign depository accounts, were in excess of government provided insured depository limits.
As of December 31, 2017, approximately $83.5 million of our cash and investments may be directly affected by changes in interest rates. We have performed a hypothetical sensitivity analysis assuming market interest rates increase or decrease by 50 basis points (bps) for an entire year, while all other variables remain constant. At December 31, 2017, we held $34.2 million of cash and variable-rate investments where a change in interest rates would impact our interest income. A hypothetical 50 bps decline in interest rates as of December 31, 2017 would reduce annualized interest income on our cash and investments by approximately $0.2 million. In addition, we held $49.2 million of fixed-rate bonds whose fair values may be directly affected by a change in interest rates. A hypothetical 50 bps increase in interest rates as of December 31, 2017 would reduce the fair value of our fixed-rate bonds by approximately $0.3 million.
As of December 31, 2016, interest income on approximately $166.7 million of our cash and investments was subject to being directly affected by changes in interest rates. We performed a hypothetical sensitivity analysis assuming market interest rates increase or decrease by 50 bps for an entire year, while all other variables remain constant. A hypothetical 50 bps decline in interest rates as of December 31, 2016 would have reduced annualized interest income on our cash, money market instruments, floating rate corporate bonds and municipal variable rate demand notes by approximately $0.3 million. In addition, a hypothetical 50 bps increase in interest rates as of December 31, 2016 would have reduced the fair value of our municipal and corporate bonds by approximately $0.6 million.
We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates to the extent that such changes affect our revenue and gross margin on revenue derived from some international customers, expenses, and assets and liabilities held in non-functional currencies related to our foreign subsidiaries. Our primary exposures to foreign currency exchange rate movements are with our German subsidiary, whose functional currency is the Euro, our Australian subsidiary, whose functional currency is the Australian dollar, and our Mexican subsidiary, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar. We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates to the extent of our German subsidiary’s use of contract manufacturers and raw material suppliers whom we predominantly pay in U.S. dollars. As a result, changes in currency exchange rates could cause variations in gross margin in the products that we sell in the EMEA region.
We have certain international customers who are invoiced or pay in a non-functional currency. Changes in the monetary exchange rates used to invoice such customers versus the functional currency of the entity billing such customers may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. To manage the volatility relating to these typical business exposures, we may enter into various derivative transactions, when appropriate. We do not hold or issue derivative instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. All non-functional currencies billed would result in a combined hypothetical gain or loss of $0.1 million if the U.S. dollar weakened or strengthened 10% against the billing currencies. Any gain or loss would be partially mitigated by these derivative instruments.
As of December 31, 2017, we had no material contracts subject to currency revaluation, other than accounts receivable and accounts payable denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2017, we had no forward contracts outstanding.
For further information about the fair value of our available-for-sale investments and our derivative and hedging activities as of December 31, 2017, see Notes 4 and 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
44

ITEM 8.	 FINANCIAL STATEME NTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	
The following consolidated financial statements are contained in this report.
 
 	 	 	 	Page	
 	 	 	 	 	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	 	46	
 	 	 	 	 	
Financial Statements	 	48	
 	 	Consolidated Balance Sheets,
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016	 	48	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Income,
Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 201 5	 	49	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income,
Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 201 5	 	50	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity,
Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 201 5	 	51	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows,
Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015	 	52	
 	 	 	 	 	
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts ,
Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015	 	90	
 
45

 Report of Independent Regist ered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of ADTRAN, Inc.:
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ADTRAN, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).  
 
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
 
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits i n accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  
 
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

46

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Birmingham, Alabama
February 23, 2018
 
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1986.
 
47

 Financial Statements
ADTRAN, INC.
 Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except per share amounts)
December 31, 2017 and 2016
 
ASSETS	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Current Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	86,433	 	 	$	79,895	 	
Short-term investments	 	 	16,129	 	 	 	43,188	 	
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $— at
   December 31, 2017 and 2016	 	 	144,150	 	 	 	92,346	 	
Other receivables	 	 	26,578	 	 	 	15,897	 	
Inventory, net	 	 	122,542	 	 	 	105,117	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	 	 	17,282	 	 	 	16,459	 	
Total Current Assets	 	 	413,114	 	 	 	352,902	 	
Property, plant and equipment, net	 	 	85,079	 	 	 	84,469	 	
Deferred tax assets, net	 	 	23,428	 	 	 	38,036	 	
Goodwill	 	 	3,492	 	 	 	3,492	 	
Other assets	 	 	13,725	 	 	 	12,234	 	
Long-term investments	 	 	130,256	 	 	 	176,102	 	
Total Assets	 	$	669,094	 	 	$	667,235	 	
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	 	$	60,632	 	 	$	77,342	 	
Unearned revenue	 	 	13,070	 	 	 	16,326	 	
Accrued expenses	 	 	13,232	 	 	 	12,434	 	
Accrued wages and benefits	 	 	15,948	 	 	 	20,433	 	
Income tax payable	 	 	3,936	 	 	 	—	 	
Total Current Liabilities	 	 	106,818	 	 	 	126,535	 	
Non-current unearned revenue	 	 	4,556	 	 	 	6,333	 	
Other non-current liabilities	 	 	34,209	 	 	 	28,050	 	
Bonds payable	 	 	25,600	 	 	 	26,800	 	
Total Liabilities	 	 	171,183	 	 	 	187,718	 	
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stockholders' Equity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 200,000 shares authorized;
   79,652 shares issued and 48,485 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017 and
   79,652 shares issued and 48,472 shares outstanding at December 31, 2016	 	 	797	 	 	 	797	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	 	260,515	 	 	 	252,957	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	 	 	(3,295	)	 	 	(12,188	)	
Retained earnings	 	 	922,178	 	 	 	921,942	 	
Less treasury stock at cost: 31,167 and 31,180 shares at December 31, 2017 and 2016,
   respectively	 	 	(682,284	)	 	 	(683,991	)	
Total Stockholders' Equity	 	 	497,911	 	 	 	479,517	 	
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	 	$	669,094	 	 	$	667,235	 	
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
48

ADTRAN, INC.
 Consolidated Statements of Income (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Sales	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Products	 	$	540,396	 	 	$	525,502	 	 	$	527,422	 	
Services	 	 	126,504	 	 	 	111,279	 	 	 	72,642	 	
Total Sales	 	 	666,900	 	 	 	636,781	 	 	 	600,064	 	
Cost of Sales	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Products	 	 	279,541	 	 	 	270,695	 	 	 	293,843	 	
Services	 	 	83,699	 	 	 	74,742	 	 	 	39,324	 	
Total Cost of Sales	 	 	363,240	 	 	 	345,437	 	 	 	333,167	 	
Gross Profit	 	 	303,660	 	 	 	291,344	 	 	 	266,897	 	
Selling, general and administrative expenses	 	 	135,489	 	 	 	131,805	 	 	 	123,542	 	
Research and development expenses	 	 	130,434	 	 	 	124,804	 	 	 	129,876	 	
Operating Income	 	 	37,737	 	 	 	34,735	 	 	 	13,479	 	
Interest and dividend income	 	 	4,380	 	 	 	3,918	 	 	 	3,953	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(556	)	 	 	(572	)	 	 	(596	)	
Net realized investment gain	 	 	4,685	 	 	 	5,923	 	 	 	10,337	 	
Other expense, net	 	 	(1,559	)	 	 	(651	)	 	 	(1,465	)	
Gain on bargain purchase of a business	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,542	 	 	 	—	 	
Income before provision for income taxes	 	 	44,687	 	 	 	46,895	 	 	 	25,708	 	
Provision for income taxes	 	 	(20,847	)	 	 	(11,666	)	 	 	(7,062	)	
Net Income	 	$	23,840	 	 	$	35,229	 	 	$	18,646	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic	 	 	48,153	 	 	 	48,724	 	 	 	51,145	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted	 	 	48,699	 	 	 	48,949	 	 	 	51,267	 	
Earnings per common share – basic	 	$	0.50	 	 	$	0.72	 	 	$	0.36	 	
Earnings per common share – diluted	 	$	0.49	 	 	$	0.72	 	 	$	0.36	 	
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
49

ADTRAN, INC.
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands)
Years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Net Income	 	$	23,840	 	 	$	35,229	 	 	$	18,646	 	
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	 	 	2,163	 	 	 	(1,528	)	 	 	(7,032	)	
Defined benefit plan adjustments	 	 	731	 	 	 	(1,122	)	 	 	1,862	 	
Foreign currency translation	 	 	5,999	 	 	 	(569	)	 	 	(3,724	)	
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax	 	 	8,893	 	 	 	(3,219	)	 	 	(8,894	)	
Comprehensive Income, net of tax	 	$	32,733	 	 	$	32,010	 	 	$	9,752	 	
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
50

ADTRAN, INC.
 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (In thousands)
Years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
 
 	 	Common
Shares	 	 	Common
Stock	 	 	Additional
Paid-In
Capital	 	 	Retained
Earnings	 	 	Treasury
Stock	 	 	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	 	 	Total
Stockholders'
Equity	 	
Balance at December 31, 2014	 	 	79,652	 	 	$	797	 	 	$	241,829	 	 	$	907,751	 	 	$	(601,289	)	 	$	(75	)	 	$	549,013	 	
Net income	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	18,646	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	18,646	 	
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(8,894	)	 	 	(8,894	)	
Dividend payments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(18,449	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(18,449	)	
Dividends accrued for unvested restricted
   stock units	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(7	)	
Stock options exercised: 60 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(402	)	 	 	1,363	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	961	 	
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock vested: 34 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(69	)	 	 	(767	)	 	 	767	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(69	)	
Purchase of treasury stock: 3,967 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(66,160	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	(66,160	)	
Income tax effect of stock compensation
   arrangements	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,593	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,593	)	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,712	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,712	 	
Balance at December 31, 2015	 	 	79,652	 	 	 	797	 	 	 	246,879	 	 	 	906,772	 	 	 	(665,319	)	 	 	(8,969	)	 	 	480,160	 	
Net income	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	35,229	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	35,229	 	
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(3,219	)	 	 	(3,219	)	
Dividend payments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(17,583	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(17,583	)	
Dividends accrued for unvested restricted
   stock units	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(48	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(48	)	
Stock options exercised: 283 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,499	)	 	 	6,216	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	4,717	 	
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock vested: 42 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(142	)	 	 	(929	)	 	 	929	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(142	)	
Purchase of treasury stock: 1,411 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(25,817	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	(25,817	)	
Income tax effect of stock compensation
   arrangements	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(475	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(475	)	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,695	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,695	 	
Balance at December 31, 2016	 	 	79,652	 	 	 	797	 	 	 	252,957	 	 	 	921,942	 	 	 	(683,991	)	 	 	(12,188	)	 	 	479,517	 	
Net income	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	23,840	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	23,840	 	
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	8,893	 	 	 	8,893	 	
Dividend payments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(17,368	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(17,368	)	
Dividends accrued for unvested restricted
   stock units	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(37	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(37	)	
Stock options exercised: 742 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(2,827	)	 	 	16,239	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	13,412	 	
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock vested: 154 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(3,257	)	 	 	2,816	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(441	)	
Purchase of treasury stock: 856 shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(17,348	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	(17,348	)	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	7,433	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	7,433	 	
ASU 2016-09 adoption (see Note 1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	125	 	 	 	(115	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	10	 	
Balance at December 31, 2017	 	 	79,652	 	 	$	797	 	 	$	260,515	 	 	$	922,178	 	 	$	(682,284	)	 	$	(3,295	)	 	$	497,911	 	
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
51

ADTRAN, INC.
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands)
Years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	 	$	23,840	 	 	$	35,229	 	 	$	18,646	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating
   activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	15,692	 	 	 	14,407	 	 	 	14,245	 	
Amortization of net premium on available-for-sale investments	 	 	425	 	 	 	643	 	 	 	2,402	 	
Net realized gain on long-term investments	 	 	(4,685	)	 	 	(5,923	)	 	 	(10,337	)	
Net (gain) loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment	 	 	(145	)	 	 	22	 	 	 	644	 	
Gain on bargain purchase of a business	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,542	)	 	 	—	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	7,433	 	 	 	6,695	 	 	 	6,712	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	 	14,073	 	 	 	(2,685	)	 	 	(692	)	
Tax impact of stock option exercises	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(40	)	
Change in operating assets and liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable, net	 	 	(49,103	)	 	 	(21,302	)	 	 	14,918	 	
Other receivables	 	 	(10,222	)	 	 	4,101	 	 	 	11,704	 	
Inventory	 	 	(15,518	)	 	 	(10,887	)	 	 	(6,877	)	
Prepaid expenses and other assets	 	 	(4,830	)	 	 	(7,108	)	 	 	(5,070	)	
Accounts payable	 	 	(17,742	)	 	 	26,722	 	 	 	(5,826	)	
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	 	 	(5,455	)	 	 	8,792	 	 	 	(10,289	)	
Income taxes payable	 	 	3,858	 	 	 	(3,162	)	 	 	(11,590	)	
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	 	 	(42,379	)	 	 	42,002	 	 	 	18,550	 	
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	 	 	(14,720	)	 	 	(21,441	)	 	 	(11,753	)	
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment	 	 	151	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	183	 	
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale investments	 	 	173,752	 	 	 	225,075	 	 	 	280,435	 	
Purchases of available-for-sale investments	 	 	(93,141	)	 	 	(209,172	)	 	 	(188,921	)	
Acquisition of business	 	 	—	 	 	 	(943	)	 	 	—	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	 	 	66,042	 	 	 	(6,481	)	 	 	79,944	 	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from stock option exercises	 	 	13,412	 	 	 	4,717	 	 	 	961	 	
Purchases of treasury stock	 	 	(17,348	)	 	 	(25,817	)	 	 	(66,160	)	
Dividend payments	 	 	(17,368	)	 	 	(17,583	)	 	 	(18,449	)	
Payments on long-term debt	 	 	(1,100	)	 	 	(1,100	)	 	 	(1,100	)	
Net cash used in financing activities	 	 	(22,404	)	 	 	(39,783	)	 	 	(84,748	)	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	1,259	 	 	 	(4,262	)	 	 	13,746	 	
Effect of exchange rate changes	 	 	5,279	 	 	 	(393	)	 	 	(2,635	)	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	 	 	79,895	 	 	 	84,550	 	 	 	73,439	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	 	$	86,433	 	 	$	79,895	 	 	$	84,550	 	
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid during the year for interest	 	$	555	 	 	$	575	 	 	$	598	 	
Cash paid during the year for income taxes	 	$	2,988	 	 	$	18,689	 	 	$	20,139	 	
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in accounts payable	 	$	408	 	 	$	2,103	 	 	$	598	 	
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
52

