UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
     ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended: December 30, 2018
or
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number: 001-14543
____________________________________ 

TrueBlue, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
______________________________________ 

	
			
Washington	 	91-1287341	
(State of incorporation)	 	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)	
 	 	
1015 A Street, Tacoma, Washington	 	98402	
(Address of principal executive offices)	 	(Zip Code)	
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:    (253) 383-9101
______________________________________ 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

			
Title of each class	 	Name of each exchange on which registered	
Common Stock no par value	 	The New York Stock Exchange	
Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.        Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

							
Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	¨	 Non-accelerated filer	¨	 	
Smaller reporting company	¨	Emerging growth company	¨	 	 	 	

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý
As of July 1, 2018 , the aggregate market value (based on the NYSE quoted closing price) of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $1.1 billion .
As of January 31, 2019 , there were 40,074,000 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this report is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held May 15, 2019, which will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

	

TrueBlue, Inc.
Table of Contents

			
   	   	Page	
PART I	
Item 1.	Business	4	
Item 1A.	Risk factors	11	
Item 1B.	Unresolved staff comments	16	
Item 2.	Properties	16	
Item 3.	Legal proceedings	17	
Item 4.	Mine safety disclosures	17	
PART II	
Item 5.	Market for registrant’s common equity, related stockholder matters and issuer purchases of equity securities	18	
Item 6.	Selected financial data	20	
Item 7.	Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations	21	
Item 7A.	Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk	41	
Item 8.	Financial statements and supplementary data	43	
Item 9.	Changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure	73	
Item 9A.	Controls and procedures	74	
 	Report of management on internal control over financial reporting	74	
 	Report of independent registered public accounting firm	75	
Item 9B.	Other information	76	
PART III	
Item 10.	Directors, executive officers and corporate governance	77	
Item 11.	Executive compensation	77	
Item 12.	Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters	77	
Item 13.	Certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence	77	
Item 14.	Principal accountant fees and services	77	
PART IV	
Item 15.	Exhibits and financial statement schedules	78	
 	Index to exhibits	80	
 	Signatures	82	

	

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PART I
COMMENT ON FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements in this Form 10-K, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and future events and circumstances could differ significantly from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “strategy,” “future,” “opportunity,” “goal,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements, including the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K), “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” (Part II, Item 7A of this Form 10-K), and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” (Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K). We undertake no duty to update or revise publicly any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report, to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise.

		
Item 1.	BUSINESS	
OUR COMPANY
TrueBlue, Inc. (the “company,” “TrueBlue,” “we,” “us” and “our”) is a leading provider of specialized workforce solutions that help clients achieve growth and improve productivity. We connected approximately 730,000 people with work during fiscal 2018 , and served approximately 151,000 clients in a wide variety of industries through our PeopleReady segment which offers industrial staffing services, our PeopleManagement segment which offers contingent and productivity-based on-site industrial staffing services, and our PeopleScout segment which offers recruitment process outsourcing (“RPO”) and managed service provider (“MSP”) services. We are headquartered in Tacoma, Washington.
We began operations in 1989, specializing in on-demand general labor staffing services with the objective of providing clients with talent and flexible workforce solutions to enhance the performance of their businesses. We expanded our on-demand, general labor staffing services through organic geographic expansion throughout the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. Commencing in 2004, we began expanding through acquisitions to provide a full range of blue-collar staffing solutions, and to help our clients be more productive with a reliable contingent labor workforce and rapidly respond to changing business needs. Commencing in 2014, we expanded through acquisitions to provide complementary outsourced service offerings in permanent employment RPO and employer recruitment branding services, as well as outsourced management of client’s contingent labor vendors.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
We report our business as three distinct reportable segments described below and in Note 17: Segment Information , to our consolidated financial statements found in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
  
PeopleReady provides access to reliable workers in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico through a wide range of staffing solutions for on-demand contingent general and skilled labor. PeopleReady connects people to work in a broad range of industries that include construction, manufacturing and logistics, warehousing and distribution, waste and recycling, energy, retail, hospitality, and others.
PeopleReady helped approximately 150,000 clients in fiscal 2018 to be more productive by providing easy access to dependable, blue-collar contingent labor. Through our PeopleReady service line, we connected approximately 310,000 people with work in fiscal 2018 . We have a network of 620 branches across all 50 states, Canada and Puerto Rico. Complementing our branch network is our mobile application, JobStack TM , which algorithmically connects workers with jobs, creates a virtual exchange between our workers and clients, and allows our branch resources to expand their recruiting and sales efforts and service delivery. JobStack is increasing the competitive differentiation of our services, expanding our reach into new demographics, and improving both service delivery and work order fill rates.

	

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PeopleManagement provides contingent and productivity-based on-site industrial workforce solutions. In comparison with PeopleReady, services are larger in scale, longer in duration, and provided at the client’s facility.
We use the following distinct brands to market our PeopleManagement contingent workforce solutions:
		
•	Staff Management | SMX specializes in exclusive outsourced recruitment and on-premise management of the entire facility’s contingent industrial workforce, full shifts or complete functions of the industrial operations. We work closely with on-site management as an integral part of the production and logistics process. We provide scalable solutions to meet the volume requirements in labor-intensive manufacturing, warehousing and logistics. On-premise staffing is large-scale sourcing, screening, recruiting and management of the contingent workforce at a client’s facility in order to achieve faster hiring, lower total cost of workforce, increased safety and compliance, improved retention, greater volume flexibility, and enhanced strategic decision-making through robust reporting and analytics. Client contracts are generally multi-year in duration and pricing is typically based on an hourly rate per contingent worker. Pricing is impacted by factors such as geography, volume, job type, and degree of recruiting difficulty;	
		
•	SIMOS Insourcing Solutions ( “ SIMOS ” ) specializes in exclusive outsourced recruitment and on-premise management of the entire warehouse operations or parts of warehouse operations in order to reduce costs and improve performance. SIMOS systematically analyzes and improves business processes in a client’s facilities and manages the contingent workforce with incentives to drive performance improvements in cost, quality and on-time delivery. Our unique productivity model incorporates fixed price-per-unit solutions to drive client value. Additionally, our continuous analysis and improvement of processes and incentive pay drives workforce efficiency, reduces costs, lowers risk of injury and damage, and improves productivity and service levels;	
		
•	Centerline Drivers ( “ Centerline ” ) specializes in providing dedicated and temporary truck drivers to the transportation and distribution industries. Centerline delivers compliant drivers specifically matched to each client’s needs, allowing them to improve productivity, control costs and deliver improved service.	
Effective March 12, 2018 , we divested the PlaneTechs business. For additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture , to our consolidated financial statements found in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K .

PeopleScout provides permanent employee RPO for our clients. Our RPO solution serves many major industries and job types. Our RPO solution delivers improved talent quality and candidate experience, faster hiring, increased scalability, reduced turnover, lower cost of recruitment, greater flexibility, and increased compliance. We leverage our proprietary Affinix TM technology platform for sourcing, screening and delivering a permanent workforce, along with dedicated service delivery teams to work as an integrated partner with our clients in providing end-to-end talent acquisition services from employer branding, to candidate sourcing and engagement, through onboarding employees. Our solution is highly scalable and flexible, allowing for outsourcing of all or a subset of skill categories across recruitment marketing and a series of recruitment processes and onboarding steps. Client contracts are generally multi-year in duration and pricing is typically composed of a fee for each hire and talent consulting fees. Pricing is impacted by factors such as geography, volume, job type, degree of recruiting difficulty, and the scope of outsourced recruitment and employer branding services included.
PeopleScout also includes our MSP business which manages our clients’ contingent labor programs including vendor selection, performance management, compliance monitoring and risk management. As the client’s exclusive MSP, we have dedicated service delivery teams which work as an integrated partner with our client to increase the productivity of their contingent workforce program.
Effective June 12, 2018, we acquired TMP Holdings LTD (“TMP”) through our PeopleScout subsidiary. Accordingly, the results associated with the acquisition are included in our PeopleScout operating segment. TMP is a mid-sized RPO and employer branding practice operating in the United Kingdom, which is the second largest RPO market in the world. This acquisition increases our ability to win multi-continent engagements by adding a physical presence in Europe, referenceable clients and employer branding capabilities. F or additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture , to our consolidated financial statements found in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K .

	

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INDUSTRY AND MARKET DYNAMICS
The staffing industry, which includes our PeopleReady and PeopleManagement services, supplies contingent workforce solutions to minimize the cost and effort of hiring and managing permanent employees. This allows for rapid response to changes in business conditions through the ability to replace absent employees, fill new positions, and convert fixed or permanent labor costs to variable costs. Staffing companies act as intermediaries in matching available temporary workers to employer work assignments. The work assignments vary widely in duration, skill level, and required experience. The staffing industry is large and highly fragmented with many competing companies. No single company has a dominant share of the industry. Staffing companies compete both to recruit and retain a supply of temporary workers, and to attract and retain clients who will employ these workers. Client demand for contingent staffing services is dependent on the overall strength of the economy and workforce flexibility trends. This creates volatility for the staffing industry based on overall economic conditions. Historically, in periods of economic growth, the number of companies providing contingent workforce solutions has increased due to low barriers to entry whereas during recessionary periods, the number of companies has decreased through consolidation, bankruptcies, or other events.
Our solutions address the following key trends contributing to anticipated staffing growth:
		
•	Workforce flexibility: The staffing industry continues to experience increased demand in relation to total job growth as demand for a flexible workforce continues to grow with competitive and economic pressures to reduce costs, meet dynamic seasonal demands, and respond to rapidly changing market conditions.	
		
•	Workforce productivity : Companies are under increasing competitive pressures to improve productivity through workforce solutions that improve performance.	
		
•	Worker preferences and access to talent: Workers are demanding more flexibility in how, when and where they work as well as access to contingent work opportunities through mobile technology. Baby boomers are leaving the workforce and leaving a talent shortage in what have traditionally been blue-collar trades. The remaining workers are in greater demand and have more power to find the employment situation they want or stay busy working on a contingent basis.	
The human resource outsourcing industry involves transitioning various functions handled by internal human resources and labor procurement to outside service providers on a permanent or project basis. Human resource departments are faced with increasingly complex operational and regulatory requirements, a tightening labor market, increased candidate expectations, an expanding talent technology landscape, and pressure to achieve efficiencies, which increase the need to migrate non-core functions to outsourced providers. The human resource outsourcing industry includes RPO and MSP solutions which allow clients to more effectively find and engage high-quality talent, leverage talent acquisition technology, and scale their talent acquisition function to keep pace with changing business needs. PeopleScout is a leader in RPO and MSP services, which are in the early stages of their adoption cycles, and therefore, we believe they continue to have significant growth potential.
Our solutions address the following key trends contributing to anticipated RPO growth:
		
•	Talent access and engagement: As competition for qualified candidates increases, clients are relying on RPO providers to elevate the employer brand, build talent communities, create a world class candidate experience, leverage innovative talent technology, and facilitate effective recruitment marketing and candidate communication strategies.	
		
•	Leveraging talent acquisition technology: Automation, artificial intelligence and machine learning are transforming talent acquisition, and the fragmented talent technology ecosystem is becoming more crowded, with significant investments flowing in and new technology coming online rapidly. RPO providers are continuously identifying, evaluating and investing in new technology to leverage as part of their talent technology stack to best meet today’s candidate’s expectations of a personalized, mobile-optimized and efficient hiring process. RPO providers are uniquely positioned to successfully integrate and deploy new talent technology based on the volume of candidate engagements they manage and their understanding of the talent landscape, thereby reducing the investments required to be made by clients.	
		
•	Scalability: RPO providers can add significant scalability to a company’s recruiting and hiring efforts, including accommodating seasonal, project or peak hiring needs without sacrificing quality. Providers also help clients increase efficiency and drive better performance by standardizing processes and reducing time to fill and onboard the best fit talent into a client’s organization, and enabling clients to focus on their core business.	

	

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Our solutions address the following key trends contributing to anticipated MSP growth:
		
•	Vendor consolidation and cost savings: As an organization’s spend on contingent workforce rises, it becomes increasingly interested in reducing the administrative burden of managing multiple outside vendors, having consistency among contractors and processes, and maintaining robust performance tracking and analytics. Vendor consolidation can achieve significant efficiencies through enhanced scale and cost advantages such as single point of contact, standardized contracts, and consolidated invoicing and reporting.	
		
•	Access to talent: An MSP solution allows a company access to a large variety of staffing vendors with the efficiency of working with one supplier. An MSP can access numerous vendors to find the best talent at the best price more quickly, thereby delivering a better outcome for the client.	
		
•	Compliance pressure : Demand for temporary employee sourcing and workforce vendor management solutions is driven by increasing work eligibility legislation and compliance monitoring to ensure correct worker classification in order to properly address tax withholding, overtime, Social Security, unemployment and health care obligations to avoid government penalties and lawsuits.	
BUSINESS STRATEGY
Market leadership through organic growth of our specialized workforce solutions
Our clients have a variety of challenges in running their businesses, many of which are unique to the industries in which they operate, their competitive pressures, and business performance. We are industry leaders dedicated to staffing solutions tailored to our clients’ needs and the industries in which they operate. Our differentiated solutions keep pace with their changing needs and are as follows:
		
•	We will continue to evaluate opportunities to expand our market presence for specialized blue-collar staffing services and expand our geographical reach through new physical locations, expand use of existing locations to provide the full range of blue-collar staffing services, and dispatch of our temporary workers to areas without branches. Continued investment in specialized sales, recruiting and service expertise will create a more seamless experience for our clients to access all of our services with more comprehensive solutions to enhance their performance and our growth. Our service lines offer complementary workforce solutions with unique value propositions to meet our clients’ demand for talent.	
		
•	We will continue to invest in technology that increases our ability to attract more clients and employees as well as reduce the cost of delivering our services. We are committed to leveraging technology to improve the temporary worker and client experience. Our technological innovation makes it easier for our clients to do business with us and easier to connect workers to work opportunities. We are making significant investments in online and mobile applications to improve the access, speed and ease of connecting our clients with both high-quality temporary and permanent employee workforce solutions.	
		
◦	We introduced our mobile application, JobStack, and completed the roll out to our temporary workers in 2017. We rolled out JobStack to our clients in 2018 and now over 30% of all PeopleReady jobs are filled through JobStack. This has created a virtual exchange between our workers and clients, which allows our branch resources to expand their recruiting and sales efforts and service delivery. JobStack is increasing the competitive differentiation of our services, expanding our reach into new demographics, and improving both service delivery and work order fill rates. We will be adding functionality to further enhance both client and associate retention.	
		
◦	We introduced a mobile-first, cloud-based proprietary platform, Affinix, in 2017 for sourcing, screening and delivering a permanent workforce. Affinix creates a consumer-like candidate experience and streamlines the sourcing process. Affinix delivers speed and scalability while leveraging recruitment marketing, machine learning, predictive analytics and other emerging technology to make the end-to-end process seamless for the candidate.	
		
•	We are well positioned for growth by providing our clients with the talent and flexible workforce solutions they need to enhance business performance. With growing demand for improved productivity and accessing temporary workers, our clients are looking for a full range of workforce services.	

	

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•	We are recognized as an industry leader for RPO services. The RPO industry is in the early stages of its adoption cycle, and therefore, we believe it has significant growth potential. The success of early adopters is generating greater opportunity to expand our service offering. We have a differentiated service that leverages innovative technology for high-volume sourcing and dedicated client service teams for connecting people to opportunities. We have a track record of helping our clients reduce the cost of hiring, add significant scalability to recruiting and hiring, and access numerous sources to prospect for the best talent quickly, thereby delivering a better outcome for the client. Companies are facing rapidly changing employment demographics, a shortage of talent, and dynamic changes to how people connect to work opportunities. Our solution addresses these growing challenges. We expanded our services with the TMP acquisition. TMP is a mid-sized RPO and employer branding practice operating in the United Kingdom, which is the second largest RPO market in the world. This acquisition increases our ability to win multi-continent engagements by adding a physical presence in Europe, referenceable clients, and employer branding capabilities.	
		