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 – Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
ADTRAN, Inc. (ADTRAN) is a leading global provider of networking and communications equipment. Our solutions enable voice, data, video and Internet communications across a variety of network infrastructures. These solutions are deployed by many of the United States’ and the world’s largest communications service providers (CSPs), distributed enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses, public and private enterprises, and millions of individual users worldwide.
Principles of Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements include ADTRAN and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Our more significant estimates include the obsolete and excess inventory reserves, warranty reserves, customer rebates, determination of the deferred revenue components of multiple element sales agreements, estimated costs to complete obligations associated with deferred revenues and network installations, estimated income tax provision and income tax contingencies, the fair value of stock-based compensation, impairment of goodwill, valuation and estimated lives of intangible assets, estimated pension liability, fair value of investments, and the evaluation of other-than-temporary declines in the value of investments. Actual amounts could differ significantly from these estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents represent demand deposits, money market funds, and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale with original maturities of three months or less. We maintain depository investments with certain financial institutions. Although these depository investments may exceed government insured depository limits, we have evaluated the credit worthiness of these applicable financial institutions, and determined the risk of material financial loss due to the exposure of such credit risk to be minimal. As of December 31, 2017, $83.7 million of our cash and cash equivalents, primarily certain domestic money market funds and foreign depository accounts, were in excess of government provided insured depository limits.
Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The carrying amount reported for bonds payable was $26.7 million, compared to an estimated fair value of $26.7 million, based on a debt security with a comparable interest rate and maturity and a Standard & Poor’s credit rating of AAA.
Investments with contractual maturities beyond one year, such as our variable rate demand notes, may be classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. Despite the long-term nature of their stated contractual maturities, we routinely buy and sell these securities and we believe we have the ability to quickly sell them to the remarketing agent, tender agent, or issuer at par value plus accrued interest in the event we decide to liquidate our investment in a particular variable rate demand note. All income generated from these investments was recorded as interest income. We have not been required to record any losses relating to variable rate demand notes.
Long-term investments represent a restricted certificate of deposit held at cost, deferred compensation plan assets, corporate bonds, municipal fixed-rate bonds, asset-backed bonds, mortgage/agency backed bonds, U.S. and foreign government bonds, variable rate demand notes, marketable equity securities, and other equity investments. Marketable equity securities are reported at fair value as determined by the most recently traded price of the securities at the balance sheet date, although the securities may not be readily marketable due to the size of the available market. Unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are computed under the specific identification method and are included in current income. We review our investment portfolio quarterly for investments considered to have sustained an other-than-temporary decline in value. Impairment charges for other-than-temporary declines in value are recorded as realized losses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. All of our investments at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are classified as available-for-sale securities. See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
 
53

Accounts Receivable
We record accounts receivable at net realizable value. Prior to establishing payment terms for a new customer, we evaluate the credit risk of the customer. Credit limits and payment terms established for new customers are re-evaluated periodically based on customer collection experience and other financial factors. At December 31, 2017, single customers comprising more than 10% of our total accounts receivable balance included two customers, which accounted for 63.8% of our total accounts receivable. At December 31, 2016, single customers comprising more than 10% of our total accounts receivable balance included three customers, which accounted for 63.3% of our total accounts receivable.
We regularly review the need to maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts and consider factors such as the age of accounts receivable balances, the current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay, significant one-time events and our historical experience. If the financial condition of a customer deteriorates, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, we may be required to record an allowance for doubtful accounts. If circumstances change with regard to individual receivable balances that have previously been determined to be uncollectible (and for which a specific reserve has been established), a reduction in our allowance for doubtful accounts may be required. We did not have an allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.
Other Receivables
Other receivables are comprised primarily of lease receivables, amounts due from subcontract manufacturers for product component transfers, unbilled receivables, amounts due from various jurisdictions for value-added tax, income tax receivable, accrued interest on investments and on a restricted certificate of deposit, and amounts due from employee stock option exercises.
Inventory
Inventory is carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method. Standard costs for material, labor and manufacturing overhead are used to value inventory. Standard costs are updated at least quarterly; therefore, inventory costs approximate actual costs at the end of each reporting period. We establish reserves for estimated excess, obsolete or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated fair value of the inventory based upon assumptions about future demand, market conditions and age. When we dispose of excess and obsolete inventories, the related disposals are charged against the inventory reserve. See Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, which is stated at cost, is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We depreciate building and land improvements from five to 39 years, office machinery and equipment from three to seven years, engineering machinery and equipment from three to seven years, and computer software from three to five years. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Betterments that materially prolong the lives of the assets are capitalized. Gains and losses on the disposal of property, plant and equipment are recorded in operating income. See Note 7 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Liability for Warranty
Our products generally include warranties of 90 days to five years for product defects. We accrue for warranty returns at the time revenue is recognized based on our historical return rate and estimate of the cost to repair or replace the defective products. We engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of our component suppliers. Our products continue to become more complex in both size and functionality as many of our product offerings migrate from line card applications to total systems. The increasing complexity of our products will cause warranty incidences, when they arise, to be more costly. Our estimates regarding future warranty obligations may change due to product failure rates, material usage, and other rework costs incurred in correcting a product failure. In addition, from time to time, specific warranty accruals may be recorded if unforeseen problems arise. Should our actual experience relative to these factors be worse than our estimates, we will be required to record additional warranty expense. Alternatively, if we provide for more reserves than we require, we will reverse a portion of such provisions in future periods. During 2017, we recorded a reduction in warranty expense related to a settlement with a third party supplier for a defective component, the impact of which is reflected in the following table. The liability for warranty obligations totaled $9.7 million and $8.5 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These liabilities are included in accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 
54

A summary of warranty expense and write-off activity for the years ended Dec ember 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
(In thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at beginning of period	 	$	8,548	 	 	$	8,739	 	 	$	8,415	 	
Plus: Amounts charged to cost and expenses	 	 	6,951	 	 	 	8,561	 	 	 	2,998	 	
Less: Deductions	 	 	(5,775	)	 	 	(8,752	)	 	 	(2,674	)	
Balance at end of period	 	$	9,724	 	 	$	8,548	 	 	$	8,739	 	
 
Pension Benefit Plan Obligations
We maintain a defined benefit pension plan covering employees in certain foreign countries. Pension benefit plan obligations are based on various assumptions used by our actuaries in calculating these amounts. These assumptions include discount rates, compensation rate increases, expected return on plan assets, retirement rates and mortality rates. Actual results that differ from the assumptions and changes in assumptions could affect future expenses and obligations.
Stock-Based Compensation
We have two Board and stockholder approved stock incentive plans from which stock options, performance stock units (PSUs), restricted stock units (RSUs) and restricted stock are available for grant to employees and directors. All employee and director stock options granted under our stock option plans have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the award, as defined in the plan, of the underlying common stock on the grant date. All of our outstanding stock option awards are classified as equity awards.
Stock-based compensation expense recognized in 2017, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $7.4 million, $6.7 million and $6.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, total compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, market-based PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock not yet recognized was approximately $17.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over an average remaining recognition period of 2.9 years. In addition, there was $11.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance-based PSUs, which will be recognized over the requisite service period of three years as achievement of the performance obligation becomes probable. See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We review long-lived assets used in operations for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by the asset are less than the asset’s carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized in the amount by which the recorded value of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset, measured by the quoted market price of an asset or an estimate based on the best information available in the circumstances. There were no impairment losses recognized during 2017, 2016 or 2015.
Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets
We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill during the fourth quarter of each year and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. We have elected to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill is assigned is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step impairment test. If we determine that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount, then the two-step impairment test will be performed. Based on the results of our qualitative assessment in 2017, we concluded that it was not necessary to perform the two-step impairment test. There have been no impairment losses recognized since the goodwill was acquired in an acquisition in 2011. Purchased intangible assets with finite lives are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is recorded over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which is 9 months to 14 years.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs include compensation for engineers and support personnel, outside contracted services, depreciation and material costs associated with new product development, the enhancement of current products, and product cost reductions. We continually evaluate new product opportunities and engage in intensive research and product development efforts. Research and development costs totaled $130.4 million, $124.8 million and $129.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
 
55

Other Comprehensive Income
Other comprehensive income consists of unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities; unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges; reclassification adjustments for amounts included in net income related to impairments of available-for-sale securities, realized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities, realized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, and amortization of actuarial gains (losses) related to our defined benefit plan; defined benefit plan adjustments; and foreign currency translation adjustments.
The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017:
 
(In thousands)	 	Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Available-
for-Sale
Securities	 	 	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges	 	 	Defined
Benefit Plan
Adjustments	 	 	Foreign
Currency
Adjustments	 	 	Total	 	
Balance, December 31, 2014	 	$	8,964	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	(5,757	)	 	$	(3,282	)	 	$	(75	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss) before
   reclassifications	 	 	(844	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,589	 	 	 	(3,724	)	 	 	(2,979	)	
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other
   comprehensive income	 	 	(6,188	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	273	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(5,915	)	
Balance, December 31, 2015	 	 	1,932	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,895	)	 	 	(7,006	)	 	 	(8,969	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss) before
   reclassifications	 	 	1,515	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,229	)	 	 	(569	)	 	 	(283	)	
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other
   comprehensive income	 	 	(3,043	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	107	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2,936	)	
Balance, December 31, 2016	 	 	404	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(5,017	)	 	 	(7,575	)	 	 	(12,188	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss) before
   reclassifications	 	 	5,020	 	 	 	(619	)	 	 	451	 	 	 	5,999	 	 	 	10,851	 	
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other
   comprehensive income	 	 	(2,857	)	 	 	619	 	 	 	280	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(1,958	)	
Balance at December 31, 2017	 	$	2,567	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	(4,286	)	 	$	(1,576	)	 	$	(3,295	)	

The following tables present the details of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income Components	 	Amount Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income	 	 	Affected Line Item in the
Statement Where Net Income
Is Presented	
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net realized gain on sales of securities	 	$	4,864	 	 	Net realized investment gain	
Impairment expense	 	 	(180	)	 	Net realized investment gain	
Net losses on derivatives designated as hedging instruments	 	 	(897	)	 	Cost of sales	
Defined benefit plan adjustments – actuarial losses	 	 	(406	)	 	(1)	
Total reclassifications for the period, before tax	 	 	3,381	 	 	 	
Tax (expense) benefit	 	 	(1,423	)	 	 	
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	 	$	1,958	 	 	 	
 
(1)	Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.	
 
56

 
  (In thousands)	 	2016	
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income Components	 	Amount Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income	 	 	Affected Line Item in the
Statement Where Net Income
Is Presented	
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net realized gain on sales of securities	 	$	5,408	 	 	Net realized investment gain	
Impairment expense	 	 	(419	)	 	Net realized investment gain	
Defined benefit plan adjustments – actuarial losses	 	 	(156	)	 	(1)	
Total reclassifications for the period, before tax	 	 	4,833	 	 	 	
Tax (expense) benefit	 	 	(1,897	)	 	 	
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	 	$	2,936	 	 	 	
 
(1)	Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.	
 
(In thousands)	 	2015	
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income Components	 	Amount Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income	 	 	Affected Line Item in the
Statement Where Net Income
Is Presented	
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net realized gain on sales of securities	 	$	10,348	 	 	Net realized investment gain	
Impairment expense	 	 	(203	)	 	Net realized investment gain	
Defined benefit plan adjustments – actuarial losses	 	 	(396	)	 	(1)	
Total reclassifications for the period, before tax	 	 	9,749	 	 	 	
Tax (expense) benefit	 	 	(3,834	)	 	 	
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	 	$	5,915	 	 	 	
 
(1)	Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.	
 
The following tables present the tax effects related to the change in each component of other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
 
 	 	2017	 	
(In thousands)	 	Before-Tax
Amount	 	 	Tax
(Expense)
Benefit	 	 	Net-of-Tax
Amount	 	
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	 	$	8,230	 	 	$	(3,210	)	 	$	5,020	 	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to available-for-sale investments included in net income	 	 	(4,684	)	 	 	1,827	 	 	 	(2,857	)	
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	 	 	(897	)	 	 	278	 	 	 	(619	)	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to cash flow hedges included in net income	 	 	897	 	 	 	(278	)	 	 	619	 	
Defined benefit plan adjustments	 	 	654	 	 	 	(203	)	 	 	451	 	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to defined benefit plan adjustments included in net income	 	 	406	 	 	 	(126	)	 	 	280	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	5,999	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	5,999	 	
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	 	$	10,605	 	 	$	(1,712	)	 	$	8,893	 	
 
57

 
 	 	2016	 	
(In thousands)	 	Before-Tax
Amount	 	 	Tax
(Expense)
Benefit	 	 	Net-of-Tax
Amount	 	
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	 	$	2,484	 	 	$	(969	)	 	$	1,515	 	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to available-for-sale investments included in net income	 	 	(4,989	)	 	 	1,946	 	 	 	(3,043	)	
Defined benefit plan adjustments	 	 	(1,782	)	 	 	553	 	 	 	(1,229	)	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to defined benefit plan adjustments included in net income	 	 	156	 	 	 	(49	)	 	 	107	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	(569	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(569	)	
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	 	$	(4,700	)	 	$	1,481	 	 	$	(3,219	)	
 
 	 	2015	 	
(In thousands)	 	Before-Tax
Amount	 	 	Tax
(Expense)
Benefit	 	 	Net-of-Tax
Amount	 	
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	 	$	(1,384	)	 	$	540	 	 	$	(844	)	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to available-for-sale investments included in net income	 	 	(10,145	)	 	 	3,957	 	 	 	(6,188	)	
Defined benefit plan adjustments	 	 	2,303	 	 	 	(714	)	 	 	1,589	 	
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to defined benefit plan adjustments included in net income	 	 	396	 	 	 	(123	)	 	 	273	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment	 	 	(3,724	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(3,724	)	
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	 	$	(12,554	)	 	$	3,660	 	 	$	(8,894	)	
 
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes has been determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from the difference between financial and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when such changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.
We establish reserves to remove some or all of the tax benefit of any of our tax positions at the time we determine that the positions become uncertain. We adjust these reserves, including any impact on the related interest and penalties, as facts and circumstances change.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was signed into law. As a result of the Act, we have recognized an estimated expense of $11.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, of which $9.2 million related to the write-down of deferred tax assets and $2.7 million related to tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings. We have calculated our best estimate of the impact of the Act in our year-end income tax provision, in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed to finalize the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. Additional work is necessary to do a more detailed analysis of historical foreign earnings, as well as the full impact relating to the write-down of deferred tax assets. Any subsequent adjustments to these amounts will be recorded as income tax expense in the quarter the analysis is complete.
F oreign Currency
We record transactions denominated in foreign currencies on a monthly basis using exchange rates from throughout the year. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured at the balance sheet dates using the closing rates of exchange between those foreign currencies and the functional currency with any transaction gains or losses reported in other income (expense). Our primary exposures to foreign currency exchange rate movements are with our German subsidiary, whose functional currency is the Euro, our Australian subsidiary, whose functional currency is the Australian dollar, and our Mexican subsidiary, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Adjustments resulting from translating financial statements of international subsidiaries are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
 
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Revenue Recognition
Revenue is generally recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the product price is fixed or determinable, collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, and product returns are reasonably estimable. For product sales, revenue is generally recognized upon shipment of the product to our customer in accordance with the title transfer terms of the sales agreement, generally Ex Works, per International Commercial Terms. In the case of consigned inventory, revenue is recognized when the end customer assumes ownership of the product. Contracts that contain multiple deliverables are evaluated to determine the units of accounting, and the consideration from the arrangement is allocated to each unit of accounting based on the relative selling price and corresponding terms of the contract. When this is not available, we are generally not able to determine third-party evidence of selling price because of the extent of customization among competing products or services from other companies. In these instances, we use best estimates to allocate consideration to each respective unit of accounting. These estimates include analysis of respective bills of material and review and analysis of similar product and service offerings. We record revenue associated with installation services when respective contractual obligations are complete. In instances where customer acceptance is required, revenue is deferred until respective acceptance criteria have been met. Contracts that include both installation services and product sales are evaluated for revenue recognition in accordance with contract terms. As a result, installation services may be considered a separate deliverable or may be considered a combined single unit of accounting with the delivered product. Generally, either the purchaser, ADTRAN, or a third party can perform the installation of our products. Shipping fees are recorded as revenue and the related cost is included in cost of sales. Sales taxes invoiced to customers are included in revenues, and represent less than one percent of total revenues. The corresponding sales taxes paid are included in cost of goods sold. Value added taxes collected from customers in international jurisdictions are recorded in accrued expenses as a liability. Revenue is recorded net of discounts. Sales returns are recorded as a reduction of revenue and accrued based on historical sales return experience, which we believe provides a reasonable estimate of future returns.
A portion of our products are sold to a non-exclusive distribution network of major technology distributors in the United States. These large organizations then distribute or provide fulfillment services to an extensive network of VARs and SIs. VARs and SIs may be affiliated with us as a channel partner, or they may purchase from the distributor in an unaffiliated fashion. Additionally, with certain limitations our distributors may return unused and unopened product for stock-balancing purposes when such returns are accompanied by offsetting orders for products of equal or greater value.
We participate in cooperative advertising and market development programs with certain customers. We use these programs to reimburse customers for certain forms of advertising, and in general, to allow our customers credits up to a specified percentage of their net purchases. Our costs associated with these programs are estimated and included in marketing expenses in our consolidated statements of income. We also participate in rebate programs to provide sales incentives for certain products. Our costs associated with these programs are estimated and accrued at the time of sale, and are recorded as a reduction of sales in our consolidated statements of income.
Unearned Revenue
Unearned revenue primarily represents customer billings on our maintenance service programs and leases and unearned revenues relating to multiple element contracts where we still have contractual obligations to our customers. We currently offer maintenance contracts ranging from one to five years. Revenue attributable to maintenance contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis over the related contract term. In addition, we provide software maintenance and a variety of hardware maintenance services to customers under contracts with terms up to ten years. When we defer revenue related to multiple-element contracts where we still have contractual obligations, we also defer the related costs. Current deferred costs are included in prepaid expenses and other assets and totaled $11.4 million and $10.7 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Non-current deferred costs are included in other assets and totaled $2.8 million and $0.9 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net, is comprised primarily of miscellaneous income and expense, gains and losses on foreign currency transactions, gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts, investment account management fees, and scrap raw material sales.
Earnings per Share
Earnings per common share, and earnings per common share assuming dilution, are based on the weighted average number of common shares and, when dilutive, common equivalent shares outstanding during the year. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
 
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Dividends
During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid shareholder dividends totaling $17.4 million, $17.6 million and $18.4 million, respectively. The Board of Directors presently anticipates that it will declare a regular quarterly dividend so long as the present tax treatment of dividends exists and adequate levels of liquidity are maintained. The following table shows dividends paid to our shareholders in each quarter of 2017, 2016 and 2015.
 
Dividends per Common Share	 	
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
First Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Second Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Third Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
Fourth Quarter	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	 	$	0.09	 	
 
On January 16, 2018, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per common share to be paid to shareholders of record at the close of business on January 31, 2018. The ex-dividend date was January 30, 2018 and the payment date was February 14, 2018. The quarterly dividend payment was $4.4 million.
Business Combinations
We use the acquisition method to account for business combinations. Under the acquisition method of accounting, we recognize the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair value on the acquisition date. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets acquired. Costs incurred to complete the business combination, such as legal, accounting or other professional fees, are charged to general and administrative expenses as they are incurred.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition , including most industry-specific revenue recognition guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the Codification. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 to fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASUs in 2016 containing implementation guidance related to ASU 2014-09, including: ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) , which is intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations; ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing , which is intended to clarify two aspects of Topic 606: identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance; ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients , which contains certain provisions and practical expedients in response to identified implementation issues; and ASU 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which is intended to clarify the Codification or to correct unintended application of guidance. ASU 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption. We adopted ASU 2014-09 and the related ASUs on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.
The two areas of impact of these ASUs are network installation service revenue performance obligations and contract costs. The output method will be used to measure network installation services progress. The primary impact will be the timing of revenue recognition for certain performance obligations related to service revenue arrangements that are currently deferred until customer acceptance. 
 
In connection with the adoption of the new revenue standard, effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers , with respect to capitalization and amortization of incremental costs of obtaining a contract. As a result, certain costs of obtaining a contract will need to be capitalized, including sales commissions, as the guidance requires the capitalization of all incremental costs incurred to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained, provided the costs are recoverable. The primary impact will be capitalization of certain sales commissions for our extended maintenance and support contracts in excess of one year and costs associated with our capital lease arrangements that are billed monthly, and amortization of those costs over the period that the related revenue is recognized.

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We will recognize the cumulative adjustment for network installation service revenue performance obligations and contract costs to retained earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2018. We do not believe the cumulative adjustment will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements during 2018.
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02). ASU 2016-02 requires an entity to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and to disclose key information about the entity's leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective approach is required. We anticipate the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have a material impact on our financial position; however, we do not believe adoption will have a material impact on our results of operations. We believe the most significant impact relates to our accounting for operating leases for office space and equipment.
In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, entities will be required to compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual or interim impairment tests performed in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for annual or interim impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The amendments should be applied prospectively. We are currently evaluating whether to early adopt ASU 2017-04, but we do not expect it will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In March 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-07, Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (ASU 2017-07). ASU 2017-07 amends ASC 715, Compensation — Retirement Benefits , to require employers that present a measure of operating income in their statements of earnings to include only the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in operating expenses (together with other employee compensation costs). The other components of net benefit cost, including amortization of prior service cost/credit, and settlement and curtailment effects, are to be included in non-operating expenses. ASU 2017-07 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018 and we do not expect it will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (ASU 2017-12). ASU 2017-12 expands and refines hedge accounting for both financial and non-financial risk components, aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of hedging instruments and hedge items in the financial statements, and includes certain targeted improvements to ease the application of current guidance related to the assessment of hedge effectiveness. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2017-12 will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
During 2017, we adopted the following accounting standards, which had no material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows:
In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (ASU 2015-11). Currently, Topic 330, Inventory , requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. Market could be replacement cost, net realizable value, or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin. ASU 2015-11 does not apply to inventory that is measured using last-in, first-out (LIFO) or the retail inventory method. The amendments apply to all other inventory, which includes inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost. ASU 2015-11 requires an entity to measure in scope inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. ASU 2015-11 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. The amendments should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We adopted ASU 2015-11 in the first quarter of 2017, and there was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 
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In January 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. As a result, beginning in the first quarter of 2017, we began recognizing all excess tax benefits and tax defi ciencies as income tax expense or benefit as a discrete event. The treatment of forfeitures has changed as we have elected to discontinue our past practice of estimating forfeitures and now account for forfeitures as they occur. As a result, we recorded an increase in additional paid in capital of $0.1 million, a charge to beginning retained earnings of $0.1 million, and an increase in the deferred tax assets related to non-qualified stock options and RSUs of $10 thousand. In addition, cash flows related to excess tax benefits will no longer be separately classified as a financing activity apart from other income tax cash flows within operating activities. We elected to retrospectively apply the changes in presentation to the statements of cash flows and no longer classify excess tax benefits as a financing activity, which had an immaterial impact on our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 . There was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows as a result of these changes.
 
Note 2 – Business Combinations
On September 13, 2016, we acquired key fiber access products, technologies and service relationships from subsidiaries of CommScope, Inc. for $0.9 million in cash. This acquisition enhanced our solutions for the cable MSO industry and provided cable operators with the scalable solutions, services and support they required to compete in the multi-gigabit service delivery market. This transaction was accounted for as a business combination. We have included the financial results of this acquisition in our consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition. These revenues are included in the Network Solutions reportable segment, and in the Access & Aggregation and Customer Devices categories.
We recorded a bargain purchase gain of $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, net of income taxes, which was subject to customary working capital adjustments between the parties. The bargain purchase gain of $3.5 million represents the excess fair value of the net assets acquired over the consideration exchanged. We have assessed the recognition and measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on historical and pro forma data for future periods and have concluded that our valuation procedures and resulting measures were appropriate. The gain is included in the line item “Gain on bargain purchase of a business” in the 2016 Consolidated Statements of Income.
Working capital adjustments were recorded in the fourth quarter of 2016 and resulted in an immaterial reduction in the inventory acquired, accounts payable assumed, deferred income taxes and bargain purchase gain. If these adjustments had been recorded on the date of acquisition, the bargain purchase gain would have been reduced by $8 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The final allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date is as follows:
 
(In Thousands)	 	 	 	 	
Assets	 	 	 	 	
Inventory	 	$	3,131	 	
Property, plant and equipment	 	 	352	 	
Intangible assets	 	 	4,700	 	
Total assets acquired	 	 	8,183	 	
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	 	 	(1,250	)	
Warranty payable	 	 	(61	)	
Accrued wages and benefits	 	 	(122	)	
Deferred income taxes	 	 	(2,265	)	
Total liabilities assumed	 	 	(3,698	)	
Total net assets	 	 	4,485	 	
Gain on bargain purchase of a business, net of tax	 	 	(3,542	)	
Total purchase price	 	$	943	 	

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The details of the acquired intangible assets are as follows:
 
In thousands	 	Value	 	 	Life (years)	 	
Supply agreement	 	$	1,400	 	 	 	0.8	 	
Customer relationships	 	 	1,200	 	 	 	6.0	 	
Developed technology	 	 	800	 	 	 	10.0	 	
License	 	 	500	 	 	 	1.3	 	
Patent	 	 	500	 	 	 	7.3	 	
Non-compete	 	 	200	 	 	 	2.3	 	
Trade name	 	 	100	 	 	 	2.0	 	
Total	 	$	4,700	 	 	 	 	 	
 
The following unaudited supplemental pro forma information presents the financial results as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2015. This unaudited supplemental pro forma information does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition been completed on January 1, 2015, nor is it indicative of any future results. Aside from revising the 2015 net income for the effect of the bargain purchase gain, there were no material, non-recurring adjustments to this unaudited pro forma information.
 
(In thousands)	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Pro forma revenue	 	$	641,170	 	 	$	603,923	 	
Pro forma net income	 	$	31,212	 	 	$	22,945	 	
Pro forma earnings per share – basic	 	$	0.64	 	 	$	0.45	 	
Pro forma earnings per share – diluted	 	$	0.64	 	 	$	0.45	 	
 
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we incurred acquisition and integration related expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles of $1.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively, related to this acquisition.
Note 3 – Stock-Based Compensation
Stock Incentive Program Descriptions
On January 23, 2006, the Board of Directors adopted the ADTRAN, Inc. 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (2006 Plan), which authorized 13.0 million shares of common stock for issuance to certain employees and officers through incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs and restricted stock. The 2006 Plan was adopted by stockholder approval at our annual meeting of stockholders held on May 9, 2006. Options granted under the 2006 Plan typically become exercisable beginning after one year of continued employment, normally pursuant to a four-year vesting schedule beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date, and have a ten-year contractual term. The 2006 Plan was replaced on May 13, 2015 by the ADTRAN, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (2015 Plan). Expiration dates of options outstanding at December 31, 2017 under the 2006 Plan range from 2018 to 2024.
Our stockholders approved the 2010 Directors Stock Plan (2010 Directors Plan) on May 5, 2010, under which 0.5 million shares of common stock have been reserved. This plan replaces the 2005 Directors Stock Option Plan. Under the 2010 Directors Plan, the Company may issue stock options, restricted stock and RSUs to our non-employee directors. Stock awards issued under the 2010 Directors Plan normally become vested in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. Options issued under the 2010 Directors Plan have a ten-year contractual term. Expiration dates of options outstanding at December 31, 2017 under the 2010 Directors Plan range from 2018 to 2019.
On January 20, 2015, the Board of Directors adopted the ADTRAN, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (2015 Plan), which authorizes 7.7 million shares of common stock for issuance to certain employees and officers through incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock. The 2015 Plan was adopted by stockholder approval at our annual meeting of stockholders held on May 13, 2015. PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock granted under the 2015 Plan reduce the shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan by 2.5 shares of common stock for each share underlying the award. Options granted under the 2015 Plan typically become exercisable beginning after one year of continued employment, normally pursuant to a four-year vesting schedule beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date, and have a ten-year contractual term. Expiration dates of options outstanding at December 31, 2017 under the 2015 Plan range from 2025 to 2026.
 