•	Our MSP solution is focused on domestic middle-market companies with a growing dependence on contingent labor. Our managed service provider solutions have enabled our clients to efficiently source, engage, fulfill, measure and manage all categories of contingent and externally sourced labor. We believe our MSP solution is uniquely positioned to manage the full range of our clients’ labor needs.	
Growth through strategic acquisitions
Strategic acquisitions continue to be a key growth strategy with a focus on globalizing our RPO services. We believe we have a core competence in assessing, valuing and integrating acquisitions culminating in higher shareholder returns. We are excited about the future of human resource outsourcing and believe we can continue to create shareholder value through acquisitions, which expand our service offerings in high-growth markets, enhance our use of technology to better serve our clients, and increase our own efficiency.
CLIENTS
Our clients range from small and medium-sized businesses to Fortune 100 companies.
During fiscal 2018 , we served approximately 151,000 clients in industries including construction, energy, manufacturing, warehousing and distribution, waste and recycling, energy, transportation, retail, hospitality, general labor, and many more. Our ten largest clients accounted for 16.1% of total revenue for fiscal 2018 , 17.6% for fiscal 2017 and 19.9% for fiscal 2016. Our single largest client for fiscal 2018 accounted for 2.9% of total company revenue.
No single client represented more than 10.0% of total company revenue for fiscal 2018 , 2017 or 2016 .
EMPLOYEES
As of December 30, 2018 , we employed approximately 6,700 full-time equivalent employees.
TEMPORARY WORKERS
We recruit temporary workers daily so that we can be responsive to the planned and unplanned needs of the clients we serve. We attract our pool of temporary workers through our proprietary mobile applications, online resources, extensive internal databases, advertising, job fairs and various other methods. We identify the skills, knowledge, abilities and personal characteristics of a temporary worker and match their competencies and capabilities to a client’s requirements. This enables our clients to obtain immediate value by placing a highly productive employee on the job site. We use a variety of proprietary programs and methods for identifying and assessing the skill level of our temporary workers when selecting a particular individual for a specific assignment and retaining those workers for future assignments. We believe that our programs and methods enable us to offer a higher quality of service by increasing productivity, decreasing turnover, reducing absenteeism, and improving worker safety.
We provide a bridge to permanent, full-time employment for thousands of temporary workers each year. Workers also come to us because of the flexibility we offer to fill a short-term financial need and/or provide longer-term contingent flexible labor opportunities. Workers may be assigned to different jobs and job sites, and their assignments could last for as little as a few hours or extend for several weeks or months. We provide our workers meaningful work and the opportunity to improve their skills. We are considered the legal employer of our workers, and laws regulating the employment relationship are applicable to our operations. We consider our relations with our temporary workers to be good.

	

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We remain focused and committed to worker safety. We have developed an integrated risk management program that focuses on loss analysis, education and safety improvement programs to reduce our operational costs and risk exposure. We regularly analyze our workers’ compensation claims to identify trends. This allows us to focus our resources on those areas that may have the greatest impact on us, price our services appropriately, and adjust our sales and operational approach in these areas. We have also developed educational materials for distribution to our clients and workers to address specific safety risks unique to their industry.
COMPETITION
Contingent staffing services
The strongest staffing services competitor in a particular market is a company with established relationships and a track record of meeting the client’s needs. We compete with other large publicly-held staffing companies as well as privately-owned staffing companies on a national, regional and local level. We also experience competition from internet-based companies providing a variety of flexible workforce solutions. Competition exists in attracting clients as well as qualified temporary workers for our clients. No single company has a dominant share of the industry. Competitive forces have historically limited our ability to raise our prices to immediately and fully offset increased costs of doing business, some of which include increased temporary worker wages, costs for workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance and health care.
The most significant competitive factors are price, ability to promptly fill client orders, success in meeting clients’ expectations of recruiting temporary workers, and appropriately addressing client service issues. We believe we derive a competitive advantage from our service history and our specialized approach in serving the industries of our clients. Our national presence, industry specialization, investment in technology, and proprietary systems and processes, together with specialized programs focused on worker safety, risk management, and legal and regulatory compliance are key differentiators from many of our competitors.
Human resource outsourcing
The strongest competitors are companies specializing in RPO services and business process outsourcing companies that also offer RPO services. No one provider dominates the market. Competition also includes internal human resource departments that have not or are not considering outsourcing. The most significant competitive factors for RPO services are the ability to reduce client cost by deploying an RPO solution and reducing the internal human resource cost structure of our clients. Important factors for success in RPO services include the ability to add significant scalability to a client’s recruiting and hiring efforts, including accommodating seasonal and irregular hiring; the ability to increase efficiency by standardizing processes and facilitating transitions for candidates and employees; and the ability to source the most attractive talent at the best price. Our tailored solutions, client partnership, proprietary technology and service delivery are key differentiators from many of our competitors.
CYCLICAL AND SEASONAL NATURE OF OUR BUSINESS
The workforce solutions business has historically been cyclical, often acting as an indicator of both economic downturns and upswings. Clients tend to use temporary workers to supplement their existing workforce and generally hire permanent workers when long-term demand is expected to increase. As a consequence, our revenues tend to increase quickly when the economy begins to grow. Conversely, our revenues also decrease quickly when the economy begins to weaken and thus temporary staff positions are eliminated, permanent hiring is frozen, and turnover replacement diminishes.
Our business experiences seasonal fluctuations for contingent staffing services. Demand is lower during the first and second quarters, in part due to limitations to outside work during the winter months and slowdown in manufacturing and logistics after the holiday season. Our working capital requirements are primarily driven by temporary worker payroll and client accounts receivable. Since receipts from clients lag payroll to temporary workers, working capital requirements increase substantially in periods of growth. Demand for contingent labor peaks during the third quarter for outdoor work and the fourth quarter for manufacturing, assembly, warehousing, distribution and logistics for the holiday season.
REGULATION
Our services are subject to a variety of complex federal and state laws and regulations. We continuously monitor legislation and regulatory changes for their potential effect on our business. We invest in technology and process improvements to implement required changes while minimizing the impact to our operating efficiency and effectiveness. Regulatory cost increases are passed through to our clients to the fullest extent possible.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
For information regarding revenue from operations and long-lived assets by domestic and foreign operations, please refer to the information presented in Note 17: Segment Information , to our consolidated financial statements found in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

	

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AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, along with all other reports and amendments filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), are publicly available, free of charge, on our website at www.trueblue.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Board Committee Charters are also posted to our website. The information on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.

	

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Item 1A.	RISK FACTORS	
Investing in our securities involves risk. The following risk factors and all other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be considered in evaluating our future prospects. If any of the events described below occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or access to the capital markets could be materially and adversely affected.
Demand for our workforce solutions is significantly affected by fluctuations in general economic conditions.
The demand for workforce solutions is highly dependent upon the state of the economy and upon the workforce needs of our clients, which creates uncertainty and volatility. National and global economic activity can be slowed by many factors, including rising interest rates and global trade uncertainties. As economic activity slows, companies tend to reduce their use of temporary workers and reduce their recruitment of new employees. Significant declines in demand of any region or industry in which we have a major presence may severely reduce the demand for our services and thereby significantly decrease our revenues and profits. Deterioration in economic conditions or the financial or credit markets could also have an adverse impact on our clients’ ability to pay for services we have already provided.
It is difficult for us to forecast future demand for our services due to the inherent uncertainty in forecasting the direction and strength of economic cycles and the project nature of our staffing assignments. The uncertainty can be exacerbated by volatile economic conditions, which may cause clients to reduce or defer projects for which they utilize our services. The negative impact to our business can occur before a decline in economic activity is seen in the broader economy. When it is difficult for us to accurately forecast future demand, we may not be able to determine the optimal level of personnel and investment necessary to profitably take advantage of growth opportunities.
We may be unable to attract sufficient qualified candidates to meet the needs of our clients.
We compete to meet our clients’ needs for workforce solutions and, therefore, we must continually attract qualified candidates to fill positions. Attracting qualified candidates depends on factors such as desirability of the assignment, location, and the associated wages and other benefits. We have experienced shortages of qualified candidates and we may experience such shortages in the future. Further, if there is a shortage, the cost to employ or recruit these individuals could increase. If we are unable to pass those costs through to our clients, it could materially and adversely affect our business. Organized labor periodically engages in efforts to represent various groups of our temporary workers. If we are subject to unreasonable collective bargaining agreements or work disruptions, our business could be adversely affected.
We may not achieve the intended effects of our business strategy which could negatively impact our results.
Our business strategy focuses on driving growth in our PeopleReady, PeopleManagement and PeopleScout business lines by investing in innovative technology, acquisitions, and initiatives which drive organic growth. Our investments and acquisitions may not achieve our desired returns and the results of our initiatives may not be as expected or may be impacted by matters outside of our control. If we are unsuccessful in executing any of these strategies, we may not achieve our goal of revenue and profitability growth, which could negatively impact financial results.
Our workforce solutions are subject to extensive government regulation and the imposition of additional regulations, which could materially harm our future earnings.
Our workforce solutions are subject to extensive government regulation. The cost to comply, and any inability to comply with government regulation, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Increases or changes in government regulation of the workplace or of the employer-employee relationship, or judicial or administrative proceedings related to such regulation, could materially harm our business.
Our temporary staffing services employ temporary workers. The wage rates we pay to temporary workers are based on many factors including government-mandated minimum wage requirements, payroll-related taxes and benefits. If we are not able to increase the fees charged to clients to absorb any increased costs related to these factors, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

	

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We offer our temporary workers in the United States government-mandated health insurance in compliance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “ACA”). Because the requirements, regulations, and interpretations of the ACA may change, the ultimate financial effect of the ACA is not yet known, and changes in its requirements and interpretations could increase or change our costs. In addition, because of the uncertainty surrounding a potential repeal or replacement of the ACA, we cannot predict with any certainty the likely impact of the ACA’s repeal or the adoption of any other health care reform legislation on our financial condition or operating results. Whether or not there is a change in health care legislation in the United States, there is likely to be significant disruption to the health care market in the future, and the costs of our health care expenditures may increase. If we are unable to comply with changes to the ACA, or any future health care legislation in the United States, or sufficiently raise the rates we charge our clients to cover any additional costs, such noncompliance or increases in costs could materially harm our business.
We may incur employment related claims and costs that could materially harm our business.
We are in the business of employing people in the workplaces of our clients. We incur a risk of liability for claims for personal injury, wage and hour violations, immigration, discrimination, harassment, and other liabilities arising from the actions of our clients and/or temporary workers. Some or all of these claims may give rise to negative publicity, litigation, settlements, or investigations. We may incur costs, charges or other material adverse impacts on our financial statements for the period in which the effect of an unfavorable final outcome becomes probable and can be reasonably estimated.
We maintain insurance with respect to some potential claims and costs with deductibles. We cannot be certain that our insurance will be available, or if available, will be in sufficient amount or scope to cover all claims that may be asserted against us. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements exceed our insurance coverage, they could have a material effect on our business. We cannot be certain we will be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, that adequate replacement policies will be available on acceptable terms, or at all, or that our insurance providers will be able to pay claims we make under such policies.
We are dependent on workers’ compensation insurance coverage at commercially reasonable terms. Unexpected changes in claim trends on our workers’ compensation may negatively impact our financial condition.
Our temporary staffing services employ workers for which we provide workers’ compensation insurance. Our workers’ compensation insurance policies are renewed annually. The majority of our insurance policies are with AIG. Our insurance carriers require us to collateralize a significant portion of our workers’ compensation obligation. The majority of collateral is held in trust by a third-party for the payment of these claims. The loss or decline in value of the collateral could require us to seek additional sources of capital to pay our workers’ compensation claims. We cannot be certain we will be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future or that adequate replacement policies will be available on acceptable terms. As our business grows or if our financial results deteriorate, the amount of collateral required will likely increase and the timing of providing collateral could be accelerated. Resources to meet these requirements may not be available. The loss of our workers’ compensation insurance coverage would prevent us from operating as a staffing services business in the majority of our markets. Further, we cannot be certain that our current and former insurance carriers will be able to pay claims we make under such policies.
We self-insure, or otherwise bear financial responsibility for, a significant portion of expected losses under our workers’ compensation program. Unexpected changes in claim trends, including the severity and frequency of claims, changes in state laws regarding benefit levels and allowable claims, actuarial estimates, or medical cost inflation, could result in costs that are significantly different than initially reported. There can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the fees charged to our clients in a timely manner and in a sufficient amount to cover increased costs as a result of any changes in claims-related liabilities.
We actively manage the safety of our temporary workers with our safety programs and actively control costs with our network of workers’ compensation related service providers. These activities have had a positive impact creating favorable adjustments to workers’ compensation liabilities recorded in prior periods. The benefit of these adjustments are likely to decline and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to reduce accident rates and control costs to produce these results in the future.
We operate in a highly competitive industry and may be unable to retain clients or market share.
Our industry is highly competitive and rapidly innovating, with low barriers to entry. We compete in global, national, regional and local markets with full-service and specialized temporary staffing companies as well as business process outsourcing companies that also offer our services. Our competitors offer a variety of flexible workforce solutions. Therefore, there is no assurance that we will be able to retain clients or market share in the future, nor can there be any assurance that we will, in light of competitive pressures, be able to remain profitable or maintain our current profit margins.

	

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Advances in technology may disrupt the labor and recruiting markets.
We expect the increased use of internet-based and mobile technology will attract additional technology-oriented companies and resources to the staffing industry. Our candidates and clients increasingly demand technological innovation to improve the access to and delivery of our services. Our clients increasingly rely on automation, artificial intelligence and other new technologies to reduce their dependence on labor needs, which may reduce demand for our services and impact our operations. We face extensive pressure for lower prices and new service offerings and must continue to invest in and implement new technology and industry developments in order to remain relevant to our clients and candidates. If we are unable to do so, our business and results of operations may decline materially.
We are at risk of damage to our brands and reputation, which is important to our success.
Our ability to attract and retain clients, temporary workers, candidates, and employees is affected by external perceptions of our brands and reputation. Negative perceptions or publicity could damage our reputation with current or perspective clients and employees. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding our vendors, clients, or business partners may adversely affect our brand and reputation. We may not be successful in detecting, preventing, or negating all changes in or impacts upon our reputation.
Our level of debt and restrictions in our credit agreement could negatively affect our operations and limit our liquidity and our ability to react to changes in the economy.
Extensions of credit under our credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Facility”) are limited. Our Revolving Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants that require us to maintain certain financial conditions. Our failure to comply with these restrictive covenants could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in our being required to repay these borrowings before their due date. We may not have sufficient funds on hand to repay these loans, and if we are forced to refinance these borrowings on less favorable terms, or are unable to refinance at all, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by increased costs and rates.
Our principal sources of liquidity are funds generated from operating activities, available cash and cash equivalents, and borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. We must have sufficient sources of liquidity to meet our working capital requirements, fund our workers’ compensation collateral requirements, service our outstanding indebtedness, and finance investment opportunities. Without sufficient liquidity, we could be forced to curtail our operations or we may not be able to pursue promising business opportunities.
Our debt levels could have significant consequences for the operation of our business including: requiring us to dedicate a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to servicing our debt rather than using it for our operations; limiting our ability to obtain additional debt financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, or other corporate purposes; limiting our ability to take advantage of significant business opportunities, such as acquisition opportunities; limiting our ability to react to changes in market or industry conditions; and putting us at a disadvantage compared to competitors with less debt.
The loss of, or substantial decline in revenue from, larger clients could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and liquidity.
We experience revenue concentration with large clients. Generally our contracts do not contain guarantees of minimum duration, revenue levels, or profitability and our clients may terminate their contracts or materially reduce their requested levels of service at any time. The loss of, or reduced demand for our services from, larger clients has had, and in the future could have, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, client concentration exposes us to concentrated credit risk, as a significant portion of our accounts receivable may be from a small number of clients. If we are unable to collect our receivables or are required to take additional reserves, our results and cash flows will be adversely affected.
Failure of our information technology systems could adversely affect our operating results.
The efficient operation of our business is dependent on our information technology systems. We rely on our information technology systems to monitor and control our operations, adjust to changing market conditions, implement strategic initiatives, and provide services to clients. We rely heavily on proprietary and third-party information technology systems, mobile device technology and related services, and other technology, which may not yield the intended results. Our systems may experience problems with functionality and associated delays. The failure of our systems to perform as anticipated could disrupt our business and could result in decreased revenue and increased overhead costs, causing our business and results of operations to suffer materially.