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The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, PSUs, RSUs and restrict ed stock for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which was recognized as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Stock-based compensation expense included in cost of sales	 	$	379	 	 	$	389	 	 	$	280	 	
Selling, general and administrative expense	 	 	4,063	 	 	 	3,341	 	 	 	3,261	 	
Research and development expense	 	 	2,991	 	 	 	2,965	 	 	 	3,171	 	
Stock-based compensation expense included in operating expenses	 	 	7,054	 	 	 	6,306	 	 	 	6,432	 	
Total stock-based compensation expense	 	 	7,433	 	 	 	6,695	 	 	 	6,712	 	
Tax benefit for expense associated with non-qualified options, PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock	 	 	(1,699	)	 	 	(963	)	 	 	(862	)	
Total stock-based compensation expense, net of tax	 	$	5,734	 	 	$	5,732	 	 	$	5,850	 	
With our adoption of ASU 2016-09 Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting in January 2017, we elected to discontinue our past practice of estimating forfeitures and now account for forfeitures as they occur.
Stock Options
The following table is a summary of our stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 and the changes that occurred during 2017:
 
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	 	Number of
Options	 	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise Price	 	 	Weighted Avg.
Remaining
Contractual Life
in Years	 	 	Aggregate
Intrinsic   Value	 	
Stock options outstanding, December 31, 2016	 	 	6,338	 	 	$	22.14	 	 	 	5.63	 	 	$	16,972	 	
Stock options granted	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options exercised	 	 	(742	)	 	$	18.08	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options forfeited	 	 	(70	)	 	$	17.29	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options expired	 	 	(378	)	 	$	24.14	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options outstanding, December 31, 2017	 	 	5,148	 	 	$	22.65	 	 	 	4.87	 	 	$	6,109	 	
Stock options vested and expected to vest, December 31, 2017	 	 	5,148	 	 	$	22.65	 	 	 	4.87	 	 	$	6,109	 	
Stock options exercisable, December 31, 2017	 	 	4,351	 	 	$	23.78	 	 	 	4.37	 	 	$	3,810	 	
 
At December 31, 2017, total compensation cost related to non-vested stock options not yet recognized was approximately $3.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over an average remaining recognition period of 1.5 years.
 
All of the options above were issued at exercise prices that approximated fair market value at the date of grant. At December 31, 2017, 3.5 million options were available for grant under the shareholder approved plans.
The aggregate intrinsic values in the table above represent the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between ADTRAN’s closing stock price on the last trading day of 2017 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2017. The amount of aggregate intrinsic value will change based on the fair market value of ADTRAN’s stock.
The total pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.4 million, $1.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The fair value of options fully vesting during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $4.3 million, $5.7 million and $6.6 million, respectively.
 
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The following table further describes our stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2017:
 
 	 	Options Outstanding	 	 	Options Exercisable	 	
Range of
Exercise Prices	 	Options
Outstanding at
12/31/17
(In thousands)	 	 	Weighted Avg.
Remaining
Contractual Life
in Years	 	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price	 	 	Options
Exercisable at
12/31/17
(In thousands)	 	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price	 	
$14.88 – 18.96	 	 	1,623	 	 	 	6.02	 	 	$	15.77	 	 	 	1,063	 	 	$	15.96	 	
$18.97 – 23.45	 	 	801	 	 	 	6.68	 	 	$	19.11	 	 	 	565	 	 	$	19.17	 	
$23.46 – 30.35	 	 	1,400	 	 	 	4.16	 	 	$	23.85	 	 	 	1,399	 	 	$	23.85	 	
$30.36 – 41.92	 	 	1,324	 	 	 	3.29	 	 	$	31.94	 	 	 	1,324	 	 	$	31.94	 	
 	 	 	5,148	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	4,351	 	 	 	 	 	

PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock
Under the 2015 Plan, awards other than stock options, including PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock, may be granted to certain employees and officers.
Under our market-based PSU program, the number of shares of common stock earned by a recipient pursuant to the PSUs is subject to a market condition based on ADTRAN’s relative total shareholder return against all companies in the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index at the end of a three-year performance period. Depending on the relative total shareholder return over the performance period, the recipient may earn from 0% to 150% of the shares underlying the PSUs, with the shares earned distributed upon the vesting of the PSUs at the end of the three-year performance period. The fair value of the award is based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant, adjusted for the expected outcome of the impact of market conditions using a Monte Carlo Simulation valuation method. A portion of the granted PSUs also vest and the underlying shares become deliverable upon the death or disability of the recipient or upon a change of control of ADTRAN, as defined by the 2015 Plan. The recipients of the PSUs receive dividend credits based on the shares of common stock underlying the PSUs. The dividend credits are vested and earned in the same manner as the PSUs and are paid in cash upon the issuance of common stock for the PSUs.
During the first quarter of 2017, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved a PSU grant of 0.5 million shares that contain performance conditions. The fair value of these performance-based PSU awards was equal to the closing price of our stock on the date of grant.
The fair value of RSUs and restricted stock is equal to the closing price of our stock on the business day immediately preceding the grant date. RSUs and restricted stock vest ratably over four year and one year periods, respectively.
The following table is a summary of our PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 and the changes that occurred during 2017. The unvested awards outstanding as of December 31, 2016 have been adjusted for the actual shares vested in 2017 for our market-based PSUs.
 
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	 	Number of
shares	 	 	Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value	 	
Unvested PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding, December 31, 2016	 	 	527	 	 	$	20.53	 	
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock granted	 	 	950	 	 	$	21.69	 	
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock vested	 	 	(154	)	 	$	20.84	 	
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock forfeited	 	 	(31	)	 	$	20.99	 	
Unvested RSUs and restricted stock outstanding, December 31, 2017	 	 	1,292	 	 	$	21.33	 	
 
At December 31, 2017, total compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of market-based PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock not yet recognized was approximately $13.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over an average remaining recognition period of 3.2 years. In addition, there was $11.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance-based PSUs, which will be recognized over the requisite service period of three years as achievement of the performance obligation becomes probable. For the year ended 2017, no compensation expense was recognized related to these performance-based PSUs.
 
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Valuation and Expense Information
We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model (Black-Scholes Model) for the purpose of determining the estimated fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes Model requires the input of certain assumptions that involve judgment. Because our stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, existing models may not provide reliable measures of fair value of our stock options. We use a Monte Carlo Simulation valuation method to value our market-based PSUs. The fair value of our performance-based PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock issued is equal to the closing price of our stock on the date of grant. We will continue to assess the assumptions and methodologies used to calculate the estimated fair value of stock-based compensation. If circumstances change, and additional data becomes available over time, we may change our assumptions and methodologies, which may materially impact our fair value determination.
The stock option pricing model requires the use of several assumptions that impact the fair value estimate. These variables include, but are not limited to, the volatility of our stock price and employee exercise behaviors.
There were no stock option grants in 2017. The weighted-average estimated fair value of stock options granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $5.22 per share and $4.28 per share, respectively, with the following weighted-average assumptions:
 
 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Expected volatility	 	 	34.79	%	 	 	34.57	%	
Risk-free interest rate	 	 	1.36	%	 	 	1.81	%	
Expected dividend yield	 	 	1.98	%	 	 	2.35	%	
Expected life (in years)	 	 	6.25	 	 	 	6.23	 	
 
We based our estimate of expected volatility for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 on the sequential historical daily trading data of our common stock for a period equal to the expected life of the options granted. The selection of the historical volatility method was based on available data indicating our historical volatility is as equally representative of our future stock price trends as is our implied volatility. We have no reason to believe the future volatility of our stock price is likely to differ from its past volatility. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon implied yields of U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds on the date of grant having a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options granted. The dividend yield is based on our historical and expected dividend payouts. The expected life of our stock options is based upon historical exercise and forfeiture activity of our previous stock-based grants with a ten-year contractual term.
The PSU pricing model also requires the use of several significant assumptions that impact the fair value estimate. The estimated fair value of the PSUs granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $24.17 per share, $23.50 per share and $17.64 per share, respectively, with the following assumptions:
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Expected volatility	 	 	27.03	%	 	 	29.79	%	 	 	31.34	%	
Risk-free interest rate	 	 	1.78	%	 	 	1.17	%	 	 	1.20	%	
Expected dividend yield	 	 	1.74	%	 	 	1.80	%	 	 	2.35	%	

66

Note 4 – Investments
At December 31, 2017, we held the following securities and investments, recorded at either fair value or cost:
 
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value /	 	
 	 	Amortized	 	 	Gross Unrealized	 	 	Carrying	 	
(In thousands)	 	Cost	 	 	Gains	 	 	Losses	 	 	Value	 	
Deferred compensation plan assets	 	$	17,804	 	 	$	2,175	 	 	$	(96	)	 	$	19,883	 	
Corporate bonds	 	 	32,654	 	 	 	44	 	 	 	(155	)	 	 	32,543	 	
Municipal fixed-rate bonds	 	 	2,902	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	(22	)	 	 	2,882	 	
Asset-backed bonds	 	 	6,545	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	(20	)	 	 	6,526	 	
Mortgage/Agency-backed bonds	 	 	5,554	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	(46	)	 	 	5,509	 	
U.S. government bonds	 	 	14,477	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(174	)	 	 	14,303	 	
Foreign government bonds	 	 	725	 	 	 	5	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	730	 	
Marketable equity securities	 	 	33,478	 	 	 	3,034	 	 	 	(850	)	 	 	35,662	 	
Available-for-sale securities held at fair value	 	$	114,139	 	 	$	5,262	 	 	$	(1,363	)	 	$	118,038	 	
Restricted investment held at cost	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	27,800	 	
Other investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	547	 	
Total carrying value of available-for-sale investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	146,385	 	
 
At December 31, 2016, we held the following securities and investments, recorded at either fair value or cost:
 
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Fair Value /	 	
 	 	Amortized	 	 	Gross Unrealized	 	 	Carrying	 	
(In thousands)	 	Cost	 	 	Gains	 	 	Losses	 	 	Value	 	
Deferred compensation plan assets	 	$	12,367	 	 	$	2,271	 	 	$	(42	)	 	$	14,596	 	
Corporate bonds	 	 	66,522	 	 	 	64	 	 	 	(174	)	 	 	66,412	 	
Municipal fixed-rate bonds	 	 	11,799	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	(37	)	 	 	11,774	 	
Asset-backed bonds	 	 	10,201	 	 	 	19	 	 	 	(14	)	 	 	10,206	 	
Mortgage/Agency-backed bonds	 	 	13,080	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	(91	)	 	 	13,004	 	
U.S. government bonds	 	 	30,022	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	(270	)	 	 	29,767	 	
Foreign government bonds	 	 	3,729	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	3,730	 	
Variable rate demand notes	 	 	11,855	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	11,855	 	
Marketable equity securities	 	 	30,571	 	 	 	311	 	 	 	(1,503	)	 	 	29,379	 	
Available-for-sale securities held at fair value	 	$	190,146	 	 	$	2,709	 	 	$	(2,132	)	 	$	190,723	 	
Restricted investment held at cost	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	27,800	 	
Other investments held at cost	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	767	 	
Total carrying value of available-for-sale investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	219,290	 	
 
As of December 31, 2017, corporate bonds, municipal fixed-rate bonds, asset-backed bonds, mortgage/agency-backed bonds, U.S. government bonds, and foreign government bonds had the following contractual maturities:
 
(In thousands)	 	Corporate
bonds	 	 	Municipal
fixed-rate
bonds	 	 	Asset-backed
bonds	 	 	Mortgage /
Agency-backed
bonds	 	 	U.S.
government
bonds	 	 	Foreign
government
bonds	 	
Less than one year	 	$	12,021	 	 	$	891	 	 	$	143	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	3,073	 	 	$	—	 	
One to two years	 	 	9,145	 	 	 	826	 	 	 	2,367	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	5,960	 	 	 	—	 	
Two to three years	 	 	7,345	 	 	 	212	 	 	 	2,245	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,568	 	 	 	730	 	
Three to five years	 	 	4,032	 	 	 	953	 	 	 	810	 	 	 	356	 	 	 	1,702	 	 	 	—	 	
Five to ten years	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	158	 	 	 	1,144	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
More than ten years	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	803	 	 	 	4,009	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	32,543	 	 	$	2,882	 	 	$	6,526	 	 	$	5,509	 	 	$	14,303	 	 	$	730	 	
 
Our investment policy provides limitations for issuer concentration, which limits, at the time of purchase, the concentration in any one issuer to 5% of the market value of our total investment portfolio.
 
67

We review our investment portfolio for potential “other-than-temporary” declines in value on an individual investment basis. We assess, on a quarterly basis, significant declines in value which may be considered other-than-temporary and, if necessary, recognize and record the appropriate charge to write-down the carrying value of such investments. In making this assessment, we take into consid eration qualitative and quantitative information, including but not limited to the following: the magnitude and duration of historical declines in market prices, credit rating activity, assessments of liquidity, public filings, and statements made by the i ssuer. We generally begin our identification of potential other-than-temporary impairments by reviewing any security with a fair value that has declined from its original or adjusted cost basis by 25% or more for six or more consecutive months. We then eva luate the individual security based on the previously identified factors to determine the amount of the write-down, if any. For each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recorded a charge of $0.2 million, $0.8 million and $0.2 million, r espectively, related to the other-than-temporary impairment of certain marketable equity securities and our deferred compensation plan assets.
Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are computed under the specific identification method. The following table presents gross realized gains and losses related to our investments for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
 
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Gross realized gains	 	$	5,258	 	 	$	7,530	 	 	$	10,906	 	
Gross realized losses	 	$	(573	)	 	$	(1,607	)	 	$	(569	)	
 
The following table presents the breakdown of investments with unrealized losses at December 31, 2017:
 
(In thousands)	 	Continuous Unrealized
Loss Position for Less
than 12 Months	 	 	Continuous Unrealized
Loss Position for 12
Months or Greater	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	Fair Value	 	 	Unrealized
Losses	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	Unrealized
Losses	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	Unrealized
Losses	 	
Deferred compensation plan assets	 	$	1,922	 	 	$	(81	)	 	$	262	 	 	$	(15	)	 	$	2,184	 	 	$	(96	)	
Corporate bonds	 	 	16,015	 	 	 	(58	)	 	 	6,112	 	 	 	(97	)	 	 	22,127	 	 	 	(155	)	
Municipal fixed-rate bonds	 	 	230	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,165	 	 	 	(22	)	 	 	1,395	 	 	 	(22	)	
Asset-backed bonds	 	 	4,941	 	 	 	(17	)	 	 	179	 	 	 	(3	)	 	 	5,120	 	 	 	(20	)	
Mortgage/Agency-backed bonds	 	 	3,062	 	 	 	(8	)	 	 	1,673	 	 	 	(38	)	 	 	4,735	 	 	 	(46	)	
U.S. government bonds	 	 	2,754	 	 	 	(26	)	 	 	11,549	 	 	 	(148	)	 	 	14,303	 	 	 	(174	)	
Marketable equity securities	 	 	10,169	 	 	 	(712	)	 	 	544	 	 	 	(138	)	 	 	10,713	 	 	 	(850	)	
Total	 	$	39,093	 	 	$	(902	)	 	$	21,484	 	 	$	(461	)	 	$	60,577	 	 	$	(1,363	)	
 
The following table presents the breakdown of investments with unrealized losses at December 31, 2016:
 
(In thousands)	 	Continuous Unrealized
Loss Position for Less
than 12 Months	 	 	Continuous Unrealized
Loss Position for 12
Months or Greater	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	Fair Value	 	 	Unrealized
Losses	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	Unrealized
Losses	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	Unrealized
Losses	 	
Deferred compensation plan assets	 	$	294	 	 	$	(12	)	 	$	245	 	 	$	(30	)	 	$	539	 	 	$	(42	)	
Corporate bonds	 	 	32,562	 	 	 	(166	)	 	 	2,722	 	 	 	(8	)	 	 	35,284	 	 	 	(174	)	
Municipal fixed-rate bonds	 	 	8,936	 	 	 	(37	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	8,936	 	 	 	(37	)	
Asset-backed bonds	 	 	2,986	 	 	 	(14	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,986	 	 	 	(14	)	
Mortgage/Agency-backed bonds	 	 	7,842	 	 	 	(81	)	 	 	1,239	 	 	 	(10	)	 	 	9,081	 	 	 	(91	)	
U.S. government bonds	 	 	26,449	 	 	 	(270	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	26,449	 	 	 	(270	)	
Foreign government bonds	 	 	924	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	924	 	 	 	(1	)	
Marketable equity securities	 	 	21,607	 	 	 	(1,200	)	 	 	1,495	 	 	 	(303	)	 	 	23,102	 	 	 	(1,503	)	
Total	 	$	101,600	 	 	$	(1,781	)	 	$	5,701	 	 	$	(351	)	 	$	107,301	 	 	$	(2,132	)	
 
The decrease in unrealized losses during 2017, as reflected in the table above, results from changes in market positions associated with our fixed income and equity investment portfolio. At December 31, 2017, a total of 274 of our marketable equity securities were in an unrealized loss position.
 
68

We have categorized our cash equivalents and our investments held at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique for the cash equivalents and investments as follows: Level 1 - Values based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market; Level 2 - Values based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly o r indirectly; Level 3 - Values based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs could include information supplied by investees.
 
 	 	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using	 	
(In thousands)	 	Fair Value	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Cash equivalents	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Money market funds	 	$	5,851	 	 	$	5,851	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Commercial paper	 	 	3,999	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,999	 	 	 	—	 	
Cash equivalents	 	 	9,850	 	 	 	5,851	 	 	 	3,999	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred compensation plan assets	 	 	19,883	 	 	 	19,883	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale debt securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	 	 	32,543	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	32,543	 	 	 	—	 	
Municipal fixed-rate bonds	 	 	2,882	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	2,882	 	 	 	—	 	
Asset-backed bonds	 	 	6,526	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	6,526	 	 	 	—	 	
Mortgage/Agency-backed bonds	 	 	5,509	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	5,509	 	 	 	—	 	
U.S. government bonds	 	 	14,303	 	 	 	14,303	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Foreign government bonds	 	 	730	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	730	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale marketable equity securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Marketable equity securities – various industries	 	 	35,662	 	 	 	35,662	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	118,038	 	 	 	69,848	 	 	 	48,190	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	127,888	 	 	$	75,699	 	 	$	52,189	 	 	$	—	 	
 
 	 	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 Using	 	
(In thousands)	 	Fair Value	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Cash equivalents	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Money market funds	 	$	6,878	 	 	$	6,878	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Commercial paper	 	 	17,222	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	17,222	 	 	 	—	 	
Cash equivalents	 	 	24,100	 	 	 	6,878	 	 	 	17,222	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred compensation plan assets	 	 	14,596	 	 	 	14,596	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale debt securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	 	 	66,412	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	66,412	 	 	 	—	 	
Municipal fixed-rate bonds	 	 	11,774	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	11,774	 	 	 	—	 	
Asset-backed bonds	 	 	10,206	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	10,206	 	 	 	—	 	
Mortgage/Agency-backed bonds	 	 	13,004	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	13,004	 	 	 	—	 	
U.S. government bonds	 	 	29,767	 	 	 	29,767	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Foreign government bonds	 	 	3,730	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	3,730	 	 	 	—	 	
Variable rate demand notes	 	 	11,855	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	11,855	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale marketable equity securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Marketable equity securities – various industries	 	 	29,379	 	 	 	29,379	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	190,723	 	 	 	73,742	 	 	 	116,981	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	214,823	 	 	$	80,620	 	 	$	134,203	 	 	$	—	 	
 
69

The fair value of our Level 2 securities is calculated using a weighted average market price for each security. Market prices are obtained from a variety of indust ry standard data providers, security master files from large financial institutions, and other third-party sources. These multiple market prices are used as inputs into a distribution-curve-based algorithm to determine the daily market value of each securi ty.
Our municipal variable rate demand notes have a structure that implies a standard expected market price. The frequent interest rate resets make it reasonable to expect the price to stay at par. These securities are priced at the expected market price.
Note 5 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We participate in foreign exchange forward contracts in connection with the management of exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
 
Cash Flow Hedges
 
Our cash flow hedging activities utilize foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that movements in exchange rates will adversely affect the net cash flows resulting from the planned purchase of products from foreign suppliers. Purchases of U.S. denominated inventory by our European subsidiary represent our primary exposure. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are not recognized in current operating results, but are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts related to cash flow hedges are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income when the underlying hedged item impacts earnings. This reclassification is recorded in the same line item of the consolidated statements of income as where the effects of the hedged item are recorded, which is cost of sales.
Undesignated Hedges
 
We have certain customers and suppliers who are invoiced or pay in a non-functional currency. Changes in the monetary exchange rates may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, as outstanding non-functional balances are revalued to the functional currency through profit and loss. When appropriate, we utilize foreign exchange forward contracts to help manage the volatility relating to these valuation exposures. All changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments that do not qualify for or are not designated for hedged accounting transactions are recognized as other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
We do not hold or issue derivative instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. Our derivative instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair values. Our derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements and are not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2017, we had no forward contracts outstanding.    
The fair values of our derivative instruments recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	Balance Sheet
Location	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Level 2):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign exchange contracts – derivative assets	 	Other receivables	 	$	—	 	 	$	159	 	
 
The change in the fair values of our derivative instruments recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	Income Statement
Location	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign exchange contracts	 	Other income (expense)	 	$	(754	)	 	$	724	 	 	$	511	 	

70

The change in our derivatives designated as hedging instruments recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and reclassified to income, net of tax, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
 
 	 	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in	 	 	Location of Gains	 	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified	 	
 	 	OCI on Derivatives	 	 	(Losses) Reclassified	 	from AOCI into Income	 	
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	from AOCI into Income	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign exchange contracts	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	Cost of Sales	 	$	(897	)	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
 
Note 6 – Inventory
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, inventory was comprised of the following:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Raw materials	 	$	44,185	 	 	$	40,461	 	
Work in process	 	 	1,939	 	 	 	4,003	 	
Finished goods	 	 	76,418	 	 	 	60,653	 	
Total Inventory, net	 	$	122,542	 	 	$	105,117	 	
 
We establish reserves for estimated excess, obsolete, or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated fair value of the inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, raw materials reserves totaled $15.0 million and $14.6 million, respectively, and finished goods inventory reserves totaled $8.3 million and $10.6 million, respectively.
Note 7 – Property, Plant and Equipment
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, property, plant and equipment were comprised of the following:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Land	 	$	4,575	 	 	$	4,575	 	
Building and land improvements	 	 	32,470	 	 	 	29,229	 	
Building	 	 	68,301	 	 	 	68,301	 	
Furniture and fixtures	 	 	19,489	 	 	 	18,477	 	
Computer hardware and software	 	 	90,726	 	 	 	87,655	 	
Engineering and other equipment	 	 	123,363	 	 	 	118,746	 	
Total Property, Plant and Equipment	 	 	338,924	 	 	 	326,983	 	
Less accumulated depreciation	 	 	(253,845	)	 	 	(242,514	)	
Total Property, Plant and Equipment, net	 	$	85,079	 	 	$	84,469	 	
 
Depreciation expense was $12.8 million, $12.0 million and $12.3 million in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

71

Note 8 – Lease Arrangements
 
We are the lessor in sales-type lease arrangements for network equipment, which have terms of 18 months to five years. The net investment in sales-type leases consists of lease receivables less unearned income. Collectability of sales-type leases is evaluated periodically on an individual customer level. At December 31, 2017, we had no allowance for credit losses for our net investment in sales-type leases. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the components of the net investment in sales-type leases were as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Current minimum lease payments receivable (included in other receivables)	 	$	11,325	 	 	$	2,141	 	
Non-current minimum lease payments receivable (included in other assets)	 	 	2,913	 	 	 	2,912	 	
Total minimum lease payments receivable	 	 	14,238	 	 	 	5,053	 	
Less: Current unearned revenue	 	 	707	 	 	 	841	 	
Less: Non-current unearned revenue	 	 	787	 	 	 	1,153	 	
Net investment in sales-type leases	 	$	12,744	 	 	$	3,059	 	
 
Future minimum lease payments to be received from sales-type leases at December 31, 2017 are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	Amount	 	
2018	 	$	11,211	 	
2019	 	 	2,172	 	
2020	 	 	592	 	
2021	 	 	205	 	
2022	 	 	58	 	
Total	 	$	14,238	 	
 
Note 9 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill, all of which relates to our acquisition of Bluesocket, Inc., was $3.5 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016,  of which $3.1 million and $0.4 million is allocated to our Network Solutions and Services & Support reportable segments, respectively.
We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill during the fourth quarter of each year and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. We have elected to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill is assigned is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step impairment test. If we determine that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount, then the two-step impairment test will be performed. Based on the results of our qualitative assessment in 2017, we concluded that it was not necessary to perform the two-step impairment test. There have been no impairment losses recognized since the acquisition in 2011.
Intangible assets are included in other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents our intangible assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
 	 	Gross Value	 	 	Accumulated
Amortization	 	 	Net Value	 	 	Gross Value	 	 	Accumulated
Amortization	 	 	Net Value	 	
Customer relationships	 	$	7,474	 	 	$	(4,283	)	 	$	3,191	 	 	$	6,899	 	 	$	(3,208	)	 	$	3,691	 	
Developed technology	 	 	5,524	 	 	 	(4,663	)	 	 	861	 	 	 	5,184	 	 	 	(3,801	)	 	 	1,383	 	
Intellectual property	 	 	2,340	 	 	 	(2,262	)	 	 	78	 	 	 	2,340	 	 	 	(2,129	)	 	 	211	 	
Supply agreement	 	 	1,400	 	 	 	(1,400	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,400	 	 	 	(544	)	 	 	856	 	
License	 	 	500	 	 	 	(500	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	500	 	 	 	(113	)	 	 	387	 	
Patent	 	 	500	 	 	 	(89	)	 	 	411	 	 	 	500	 	 	 	(20	)	 	 	480	 	
Trade names	 	 	370	 	 	 	(335	)	 	 	35	 	 	 	370	 	 	 	(285	)	 	 	85	 	
Non-compete	 	 	200	 	 	 	(115	)	 	 	85	 	 	 	200	 	 	 	(26	)	 	 	174	 	
Total	 	$	18,308	 	 	$	(13,647	)	 	$	4,661	 	 	$	17,393	 	 	$	(10,126	)	 	$	7,267	 	
 
Amortization expense was $2.9 million, $2.5 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
 
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As of December 31, 2017, the estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets is as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	Amount	 	
2018	 	$	1,212	 	
2019	 	 	697	 	
2020	 	 	659	 	
2021	 	 	603	 	
2022	 	 	567	 	
Thereafter	 	 	923	 	
Total	 	$	4,661	 	
 
Note 10 – Alabama State Industrial Development Authority Financing and Economic Incentives
In conjunction with an expansion of our Huntsville, Alabama, facility, we were approved for participation in an incentive program offered by the State of Alabama Industrial Development Authority (the “Authority”). Pursuant to the program, on January 13, 1995, the Authority issued $20.0 million of its taxable revenue bonds and loaned the proceeds from the sale of the bonds to ADTRAN. The bonds were originally purchased by AmSouth Bank of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (the “Bank”). Wachovia Bank, N.A., Nashville, Tennessee (formerly First Union National Bank of Tennessee) (the “Bondholder”), which was acquired by Wells Fargo & Company on December 31, 2008, purchased the original bonds from the Bank and made further advances to the Authority, bringing the total amount outstanding to $50.0 million. An Amended and Restated Taxable Revenue Bond (“Amended and Restated Bond”) was issued and the original financing agreement was amended. The Amended and Restated Bond bears interest, payable monthly. The interest rate is 2% per annum. The Amended and Restated Bond matures on January 1, 2020, and is currently outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $26.7 million. The estimated fair value of the bond using a level 2 valuation technique at December 31, 2017 was approximately $26.7 million, based on a debt security with a comparable interest rate and maturity and a Standard & Poor’s credit rating of AAA. We are required to make payments to the Authority in amounts necessary to pay the interest on the Amended and Restated Bond. Included in long-term investments at December 31, 2017 is $27.8 million which is invested in a restricted certificate of deposit. These funds serve as a collateral deposit against the principal of this bond, and we have the right to set-off the balance of the Bond with the collateral deposit in order to reduce the balance of the indebtedness.
In conjunction with this program, we are eligible to receive certain economic incentives from the state of Alabama that reduce the amount of payroll withholdings that we are required to remit to the state for those employment positions that qualify under the program. We realized economic incentives related to payroll withholdings totaling $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $1.3 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
We made principal payments of $1.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and anticipate making a principal payment in 2018. At December 31, 2017, $1.1 million of the bond debt was classified as a current liability in accounts payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Note 11 – Income Taxes
A summary of the components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Current	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Federal	 	$	466	 	 	$	12,733	 	 	$	7,504	 	
State	 	 	(150	)	 	 	1,141	 	 	 	279	 	
International	 	 	6,458	 	 	 	477	 	 	 	(29	)	
Total Current	 	 	6,774	 	 	 	14,351	 	 	 	7,754	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Federal	 	 	8,024	 	 	 	647	 	 	 	(585	)	
State	 	 	1,882	 	 	 	73	 	 	 	(66	)	
International	 	 	4,167	 	 	 	(3,405	)	 	 	(41	)	
Total Deferred	 	 	14,073	 	 	 	(2,685	)	 	 	(692	)	
Total Provision for Income Taxes	 	$	20,847	 	 	$	11,666	 	 	$	7,062	 	