	

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Our information technology systems may need to be updated or replaced.
We occasionally implement, modify, retire and change our systems. For example, we are in the process of implementing new cloud-based enterprise resource planning and human capital management systems in 2019. These changes to our information technology systems may be disruptive, take longer than desired, be more expensive than anticipated, be distracting to management, or fail, causing our business and results of operations to suffer materially.
The improper disclosure of, or access to, our confidential and/or proprietary information, or a failure to adequately protect this information, could materially harm our business.
Our business requires the use, processing, and storage of confidential information about applicants, candidates, temporary workers, other employees and clients. We experience cyberattacks, computer viruses, social engineering schemes and other means of unauthorized access to our systems. The security controls over sensitive or confidential information and other practices we and our third-party vendors follow may not prevent the improper access to, disclosure of, or loss of such information. We may fail to implement practices and procedures that comply with increasing international and domestic privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulations or the California Consumer Privacy Act. Failure to protect the integrity and security of such confidential and/or proprietary information could expose us to regulatory fines, litigation, contractual liability, damage to our reputation and increased compliance costs.
A data breach, or improper disclosure of, or access to our clients’ information could materially harm our business.
Our temporary workers and employees may have access to or exposure to confidential information about applicants, candidates, temporary workers, other employees and clients. The security controls over sensitive or confidential information and other practices we, clients and our third-party vendors follow may not prevent the improper access to, disclosure of, or loss of such information. Failure to protect the integrity and security of such confidential and/or proprietary information could expose us to regulatory fines, litigation, contractual liability, damage to our reputation and increased compliance costs.
Our facilities, operations and information technology systems are vulnerable to damage and interruption.
Our primary computer systems, headquarters, support facilities and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, employee errors, security breaches, natural disasters and catastrophic events. Failure of our systems or damage to our facilities may cause significant interruption to our business, and require significant additional capital and management resources to resolve, causing material harm to our business.
Acquisitions and new business initiatives may have an adverse effect on our business.
We expect to continue making acquisitions, adjusting the composition of our business lines, and entering into new business initiatives as part of our business strategy. This strategy may be impeded, however, and we may not achieve our long-term growth goals if we cannot identify suitable acquisition candidates or new business initiatives, or if acquisition candidates are not available under acceptable terms.
Future acquisitions could result in incurring additional debt and contingent liabilities, an increase in interest expense, amortization expense, and charges related to integration costs. Additional indebtedness could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. We may also issue equity securities to pay for an acquisition, which could result in dilution to our shareholders. Any acquisitions we announce could be viewed negatively by investors, which may adversely affect the price of our common stock.
New business initiatives and changes in the composition of our business mix can be distracting to our management and disruptive to our operations, causing our business and results of operations to suffer materially. We may have difficulty managing growth or integrating acquired companies into our operating, financial planning, and financial reporting systems. Acquisitions and new business initiatives, including initiatives outside of our workforce solutions business, in new markets, or new geographies, could involve significant unanticipated challenges and risks including not advancing our business strategy, not realizing our anticipated return on investment, experiencing difficulty in implementing initiatives or integrating acquired operations, or directing management’s attention from our other businesses. The potential loss of key executives, employees, clients, suppliers, vendors, and other business partners of businesses we acquire may adversely impact the value of the assets, operations, or business we acquire. These events could cause material harm to our business, operating results, or financial condition.

	

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Our results of operations could materially deteriorate if we fail to attract, develop and retain qualified employees.
Our performance is dependent on attracting and retaining qualified employees who are able to meet the needs of our clients. We believe our competitive advantage is providing unique solutions for each client, which requires us to have trained and engaged employees. Our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees, including management, sales, recruiting, service and administrative personnel. The turnover rate in the employment services industry is high, and qualified individuals of the requisite caliber and number needed to fill these positions may be in short supply. Our inability to recruit, train and motivate a sufficient number of qualified individuals may delay or affect the speed and quality of our strategy execution and planned growth. Delayed expansion, significant increases in employee turnover rates, or significant increases in labor costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may have additional tax liabilities that exceed our estimates.
We are subject to federal taxes, a multitude of state and local taxes in the United States, and taxes in foreign jurisdictions. We face continued uncertainty surrounding the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and any reduction or change in tax credits which we utilize, such as the Work Opportunity Tax Credit. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly subject to audit by tax authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could materially harm our business. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing intercompany arrangements or may change their laws, which could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations.
We cannot guarantee that we will repurchase our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program or that our share repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value.
In September 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program. Under the program, we are authorized to repurchase shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price not to exceed $100 million, excluding fees, commissions and other ancillary expenses. Although the Board of Directors has authorized a share repurchase program, the share repurchase program does not obligate the company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares. The timing and amount of the repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, the trading price of the company’s common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. The repurchase program may be limited, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. In addition, repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a share repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Additionally, our share repurchase program could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions. There can be no assurance that these share repurchases will enhance shareholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the level at which we repurchased shares of stock. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.
Failure to maintain adequate financial and management processes and controls could lead to errors in our financial reporting.
If our management is unable to certify the effectiveness of our internal controls, including those over our third-party vendors, or if our independent registered public accounting firm cannot render an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, or if material weaknesses in our internal controls are identified, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and a loss of public confidence. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could cause our stock price to fall.
Outsourcing certain aspects of our business could result in disruption and increased costs.
We have outsourced certain aspects of our business to third-party vendors that subject us to risks including disruptions in our business and increased costs. For example, we have engaged third parties to host and manage certain aspects of our data center, information and technology infrastructure, mobile applications, and electronic pay solutions, to provide certain back office support activities, and to support business process outsourcing for our clients. Accordingly, we are subject to the risks associated with the vendors’ ability to provide these services in a manner that meets our needs. If the cost of these services is more than expected, if we or the vendors are unable to adequately protect our data and information is lost, or if our ability to deliver our services is interrupted, then our business and results of operations may be negatively impacted.

	

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If our acquired intangible assets become impaired we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
We regularly review acquired intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of the intangible assets may not be recoverable, include: macroeconomic conditions, such as deterioration in general economic conditions; industry and market considerations, such as deterioration in the environment in which we operate; cost factors, such as increases in labor or other costs that have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows; our financial performance, such as negative or declining cash flows or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings compared with actual and projected results of relevant prior periods; other relevant entity-specific events, such as changes in management, key personnel, strategy, or clients; and sustained decreases in share price. We may be required to record a significant charge in our financial statements during the period in which we determine an impairment of our acquired intangible assets has occurred, therefore negatively impacting our financial results.
Our stock price may be volatile.
Our stock price may experience substantial fluctuation based on a variety of factors, several of which are beyond our control.  Some of these factors include general economic conditions; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results; changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; changes or volatility in the financial markets; announcements by our competitors related to new services or acquisitions; and shareholder activism. Fluctuations in our stock price could mean that investors will not be able to sell their shares at or above the price they paid and may impair our ability in the future to offer common stock as a source of additional capital.
We face risks in operating internationally.
A portion of our business operations and support functions are located outside of the United States. These international operations are subject to a number of risks, including political and economic conditions in those foreign countries, the burden of complying with various foreign laws and technical standards, unpredictable changes in foreign regulations, U.S. legal requirements governing U.S. companies operating in foreign countries, legal and cultural differences in the conduct of business, potential adverse tax consequences and difficulty in staffing and managing international operations. We recently acquired operations in the United Kingdom, which could be negatively impacted as clients in the United Kingdom encounter uncertainties related to the potential exit from the European Union. We could also be exposed to fines and penalties under U.S. or foreign laws prohibiting improper payments to governmental officials and others for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws, we cannot be sure that our employees, contractors or agents will not violate such policies. Any such violations could materially damage our reputation, brands, business and operating results. Further, changes in U.S. laws and policies governing foreign investment and use of foreign operations or workers, and any negative sentiments towards the United States as a result of such changes, could adversely affect our operations.
Foreign currency fluctuations may have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
We report our results of operations in U.S. dollars. The majority of our revenues are generated in the United States. Our international operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, and unfavorable fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could have an adverse effect on our reported financial results. Increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies could affect our revenues, operating profit and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Our exposure to foreign currencies could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow and/or results of operations. Furthermore, the volatility of currencies may impact year-over-year comparability.

		
Item 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	
Not applicable.

		
Item 2.	PROPERTIES	
We lease the building space at all our PeopleReady branches and other offices except for one that we own in Florida. In addition to branches for our PeopleReady operations, we lease office spaces for our PeopleManagement, PeopleScout and PeopleReady centralized support functions. Under the majority of our PeopleReady branch leases, we have the right to terminate the lease with 90 days notice. We do not anticipate any difficulty in renewing these leases or in finding alternative sites in the ordinary course of business. We own an office building in Tacoma, Washington, which serves as our corporate headquarters. Management believes all our facilities are currently suitable for their intended use.

	

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Item 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	
See Note 10: Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements found in Part II of Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

		
Item 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	
Not applicable.

	

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PART II

		
Item 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	
Market information
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol TBI.
Holders of the corporation’s common stock
We had approximately 502 shareholders of record as of January 31, 2019 . This number does not include shareholders for whom shares were held in “nominee” or “street name.”
Dividends
No cash dividends have been declared on our common stock to date nor have any decisions been made to pay a dividend in the future. Payment of dividends is evaluated on a periodic basis and if a dividend were paid, it would be subject to the covenants of our revolving credit agreement, which may have the effect of restricting our ability to pay dividends.
Stock repurchases
The table below includes repurchases of our common stock pursuant to publicly announced plans or programs and those not made pursuant to publicly announced plans or programs during the thirteen weeks ended December 30, 2018 .

									
Period	Total number
of shares
purchased (1)	Weighted
average price
paid per
share (2)	Total number of shares
purchased as part of
publicly announced plans
or programs (3)	Maximum number of shares (or
approximate dollar value) that
may yet be purchased under
plans or programs at period
end (4)	
10/01/2018 through 10/28/2018	3,017			$25.39		—		$67.8 million	
10/29/2018 through 11/25/2018	1,083			$24.14		205,100		$62.8 million	
11/26/2018 through 12/30/2018	34,373			$22.19		204,526		$57.8 million	
Total	38,473			$22.49		409,626		 	
		
(1)	During the thirteen weeks ended December 30, 2018 , we purchased 38,473 shares in order to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock. These shares were not acquired pursuant to any publicly announced purchase plan or program.	
		
(2)	Weighted average price paid per share does not include any adjustments for commissions.	
		
(3)	The weighted average price per share for shares repurchased under the share repurchase program during the period was $24.41 , which does not include any adjustments for commissions.	
		
(4)	On September 15, 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program of our outstanding common stock. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock and does not have an expiration date. As of December 30, 2018 , $57.8 million remains available for repurchase under the current authorization.	
TrueBlue stock comparative performance graph
The following graph depicts our stock price performance from December 27, 2013 through December 30, 2018 , relative to the performance of the S&P SmallCap 600 Index and S&P 1500 Human Resources and Employment Services Index.
All indices shown in the graph have been reset to a base of 100 as of December 27, 2013 and assume an investment of $100 on that date and the reinvestment of dividends, if any, paid since that date.

	

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COMPARISON OF 5-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

	
																			
Total return analysis	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	
TrueBlue, Inc.	$	100		$	87		$	102		$	95		$	106		$	84		
S&P SmallCap 600 Index	100		107		105		131		149		135		
S&P 1500 Human Resources and Employment Services Index	100		102		108		118		151		125		

	

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Item 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	
The following selected financial data is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The data below should be read in conjunction with Item 1A. Risk Factors , Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Summary consolidated financial and operating data
as of and for the fiscal years ended (1)  

																		
Statements of operations data:	(52 weeks)	 	(53 weeks)	 	(52 weeks)	
(in thousands, except per share data)	2018	2017	 	2016	 	2015	2014	
Revenue from services	$	2,499,207		$	2,508,771		 	$	2,750,640		 	$	2,695,680		$	2,174,045		
Cost of services	1,833,607		1,874,298		 	2,070,922		 	2,060,007		1,637,066		
Gross profit	665,600		634,473		 	679,718		 	635,673		536,979		
Selling, general and administrative expense	550,632		510,794		 	546,477		 	495,988		425,777		
Depreciation and amortization	41,049		46,115		 	46,692		 	41,843		29,474		
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge	—		—		 	103,544		 	—		—		
Interest and other income (expense), net	1,744		(14	)	 	(3,345	)	 	(1,395	)	116		
Income (loss) before tax expense (benefit)	75,663		77,550		 	(20,340	)	 	96,447		81,844		
Income tax expense (benefit)	9,909		22,094		 	(5,089	)	 	25,200		16,169		
Net income (loss)	$	65,754		$	55,456		 	$	(15,251	)	 	$	71,247		$	65,675		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss) per diluted share	$	1.63		$	1.34		 	$	(0.37	)	 	$	1.71		$	1.59		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding	40,275		41,441		 	41,648		 	41,622		41,176		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance sheet data (2) :	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	 	2016	 	2015	2014	
Working capital	$	204,301		$	215,860		 	$	176,668		 	$	314,989		$	223,133		
Total assets	1,114,844		1,109,031		 	1,130,445		 	1,259,442		1,061,227		
Long-term liabilities	297,879		341,765		 	354,131		 	495,893		404,663		
Total liabilities	523,405		554,184		 	605,266		 	723,869		591,893		
		
(1)	In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016, we changed our fiscal year-end from the last Friday in December to the Sunday closest to the last day in December. In addition, the 2016 fiscal year included 53 weeks, with the 53rd week falling in our fourth quarter. All other years presented include 52 weeks.	
		
(2)	Fiscal years 2015 and 2014 data have been impacted by the adoption and retrospective application of ASU 2015-17, which classifies all deferred income taxes as non-current.	
The operating results reported above include the results of acquisitions subsequent to their respective purchase dates. In June 2018, we acquired TMP Holdings LTD. In January 2016, we acquired the recruitment process outsourcing business of Aon Hewitt. In December 2015, we acquired SIMOS Insourcing Solutions Corporation. In June 2014, we acquired Seaton. Additionally, in March 2018, we divested PlaneTechs, LLC.

	

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Item 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide the reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect future results. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to our financial statements.
OVERVIEW
TrueBlue, Inc. (the “company,” “TrueBlue,” “we,” “us” and “our”) is a leading provider of specialized workforce solutions that help clients achieve growth and improve productivity. We connected approximately 730,000 people with work during fiscal 2018 , and served approximately 151,000 clients in a wide variety of industries through our PeopleReady segment which offers industrial staffing services, our PeopleManagement segment which offers contingent and productivity-based on-site industrial staffing services and our PeopleScout segment which offers recruitment process outsourcing (“RPO”) and managed service provider (“MSP”) services.
Fiscal 2018 highlights
Revenue from services
Total company revenue remained relatively flat at $2.5 billion for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to the same period in the prior year. PeopleReady, our largest segment, returned to revenue growth. PeopleScout, our highest margin segment, delivered double-digit revenue growth. We acquired TMP Holdings LTD (“TMP”), increasing PeopleScout’s ability to compete for more multi-continent business. PeopleManagement, our lowest margin segment, declined primarily due to the loss of a significant customer and the divestiture of PlaneTechs, which further concentrated our focus on more profitable, higher-growth markets.
Gross profit
Total company gross profit as a percentage of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 was 26.6% , compared to 25.3% for the same period in the prior year. Our focus on lowering cost of services helped produce our third consecutive year of gross margin expansion.
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense
Total company SG&A expense increased by $40 million to $551 million , or 22.0% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $511 million , or 20.4% as a percent of revenue for the same period in the prior year. The increase in SG&A is primarily due to the added operating costs of the TMP acquisition, net of the PlaneTechs divestiture, together with transaction and associated costs of integration and divestiture. Increased SG&A expense also included continued investment in strategic cloud-based solutions and support for continued growth of the business.
Income from operations
Total company income from operations was $74 million , or 3.0% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $78 million , or 3.1% for the same period in the prior year. The improved gross profit was largely offset by growth in SG&A expense.
Net income
Net income was $66 million , or $1.63 per diluted share for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $55 million , or $1.34 per diluted share for the same period in the prior year. The increase to net income per diluted share was primarily due to a lower effective tax rate and share repurchases. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 30, 2018 was 13.1% , compared to 28.5% for the same period in the prior year. The decrease in our effective income tax rate was primarily due to the enactment of the comprehensive tax legislation in December 2017, referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which decreased the federal tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning in 2018, and due to tax benefits from additional prior year Work Opportunity Tax Credits ("WOTC").