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Our effective income tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate due to the following:
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Tax provision computed at the federal statutory rate	 	 	35.00	%	 	 	35.00	%	 	 	35.00	%	
State income tax provision, net of federal benefit	 	 	2.17	 	 	 	3.93	 	 	 	4.86	 	
Federal research credits	 	 	(11.88	)	 	 	(8.15	)	 	 	(12.55	)	
Foreign taxes	 	 	(2.27	)	 	 	(0.34	)	 	 	2.10	 	
Tax-exempt income	 	 	(0.75	)	 	 	(0.53	)	 	 	(1.94	)	
State tax incentives	 	 	(2.71	)	 	 	(2.77	)	 	 	(5.04	)	
Stock-based compensation	 	 	1.43	 	 	 	2.53	 	 	 	6.91	 	
Domestic production activity deduction	 	 	(1.13	)	 	 	(2.23	)	 	 	(3.17	)	
Bargain purchase	 	 	—	 	 	 	(2.64	)	 	 	—	 	
Impact of U.S. tax reform	 	 	26.70	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Other, net	 	 	0.09	 	 	 	0.08	 	 	 	1.30	 	
Effective Tax Rate	 	 	46.65	%	 	 	24.88	%	 	 	27.47	%	
 
Income before provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
U.S. entities	 	$	26,552	 	 	$	54,077	 	 	$	27,400	 	
International entities	 	 	18,135	 	 	 	(7,182	)	 	 	(1,692	)	
Total	 	$	44,687	 	 	$	46,895	 	 	$	25,708	 	
 
Income before provision for income taxes for international entities reflects income based on statutory transfer pricing agreements. This amount does not correlate to consolidated international revenues, many of which occur from our U.S. entity.
Deferred income taxes on the balance sheet result from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes. The principal components of our current and non-current deferred taxes are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Deferred tax assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Inventory	 	$	7,545	 	 	$	12,020	 	
Accrued expenses	 	 	3,103	 	 	 	5,551	 	
Investments	 	 	—	 	 	 	1,062	 	
Deferred compensation	 	 	5,204	 	 	 	5,751	 	
Stock-based compensation	 	 	2,988	 	 	 	4,724	 	
Uncertain tax positions related to state taxes and related interest	 	 	370	 	 	 	762	 	
Pensions	 	 	4,727	 	 	 	4,273	 	
Foreign losses	 	 	3,091	 	 	 	6,486	 	
State losses and credit carry-forwards	 	 	3,854	 	 	 	4,021	 	
Federal loss and research carry-forwards	 	 	3,058	 	 	 	5,886	 	
Valuation allowance	 	 	(6,006	)	 	 	(6,149	)	
Total Deferred Tax Assets	 	 	27,934	 	 	 	44,387	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred tax liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment	 	 	(3,553	)	 	 	(4,433	)	
Intellectual property	 	 	(663	)	 	 	(1,918	)	
Investments	 	 	(290	)	 	 	—	 	
Total Deferred Tax Liabilities	 	 	(4,506	)	 	 	(6,351	)	
Net Deferred Tax Assets	 	$	23,428	 	 	$	38,036	 	

 
 
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On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was signed into law. As a result of the Act, we have recognized an estimated expense of $11.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, of which $9.2 million related to the write-down of deferred tax assets and $2.7 million related to tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings. We have calculated our best estimate of the impact of the Act in our year-end income tax provision, in accordance with Staff Accoun ting Bulletin No. 118, which was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed to finalize the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. Ad ditional work is necessary to do a more detailed analysis of historical foreign earnings, as well as the full impact relating to the write-down of deferred tax assets. Any subsequent adjustments to these amounts will be recorded as income tax expense in th e quarter the analysis is complete.
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, non-current deferred taxes related to our investments and our defined benefit pension plan reflect deferred taxes on the net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments and deferred taxes on unrealized losses in our pension plan. The net change in non-current deferred taxes associated with these items, a deferred tax benefit of $1.7 million and $1.5 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively, is recorded as an adjustment to other comprehensive income, presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Based upon our results of operations in 2017 and expected profitability in future years in a certain international jurisdiction, we concluded that it is more likely than not certain foreign deferred tax assets will be realized. As of December 31, 2017, the remaining valuation allowance primarily relates to deferred tax assets related to state credit carry-forwards from tax credits in excess of our annual tax liability to an individual state where we do not generate sufficient state income to offset the credit and net operating losses in foreign jurisdictions. We believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize the full benefits of the deferred tax assets arising from these losses and credits, and accordingly, we have provided a valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets. The deferred tax assets for foreign and domestic carry-forwards, unamortized research and development costs, and state credit carry-forwards of $10.0 million will expire between 2018 and 2030. The loss carry-forwards were acquired through acquisitions in 2009 and 2011. We will continue to assess the realization of our deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances. The net change in our valuation allowance from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017 was $(0.1) million.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, our cash and cash equivalents were $86.4 million and $79.9 million and short-term investments were $16.1 million and $43.2 million, which provided an available short-term liquidity of $102.6 million and $123.1 million. Of these amounts, our foreign subsidiaries held cash of $56.8 million and $42.1 million, respectively, representing approximately 55.4% and 34.2% of available short-term liquidity, which is used to fund on-going liquidity needs of these subsidiaries. We intend to permanently reinvest these funds outside the U.S. and our current business plans do not indicate a need to repatriate to fund domestic operations. However, if these funds were repatriated to the U.S. or used for U.S. operations, certain amounts could be subject to tax. Due to the timing and circumstances of repatriation of such earnings, if any, it is not practical to determine the amount of funds subject to unrecognized deferred tax liability.
During 2017 and 2016, we recorded no income tax benefit or expense for stock options exercised as an adjustment to equity. In 2015, we recorded an income tax expense of  $(40) thousand as an adjustment to equity. This is calculated on the difference between the exercise price of stock option exercises and the market price of the underlying common stock upon exercise.
The change in the unrecognized income tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is reconciled below:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Balance at beginning of period	 	$	2,226	 	 	$	2,537	 	 	$	3,334	 	
Increases for tax position related to:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Prior years	 	 	465	 	 	 	95	 	 	 	—	 	
Current year	 	 	285	 	 	 	428	 	 	 	280	 	
Decreases for tax positions related to:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Prior years	 	 	(14	)	 	 	—	 	 	 	(29	)	
Settlements with taxing authorities	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	(103	)	
Expiration of applicable statute of limitations	 	 	(596	)	 	 	(834	)	 	 	(945	)	
Balance at end of period	 	$	2,366	 	 	$	2,226	 	 	$	2,537	 	
 
As of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, our total liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $2.4 million, $2.2 million, and $2.5 million, respectively, of which $2.2 million, $1.7 million, and $1.8 million, respectively, would reduce our effective tax rate if we were successful in upholding all of the uncertain positions and recognized the amounts recorded. We classify interest and penalties recognized on the liability for unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the balances of accrued interest and penalties were $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
 
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We do not anticipate a single tax position generating a significant increase or decrease in our liability for unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of this reporting date. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal and various state jurisdictions and several foreign jurisdictions. We are not currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service. Generall y, we are not subject to changes in income taxes by any taxing jurisdiction for the years prior to 2013.
Note 12 – Employee Benefit Plans
Pension Benefit Plan
We maintain a defined benefit pension plan covering employees in certain foreign countries.
The pension benefit plan obligations and funded status at December 31, 2017 and 2016, are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Change in projected benefit obligation:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of period	 	$	30,011	 	 	$	26,851	 	
Service cost	 	 	1,260	 	 	 	1,211	 	
Interest cost	 	 	607	 	 	 	720	 	
Actuarial (gain) loss - experience	 	 	47	 	 	 	(431	)	
Actuarial (gain) loss - assumptions	 	 	(1,294	)	 	 	2,628	 	
Benefit payments	 	 	(80	)	 	 	(52	)	
Effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes	 	 	4,342	 	 	 	(916	)	
Projected benefit obligation at end of period	 	 	34,893	 	 	 	30,011	 	
Change in plan assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period	 	 	20,045	 	 	 	19,213	 	
Actual return on plan assets	 	 	709	 	 	 	1,494	 	
Contributions	 	 	3,001	 	 	 	—	 	
Effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes	 	 	2,869	 	 	 	(662	)	
Fair value of plan assets at end of period	 	 	26,624	 	 	 	20,045	 	
Funded (unfunded) status at end of period	 	$	(8,269	)	 	$	(9,966	)	
 
The accumulated benefit obligation was $32.9 million and $28.7 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in the accumulated benefit obligation is primarily attributable to the weakening U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rate during 2017. The change in actuarial gain (loss) is primarily attributable to an increase in the discount rate used in 2017.
The net amounts recognized in the balance sheet for the unfunded pension liability as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Current liability	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Non-current liability	 	 	8,269	 	 	 	9,966	 	
Total	 	$	8,269	 	 	$	9,966	 	

76

The components of net periodic pension cost and amounts recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Net periodic benefit cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Service cost	 	$	1,260	 	 	$	1,211	 	 	$	1,314	 	
Interest cost	 	 	607	 	 	 	720	 	 	 	615	 	
Expected return on plan assets	 	 	(1,267	)	 	 	(1,057	)	 	 	(1,011	)	
Amortization of actuarial losses	 	 	309	 	 	 	175	 	 	 	407	 	
Net periodic benefit cost	 	 	909	 	 	 	1,049	 	 	 	1,325	 	
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations
   recognized in other comprehensive income:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial (gain) loss	 	 	(654	)	 	 	1,782	 	 	 	(2,303	)	
Amortization of actuarial losses	 	 	(406	)	 	 	(156	)	 	 	(396	)	
Amount recognized in other comprehensive income	 	 	(1,060	)	 	 	1,626	 	 	 	(2,699	)	
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other
   comprehensive income	 	$	(151	)	 	$	2,675	 	 	$	(1,374	)	
 
The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Net actuarial loss	 	$	(5,812	)	 	$	(6,871	)	
 
The defined benefit pension plan is accounted for on an actuarial basis, which requires the selection of various assumptions, including an expected rate of return on plan assets and a discount rate. The expected return on our German plan assets that is utilized in determining the benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost is derived from periodic studies, which include a review of asset allocation strategies, anticipated future long-term performance of individual asset classes, risks using standard deviations and correlations of returns among the asset classes that comprise the plans' asset mix. While the studies give appropriate consideration to recent plan performance and historical returns, the assumptions are primarily long-term, prospective rates of return.
Another key assumption in determining net pension expense is the assumed discount rate to be used to discount plan obligations. The discount rate has been derived from the returns of high-quality, corporate bonds denominated in Euro currency with durations close to the duration of our pension obligations.
The weighted-average assumptions that were used to determine the net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Discount rates	 	 	1.90	%	 	 	2.64	%	 	 	2.20	%	
Rate of compensation increase	 	 	2.00	%	 	 	2.00	%	 	 	2.25	%	
Expected long-term rates of return	 	 	5.90	%	 	 	5.40	%	 	 	5.40	%	
 
The weighted-average assumptions that were used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
 
 	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Discount rates	 	 	2.13	%	 	 	1.90	%	
Rate of compensation increase	 	 	2.00	%	 	 	2.00	%	
 
Actuarial gains and losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. To the extent unamortized gains and losses exceed 10% of the higher of the market-related value of assets or the projected benefit obligation, the excess is amortized as a component of net periodic pension cost over the remaining service period of active participants. We estimate that $0.2 million will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic pension cost in 2018 for the net actuarial loss.
 
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We do not anticipate making a contribution to this pension plan in 2018. The following pension benefit payments, which reflect expected futur e service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid to participants:
 
(In thousands)	 	 	 	 	
2018	 	$	549	 	
2019	 	 	772	 	
2020	 	 	1,090	 	
2021	 	 	1,225	 	
2022	 	 	1,315	 	
2023 – 2027	 	 	6,301	 	
Total	 	$	11,252	 	
 
We have categorized our cash equivalents and our investments held at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique for the cash equivalents and investments as follows: Level 1 - Values based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market; Level 2 - Values based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly; Level 3 - Values based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs include information supplied by investees.
 
 	 	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using	 	
(In thousands)	 	Fair Value	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	3,005	 	 	$	3,005	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Bond funds:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	 	 	14,349	 	 	 	14,349	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Government bonds	 	 	2,305	 	 	 	2,305	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Equity funds:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Large cap blend	 	 	5,758	 	 	 	5,758	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Large cap value	 	 	309	 	 	 	309	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Balanced fund	 	 	898	 	 	 	898	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	23,619	 	 	 	23,619	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	26,624	 	 	$	26,624	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
 
 	 	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 Using	 	
(In thousands)	 	Fair Value	 	 	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	 	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	 	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	6	 	 	$	6	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Bond funds:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	 	 	12,546	 	 	 	12,546	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Government bonds	 	 	2,037	 	 	 	2,037	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Equity funds:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Large cap blend	 	 	4,462	 	 	 	4,462	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Large cap value	 	 	249	 	 	 	249	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Balanced fund	 	 	745	 	 	 	745	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Available-for-sale securities	 	 	20,039	 	 	 	20,039	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	
Total	 	$	20,045	 	 	$	20,045	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	—	 	

78

Our investment policy includes various guidelines and procedures designed to ensure assets are invested in a manner necessary to meet expected future benefits earned by participants, and consider a broad range of economic conditions. Central to the policy are target allocation ranges by asset class, which is currently 75% for bond funds and 25% for equity funds.
The objectives of the target allocations are to maintain investment portfolios that diversify risk through prudent asset allocation parameters, achieve asset returns that meet or exceed the plans’ actuarial assumptions, and achieve asset returns that are competitive with like institutions employing similar investment strategies.
The investment policy is periodically reviewed by us and a designated third-party fiduciary for investment matters. The policy is established and administered in a manner that is compliant at all times with applicable government regulations.
401(k) Savings Plan
We maintain the ADTRAN, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Plan (Savings Plan) for the benefit of our eligible employees. The Savings Plan is intended to qualify under Sections 401(a) and 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code), and is intended to be a “safe harbor” 401(k) plan under Code Section 401(k)(12). The Savings Plan allows employees to save for retirement by contributing part of their compensation to the plan on a tax-deferred basis. The Savings Plan also requires us to contribute a “safe harbor” amount each year. We match up to 4% of employee contributions (100% of an employee’s first 3% of contributions and 50% of their next 2% of contributions), beginning on the employee’s one year anniversary date. In calculating our matching contribution, we only use compensation up to the statutory maximum under the Code ($270 thousand for 2017). All contributions under the Savings Plan are 100% vested. Expenses recorded for employer contributions and plan administration costs for the Savings Plan amounted to approximately $4.6 million, $4.1 million and $4.7 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Deferred Compensation Plans
We maintain four deferred compensation programs for certain executive management employees and our Board of Directors.
For our executive management employees, the ADTRAN, Inc. Deferred Compensation Program for Employees is offered as a supplement to our tax-qualified 401(k) plan and is available to certain executive management employees who have been designated by our Board of Directors. This deferred compensation plan allows participants to defer all or a portion of certain specified bonuses and up to 25% of remaining cash compensation, and permits us to make matching contributions on a discretionary basis, without the limitations that apply to the 401(k) plan. To date, we have not made any matching contributions under this plan. We also maintain the ADTRAN, Inc. Equity Deferral Program for Employees. Under this plan, participants may elect to defer all or a portion of their vested PSUs to the Plan. Such deferrals shall continue to be held and deemed to be invested in shares of ADTRAN stock unless and until the amounts are distributed or such deferrals are moved to another deemed investment pursuant to an election made by the Participant.
For our Board of Directors, we maintain the ADTRAN, Inc. Deferred Compensation Program for Directors. This program allows our Board of Directors to defer all or a portion of monetary remuneration paid to the Director, including, but not limited to, meeting fees and annual retainers. We also maintain the ADTRAN, Inc. Equity Deferral Program for Directors. Under this plan, participants may elect to defer all or a portion of their vested restricted stock awards. Such deferrals shall continue to be held and deemed to be invested in shares of ADTRAN stock unless and until the amounts are distributed or such deferrals are moved to another deemed investment pursuant to an election made by the Director.
We have set aside the plan assets for all plans in a rabbi trust (Trust) and all contributions are credited to bookkeeping accounts for the participants. The Trust assets are subject to the claims of our creditors in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency. The assets of the Trust are deemed to be invested in pre-approved mutual funds as directed by each participant, and the participant’s bookkeeping account is credited with the earnings and losses attributable to those investments. Benefits are scheduled to be distributed six months after termination of employment in a single lump sum payment or annual installments paid over a three or ten year term. Distributions will be made on a pro rata basis from each of the hypothetical investments of the Participant’s account in cash. Any whole shares of ADTRAN, Inc. common stock that are distributed will be distributed in-kind.
 
79

Asse ts of the Trust are deemed invested in mutual funds that cover an investment spectrum ranging from equities to money market instruments. These mutual funds are publicly quoted and reported at fair value. The fair value of the assets held by the Trust and t he amounts payable to the plan participants at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	
Fair Value of Plan Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Long-term Investments	 	$	19,883	 	 	$	14,596	 	
Total Fair Value of Plan Assets	 	$	19,883	 	 	$	14,596	 	
Amounts Payable to Plan Participants	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Non-current Liabilities	 	$	19,883	 	 	$	14,596	 	
Total Amounts Payable to Plan Participants	 	$	19,883	 	 	$	14,596	 	
 
Interest and dividend income of the Trust have been included in interest and dividend income in the accompanying 2017, 2016 and 2015 Consolidated Statements of Income. Changes in the fair value of the plan assets held by the Trust have been included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of the deferred compensation liability are included as selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying 2017, 2016 and 2015 Consolidated Statements of Income. Based on the changes in the total fair value of the Trust’s assets, we recorded deferred compensation income (expense) in 2017, 2016 and 2015 of $(2.6) million, $(1.3) million and $0.3 million, respectively.
Retiree Medical Coverage
We provide medical, dental and prescription drug coverage to one retired former officer and his spouse, for his life, on the same terms as provided to our active officers, and to the spouse of a former deceased officer for up to 30 years. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, this liability totaled $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
Note 13 – Segment Information and Major Customers
In 2015, we realigned our organizational structure to better match our market opportunities, technological development initiatives, and improve efficiencies. During the first quarter of 2016, our chief operating decision maker requested changes in the information that he regularly reviews for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance. As a result, beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2016, we began reporting our financial performance based on two, new reportable segments – Network Solutions and Services & Support. Network Solutions includes hardware products and next-generation virtualized solutions used in service provider or business networks, as well as prior-generation products. Services & Support includes our suite of ProCloud managed services, network installation, engineering and maintenance services, and fee-based technical support and equipment repair/replacement plans.
We evaluate the performance of our new segments based on gross profit; therefore, selling, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses, interest and dividend income, interest expense, net realized investment gain/loss, other income/expense and provision for taxes are reported on a company-wide, functional basis only. Historical financial information by reportable segment and category, as discussed below, has been recast to conform to our new reporting structure. There are no inter-segment revenues.
The following table presents information about the reported sales and gross profit of our reportable segments for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Asset information by reportable segment is not reported, since we do not produce such information internally.
 
Sales and Gross Profit by Market Segment	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
 	 	Sales	 	 	Gross Profit	 	 	Sales	 	 	Gross Profit	 	 	Sales	 	 	Gross Profit	 	
Network Solutions	 	$	540,396	 	 	$	260,855	 	 	$	525,502	 	 	$	254,807	 	 	$	527,422	 	 	$	233,579	 	
Services & Support	 	 	126,504	 	 	 	42,805	 	 	 	111,279	 	 	 	36,537	 	 	 	72,642	 	 	 	33,318	 	
Total	 	$	666,900	 	 	$	303,660	 	 	$	636,781	 	 	$	291,344	 	 	$	600,064	 	 	$	266,897	 	

 
80

Sales by Category
In addition to our new reporting segments, we will also report revenue for the following three categories – Access & Aggregation, Customer Devices, and Traditional & Other Products.
The following table presents sales information by product category for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Access & Aggregation	 	$	473,943	 	 	$	436,372	 	 	$	405,698	 	
Customer Devices	 	 	138,456	 	 	 	137,608	 	 	 	125,565	 	
Traditional & Other Products	 	 	54,501	 	 	 	62,801	 	 	 	68,801	 	
Total	 	$	666,900	 	 	$	636,781	 	 	$	600,064	 	
 
The following table presents sales information by geographic area for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. International sales correlate to shipments with a non-U.S. destination.
 
(In thousands)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
United States	 	$	508,178	 	 	$	501,337	 	 	$	419,366	 	
Germany	 	 	119,502	 	 	 	85,780	 	 	 	111,666	 	
Other international	 	 	39,220	 	 	 	49,664	 	 	 	69,032	 	
Total	 	$	666,900	 	 	$	636,781	 	 	$	600,064	 	
 
Customers comprising more than 10% of revenue can change from year to year. Single customers comprising more than 10% of our revenue in 2017 included two customers at 40% and 16%. Single customers comprising more than 10% of our revenue in 2016 included three customers at 24%, 19% and 12%. Single customers comprising more than 10% of our revenue in 2015 included three customers at 20%, 17% and 14%. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of our sales in 2017, 2016 or 2015. Our five largest customers, other than those with more than 10 percent of revenues disclosed above, can change from year to year. These customers represented 15%, 13%, and 14% of total revenue in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Revenues in this disclosure do not include distributor agents, who predominantly provide fulfillment services to end users. In such cases where known, that revenue is associated with the end user.
 
Additional Segment Information
 
As of December 31, 2017, long-lived assets, net totaled $85.1 million, which includes $80.6 million held in the U.S. and $4.5 million held outside the U.S. As of December 31, 2016, long-lived assets, net totaled $84.5 million, which includes $79.9 million held in the U.S. and $4.6 million held outside the U.S.
 
Note 14 – Commitments and Contingencies
 
In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims, including employment disputes, patent claims, disputes over contract agreements and other commercial disputes. In some cases, claimants seek damages or other relief, such as royalty payments related to patents, which, if granted, could require significant expenditures. Although the outcome of any claim or litigation can never be certain, it is our opinion that the outcome of all contingencies of which we are currently aware will not materially affect our business, operations, financial condition or cash flows.
 
We have committed to invest up to an aggregate of $7.9 million in two private equity funds, and we have contributed $8.4 million as of December 31, 2017, of which $7.7 million has been applied to these commitments.

81

We lease office space and equipment under operating leases which expire at various dates through 2025. As of December 31, 2017, future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases with original maturities of greater than 12 months are as follows:
 
(In thousands)	 	 	 	 	
2018	 	$	3,073	 	
2019	 	 	927	 	
2020	 	 	805	 	
2021	 	 	793	 	
Thereafter	 	 	2,907	 	
Total	 	$	8,505	 	
 
Rental expense was $4.5 million, $4.2 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Note 15 – Earnings per Share
A summary of the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
 
(In thousands, except for per share amounts)	 	2017	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Numerator	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net Income	 	$	23,840	 	 	$	35,229	 	 	$	18,646	 	
Denominator	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average number of shares – basic	 	 	48,153	 	 	 	48,724	 	 	 	51,145	 	
Effect of dilutive securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock options	 	 	406	 	 	 	170	 	 	 	81	 	
Restricted stock and restricted stock units	 	 	140	 	 	 	55	 	 	 	41	 	
Weighted average number of shares – diluted	 	$	48,699	 	 	$	48,949	 	 	$	51,267	 	
Net income per share – basic	 	$	0.50	 	 	$	0.72	 	 	$	0.36	 	
Net income per share – diluted	 	$	0.49	 	 	$	0.72	 	 	$	0.36	 	
 
For each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 3.2 million, 4.6 million and 6.1 million stock options were outstanding but were not included in the computation of that year’s diluted EPS because the options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares, therefore making them anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method.

 
82

Note 16 – Summarized Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following table presents unaudited quarterly operating results for each of our last eight fiscal quarters. This information has been prepared on a basis consistent with our audited financial statements and includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the data.
Unaudited Quarterly Operating Results
(In thousands, except for per share amounts)
 
Three Months Ended	 	March 31, 2017	 	 	June 30, 2017	 	 	September 30, 2017	 	 	December 31, 2017	 	
Net sales	 	$	170,279	 	 	$	184,673	 	 	$	185,112	 	 	$	126,836	 	
Gross profit	 	$	73,715	 	 	$	84,632	 	 	$	86,498	 	 	$	58,815	 	
Operating income	 	$	7,032	 	 	$	16,448	 	 	$	18,318	 	 	$	(4,061	)	
Net income	 	$	6,651	 	 	$	12,401	 	 	$	15,898	 	 	$	(11,110	)	
Earnings per common share	 	$	0.14	 	 	$	0.26	 	 	$	0.33	 	 	$	(0.23	)	
Earnings per common share assuming dilution (1)	 	$	0.14	 	 	$	0.26	 	 	$	0.33	 	 	$	(0.23	)	
 
Three Months Ended	 	March 31, 2016	 	 	June 30, 2016	 	 	September 30, 2016	 	 	December 31, 2016	 	
Net sales	 	$	142,204	 	 	$	162,701	 	 	$	168,890	 	 	$	162,986	 	
Gross profit	 	$	65,794	 	 	$	78,955	 	 	$	75,808	 	 	$	70,787	 	
Operating income	 	$	5,521	 	 	$	14,812	 	 	$	10,130	 	 	$	4,272	 	
Net income	 	$	5,014	 	 	$	10,228	 	 	$	12,415	 	 	$	7,572	 	
Earnings per common share	 	$	0.10	 	 	$	0.21	 	 	$	0.26	 	 	$	0.16	 	
Earnings per common share assuming dilution (1)	 	$	0.10	 	 	$	0.21	 	 	$	0.26	 	 	$	0.16	 	
 
(1)	Assumes exercise of dilutive stock options calculated under the treasury stock method.	
Note 17 – Subsequent Events
On January 16, 2018, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per common share to be paid to shareholders of record at the close of business on January 31, 2018. The quarterly dividend payment was $4.4 million and was paid on February 14, 2018. In July 2003, our Board of Directors elected to begin declaring quarterly dividends on our common stock considering the tax treatment of dividends and adequate levels of Company liquidity.
During the first quarter and as of February 23, 2018, we have repurchased 0.6 million shares of our common stock through open market purchases at an average cost of $16.18 per share. We currently have the authority to purchase an additional 2.9 million shares of our common stock under the current plan approved by the Board of Directors.
In January 2018, we announced an early retirement incentive program for employees that met certain requirements. The estimated liability associated with this program ranges from $3.6 to $14.3 million.
 
83

ITEM 9.	 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCO UNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	
 
None.
ITEM 9A.	 CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	
(a)	Internal control over financial reporting. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires management to include in this Annual Report on Form 10-K a report on management's assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as well as a report from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Management's report on internal control over financial reporting is included below and the related report from our independent registered public accounting firm is located in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.	
(b)	Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are responsible for establishing and maintaining "disclosure controls and procedures" (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the company. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.	
(c)	Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.	
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management of ADTRAN, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. ADTRAN’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. ADTRAN’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
 	•	pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of ADTRAN;	
 	•	provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of ADTRAN are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of ADTRAN; and	
 	•	provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of ADTRAN’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.	
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of ADTRAN’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on our assessment and those criteria, management has concluded that ADTRAN maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
ITEM 9B.	 OTHER INFORMATION	
None.
 
84

 PART III
ITEM 10.	 DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	
Information relating to nominees for director of ADTRAN and compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is set forth under the captions "Proposal 1–Election of Directors," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and "Corporate Governance," respectively, in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 9, 2018. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2017. Information relating to the executive officers of ADTRAN, pursuant to Instruction 3 of Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K and General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, is set forth at Part I, Item 4A of this report under the caption "Executive Officers of the Registrant." This information is incorporated herein by reference.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted the ADTRAN, Inc. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which applies to all employees, officers and directors of ADTRAN. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics meets the requirements of a "code of ethics" as defined by Item 406 of Regulation S-K, and applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer (who is both our principal financial and principal accounting officer), as well as all other employees, as indicated above. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics also meets the requirements of a code of conduct under NASDAQ listing standards. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at www.adtran.com under the links "About – Investor Relations – Corporate Governance – Charters and Documents – Code of Business Conduct and Ethics." We intend to disclose any amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as well as any waivers for executive officers or directors, on our website at www.adtran.com .
ITEM 11.	 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	
Information required by this Item 11 relating to executive compensation and other matters is set forth under the captions "Executive Compensation," "Director Compensation" and "Corporate Governance" in the Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10. This information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12.	 SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	
 
Information relating to ownership of common stock of ADTRAN by certain persons is set forth under the caption "Share Ownership of Principal Stockholders and Management" in the Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10 above. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans of ADTRAN is set forth under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10. This information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13.	 CERTAIN RELATIONSHIP  S AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	
Information relating to existing or proposed relationships or transactions between ADTRAN and any affiliate of ADTRAN is set forth under the captions "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" and "Corporate Governance" in the Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10. This information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14.	 PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	
Information relating to ADTRAN’s principal accountant’s fees and services is set forth under the caption “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in the Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10. This information is incorporated herein by reference.
 