	

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS	

Additional highlights
We believe we are taking the right steps to produce long-term growth for shareholders. We also believe we are in a strong financial position to fund working capital needs for growth opportunities. As of December 30, 2018 , we had cash and cash equivalents of $47 million and $213 million available under our revolving credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Facility”) for total liquidity of $260 million .
We continue to return cash to shareholders through our share repurchase program. On September 15, 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program of our outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we used $7 million under this new program to repurchase shares. We repurchased an additional $35 million of common stock during the year ended December 30, 2018 . As of December 30, 2018 , $58 million remains available for repurchase of common stock under the current authorization.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Total company results
The following table presents selected financial data:

																
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)	2018	% of revenue	2017	% of revenue	2016	% of revenue	
Revenue from services	$	2,499,207		 	$	2,508,771		 	$	2,750,640		 	
Total revenue growth (decline) %	(0.4	)%	 	(8.8	)%	 	2.0	%	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross profit	$	665,600		26.6	%	$	634,473		25.3	%	$	679,718		24.7	 %	
Selling, general and administrative expense	550,632		22.0	%	510,794		20.4	%	546,477		19.9	 %	
Depreciation and amortization	41,049		1.6	%	46,115		1.8	%	46,692		1.7	 %	
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge	—				—				103,544				
Income (loss) from operations	73,919		3.0	%	77,564		3.1	%	(16,995	)	(0.6	)%	
Interest and other income (expense), net	1,744		 	(14	)	 	(3,345	)	 	
Income (loss) before tax expense (benefit)	75,663				77,550		 	(20,340	)	 	
Income tax expense (benefit)	9,909		 	22,094		 	(5,089	)	 	
Net income (loss)	$	65,754		2.6	%	$	55,456		2.2	%	$	(15,251	)	(0.6	)%	
Net income (loss) per diluted share	$	1.63		 	$	1.34		 	$	(0.37	)	 	
Our year-over-year trends are significantly impacted by the following acquisitions and divestiture:
		
•	Effective June 12, 2018, we acquired TMP, a mid-sized RPO and employer branding services provider operating in the United Kingdom which is the second largest RPO market in the world. This acquisition increases our ability to win multi-continent engagements by adding a physical presence in Europe, referenceable clients and employer branding capabilities. The acquired operations expand and complement our PeopleScout services and will be fully integrated into this service line.	
		
•	Effective March 12, 2018 , we divested the PlaneTechs business from our PeopleManagement reportable segment.	
		
•	Effective January 4, 2016, we acquired the RPO business of Aon Hewitt, a leading provider of RPO services. The acquired operations expanded and complemented our PeopleScout services and were fully integrated into this service line in 2016.	
We report our business as three distinct segments: PeopleReady, PeopleManagement and PeopleScout. See Note 17: Segment Information , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on our service lines and reportable segments.

	

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•	PeopleReady provides access to reliable workers in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico through a wide range of staffing solutions for on-demand contingent general and skilled labor. PeopleReady connects people to work in a broad range of industries that include construction, manufacturing and logistics, warehousing and distribution, waste and recycling, energy, retail, hospitality, general labor, and others. PeopleReady helped approximately 150,000 clients in fiscal 2018 to be more productive by providing easy access to dependable, blue-collar contingent labor. Through our PeopleReady service line, we connected approximately 310,000 people with work in fiscal 2018 . We have a network of 620 branches across all 50 states, Canada and Puerto Rico. Complementing our branch network is our mobile application, JobStack TM , which algorithmically connects workers with jobs, creates a virtual exchange between our workers and clients, and allows our branch resources to expand their recruiting and sales efforts and service delivery. JobStack is increasing the competitive differentiation of our services, expanding our reach into new demographics, and improving both service delivery and work order fill rates.	
		
•	PeopleManagement predominantly encompasses our on-site placement and management services and provides a wide range of workforce management solutions for blue-collar, contingent, on-premise staffing and management of a facility’s workforce. We use distinct brands to market our PeopleManagement contingent workforce solutions and operate as Staff Management | SMX (“Staff Management”), SIMOS Insourcing Solutions ( “SIMOS” ) , and Centerline Drivers (“Centerline”). Staff Management specializes in exclusive recruitment and on-premise management of a facility’s contingent industrial workforce. SIMOS specializes in exclusive recruitment and on-premise management of warehouse/distribution operations to meet the growing demand for e-commerce and scalable supply chain solutions. Centerline specializes in dedicated and temporary truck drivers to the transportation and distribution industries.	
		
•	PeopleScout provides permanent employee RPO for our clients for all major industries and jobs. Our RPO solution delivers improved talent quality, faster hiring, increased scalability, reduced turnover, lower cost of recruitment, greater flexibility, and increased compliance. We leverage our proprietary candidate applicant tracking system, along with dedicated service delivery teams to work as an integrated partner with our clients in providing end-to-end talent acquisition services from sourcing candidates through onboarding employees. The solution is highly scalable and flexible, allowing for outsourcing of all or a subset of skill categories across a series of recruitment processes and onboarding steps. Our PeopleScout segment also includes a managed service provider business, which provides clients with improved quality and spend management of their contingent labor vendors.	
In addition, the 2016 fiscal year included 53 weeks, with the 53rd week falling in our fourth quarter. All other years presented include 52 weeks.
FISCAL 2018 AS COMPARED TO FISCAL 2017
Revenue from services
Revenue from services by reportable segment was as follows:

									
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	Growth
(decline)
%	2017	
Revenue from services:	 	 	 	
PeopleReady	$	1,522,076		0.7	 %	$	1,511,360		
PeopleManagement	728,254		(9.8	)	807,273		
PeopleScout	248,877		30.9		190,138		
Total company	$	2,499,207		(0.4	)%	$	2,508,771		
Total company revenue remained relatively flat at $2.5 billion for the year ended December 30, 2018 , a 0.4% decrease compared to the same period in the prior year.
PeopleReady
PeopleReady revenue grew to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 30, 2018 , a 0.7% increase compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase is primarily due to a return to growth for PeopleReady in the second quarter of 2018, a 1.8% increase compared to the same period in the prior year, and continued year over year growth in the second half of 2018. The growth was broad-based across most geographies and industries we serve, partially offset by energy and natural disaster clean up projects that benefited prior year results. The growth was primarily driven by improvements to local business development activities.

	

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Wage growth has accelerated due to various minimum wage increases and a need for higher wages to attract talent in tight labor markets. We have increased bill rates for the higher wages, payroll burdens and our traditional mark-ups. While we believe our pricing strategy is the right long-term decision, these actions can have an impact on our revenue trends in the near term.
PeopleManagement
PeopleManagement revenue declined to $728 million for the year ended December 30, 2018 , a 9.8% decrease compared to the same period in the prior year. The decline was primarily due to the divestiture of our PlaneTechs business effective March 12, 2018, which accounted for a 4.2% decline and the loss of Amazon’s Canadian business in September 2018, which accounted for a 3.7% decline in PeopleManagement’s revenue compared to the same period in the prior year. The remaining decline of 1.9% was primarily due to lower volumes with existing clients.
PeopleScout
PeopleScout revenue grew to $249 million for the year ended December 30, 2018 , a 30.9% increase compared to the same period in the prior year. The acquisition of TMP represented a 16.3% increase in PeopleScout’s revenue compared to the same period in the prior year. The remaining increase in revenue was due to a combination of new client wins and expansion of the scope of services for existing clients. Market interest in our RPO services remains strong and has been accentuated by the launch of our new talent acquisition technology, Affinix TM . Affinix is PeopleScout’s proprietary talent acquisition technology, which we believe has been well received by both current and prospective clients.
Gross profit
Gross profit was as follows: 

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Gross profit	$	665,600		$	634,473		
Percentage of revenue	26.6	%	25.3	%	
Total company gross profit as a percentage of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 was 26.6% , compared to 25.3% for the same period in the prior year. Our focus on lowering cost of services helped produce our third consecutive year of gross margin expansion. Gross margin improved in the staffing businesses primarily due to lower workers’ compensation costs and payroll taxes and benefits. The decline in workers’ compensation costs is primarily due to our continued efforts to manage the cost of claims and reduce workplace accidents. Continued favorable adjustments to our workers’ compensation liabilities are dependent on our ability to continue to lower accident rates and claim costs. Gross margin further improved by growth in our higher-margin PeopleScout business and continued efficiency gains in its sourcing and recruitment activities.
Selling, general and administrative expense
SG&A expense was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Selling, general and administrative expense	$	550,632		$	510,794		
Percentage of revenue	22.0	%	20.4	%	
Total company SG&A expense increased by $40 million to $551 million , or 22.0% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $511 million , or 20.4% as a percent of revenue for the same period in the prior year. The acquisition of TMP added operating costs of $8 million together with acquisition and integration costs of $3 million . The divestiture of PlaneTechs reduced operating costs by $4 million. Increased SG&A expense also included continued investment in cloud-based systems of approximately $7 million and $4 million of accelerated stock compensation costs associated with the CEO transition. SG&A expense further increased to support the continued growth of the business.

	

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Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Depreciation and amortization	$	41,049		$	46,115		
Percentage of revenue	1.6	%	1.8	%	
Depreciation and amortization decreased primarily due to a proprietary software application becoming fully depreciated during the fiscal fourth quarter of 2017, which resulted in a decline in depreciation for the year ended December 30, 2018 .
Income taxes
The income tax expense and the effective income tax rate were as follows:

							
	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Income tax expense	$	9,909		$	22,094		
Effective income tax rate	13.1	%	28.5	%	
Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was 13.1% and 28.5% , respectively. We benefited from the U.S. government enacting comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, a federal tax rate reduction from 35.0% to 21.0% beginning in 2018. Additionally, for the year ended December 30, 2018 we recognized $1 million of tax benefits from prior year hiring credits and $0.4 million of detriments from recording foreign withholding taxes related to undistributed foreign earnings. See Note 14: Income Taxes, to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information.
Our tax provision and our effective tax rate are subject to variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss by jurisdiction, tax credits, government audit developments, changes in laws, regulations and administrative practices, and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Additionally, our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income. For example, the impact of tax credits and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower.
A significant driver of fluctuations in our effective income tax rate is WOTC. WOTC is designed to encourage hiring of workers from certain disadvantaged targeted categories, and is generally calculated as a percentage of wages over a twelve month period up to worker maximums by targeted category. Based on historical results and business trends, we estimate the amount of WOTC we expect to earn related to wages of the current year. However, the estimate is subject to variation because 1) a small percentage of our workers qualify for one or more of the many targeted categories; 2) the targeted categories are subject to different incentive credit rates and limitations; 3) credits fluctuate depending on economic conditions and qualified worker retention periods; and 4) state and federal offices can delay their credit certification processing and have inconsistent certification rates. We recognize additional prior year hiring credits if credits in excess of original estimates have been certified by government offices. WOTC was restored through December 31, 2019, as a result of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015, signed into law on December 18, 2015.
Changes to our effective tax rate as a result of hiring credits were as follows:

					
 	Years ended	
 	2018	2017	
Effective income tax rate without adjustments below	29.1	 %	41.3	 %	
Hiring credits estimate from current year wages  	(14.6	)	(10.9	)	
Additional hiring credits from prior year wages	(1.4	)	(1.9	)	
Effective income tax rate	13.1	 %	28.5	 %	

	

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Segment performance
We evaluate performance based on segment revenue and segment profit. Commencing in the fiscal first quarter of 2018, we revised our internal segment performance measure to be segment profit, rather than the previously reported segment earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (segment EBITDA). Segment profit includes revenue, related cost of services, and ongoing operating expenses directly attributable to the reportable segment. Segment profit excludes goodwill and intangible impairment charges, depreciation and amortization expense, unallocated corporate general and administrative expense, interest, other income and expense, income taxes, and costs not considered to be ongoing costs of the segment. The prior year amounts have been recast to reflect this change for consistency purposes. See Note 17: Segment Information , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on our reportable segments, as well as a reconciliation of segment profit to income before tax expense.
Segment profit should not be considered a measure of financial performance in isolation or as an alternative to net income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, ("U.S. GAAP") and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.
PeopleReady segment performance was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Revenue from services	$	1,522,076		$	1,511,360		
Segment profit	$	85,998		$	79,044		
Percentage of revenue	5.7	%	5.2	%	
PeopleReady segment profit grew to $86 million , or 5.7% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $79 million , or 5.2% as a percent of revenue for the same period in the prior year. The growth was primarily due to widespread revenue growth, and lower workers’ compensation and payroll tax expenses.
PeopleManagement segment performance was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Revenue from services	$	728,254		$	807,273		
Segment profit	$	21,627		$	27,216		
Percentage of revenue	3.0	%	3.4	%	
PeopleManagement segment profit decreased to $22 million , or 3.0% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $27 million , or 3.4% as a percent of revenue for the same period in the prior year. The decline in segment profit and related margin was primarily due to the divestiture of our PlaneTechs business effective March 12, 2018, and volume declines for selected industrial workforce clients. This was partially offset by programs to reduce the cost of services and control SG&A expense commencing in the prior year in connection with declining revenues. Those programs continued in the current year and have reduced costs in line with our plans. We will continue to monitor and manage our costs while also investing in growth initiatives.
PeopleScout segment performance was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	2017	
Revenue from services	$	248,877		$	190,138		
Segment profit	$	47,383		$	39,354		
Percentage of revenue	19.0	%	20.7	%	

	

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PeopleScout segment profit increased to $47 million , or 19.0% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $39 million , or 20.7% as a percent of revenue for the same period in the prior year. TMP, which was acquired during 2018, contributed $2 million of segment profit for the year ended December 30, 2018 . TMP reduced the segment profit as a percent of revenue due to the pass through nature of media related purchases on behalf of certain clients. Excluding TMP, segment profit as a percentage of revenue increased 0.1%. The slight increase in segment profit as a percent of revenue was driven by continued efficiency gains in sourcing and recruiting activities, partially offset by additional operating costs to support organic growth.
FISCAL 2017 AS COMPARED TO FISCAL 2016
Revenue from services
Revenue from services by reportable segment was as follows:

									
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	Growth
(decline)
%	2016	
Revenue from services:	 	 	 	
PeopleReady	$	1,511,360		(7.2	)%	$	1,629,455		
PeopleManagement	807,273		(14.2	)	940,453		
PeopleScout	190,138		5.2		180,732		
Total company	$	2,508,771		(8.8	)%	$	2,750,640		
Total company revenue declined to $2.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017, an 8.8% decrease compared to the year ended January 1, 2017, primarily due to lower volumes for staffing services within our PeopleReady business and with our former largest client within our PeopleManagement business. Revenue from our former largest client declined by $118 million, or 68.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017, when compared to the year ended January 1, 2017, which represented a decline in total company revenue of 4.0%. Our fiscal 2017 also had nine fewer days when compared to fiscal 2016, which represented a decline in total company revenue of 1.2%. The remaining decrease of 3.6% was primarily due to lower PeopleReady volume partially offset by higher PeopleScout volume.
PeopleReady
PeopleReady revenue declined to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017, a 7.2% decrease compared to the year ended January 1, 2017. The nine fewer days in fiscal 2017 represented a decline in PeopleReady revenue of 1.1%. The remaining decline was primarily due to weakness with our residential construction, manufacturing and retail clients. However, this decline was partially offset by an increase in revenue from improving performance in the commercial construction and hospitality clients.
We saw improvement in our year-over-year quarterly revenue trends for the second half of fiscal 2017. We exited fiscal 2017 with a year-over-year quarterly decline of 0.7%, excluding the nine additional days in fiscal 2016. The improving year-over-year results were due to improving client trends across all the industries we serve, with the exception of manufacturing and retail.
Wage growth has accelerated due to various minimum wage increases and a need for higher wages to attract talent in tight labor markets. We have increased bill rates for the higher wages, payroll burdens and our traditional mark-up. While we believe our pricing strategy is the right long-term decision, these actions impact our revenue trends in the near term.
PeopleReady performance was impacted by temporary disruptions from operational changes related to our consolidation of Labor Ready, CLP Resources, and Spartan Staffing into one specialized workforce solutions business in order to create a more seamless experience for our clients to access all of our blue-collar, contingent on-demand general and skilled labor service offerings. The transition was largely complete as of December 31, 2017.
PeopleManagement
PeopleManagement revenue declined to $807 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a 14.2% decrease compared to the year ended January 1, 2017. Revenue from our former largest client declined by $118 million, or 68.8% to $53 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the year ended January 1, 2017, which represented a decline in PeopleManagement revenue of 12.2%. Our fiscal 2017 also had nine fewer days when compared to fiscal 2016, which represented a decline in PeopleManagement revenue of 1.3%. During fiscal 2017, revenue trends stabilized with a more diverse client base and we saw modest increases in demand from existing and new clients supporting e-commerce and transportation.

	

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PeopleScout
PeopleScout revenue grew to $190 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a 5.2% increase compared to the year ended January 1, 2017. New client wins and expansion of our services with existing clients represented an increase in revenue of 6.4%, partially offset by the nine fewer days in fiscal 2017, which represented a decline in PeopleScout revenue of 1.2%.
Gross profit
Gross profit was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Gross profit	$	634,473		$	679,718		
Percentage of revenue	25.3	%	24.7	%	
Total company gross profit as a percentage of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 25.3%, compared to 24.7% for the year ended January 1, 2017. The increase was primarily due to favorable mix with less PeopleManagement revenue from our former largest client, which carries a lower gross margin than the blended average, and additional efficiency gains in the sourcing and recruiting activities of PeopleScout as growth has accelerated.
Selling, general and administrative expense
SG&A expense was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Selling, general and administrative expense	$	510,794		$	546,477		
Percentage of revenue	20.4	%	19.9	%	
Total company SG&A expense decreased by $36 million to $511 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the year ended January 1, 2017. The nine fewer days in fiscal 2017 represented $8 million of the decrease. Additionally, fiscal 2016 included $7 million of integration costs to fully integrate the RPO business of Aon Hewitt into the PeopleScout segment and $6 million in costs incurred to exit the delivery business of our former largest client and certain other realignment costs. The remaining decrease of $15 million was primarily due to cost control programs commencing in 2016, which continued in 2017.
Total company SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue increased to 20.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017, from 19.9% for the year ended January 1, 2017, largely due to the decline in revenue outpacing the decline in expense.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Depreciation and amortization	$	46,115		$	46,692		
Percentage of revenue	1.8	%	1.7	%	
Depreciation increased due to investments designed to further improve our efficiency and effectiveness in recruiting and retaining our contingent workers, and attracting and retaining clients, which was more than offset by a decline in amortization for the year ended December 31, 2017, due to the intangible asset impairment in 2016.
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge
The goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge in 2016 was primarily driven by a change in the scope of services with our former largest client and other changes in our outlook reflecting changes in economic and industry conditions.

	

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Income taxes
The income tax expense and the effective income tax rate were as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	22,094		$	(5,089	)	
Effective income tax rate	28.5	%	25.0	%	
Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017 was 28.5% and 25.0%, respectively. We recognized tax benefits from prior years hiring credits of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $6 million for the year ended January 1, 2017.
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code that affected fiscal 2017, including, but not limited to, requiring a one-time transition tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries (payable over eight years) and the revaluation of net deferred tax assets to reflect the federal tax rate reduction from 35.0% to 21.0%.
As a result of the Tax Act, we recognized $2 million of additional tax expense from a one-time transition tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries and from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets to reflect the federal tax rate reduction from 35.0% to 21.0%.
Changes to our effective tax rate as a result of hiring credits and impairments were as follows:

					
 	Years ended	
 	2017	2016	
Effective income tax rate without hiring credits or impairment	41.3	 %	40.5	 %	
Hiring credits estimate from current year wages  	(10.9	)	(14.4	)	
Additional hiring credits from prior year wages	(1.9	)	(7.6	)	
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment impact	—		6.5		
Effective income tax rate	28.5	 %	25.0	 %	
Segment performance
PeopleReady segment performance was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Revenue from services	$	1,511,360		$	1,629,455		
Segment profit	79,044		109,063		
Percentage of revenue	5.2	%	6.7	%	
PeopleReady segment profit decreased to $79 million, or 5.2% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $109 million, or 6.7% as a percent of revenue in the year ended January 1, 2017. The revenue decline outpaced the cost control programs primarily due to the de-leveraging effect associated with the fixed costs in a branch network. Through disciplined pricing, we have passed through increased costs for minimum wages, payroll taxes and benefits, together with higher contingent worker wages in a tightening labor market, as well as most of our standard markup on these costs.

	

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PeopleManagement segment performance was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Revenue from services	$	807,273		$	940,453		
Segment profit	27,216		27,557		
Percentage of revenue	3.4	%	2.9	%	
PeopleManagement segment profit increased to 3.4% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to 2.9% as a percent of revenue in the year ended January 1, 2017. This improvement in segment profit as a percentage of revenue was primarily due to a more favorable mix of less revenue from our former largest client which carried a lower gross margin than our blended average, and the results of a cost reduction program. Revenue from our former largest client declined by $118 million, or 68.8% to $53 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the year ended January 1, 2017.
PeopleScout segment performance was as follows:

							
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017	2016	
Revenue from services	$	190,138		$	180,732		
Segment profit	39,354		34,285		
Percentage of revenue	20.7	%	19.0	%	
PeopleScout segment profit increased to $39 million, or 20.7% as a percent of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $34 million, or 19.0% as a percent of revenue for the year ended January 1, 2017. The improved performance was due primarily to new client wins and expanding the scope of services with existing clients together with efficiency gains in sourcing and recruiting activities.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
We have limited visibility into future demand for our services. However, we believe there is value in providing highlights of our expectations for future financial performance. The following highlights represent our expectations regarding operating trends for fiscal 2019 . These expectations are subject to revision as our business changes with the overall economy.
		
•	Our top priority remains to produce solid organic revenue and gross profit growth while leveraging our cost structure to increase income from operations as a percentage of revenue. Through disciplined pricing and management of increasing wages in a tightening labor market and minimum wages, taxes and benefits, we expect to pass through the higher cost of our temporary workers. Likewise, cost management programs to lower the cost of services and control operating expenses are key priorities in the short term to position the business for strong operating leverage and profitable long-term growth in the future.	
		
•	Our PeopleManagement and PeopleScout segments are largely dependent on business from large clients. The loss of a large client or change in demand for our services can have a significant impact on our results and year over year trends. For fiscal 2019, PeopleManagement will experience revenue and segment profit headwinds of approximately $39 million and $7 million, respectively from the loss of our Amazon Canadian business effective September 1, 2018, as well as reduced volume and pricing pressure from another retail client. PeopleScout will experience revenue and segment profit headwinds of approximately $15 million and $11 million, respectively from the loss of a large client, which was acquired during 2018, and less volume and associated margins related to a large industrial client. We expect to see an acceleration in demand for the PeopleReady business. PeopleReady is less dependent on major national clients.	
		
•	We are committed to technological innovation that makes it easier for our clients to do business with us and easier to connect people to work. We continue making investments in online and mobile applications to improve access, speed and ease of connecting our clients and workers for our staffing businesses, and candidates for our recruitment process outsourcing business. We expect these investments will increase the competitive differentiation of our services, improve the efficiency of our service delivery, and reduce our PeopleReady dependence on local branches to find temporary workers and connect them with work. Examples include our JobStack mobile platform in the PeopleReady business and our Affinix talent acquisition technology in the PeopleScout business.	

	

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•	PeopleScout is a recognized industry leader of RPO services, which is in the early stages of that industry’s adoption cycle. Due to the industry growth rate for RPO services, our market leading position, and our advances in technology, we expect the revenue growth of this business to continue to exceed the growth of our other segments. We expect our acquisition of TMP to increase our ability to win multi-continent engagements by adding a physical presence in Europe, referenceable clients, and employer branding capabilities.	
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Liquidity
Cash flows from operating activities
Our cash flows from operating activities were as follows:

										
	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Net income (loss)	$	65,754		$	55,456		$	(15,251	)	
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss)   to net cash provided by operating activities:					 	
Depreciation and amortization	41,049		46,115		46,692		
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge	—		—		103,544		
Provision for doubtful accounts	10,042		6,808		8,308		
Stock-based compensation	13,876		7,744		9,363		
Deferred income taxes	(1,929	)	2,440		(25,355	)	
Other operating activities	5,154		2,349		6,859		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired and divested:			 	
Accounts receivable	11,640		(28,483	)	112,785		
Income tax receivable	(996	)	14,875		9,450		
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses	2,855		(10,569	)	(4,101	)	
Accrued wages and benefits	(1,447	)	(2,888	)	(7,313	)	
Workers’ compensation claims reserve	(7,877	)	(1,048	)	11,070		
Other assets and liabilities	(12,429	)	7,335		4,652		
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	125,692		$	100,134		$	260,703		
Fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities was $126 million for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $100 million for the same period in the prior year.
		
•	Depreciation and amortization decreased primarily due to a proprietary software application becoming fully depreciated during the fiscal fourth quarter of 2017. Additionally, a greater portion of our investment funds are directed towards third-party cloud-based solutions.	
		
•	The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily due to $4 million of accelerated stock compensation costs associated with the CEO transition in fiscal 2018.	
		
•	The decrease in accounts receivable in fiscal 2018 was primarily due to improvement in the management of working capital and favorable business mix. The favorable mix impact was primarily due to the return to revenue growth for PeopleReady, our largest segment, which has the lowest days sales outstanding. The favorable mix was further impacted by a decline in PeopleManagement revenue, which carries longer payment terms than PeopleReady, partially offset by revenue growth at PeopleScout, which also carries longer payment terms than PeopleReady.	
The increase in accounts receivable in fiscal 2017 was primarily due to an increase in days sales outstanding caused by new client onboarding in our PeopleScout segment, as well as our fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 mix of local and national clients in our PeopleReady segment shifting slightly toward national clients, which have a longer cash collection cycle.
		
•	The increase in accounts payable and other accrued expenses was primarily due to normal seasonal patterns and timing of payments.	

	

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•	Generally, our workers’ compensation claims reserve for estimated claims increases as contingent labor services increases, as is the case in the current year, and decreases as contingent labor services declines, as was the case in the prior year. However, our worker safety programs have had a positive impact and have created favorable adjustments to our workers’ compensation liabilities recorded in each period. Continued favorable adjustments to our workers’ compensation liabilities are dependent on our ability to continue to lower accident rates and claim costs.	
		
•	The change in other assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in other assets related to current year investments in cloud-based systems of $11 million and closing fees of $1 million for our new Revolving Credit Facility entered into on July 13, 2018 . See Note 9: Long-term Debt , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for details on our Revolving Credit Facility.	
Fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016
Net cash provided by operating activities was $100 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $261 million for the same period in the prior year.
		
•	The goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $104 million in 2016 was primarily driven by a change in the scope of services with our former largest client and the impact of other changes in economic and industry conditions which lowered future expectations. In addition, it included a $4 million trade name impairment charge in connection with the consolidation of our retail branch network under a common brand name.	
		
•	The change to deferred income taxes was due primarily to the goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge in fiscal 2016, as well as the impact from the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation in 2017 commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code that affected fiscal 2017, including, but not limited to, the revaluation of net deferred tax assets to reflect the federal tax rate reduction from 35.0% to 21.0%.	
		
•	The increase in accounts receivable in fiscal 2017 was primarily due to an increase in days sales outstanding caused by new client onboarding in our PeopleScout segment, as well as our fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 mix of local and national clients in our PeopleReady segment shifting slightly toward national clients, which have a longer cash collection cycle. Accounts receivable for 2016 declined primarily due to a decline in revenue and associated receivables from our former largest client.	
		
•	The decline in accounts payable and other accrued expenses was primarily due to cost control programs together with normal seasonal patterns and timing of payments.	
		
•	Generally, our workers’ compensation claims reserve for estimated claims decreases as contingent labor services decline.	
		
•	During fiscal 2017, we paid $23 million relating to the contingent consideration associated with our acquisition of SIMOS. The payment included $18 million related to the final purchase price fair value, which is reflected in cash flows used in financing activities. The remaining balance of $4 million was recognized in cash flows used in operating activities as a decrease in other assets and liabilities.	
Cash flows from investing activities
Our cash flows from investing activities were as follows:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Capital expenditures	$	(17,054	)	$	(21,958	)	$	(29,042	)	
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	(22,742	)	—		(72,476	)	
Divestiture of business	10,587		—		—		
Change in restricted investments	8,694		(30,444	)	(25,404	)	
Other	—		(1,979	)	2,979		
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(20,515	)	$	(54,381	)	$	(123,943	)	
Fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017
Net cash used in investing activities was $21 million for the year ended December 30, 2018 , compared to $54 million for the same period in the prior year.

	

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•	Effective June 12, 2018, the company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of TMP through PeopleScout for a cash purchase price of $23 million , net of cash acquired of $7 million . See Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on the purchase of TMP.	
		
•	Effective March 12, 2018, the company divested substantially all the assets and certain liabilities of its PlaneTechs business for a purchase price of $11 million . See Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on the divestiture of our PlaneTechs business.	
		
•	Restricted investments consist primarily of collateral that has been provided or pledged to insurance carriers and state workers’ compensation programs. The decrease in the incremental cash used in investing activities was primarily due to lower collateral requirements from our workers’ compensation insurance providers, as well as the timing of collateral payments.	
Fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016
Net cash used in investing activities was $54 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $124 million for the same period in the prior year.
		
•	Cash used in investing activities of $72 million for the year ended January 1, 2017, was for the acquisition of the RPO business of Aon Hewitt, effective January 4, 2016.	
		
•	Restricted cash and investments consists primarily of collateral that has been provided or pledged to insurance carriers and state workers’ compensation programs. The decrease in the incremental cash used in investing activities was primarily due to lower collateral requirements from our workers’ compensation insurance providers, as well as the timing of collateral payments.	
Cash flows from financing activities
Our cash flows from financing activities were as follows:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Purchases and retirement of common stock	$	(34,818	)	$	(36,680	)	$	(5,748	)	
Net proceeds from employee stock purchase plans and stock options exercised	1,503		1,646		1,542		
Common stock repurchases for taxes upon vesting of restricted stock	(3,404	)	(3,127	)	(2,851	)	
Net change in revolving credit facility	(15,900	)	(16,607	)	(105,579	)	
Payments on debt	(22,397	)	(2,267	)	(2,456	)	
Payment of contingent consideration at acquisition date fair value	—		(18,300	)	—		
Other	—		—		(29	)	
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(75,016	)	$	(75,335	)	$	(115,121	)	
Fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017
Net cash used in financing activities was $75 million for the year ended December 30, 2018 , comparable to the same period in the prior year.
		
•	We repurchased $35 million of common stock during the year ended December 30, 2018 . As of December 30, 2018 , $58 million remains available for repurchase of common stock under the current authorization.	
		
•	We borrowed against our Revolving Credit Facility to fund the acquisition of TMP effective June 12, 2018 and liquidation of the Synovus Bank loan. See Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on the purchase of TMP.	
		
•	On June 25, 2018, we pre-paid in full our outstanding obligations of approximately $22 million with Synovus Bank, terminating all commitments under this term loan (the “Term Loan”) dated February 4, 2013 (as subsequently amended). We did not incur any early termination penalties in connection with the termination of the Term Loan.	

	

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Fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016
Net cash used in financing activities was $75 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $115 million for the same period in the prior year.
		
•	During fiscal 2017, we repurchased shares using the remaining $29 million available under our $75 million share repurchase program. Under this program we repurchased and retired 4.8 million shares of our common stock. On September 15, 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program of our outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we used $7 million under this new program to repurchase shares.	
		
•	During fiscal 2017, we paid $23 million relating to contingent consideration in connection with our acquisition of SIMOS in December 2015. The total contingent consideration payment included $18 million related to the final purchase price fair value, which is reflected in cash flows used in financing activities, with the remaining balance of $4 million reflected in cash flows used in operating activities as a decrease in other assets and liabilities.	
Future outlook
Our cash-generating capability provides us with financial flexibility in meeting our operating and investing needs. Our current financial position is highlighted as follows:
		
•	We had cash and cash equivalents of $47 million at December 30, 2018 .	
		
•	The majority of our workers’ compensation payments are made from restricted cash rather than cash from operations. At December 30, 2018 , we had restricted cash and investments totaling $235 million .	
We believe that cash provided from operations and our capital resources will be adequate to meet our cash requirements for the foreseeable future.
Capital resources
Revolving credit facility
See Note 9: Long-term Debt , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for details on our Revolving Credit Facility.
Restricted cash and investments
Restricted cash and investments consist principally of collateral that has been provided or pledged to insurance carriers for workers’ compensation and state workers’ compensation programs. Our insurance carriers and certain state workers’ compensation programs require us to collateralize a portion of our workers’ compensation obligation. We have agreements with certain financial institutions that allow us to restrict cash and investments for the purpose of providing collateral instruments to our insurance carriers to satisfy workers’ compensation claims. At December 30, 2018 , we had restricted cash and investments totaling $235 million . The majority of our collateral obligations are held in a trust at the Bank of New York Mellon (“Trust”). See Note 5 : Restricted Cash and Investments , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for details on our Restricted Cash and Investments.
We established investment policy directives for the Trust with the first priority to ensure sufficient liquidity to pay workers’ compensation claims, second to maintain and ensure a high degree of liquidity, and third to maximize after-tax returns. Trust investments must meet minimum acceptable quality standards. The primary investments include U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency debentures, U.S. agency mortgages, corporate securities and municipal securities. For those investments rated by nationally recognized rating organizations the minimum ratings are:

				
 	S&P	Moody’s	Fitch	
Short-term rating	A-1/SP-1	P-1/MIG-1	F-1	
Long-term rating	A	A2	A	

	

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Workers’ compensation insurance, collateral and claims reserves
Workers’ compensation insurance
We provide workers’ compensation insurance for our temporary and permanent employees. The majority of our current workers’ compensation insurance policies cover claims for a particular event above a $2 million deductible limit, on a “per occurrence” basis and accordingly, we are substantially self-insured.
For workers’ compensation claims originating in Washington, North Dakota, Ohio, Wyoming, Canada and Puerto Rico (our “monopolistic jurisdictions”), we pay workers’ compensation insurance premiums and obtain full coverage under government-administered programs (with the exception of our PeopleReady service lines in Ohio where we have a self-insured policy). Accordingly, because we are not the primary obligor, our financial statements do not reflect the liability for workers’ compensation claims in these monopolistic jurisdictions.
Workers’ compensation collateral
Our insurance carriers and certain state workers’ compensation programs require us to collateralize a portion of our workers’ compensation obligation, for which they become responsible should we become insolvent. The collateral typically takes the form of cash and cash-backed instruments, highly rated investment grade securities, letters of credit and/or surety bonds. On a regular basis, these entities assess the amount of collateral they will require from us relative to our workers’ compensation obligation. Such amounts can increase or decrease independent of our assessments and reserves. We generally anticipate that our collateral commitments will continue to grow as we grow our business. We pay our premiums and deposit our collateral in installments. The majority of the restricted cash and investments collateralizing our self-insured workers’ compensation policies are held in the Trust.
Our total collateral commitments were made up of the following components for the fiscal period end dates presented:

							
(in thousands)	December 30, 2018	December 31,
2017	
Cash collateral held by workers’ compensation insurance carriers	$	22,264		$	22,148		
Cash and cash equivalents held in Trust	28,021		16,113		
Investments held in Trust	156,618		171,752		
Letters of credit (1)	6,691		7,748		
Surety bonds (2)	21,881		19,829		
Total collateral commitments	$	235,475		$	237,590		
		
(1)	We have agreements with certain financial institutions to issue letters of credit as collateral.	
		