85

 PART IV
ITEM 15.	 EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	
Documents Filed as Part of This Report.
1. Consolidated Financial Statements
The consolidated financial statements of ADTRAN and the report of independent registered public accounting firm thereon are set forth under Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
3. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with or incorporated by reference in this report. Where such filing is made by incorporation by reference to a previously filed registration statement or report, such registration statement or report is identified in parentheses. We will furnish any exhibit upon request to: ADTRAN, Inc., Attn: Investor Relations, 901 Explorer Boulevard, Huntsville, Alabama 35806. There is a charge of $0.50 per page to cover expenses for copying and mailing.
 
Exhibit
Number	 	Description	
 	 	 	 	 	
  2.1	 	Asset Sale and Purchase Agreement dated 11 December 2011 Regarding the Sale and Purchase of the NSN DSLAM, GPON and ACI Products and the Related Services Businesses (Exhibit 2.1 to ADTRAN’s 2011 Form 10-K/A filed July 26, 2012).	
 	 	 	 	 	
  3.1	 	Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (Exhibit 3.1 to ADTRAN's Registration Statement on Form S-1, No. 33-81062). (P)	
 	 	 	 	 	
  3.2	 	Bylaws, as amended (Exhibit 3.1 to ADTRAN's Form 8-K filed October 13, 2011).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 10.1	 	Documents relative to the $50,000,000 Taxable Revenue Bond, Series 1995 (ADTRAN, Inc. Project) issued by the Alabama State Industrial Development Authority, consisting of the following:	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(a)	 	First Amended and Restated Financing Agreement dated April 25, 1997, among the State Industrial Development Authority, a public corporation organized under the laws of the State of Alabama (the “Authority”), ADTRAN and First Union National Bank of Tennessee, a national banking corporation (the “Bondholder”) (Exhibit 10.1(a) to ADTRAN's Form 10-Q filed May 9, 1997).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(b)	 	First Amended and Restated Loan Agreement dated April 25, 1997, between the Authority and ADTRAN (Exhibit 10.1(b) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-Q filed May 9, 1997).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(c)	 	First Amended and Restated Specimen Taxable Revenue Bond, Series 1995 (ADTRAN, Inc. Project) (Exhibit 10.1(c) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-Q filed May 9, 1997).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(d)	 	First Amended and Restated Specimen Note from ADTRAN to the Bondholder, dated April 25, 1997 (Exhibit 10.1(d) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-Q filed May 9, 1997).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(e)	 	Amended and Restated Investment Agreement dated January 3, 2002 between ADTRAN and First Union National Bank (successor-in-interest to First Union National Bank of Tennessee (the “Successor Bondholder”)) (Exhibit 10.1(e) to ADTRAN’s 2002 Form 10-K filed March 20, 2003).	
 
86

Exhibit
Number	 	Description	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(f)	 	Resolution of the Authority authorizing the amendment of certain documents, dated April 25, 1997, relating to the $50,000,000 Taxable Revenue Bond, Series 1995 (ADTRAN, Inc. Project) (Exhibit 10.1(f) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-Q filed May 9, 1997).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(g)	 	Resolution of ADTRAN authorizing the First Amended and Restated Financing Agreement, the First Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, the First Amended and Restated Note, and the Investment Agreement (Exhibit 10.1(g) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-Q filed May 9, 1997).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(h)	 	Amendment to First Amended and Restated Financing Agreement and First Amended and Restated Loan Agreement dated January 3, 2002 between ADTRAN and the Successor Bondholder (Exhibit 10.1(h) to ADTRAN’s 2002 Form 10-K filed March 20, 2003).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 10.2	 	Tax Indemnification Agreement dated July 1, 1994 by and among ADTRAN and the stockholders of ADTRAN prior to ADTRAN's initial public offering of Common Stock (Exhibit 10.5 to the 1994 Form 10-K). (P)	
 	 	 	 	 	
 10.3	 	Management Contracts and Compensation Plans:	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(a)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. Management Incentive Bonus Plan (Exhibit 10.1 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed February 3, 2006).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(b)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 4.1 to ADTRAN’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-133927) filed May 9, 2006).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(c)	 	First Amendment to the ADTRAN, Inc. 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.3(h) to ADTRAN’s 2007 Form 10-K filed February 28, 2008).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(d)	 	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.1 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed June 8, 2006).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(e)	 	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.2 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed June 8, 2006).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(f)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. 2005 Directors Stock Option Plan and Forms of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreements (Exhibit 10.1 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2005).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(g)	 	Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation (Exhibit 10.3(k) to ADTRAN’s 2006 Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2007).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(h)	 	First Amendment to the ADTRAN, Inc. 2005 Directors Stock Option Plan (Exhibit 10.3(l) to ADTRAN’s 2007 Form 10-K filed February 28, 2008).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(i)	 	Form of Performance Shares Agreement under the ADTRAN, Inc. 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.1 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed November 12, 2008).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(j)	 	Form of Performance Shares Agreement under the ADTRAN, Inc. 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.1 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed November 9, 2010).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(k)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.1 to ADTRAN’s Form 8-K filed May 15, 2015).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(l)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. Deferred Compensation Program for Employees, as amended and restated as of June 1, 2010 (Exhibit 10.3(n) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2016).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(m)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. Deferred Compensation Program for Directors, as amended and restated as of June 1, 2010 (Exhibit 10.3(o) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2016).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(n)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. Equity Deferral Program for Employees, as amended and restated as of October 1, 2011 (Exhibit 10.3(p) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2016).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(o)	 	ADTRAN, Inc. Equity Deferral Program for Directors, as amended and restated as of October 1, 2011 (Exhibit 10.3(q) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2016).	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(p)	 	Employment Agreement, dated October 29, 2015, between Roger Shannon and ADTRAN, Inc. (Exhibit 10.3(r) to ADTRAN’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2016).	
 
87

Exhibit
Number	 	Description	
 	 	 	 	 	
 21*	 	Subsidiaries of ADTRAN.	
 	 	 	 	 	
 23*	 	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.	
 	 	 	 	 	
 24*	 	Powers of Attorney.	
 	 	 	 	 	
 31*	 	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications.	
 	 	 	 	 	
 32*	 	Section 1350 Certifications.	
 	 	 	 	 	
101.INS	 	XBRL Instance Document	
 	 	 	 	 	
101.SCH	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	
 	 	 	 	 	
101.CAL	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	
 	 	 	 	 	
101.LAB	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document	
 	 	 	 	 	
101.PRE	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	
 	 	 	 	 	
101.DEF	 	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	

*	Filed herewith	
 
 I TEM 16.	 FORM 10-K SUMMARY	
None.
 
88

 SIGNAT URES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 23, 2018.
 
ADTRAN, Inc.
(Registrant)	
 	 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Roger D. Shannon	
 	 	Roger D. Shannon	
 	 	Senior Vice President of Finance,	
 	 	Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Secretary and Treasurer	
 	 	(Principal Accounting Officer)	
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 23, 2018.
 
Signature	 	Title	
 	 	 	
/s/ Thomas R. Stanton	 	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board	
Thomas R. Stanton	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ H. Fenwick Huss*	 	Director	
H. Fenwick Huss	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ William L. Marks*	 	Director	
William L. Marks	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ Gregory McCray*	 	Director	
Gregory McCray	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ Anthony Melone*	 	Director	
Anthony Melone	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ Balan Nair*	 	Director	
Balan Nair	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ Jacqueline H. Rice*	 	Director	
Jacqueline H. Rice	 	 	
 	 	 	
/s/ Kathryn A. Walker*	 	Director	
Kathryn A. Walker	 	 	
 
*By:	 	/s/ Roger D. Shannon	
 	 	Roger D. Shannon as Attorney in Fact	

89

ADTRAN, INC.
 SCHEDULE II
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
 
Column A	 	Column B	 	 	Column C	 	 	Column D	 	 	Column E	 	
(In thousands)	 	Balance at
Beginning
of Period	 	 	Charged to
Costs &
Expenses	 	 	Deductions	 	 	Balance at
End of
Period	 	
Year ended December 31, 2017	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	 	$	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	
Inventory Reserve	 	$	25,249	 	 	 	6,406	 	 	 	8,300	 	 	$	23,355	 	
Warranty Liability	 	$	8,548	 	 	 	6,951	 	 	 	5,775	 	 	$	9,724	 	
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance	 	$	6,149	 	 	 	18	 	 	 	161	 	 	$	6,006	 	
Year ended December 31, 2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	 	$	19	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	19	 	 	$	—	 	
Inventory Reserve	 	$	26,675	 	 	 	3,303	 	 	 	4,729	 	 	$	25,249	 	
Warranty Liability	 	$	8,739	 	 	 	8,561	 	 	 	8,752	 	 	$	8,548	 	
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance	 	$	7,250	 	 	 	69	 	 	 	1,170	 	 	$	6,149	 	
Year ended December 31, 2015	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	 	$	136	 	 	 	19	 	 	 	136	 	 	$	19	 	
Inventory Reserve	 	$	24,682	 	 	 	2,225	 	 	 	232	 	 	$	26,675	 	
Warranty Liability	 	$	8,415	 	 	 	2,998	 	 	 	2,674	 	 	$	8,739	 	
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance	 	$	7,463	 	 	 	81	 	 	 	294	 	 	$	7,250	 	

 
90

Exhibit 21
SUBSIDIARIES OF ADTRAN, INC.
December 31, 2017
 
Name of Subsidiary	 	Country or State of Incorporation	
 	 	 	
ADTRAN Networks Pty. Ltd	 	Australia	
ADTRAN Networks Comunicações Ltda.	 	Brazil	
ADTRAN Canada, Inc.	 	Canada	
ADTRAN Networks Canada, Inc.	 	Canada	
ADTRAN d.o.o.	 	Croatia	
ADTRAN International, Inc.	 	Delaware	
ADTRAN Networks Worldwide, Inc.	 	Delaware	
ADTRAN Networks, LLC	 	Delaware	
Bluesocket, Inc.	 	Delaware	
ADTRAN Oy	 	Finland	
ADTRAN GmbH	 	Germany	
ADTRAN Networks M.E.P.E.	 	Greece	
ADTRAN Networks Hong Kong Limited	 	Hong Kong	
ADTRAN International, Inc. – Hong Kong Branch	 	Hong Kong	
ADTRAN Networks India Private Limited	 	India	
ADTRAN Holdings Ltd.	 	Israel	
ADTRAN S.R.L.	 	Italy	
ADTRAN K.K.	 	Japan	
ADTRAN Networks Sdn Bhd	 	Malaysia	
ADTRAN Networks S.A. de C.V.	 	Mexico	
ADTRAN Networks & Services, S. de R.L. de C.V.	 	Mexico	
ADTRAN Peru S.R.L.	 	Peru	
ADTRAN Sp. z.o.o.	 	Poland	
ADTRAN, Unipessoal Lda.	 	Portugal	
ADTRAN LLC	 	Russia	
ADTRAN International, Inc. - Saudi Arabia branch	 	Saudi Arabia	
ADTRAN Singapore Pte. Ltd.	 	Singapore	
ADTRAN s.r.o.	 	Slovakia	
ADTRAN Proprietary Ltd.	 	South Africa	
ADTRAN Switzerland GmbH	 	Switzerland	
ADTRAN GmbH (Tunisia Permanent Establishment Branch Office)	 	Tunisia	
ADTRAN SARL	 	Tunisia	
ADTRAN Europe Limited	 	United Kingdom	

 
Exhibit 23
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-215218, 333-168419, 333-133927, 333-126734, 333-66000, 333-41458, 333-78417, 333-30375, 333-29899, 333-4808) of ADTRAN, Inc. of our report dated February 23, 2018 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K.
 
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	
Birmingham, Alabama	
February 23, 2018	
 
 General Business

 
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and appoints Thomas R. Stanton and Roger D. Shannon, and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign the Annual Report on Form 10-K of ADTRAN, Inc. for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and any and all amendments thereto, and other documents in connection therewith and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the NASDAQ Global Select Market, Inc., granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
This 23 rd day of February 2018

/s/ H. Fenwick Huss	
H. Fenwick Huss	
Director	
 	
/s/ William L. Marks	
William L. Marks	
Director	
 	
/s/ Gregory McCray	
Gregory McCray	
Director	
 	
/s/ Anthony Melone	
Anthony Melone	
Director	
 	
/s/ Balan Nair	
Balan Nair	
Director	
 	
/s/ Jacqueline H. Rice	
Jacqueline H. Rice	
Director	
 	
/s/ Kathryn A. Walker	
Kathryn A. Walker	
Director	

 
Exhibit 31
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Thomas R. Stanton, certify that:
 	1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of ADTRAN, Inc.;	
 	2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	
 	3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	
 	4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	
 	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	
 	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;	
 	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	
 	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and	
 	5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
 	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	
 	( b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.	
Date: February 23, 2018
 
/s/ Thomas R. Stanton	
Thomas R. Stanton	
Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board	

 
I, Roger D. Shannon, certify that:
 	1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of ADTRAN, Inc.;	
 	2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	
 	3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	
 	4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	
 	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	
 	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;	
 	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	
 	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and	
 	5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
 	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	
 	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.	
Date: February 23, 2018
 
/s/ Roger D. Shannon	
Roger D. Shannon	
Senior Vice President of Finance,	
Chief Financial Officer,	
Corporate Secretary and Treasurer	

 
Exhibit 32
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of ADTRAN, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2017 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Thomas R. Stanton, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
 	(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and	
 	(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	

/s/ Thomas R. Stanton	
Thomas R. Stanton	
Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board	
Date: February 23, 2018	

 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of ADTRAN, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2017 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Roger D. Shannon, Senior Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Secretary and Treasurer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
 	(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and	
 	(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	
 
/s/ Roger D. Shannon	
Roger D. Shannon	
Senior Vice President of Finance,	
Chief Financial Officer,  	
Corporate Secretary and Treasurer	
Date: February 23, 2018