(2)	Our surety bonds are issued by independent insurance companies on our behalf and bear annual fees based on a percentage of the bond, which is determined by each independent surety carrier. These fees do not exceed 2.0% of the bond amount, subject to a minimum charge. The terms of these bonds are subject to review and renewal every one to four years and most bonds can be canceled by the sureties with as little as 60 days notice.	

	

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Workers’ compensation reserve
The following table provides a reconciliation of our collateral commitments to our workers’ compensation reserve as of the fiscal period end dates presented:

							
(in thousands)	December 30, 2018	December 31,
2017	
Total workers’ compensation reserve	$	266,446		$	274,323		
Add back discount on workers’ compensation reserve (1)	18,179		19,277		
Less excess claims reserve (2)	(48,229	)	(48,826	)	
Reimbursable payments to insurance provider (3)	7,866		5,492		
Less portion of workers’ compensation not requiring collateral (4)	(8,787	)	(12,676	)	
Total collateral commitments	$	235,475		$	237,590		
		
(1)	Our workers’ compensation reserves are discounted to their estimated net present value while our collateral commitments are based on the gross, undiscounted reserve.	
		
(2)	Excess claims reserve includes the estimated obligation for claims above our deductible limits. These are the responsibility of the insurance carriers against which there are no collateral requirements.	
		
(3)	This amount is included in restricted cash and represents a timing difference between claim payments made by our insurance carrier and the reimbursement from cash held in the Trust. When claims are paid by our carrier, the amount is removed from the workers’ compensation reserve but not removed from collateral until reimbursed to the carrier.	
		
(4)	Represents deductible and self-insured reserves where collateral is not required.	
Our workers’ compensation reserve is established using estimates of the future cost of claims and related expenses, which are discounted to their estimated net present value. We discount our workers’ compensation liability as we believe the estimated future cash outflows are readily determinable.
Our workers’ compensation reserve for deductible and self-insured claims is established using estimates of the future cost of claims and related expenses that have been reported but not settled, as well as those that have been incurred but not reported. Reserves are estimated for claims incurred in the current year, as well as claims incurred during prior years.
Management evaluates the adequacy of the workers’ compensation reserves in conjunction with an independent quarterly actuarial assessment. Factors considered in establishing and adjusting these reserves include, among other things:
		
•	changes in medical and time loss (“indemnity”) costs;	
		
•	changes in mix between medical only and indemnity claims;	
		
•	regulatory and legislative developments impacting benefits and settlement requirements;	
		
•	type and location of work performed;	
		
•	the impact of safety initiatives; and	
		
•	positive or adverse development of claims. Our workers’ compensation claims reserves are discounted to their estimated net present value using discount rates based on returns of “risk-free” U.S. Treasury instruments with maturities comparable to the weighted average lives of our workers’ compensation claims. At December 30, 2018 , the weighted average discount rate was 2.0% . The claim payments are made over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 4.5 years .	
Our workers’ compensation reserves include estimated expenses related to claims above our self-insured limits (“excess claims”), and a corresponding receivable for the insurance coverage on excess claims based on the contractual policy agreements we have with insurance carriers. We discount this reserve and corresponding receivable to its estimated net present value using the discount rates based on average returns of “risk-free” U.S. Treasury instruments available during the year in which the liability was incurred. At December 30, 2018 , the weighted average rate was 2.9% . The claim payments are made and the corresponding reimbursements from our insurance carriers are received over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 16 years. The discounted workers’ compensation reserve for excess claims and the corresponding receivable for the insurance on excess claims were $48 million and $49 million as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively.

	

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The following table provides an analysis of changes in our workers’ compensation claims reserves:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Beginning balance	$	274,323		$	277,351		$	266,280		
Self-insurance reserve expenses related to current year, net	79,874		83,966		88,753		
Payments related to current year claims (1)	(17,413	)	(17,123	)	(16,529	)	
Payments related to claims from prior years (1)	(47,242	)	(49,668	)	(57,093	)	
Changes to prior years’ self-insurance reserve, net (2)	(24,899	)	(14,349	)	(12,992	)	
Amortization of prior years’ discount (3)	2,404		(1,754	)	5,029		
Net change in excess claims reserve (4)	(601	)	(4,100	)	3,903		
Ending balance	266,446		274,323		277,351		
Less current portion	76,421		77,218		79,126		
Long-term portion	$	190,025		$	197,105		$	198,225		
		
(1)	Payments made against self-insured claims are made over a weighted average period of approximately 4.5 years at December 30, 2018 .	
		
(2)	Changes in reserve estimates are reflected in the statement of operations in the period when the changes in estimates are made.	
		
(3)	The discount is amortized over the estimated weighted average life. In addition, any changes to the estimated weighted average lives and corresponding discount rates for actual payments made are reflected in the statement of operations in the period when the changes in estimates are made.	
		
(4)	Changes to our excess claims are discounted to its estimated net present value using the risk-free rates associated with the actuarially determined weighted average lives of our excess claims. Certain workers’ compensation insurance companies with which we formerly did business are in liquidation and have failed to pay a number of excess claims to date. We have recorded a valuation allowance against all of the insurance receivables from the insurance companies in liquidation.	
Certain workers’ compensation insurance companies with which we formerly did business are in liquidation and have failed to pay a number of excess claims to date. We have recorded a valuation allowance against all of the insurance receivables from the insurance companies in liquidation.
We continue to actively manage workers’ compensation expense through the safety of our temporary workers with our safety programs and actively control costs with our network of service providers. These actions have had a positive impact creating favorable adjustments to workers’ compensation liabilities recorded in prior periods. Continued favorable adjustments to our workers’ compensation liabilities are dependent on our ability to continue to aggressively lower accident rates and costs of our claims. We expect favorable adjustments to our workers’ compensation liabilities to decrease as the opportunity for significant reduction to frequency and severity of accident rates decline.

	

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CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS
The following table provides a summary of our contractual obligations as of the end of fiscal 2018 . We expect to fund these commitments with existing cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, and cash flows from operations.

																
 	Payments due by period
(in thousands)	
Contractual obligations	Total	Less than 1 year	1-3 years	3-5 years	More than 5 years	
Long-term debt obligations, including interest and fees (1):	$	104,537		$	3,890		$	7,790		$	92,857		$	—		
Workers’ compensation claims (2)	236,387		77,150		67,771		27,575		63,891		
Deferred compensation (3)	4,498		1,352		1,481		955		710		
Operating leases (4)	24,984		8,337		12,182		3,766		699		
Purchase obligations (5)	28,043		14,687		10,754		2,602		—		
Total contractual cash obligations	$	398,449		$	105,416		$	99,978		$	127,755		$	65,300		
		
(1)	Interest and fees are calculated based on the rates in effect at December 30, 2018 . Our Revolving Credit Facility expires in 2023. For additional information, see Note 9: Long-term Debt to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.	
		
(2)	Excludes estimated expenses related to claims above our self-insured limits, for which we have a corresponding receivable based on the contractual policy agreements we have with insurance carriers. For additional information, see Note 8: Workers’ Compensation Insurance and Reserves to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.	
		
(3)	Represents scheduled distributions based on the elections of plan participants. Additional payments may be made if plan participants terminate, retire, or schedule distributions during the periods presented. For additional information, see Note 13: Defined Contribution Plans to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.	
		
(4)	Excludes all payments related to branch leases with short-term cancellation provisions, typically within 90 days. For additional information, see Note 10: Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.	
		
(5)	Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable, legally binding and specify all significant terms. Purchase obligations do not include agreements that are cancelable without significant penalty.	
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits has been excluded from the table above, as the timing and/or amounts of any cash payment is uncertain. For additional information, see Note 14: Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations discusses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Management believes that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to understand and evaluate our reported financial results, and they require management’s most subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.
Workers’ compensation reserve
We maintain reserves for workers’ compensation claims, including the excess claims portion above our deductible, using actuarial estimates of the future cost of claims and related expenses. These estimates include claims that have been reported but not settled and claims that have been incurred but not reported. These reserves, which reflect potential liabilities to be paid in future periods based on estimated payment patterns, are discounted to estimated net present value using discount rates based on average returns on “risk-free” U.S. Treasury instruments, which are evaluated on a quarterly basis. We evaluate the reserves regularly throughout the year and make adjustments accordingly. If the actual cost of such claims and related expenses exceed the amount estimated, additional reserves may be required. Changes in reserve estimates are reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the period when the changes in estimates are made.

	

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Our workers’ compensation reserves include estimated expenses related to excess claims and a corresponding receivable for the insurance coverage on excess claims based on the contractual policy agreements we have with insurance companies. We discount the reserve and its corresponding receivable to their estimated net present values using the risk-free rates associated with the actuarially determined weighted average lives of our excess claims. When appropriate, we record a valuation allowance against the insurance receivable to reflect amounts that may not be realized.
There are two main factors that impact workers’ compensation expense: the number of claims and the cost per claim. The number of claims is driven by the volume of hours worked, the business mix which reflects the type of work performed, and the safety of the environment where the work is performed. The cost per claim is driven primarily by the severity of the injury, the state in which the injury occurs, related medical costs, and lost-time wage costs. A 6% change in one or more of the above factors would result in a change to workers’ compensation expense of approximately $4 million . Our reserve balances have been positively impacted primarily by the success of our accident prevention programs. In the event that we are not able to further reduce our accident rates, the positive impacts to our reserve balance will diminish.
Allowance for doubtful accounts
We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated probable losses resulting from the failure of our clients to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined based on historical write-off experience, expectations of future write-offs, and current economic data, and represents our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed quarterly and past due balances are written-off when it is likely the receivable will not be collected. If the financial condition of our clients were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.
Business combinations
We account for our business acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. We determine the estimated fair values after review and consideration of relevant information including discounted cash flows, quoted market prices and estimates made by management. Determining the fair value of an acquired company is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The significant judgments include estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on forecasts; estimation of the long-term rate of growth; estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur; and determination of a weighted average cost of capital, which is risk-adjusted to reflect the specific risk profile of the business being purchased. Intangible assets that arise from contractual/legal rights, or are capable of being separated, are measured and recorded at fair value and amortized over the estimated useful life. If practicable, assets acquired and liabilities assumed arising from contingencies are measured and recorded at fair value. If not practicable, such assets and liabilities are measured and recorded when it is probable that a gain or loss has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The residual balance of the purchase price, after fair value allocations to all identified assets and liabilities, represents goodwill.
Goodwill acquired in business combinations is assigned to the reporting unit(s) expected to benefit from the combination as of the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Our acquisitions may include contingent consideration, which require us to recognize the fair value of the estimated liability at the time of the acquisition. Subsequent changes in the estimate of the amount to be paid under the contingent consideration arrangement are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Cash payments for contingent or deferred consideration are classified within cash flows from investing activities for the purchase price fair value of the contingent consideration while amounts paid in excess are classified within cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets
We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of the first day of our fiscal second quarter, and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, client engagement, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We monitor the existence of potential impairment indicators throughout the fiscal year.

	

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Goodwill
We test for goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level. We consider our operating segments to be our reporting units for goodwill impairment testing. Our operating segments are PeopleReady, Centerline, Staff Management, SIMOS, PeopleScout, and PeopleScout MSP. The impairment test involves comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, we conclude that no goodwill impairment has occurred. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we recognize an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the carrying value of the goodwill.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions to evaluate the impact of operational and macroeconomic changes on each reporting unit. The fair value of each reporting unit is a weighted average of the income and market valuation approaches. The income approach applies a fair value methodology based on discounted cash flows. This analysis requires significant estimates and judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted average cost of capital, which is risk-adjusted to reflect the specific risk profile of the reporting unit being tested. Our weighted average cost of capital for our most recent annual impairment test ranged from 10.5% to 11.5%. We also apply a market approach, which identifies similar publicly traded companies and develops a correlation, referred to as a multiple, to apply to the operating results of the reporting units. The primary market multiples to which we compare are revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. The income and market approaches were equally weighted in our most recent annual impairment test. These combined fair values are reconciled to our aggregate market value of our shares of common stock outstanding on the date of valuation, resulting in a reasonable control premium of 13.2%. We base fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from those estimates. We consider a reporting unit’s fair value to be substantially in excess of its carrying value at a 20% premium or greater.
Based on our test performed as of the first day of our fiscal second quarter of 2018, all reporting units’ fair values were substantially in excess of their respective carrying values. Accordingly, no impairment loss was recognized for the years ended December 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017 . During fiscal 2016, we recognized an impairment charge of $66 million . See Note 7: Goodwill and Intangible Assets , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.

The estimated fair value of our Staff Management and SIMOS reporting units were in excess of their carrying value, however, the operations of these reporting units are largely dependent on major national clients. The loss of a major national client could give rise to an impairment. In that event, we would be required to record a goodwill impairment. We will continue to closely monitor the operational performance of these reporting units.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
We have indefinite-lived intangible assets related to our Staff Management and PeopleScout trade names. We test our trade names annually for impairment, and when indicators of potential impairment exist. We utilize the relief from royalty method to determine the fair value of each of our trade names. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, we recognize an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the carrying value. Management uses considerable judgment to determine key assumptions, including projected revenue, royalty rates and appropriate discount rates.
We performed our annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test as of the first day of our fiscal second quarter of 2018 and determined that the estimated fair values exceeded the carrying amounts for our indefinite-lived trade names. Accordingly, no impairment loss was recognized for the years ended December 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017 . During fiscal 2016, we recognized an impairment charge on indefinite-lived intangible assets of $5 million . See Note 7: Goodwill and Intangible Assets , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.

	

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS	

Intangible assets and other long-lived assets
We review intangible assets that have finite useful lives and other long-lived assets whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant underperformance relative to historical or planned operating results, or significant changes in business strategies. We estimate the recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows that we expect the asset to generate. An impairment loss is recognized when the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the asset (if any) are less than the carrying value of the asset. When an impairment loss is recognized, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis or other valuation techniques.
No impairment loss was recognized for the years ended December 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017 . During fiscal 2016, we recognized an impairment to our acquired trade names/trademarks intangible assets of $4 million and an impairment to our customer relationships intangible assets of $29 million . See Note 7: Goodwill and Intangible Assets , to our consolidated financial statements found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.
Estimated contingent legal and regulatory liabilities
From time to time we are subject to compliance audits by federal, state and local authorities relating to a variety of regulations including wage and hour laws, taxes, workers’ compensation, immigration, and safety. We are also subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our operations. We have established reserves for contingent legal and regulatory liabilities. We record a liability when our management determines that it is probable that a legal claim will result in an adverse outcome and the amount of liability can be reasonably estimated. To the extent that an insurance company is contractually obligated to reimburse us for a liability, we record a receivable for the amount of the probable reimbursement. We evaluate our estimated liability regularly throughout the year and make adjustments as needed. If the actual outcome of these matters is different than expected, an adjustment is charged or credited to expense in the period the outcome occurs or the period in which the estimate changes.
Income taxes and related valuation allowances
We account for income taxes by recording taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. We measure these expected future tax consequences based upon the provisions of tax law as currently enacted; the effects of future changes in tax laws are not anticipated. Future tax law changes, such as changes to federal and state corporate tax rates and the mix of states and their taxable income, could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. When appropriate, we record a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to offset future tax benefits that may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized, based in part upon management’s judgments regarding future events and past operating results.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

		
Item 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	
We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, each of which could adversely affect the value of our investments. We do not currently use derivative financial instruments.
Interest rate risks
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and our long-term debt.
Trust assets
Restricted cash and investments consist principally of collateral that has been provided or pledged to insurance carriers for workers’ compensation and state workers’ compensation programs. Our insurance carriers and certain state workers’ compensation programs require us to collateralize a portion of the workers’ compensation obligation. The collateral typically takes the form of cash and cash equivalents and highly rated investment grade securities, primarily in municipal debt securities, corporate debt securities and agency mortgage-backed securities. The majority of our collateral obligations are held in a trust (“Trust”) at the Bank of New York Mellon. The individual investments within the Trust are subject to credit risk due to possible rating changes, default, or impairment.

	

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We monitor the portfolio to ensure this risk does not exceed prudent levels. We consistently apply and adhere to our investment policy of holding high-quality, diversified securities. We have the positive intent and ability to hold these investments until maturity and accordingly have classified them as held-to-maturity. For additional information, see Note 5: Restricted Cash and Investments, to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Long-term debt
We are subject to the risk of fluctuating interest rates under our revolving credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Facility”), which bears interest at variable rates. For additional information, see Note 9: Long-term Debt, to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Based on the principal balance of our outstanding Revolving Credit Facility of $80 million as of December 30, 2018 , an increase or decrease of the interest rate by 10% over the next year would not have a material effect on our annual interest expense.
Foreign currency exchange rate risk
The majority of our revenue, expense, liabilities and capital purchasing activities are transacted in U.S. dollars. However, because a portion of our operations consists of activities outside of the United States, we have minimal transactions in other currencies, primarily the Canadian and Australian dollar, and Great Britain pound. We have not hedged our foreign currency translation risk. We have the ability to hold our foreign currency denominated assets indefinitely and do not expect that a sudden or significant change in foreign exchange rates will have a material impact on future operating results or cash flows.

	

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Item 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of TrueBlue, Inc.
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TrueBlue, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 30, 2018 and the related notes and schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 30, 2018 , in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 30, 2018 , based on criteria established in Internal Control  - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche, LLP

Seattle, Washington
February 22, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.

	

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TRUEBLUE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

							
(in thousands, except par value data)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
ASSETS	 	 	
Current assets:	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	46,988		$	28,780		
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $5,026 and $4,344	355,373		374,273		
Prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets	22,141		20,605		
Income tax receivable	5,325		4,621		
Total current assets	429,827		428,279		
Property and equipment, net	57,671		60,163		
Restricted cash and investments	235,443		239,231		
Deferred income taxes, net	4,388		3,783		
Goodwill	237,287		226,694		
Intangible assets, net	91,408		104,615		
Workers’ compensation claims receivable, net	44,915		45,048		
Other assets, net	13,905		1,218		
Total assets	$	1,114,844		$	1,109,031		
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	 	
Current liabilities:	 	 	
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses	$	69,814		$	55,091		
Accrued wages and benefits	77,089		76,894		
Current portion of workers’ compensation claims reserve	76,421		77,218		
Other current liabilities	2,202		3,216		
Total current liabilities	225,526		212,419		
Workers’ compensation claims reserve, less current portion	190,025		197,105		
Long-term debt, less current portion	80,000		116,489		
Long-term deferred compensation liabilities	21,747		21,866		
Other long-term liabilities	6,107		6,305		
Total liabilities	523,405		554,184		
 	 	 	
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)			
 	 	 	
Shareholders’ equity:	 	 	
Preferred stock, $0.131 par value, 20,000 shares authorized; No shares issued and outstanding	—		—		
Common stock, no par value, 100,000 shares authorized; 40,054 and 41,098 shares issued and outstanding	1		1		
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(14,649	)	(6,804	)	
Retained earnings	606,087		561,650		
Total shareholders’ equity	591,439		554,847		
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,114,844		$	1,109,031		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

	

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TRUEBLUE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except per share data)	2018	2017	2016	
Revenue from services	$	2,499,207		$	2,508,771		$	2,750,640		
Cost of services	1,833,607		1,874,298		2,070,922		
Gross profit	665,600		634,473		679,718		
Selling, general and administrative expense	550,632		510,794		546,477		
Depreciation and amortization	41,049		46,115		46,692		
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge	—		—		103,544		
Income (loss) from operations	73,919		77,564		(16,995	)	
Interest expense	(4,881	)	(5,494	)	(7,166	)	
Interest and other income	6,625		5,480		3,821		
Interest and other income (expense), net	1,744		(14	)	(3,345	)	
Income (loss) before tax expense (benefit)	75,663		77,550		(20,340	)	
Income tax expense (benefit)	9,909		22,094		(5,089	)	
Net income (loss)	$	65,754		$	55,456		$	(15,251	)	
 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss) per common share:	 	 	 	
Basic	$	1.64		$	1.35		$	(0.37	)	
Diluted	$	1.63		$	1.34		$	(0.37	)	
 	 	 	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding:	 	 	 	
Basic	39,985		41,202		41,648		
Diluted	40,275		41,441		41,648		
 	 	 	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	$	(6,320	)	$	3,355		$	1,830		
Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax	—		1,274		750		
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(6,320	)	4,629		2,580		
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	59,434		$	60,085		$	(12,671	)	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

	

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TRUEBLUE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

																
 	 	Common stock	 	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Total shareholders ’  equity  	
(in thousands)	Shares	Amount	Retained earnings			
Balances,	December 25, 2015	42,024		$	1		$	549,585		$	(14,013	)	$	535,573		
Net loss	—		—		(15,251	)	—		(15,251	)	
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		2,580		2,580		
Purchases and retirement of common stock	(332	)	—		(5,748	)	—		(5,748	)	
Issuances under equity plans, including tax benefits	445		—		(1,338	)	—		(1,338	)	
Stock-based compensation	34		—		9,363		—		9,363		
Balances,	January 1, 2017	42,171		1		536,611		(11,433	)	525,179		
Net income	—		—		55,456		—		55,456		
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		4,629		4,629		
Purchases and retirement of common stock	(1,530	)	—		(36,680	)	—		(36,680	)	
Issuances under equity plans, including tax benefits	418		—		(1,481	)	—		(1,481	)	
Stock-based compensation	39		—		7,744		—		7,744		
Balances,	December 31, 2017	41,098		1		561,650		(6,804	)	554,847		
Net income	—		—		65,754		—		65,754		
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		(6,320	)	(6,320	)	
Purchases and retirement of common stock	(1,371	)	—		(34,818	)	—		(34,818	)	
Issuances under equity plans, including tax benefits	299		—		(1,900	)	—		(1,900	)	
Stock-based compensation	28		—		13,876		—		13,876		
Change in accounting standard cumulative-effect adjustment	—		—		1,525		(1,525	)	—		
Balances,	December 30, 2018	40,054		$	1		$	606,087		$	(14,649	)	$	591,439		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

	

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TRUEBLUE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Cash flows from operating activities:	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	$	65,754		$	55,456		$	(15,251	)	
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss)   to net cash provided by operating activities:	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	41,049		46,115		46,692		
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge	—		—		103,544		
Provision for doubtful accounts	10,042		6,808		8,308		
Stock-based compensation	13,876		7,744		9,363		
Deferred income taxes	(1,929	)	2,440		(25,355	)	
Other operating activities	5,154		2,349		6,859		
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired and divested:	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	11,640		(28,483	)	112,785		
Income tax receivable	(996	)	14,875		9,450		
Other assets	(12,928	)	5,289		470		
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses	2,855		(10,569	)	(4,101	)	
Accrued wages and benefits	(1,447	)	(2,888	)	(7,313	)	
Workers’ compensation claims reserve	(7,877	)	(1,048	)	11,070		
Other liabilities	499		2,046		4,182		
Net cash provided by operating activities	125,692		100,134		260,703		
Cash flows from investing activities:	 	 	 	
Capital expenditures	(17,054	)	(21,958	)	(29,042	)	
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	(22,742	)	—		(72,476	)	
Divestiture of business	10,587		—		—		
Purchases of restricted investments	(12,941	)	(50,601	)	(42,648	)	
Maturities of restricted investments	21,635		20,157		17,244		
Other	—		(1,979	)	2,979		
Net cash used in investing activities	(20,515	)	(54,381	)	(123,943	)	
Cash flows from financing activities:	 	 	 	
Purchases and retirement of common stock	(34,818	)	(36,680	)	(5,748	)	
Net proceeds from employee stock purchase plans and stock options exercised	1,503		1,646		1,542		
Common stock repurchases for taxes upon vesting of restricted stock	(3,404	)	(3,127	)	(2,851	)	
Net change in revolving credit facility	(15,900	)	(16,607	)	(105,579	)	
Payments on debt	(22,397	)	(2,267	)	(2,456	)	
Payment of contingent consideration at acquisition date fair value	—		(18,300	)	—		
Other	—		—		(29	)	
Net cash used in financing activities	(75,016	)	(75,335	)	(115,121	)	
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(1,542	)	191		1,772		
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	28,619		(29,391	)	23,411		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	73,831		103,222		79,811		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	102,450		$	73,831		$	103,222		
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:	 	 	 	
Cash paid during the period for:	 	 	 	
Interest	$	4,373		$	3,811		$	4,083		
Income taxes	12,898		4,593		10,312		
Non-cash transactions:	 	 	 	
Property, plant, and equipment purchased but not yet paid	1,553		375		1,471		
Divestiture non-cash consideration	798		—		—		
Non-cash acquisition adjustments	—		—		3,783		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	
		
NOTE 1:	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES	
Description of business
TrueBlue, Inc. (the “company,” “TrueBlue,” “we,” “us” and “our”) is a leading provider of specialized workforce solutions that help clients achieve growth and improve productivity. We serve clients in a wide variety of industries through our PeopleReady segment which offers industrial staffing services, our PeopleManagement segment which offers contingent and productivity-based on-site industrial staffing services, and our PeopleScout segment which offers recruitment process outsourcing and managed service provider services. We are headquartered in Tacoma, Washington.
Basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TrueBlue and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Fiscal period end
The consolidated financial statements are presented on a 52/53-week fiscal year-end basis, with the last day of the fiscal year ending on the Sunday closest to the last day of December. In fiscal years consisting of 53 weeks, the final quarter will consist of 14 weeks while fiscal years consisting of 52 weeks, all quarters will consist of 13 weeks. The fiscal year ended 2016 included 53 weeks, with the 53rd week falling in our fourth quarter. All other years presented include 52 weeks.
Revenue recognition
We account for a contract when both parties to the contract have approved the contract, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of consideration is probable. Revenues are recognized over time using an output measure, as the control of the promised services is transferred to the client, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The majority of our contracts are short-term in nature as they are filling the temporary staffing needs of our clients, or include termination clauses that allow either party to cancel within a short notice period, without cause. Revenue includes billable travel and other reimbursable costs and are reported net of sales, use or other transaction taxes collected from clients and remitted to taxing authorities. Payment terms vary by client and the services offered, however we do not extend payment terms beyond one year. Substantially all of our contracts include payment terms of 90 days or less.
We primarily record revenue on a gross basis as a principal versus on a net basis as an agent on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We have determined that gross reporting as a principal is the appropriate treatment based upon the following key factors:
		
•	We maintain the direct contractual relationship with the client and are responsible for fulfilling the service promised to the client.	
		
•	We demonstrate control over the services provided to our clients by being the employer of record for the individuals performing the service.	
		
•	We establish our worker’s billing rate.	
Contingent staffing
We recognize revenue for our PeopleReady and PeopleManagement contingent staffing services over time as services are performed in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for our services, which is generally calculated as hours worked multiplied by the agreed-upon hourly bill rate. The client simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services as they are provided. We do not incur costs to obtain our contingent staffing contracts. Costs are incurred to fulfill some contingent staffing contracts, however these costs are not material and are expensed as incurred.

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

Human resource outsourcing
We primarily recognize revenue for our PeopleScout outsourced recruitment of permanent employees over time in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for our services. The client simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services as they are provided. We do not incur costs to obtain our outsourced recruitment of permanent employees’ contracts. The costs to fulfill these contracts are not material and are expensed as incurred.
Unsatisfied performance obligations
As a practical expedient, we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an expected original duration of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.
Cost of services
Cost of services refers to costs directly associated with the earning of revenue and primarily includes wages and related payroll taxes and workers’ compensation expenses. Cost of services also includes billable travel as well as other reimbursable and non-reimbursable expenses.
Advertising costs
Advertising costs consist primarily of print and other promotional activities. We expense advertisements as of the first date the advertisements take place. Advertising expenses included in selling, general and administrative expense were $8.1 million , $7.3 million and $7.8 million in fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
We consider all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Investments with original maturities greater than three months are classified as marketable securities. We do not buy and hold securities principally for the purpose of selling them in the near future. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital, liquidity and return. From time to time, we may sell certain securities but the objective is not to generate profits on short-term differences in price. We manage our cash equivalents and marketable securities as a single portfolio of highly liquid securities.
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the failure of our clients to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined based on current collection efforts, historical collection trends, write-off experience, client credit risk and current economic data. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed quarterly and represents our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses. Past due balances are written off when it is probable the receivable will not be collected.
Restricted cash and investments
Cash and investments pledged as collateral and restricted to use for workers’ compensation insurance programs are included as restricted cash and investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our investments consist of highly-rated investment grade debt securities, which are rated A1/P1 or higher for short-term securities and A or higher for long-term securities, by nationally recognized rating organizations. We have the positive intent and ability to hold our restricted investments until maturity in accordance with our investment policy and, accordingly, all of our restricted investments are classified as held-to-maturity. In the event that an investment is downgraded, it is replaced with a highly-rated investment grade security. We review for impairment on a quarterly basis and do not consider temporary unrealized losses to be an impairment.
We have an agreement with American International Group, Inc. and the Bank of New York Mellon Corporation creating a trust (“Trust”), which holds the majority of our collateral obligations under existing workers’ compensation insurance policies. Placing the collateral in the Trust allows us to manage the investment of the assets and provides greater protection of those assets.

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

Fair value of financial instruments and investments
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. For assets and liabilities recorded or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis, we determine fair value based on the following:
		
•	Level 1: The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents and mutual funds approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Inputs are valued using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.	
		
•	Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities are used. We use quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices or we estimate the fair value using a variety of valuation methodologies, which include observable inputs for comparable instruments and unobservable inputs.	
		
•	Level 3: For assets and liabilities with unobservable inputs, we typically rely on management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.	
The carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments. We hold mutual funds classified as available-for-sale to support our deferred compensation liability, which are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets. There are inherent limitations when estimating the fair value of financial instruments, and the fair values reported are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in current market transactions.
The carrying value of our accounts receivable, accounts payable and other accrued expenses, and accrued wages and benefits approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. We also hold certain restricted investments which collateralize workers’ compensation programs and are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Certain items such as goodwill and other intangible assets are recognized or disclosed at fair value on a non-recurring basis. We determine the fair value of these items using level 3 inputs.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

		
 	Years	
Buildings	40	
Computers and software	3 - 10	
Furniture and equipment	3 - 10	
Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the related non-cancelable lease term or their estimated useful lives.
Non-capital expenditures associated with opening new locations are expensed as incurred.
When property is retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss, net of proceeds, is reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
Repairs and maintenance costs are charged directly to expense as incurred. Major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated.
Costs associated with the acquisition or development of software for internal use are capitalized and amortized over the expected useful life of the software, from three to ten years. A subsequent addition, modification or upgrade to internal-use software is capitalized to the extent that it enhances the software’s functionality or extends its useful life. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed in the period incurred.
Leases
We conduct our branch office operations from leased locations. We also lease office spaces for our centralized support functions, vehicles and equipment. Many leases require payment of property taxes, insurance and common area maintenance, in addition to

	

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rent. The terms of our lease agreements generally range from three  to five years, majority containing options to renew or cancel with 90 days notice.
Operating lease expense is included within selling, general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). For operating leases that contain predetermined fixed escalations of the minimum rent, we recognize the related rent expense on a straight-line basis from the date we take possession of the property to the end of the minimum lease term. We record any difference between the straight-line rent amounts and amounts payable under the leases as part of deferred rent, in accrued liabilities or long-term liabilities, as appropriate.
Cash or lease incentives received upon entering into certain operating leases (“tenant allowances”) are recognized on a straight-line basis as a reduction to rent from the date we take possession of the property through the end of the initial lease term. We record the unamortized portion of tenant allowances as a part of deferred rent, in accrued liabilities or long-term liabilities, as appropriate.
Intangible assets and other long-lived assets
Long-lived assets include property and equipment, and finite-lived intangible assets. These assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable.
We have indefinite-lived intangible assets related to our Staff Management | SMX (“Staff Management”) and PeopleScout trade names. We test our trade names annually for impairment, and when indications of potential impairment exist.
Goodwill
We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of the first day of our second quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate impairment may exist. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, operating performance indicators, competition, client engagement, legal factors or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We monitor the existence of potential impairment indicators throughout the fiscal year.
Business combinations
We account for our business acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. The fair value of the net assets acquired and the results of the acquired business are included in the financial statements from the acquisition date forward. We are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and results of operations during the reporting period. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, the fair value of acquired net operating assets, property and equipment, intangible assets, useful lives of property and equipment, and amortizable lives for acquired intangible assets. Any excess of the purchase consideration over the identified fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is recognized as goodwill. Goodwill acquired in business combinations is assigned to the reporting unit(s) expected to benefit from the combination as of the acquisition date. We estimate the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities as of the date of the acquisition based on information available at that time. The valuation of these tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities is subject to further management review and may change between the preliminary allocation and the final allocation.
All acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and recorded in selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Additionally, we recognize liabilities for anticipated restructuring costs that will be necessary due to the elimination of excess capacity, redundant assets or unnecessary functions, and record them as selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
Workers’ compensation claims reserves
We maintain reserves for workers’ compensation claims using actuarial estimates of the future cost of claims and related expenses. These estimates include claims that have been reported but not settled and claims that have been incurred but not reported. These reserves, which reflect potential liabilities to be paid in future periods based on estimated payment patterns, are discounted to estimated net present value using discount rates based on average returns of “risk-free” U.S. Treasury instruments, which are evaluated on a quarterly basis. We evaluate the reserves regularly throughout the year and make adjustments accordingly. If the actual cost of such claims and related expenses exceeds the amounts estimated, additional reserves may be required. Changes in reserve estimates are reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the period when the changes in estimates are made.
Our workers’ compensation reserves include estimated expenses related to claims above our self-insured limits (“excess claims”) and a corresponding receivable for the insurance coverage on excess claims based on the contractual policy agreements we have

	

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with insurance companies. We discount the liability and its corresponding receivable to its estimated net present value using the “risk-free” rates associated with the actuarially determined weighted average lives of our excess claims. When appropriate, based on our best estimate, we record a valuation allowance against the insurance receivable to reflect amounts that may not be realized.
Legal contingency reserves and regulatory liabilities
From time to time we are subject to compliance audits by federal, state and local authorities relating to a variety of regulations including wage and hour laws, taxes, workers’ compensation, immigration and safety. In addition, we are subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our operations. We establish accruals for contingent legal and regulatory liabilities when management determines that it is probable that a legal claim will result in an adverse outcome and the amount of liability can be reasonably estimated. We evaluate our reserve regularly throughout the year and make adjustments as needed. If the actual outcome of these matters is different than expected, an adjustment is charged or credited to expense in the period the outcome occurs or the period in which the estimate changes.
Income taxes and related valuation allowance
We account for income taxes by recording taxes payable or receivable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. These expected future tax consequences are measured based on provisions of tax law as currently enacted; the effects of future changes in tax laws are not anticipated. Future tax law changes, such as changes to the federal and state corporate tax rates and the mix of states and their taxable income, could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. When appropriate, we record a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to offset future tax benefits that may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized, based in part upon management’s judgments regarding future events and past operating results. Based on that analysis, we have determined that a valuation allowance is appropriate for certain net operating losses and tax credits that we expect will not be utilized within the permitted carryforward periods as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 .
A significant driver of fluctuations in our effective income tax rate is the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (“WOTC”). WOTC is designed to encourage hiring of workers from certain disadvantaged targeted categories, and is generally calculated as a percentage of wages over a twelve month period up to worker maximum by targeted category. Based on historical results and business trends, we estimate the amount of WOTC we expect to earn related to wages of the current year. However, the estimate is subject to variation because 1) a small percentage of our workers qualify for one or more of the many targeted categories; 2) the targeted categories are subject to different incentive credit rates and limitations; 3) credits fluctuate depending on economic conditions and qualified worker retention periods; and 4) state and federal offices can delay their credit certification processing and have inconsistent certification rates. We recognize additional prior year hiring credits if credits in excess of original estimates have been certified by government offices.
Deferred compensation plan
We offer a non-qualified defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) to eligible employees. Participating employees may elect to defer and contribute a portion of their eligible compensation. The Plan allows participants to direct their account based on the investment options determined by TrueBlue and offers discretionary matching contributions.
The current portion of the deferred compensation liability is included in other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The total deferred compensation liability is largely offset by deferred compensation mutual funds classified as available-for-sale recorded in restricted cash and investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These mutual funds are measured at fair value, with changes in market value recognized in selling, general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
Stock-based compensation
Under various plans, officers, employees and non-employee directors have received or may receive grants of stock, restricted stock awards, performance share units or options to purchase common stock. We also have an employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP").
Compensation expense for restricted stock awards and performance share units is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the stock’s fair market value on the grant date. For restricted stock and performance share unit grants issued with performance conditions, compensation expense is recognized over each vesting period based on assessment of the likelihood of meeting these conditions. We recognize compensation expense for only the portion of restricted stock and performance share units that is expected to vest, rather than record forfeitures when they occur. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from those estimated by management, additional adjustments to compensation expense may be required in the future periods.

	

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Foreign currency
Our consolidated financial statements are reported in U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities of international subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses for each subsidiary are translated to U.S. dollars using a weighted average rate for the relevant reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included, net of tax, in other comprehensive income (“OCI”), when applicable. Currency gains and losses on intercompany loans with international subsidiaries are included, net of tax, in OCI.
Purchases and retirement of our common stock
We purchase our common stock under a program authorized by our Board of Directors. Under applicable Washington State law, shares purchased are not displayed separately as treasury stock on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are treated as authorized but unissued shares. It is our accounting policy to first record these purchases as a reduction to our common stock account. Once the common stock account has been reduced to a nominal balance, remaining purchases are recorded as a reduction to our retained earnings. Furthermore, activity in our common stock account related to stock-based compensation is also recorded to retained earnings until such time as the reduction to retained earnings due to stock repurchases has been recovered.
Net income (loss) per share
Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares and potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares include the dilutive effects of vested and non-vested restricted stock, performance share units and shares issued under the ESPP, except where their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
Anti-dilutive shares primarily include non-vested restricted stock and performance share units for which the sum of the assumed proceeds, including unrecognized compensation expense, exceeds the average stock price during the periods presented. Anti-dilutive shares associated with our stock options relate to those stock options with an exercise price higher than the average market value of our stock during the periods presented.
Use of estimates
Preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Estimates in our financial statements include, but are not limited to, purchase accounting, allowance for doubtful accounts, estimates for asset and goodwill impairments, stock-based performance awards, assumptions underlying self-insurance reserves, contingent legal and regulatory liabilities, and the potential outcome of future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements. Actual results and outcomes may differ from these estimates and assumptions.
Recently adopted accounting standards
Stock compensation
In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standing Board (“FASB”) issued guidance to provide clarity and reduce diversity in practice when accounting for a change to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards. The objective was to reduce the scope of transactions that would require modification accounting. Disclosure requirements remain unchanged. This amended guidance was effective for our fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue), with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance for our fiscal first quarter of 2018. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
Business combinations
In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance clarifying the definition of a business, which revises the definition of a business and provides new guidance in evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. This guidance was effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue) on a prospective basis. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

	

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Restricted cash and cash equivalents
In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance to amend the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents on the statement of cash flows. The standard requires restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This amended guidance was effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue). We adopted this guidance for our fiscal first quarter of 2018 using the retrospective transition method. Accordingly, the change in restricted cash and cash equivalents is no longer segregated on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and the $21.5 million and $19.8 million previously presented in the investing section for the years ended December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017, respectively, are now included when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Accounting for income taxes - intra-entity asset transfers
In October 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the accounting for income tax effects of intercompany sales or transfers of assets other than inventory. The guidance requires entities to recognize the income tax impact of an intra-entity sale or transfer of an asset other than inventory when the sale or transfer occurs, rather than when the asset has been sold to an outside party. This guidance was effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue). The guidance requires a modified retrospective application with a cumulative catch-up adjustment to opening retained earnings. We adopted this guidance for our fiscal first quarter of 2018. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
Statement of cash flows classification
In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance relating to how certain cash receipts and cash payments should be presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The update was intended to reduce the existing diversity in practice. The amended guidance was effective for fiscal years, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue). We adopted this guidance for our fiscal first quarter of 2018. The adoption of the new standard did not have an impact on our financial statements.
Financial instruments – recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure
In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue). Early adoption of the amendments in the guidance was not permitted, with limited exceptions. The guidance required a cumulative-effect adjustment be made to reclassify unrealized gains and losses related to available-for-sale equity securities from accumulated other comprehensive income, to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. We adopted this guidance as of the first day of our fiscal first quarter of 2018 and reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings, $1.5 million in unrealized gains, net of tax on available-for-sale equity securities. Beginning in Q1 2018, change in market value for our available-for-sale equity securities is included in selling, general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operation and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
Revenue from contracts with customers
In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance outlining a single comprehensive model for accounting for revenue arising from contracts with clients, which supersedes the previous revenue recognition accounting guidance. The guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (Q1 2018 for TrueBlue). This guidance required an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to clients in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted this new guidance as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the new revenue recognition guidance, while prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previous accounting guidance. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as of the adoption date, or for the year ended December 30, 2018 , except for expanded disclosures.

	

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Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
Intangibles-goodwill and other-internal-use software

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This new standard is intended to reduce complexity for the accounting for costs of implementing a cloud computing service arrangement. The standard aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). Currently, we expense internal development labor as incurred. The new guidance will require those costs to be capitalized with the related amortization recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. In addition, capitalized development costs are required to be recorded as a prepaid asset (other asset) rather than a fixed asset, and license fees incurred during the development period should be expensed as incurred. We intend to early adopt the standard prospectively in Q1 2019, which will not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance on lease accounting. The new guidance will continue to classify leases as either finance or operating, but will result in the lessee recognizing most operating leases on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (Q1 2019 for TrueBlue), with early adoption permitted. In July 2018, the FASB amended the standard to provide transition relief for comparative reporting, allowing companies to adopt the provisions of the new standard using a modified retrospective transition method on the adoption date, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings recorded on the date of adoption. We have elected to adopt the standard using the transition relief provided in the July amendment. In preparation for adoption of the standard, we have implemented internal controls and key system functionality to enable the preparation of financial information.
We expect adoption of the standard to result in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets of approximately $33 million and corresponding lease liabilities of approximately $34 million as of the first day of our fiscal first quarter in 2019. The difference between the right-of-use asset and lease liability relates to the existing deferred rent liability associated with the leases to be capitalized. The existing deferred rent liability, which is the difference between the straight-line lease expense and cash paid, will reduce the right-of-use asset, upon adoption. Our accounting for capital leases will remain substantially unchanged. Adoption of the standard will not have a material impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operation and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
Financial instruments – credit losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. This guidance sets forth a current expected credit loss model, which requires measurement of all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts. This guidance replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. We will be required to use a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will also be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 (Q1 2020 for TrueBlue) with early adoption permitted no sooner than Q1 2019. A modified retrospective approach is required for all investments, except debt securities for which an other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized prior to the effective date, which will require a prospective transition approach. We plan to adopt this guidance on the effective date and are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements, including accounting policies, processes and systems.
Other
Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements upon adoption.
NOTE 2:    REVENUE RECOGNITION
The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by major source:

													
 	Year ended	 	December 30, 2018	
(in thousands)	PeopleReady	PeopleManagement	PeopleScout	Consolidated	
Revenue from services:	 	 	 	 	
Contingent staffing	$	1,522,076		$	728,254		$	—		$	2,250,330		
Human resource outsourcing	—		—		248,877		248,877		
Total company	$	1,522,076		$	728,254		$	248,877		$	2,499,207		
NOTE 3:     ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURE
2018 acquisition
Effective June 12, 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of TMP Holdings LTD (“TMP”), through PeopleScout, for a cash purchase price of $22.7 million , net of cash acquired of $7.0 million . TMP is a mid-sized recruitment process outsourcing (“RPO”) and employer branding service provider operating in the United Kingdom. This acquisition increases our ability to win multi-continent engagements by adding a physical presence in Europe, referenceable clients and employer branding capabilities.
We incurred acquisition and integration-related costs of $2.7 million for the year ended December 30, 2018 , which are included in selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 30, 2018 .
The following table reflects our final allocation of the purchase price, net of cash acquired, to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

				
(in thousands)	Purchase price allocation	
Cash purchase price, net of cash acquired	$	22,742		
Purchase price allocated as follows:	 	
Accounts receivable	$	9,770		
Prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets	337		
Property and equipment	435		
Customer relationships	6,286		
Trade names/trademarks	1,738		
Total assets acquired	18,566		
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses	9,139		
Accrued wages and benefits	1,642		
Income tax payable	205		
Deferred income tax liability	1,444		
Total liabilities assumed	12,430		
Net identifiable assets acquired	6,136		
Goodwill (1)	16,606		
Total consideration allocated	$	22,742		
(1) Goodwill represents the expected synergies with our existing business, the acquired assembled workforce, potential new clients and future cash flows after the acquisition of TMP, and is non-deductible for income tax purposes.
Intangible assets include identifiable intangible assets for customer relationships and trade names/trademarks. We estimated the fair value of the acquired identifiable intangible assets, which are subject to amortization, using the income approach.

	

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The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets, their estimated fair values and useful lives as of June 12, 2018 :

					
(in thousands, except for estimated useful lives, in years)	Estimated fair value	Estimated useful life in years	
Customer relationships	$	6,286		3,7	
Trade names/trademarks	1,738		14	
Total acquired identifiable intangible assets	$	8,024		 	
The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of TMP are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 30, 2018 , and the results of its operations and cash flows are reported on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the period from June 12, 2018 to December 30, 2018 . The amount of revenue from TMP included on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) was $31.0 million from the acquisition date to December 30, 2018 . The acquisition of TMP was not material to our consolidated results of operations and as such, pro forma financial information was not required.
2018 divestiture
Effective March 12, 2018, we divested substantially all the assets and certain liabilities of PlaneTechs, LLC (“PlaneTechs”) for a purchase price of $11.4 million , of which $8.5 million was paid in cash, and $1.6 million in a note receivable, with monthly principal payments of $0.1 million , which began in April 2018. The outstanding balance is included in prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The remaining purchase price balance consists of the preliminary working capital adjustment, which is included in prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The company recognized a pre-tax gain on the divestiture of $0.7 million , which is included in interest and other income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the year ended December 30, 2018 . Fiscal first quarter revenue through the closing date of the divestiture for the PlaneTechs business of $8.0 million was reported in the PeopleManagement reportable segment.
The divestiture of PlaneTechs did not represent a strategic shift with a major effect on the company’s operations and financial results and, therefore was not reported as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the periods presented.
2016 acquisition
Effective January 4, 2016, we acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of the RPO business of Aon Hewitt for a cash purchase price of $72.5 million , net of the final working capital adjustment. We amended our existing credit facility to temporarily increase the borrowing capacity by $30.0 million , which was used to fund the acquisition. The RPO business of Aon Hewitt broadened our PeopleScout RPO services and has been fully integrated into our PeopleScout reportable segment.
We incurred acquisition and integration-related costs of $6.6 million in connection with the acquisition of the RPO business of Aon Hewitt, which are included in selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended January 1, 2017.

	

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The following table reflects our final allocation of the purchase price:

				
(in thousands)	Purchase price allocation	
Cash purchase price, net of working capital adjustment	$	72,476		
Purchase price allocated as follows:	 	
Accounts receivable	$	12,272		
Prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets	894		
Customer relationships	34,900		
Technologies	400		
  Total assets acquired	48,466		
Accrued wages and benefits	1,025		
Other long-term liabilities	456		
  Total liabilities assumed	1,481		
Net identifiable assets acquired	46,985		
Goodwill (1)	25,491		
Total consideration allocated	$	72,476		
		
(1)	Goodwill represents the expected synergies with our existing business, the acquired assembled workforce, potential new clients and future cash flows after the acquisition of the RPO business of Aon Hewitt. Goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes over  15 years  as of January 4, 2016.	
Intangible assets include identifiable intangible assets for customer relationships and developed technologies. We estimated the fair value of the acquired identifiable intangible assets, which are subject to amortization, using the income approach for customer relationships and the cost approach for developed technologies. No residual value was estimated for any of the intangible assets.
The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of January 4, 2016:

					
(in thousands, except for estimated useful lives, in years)	Estimated fair value	Estimated useful lives in years	
Customer relationships	$	34,900		9	
Technologies	400		3	
Total acquired identifiable intangible assets	$	35,300		 	
The amount of revenue from the RPO business of Aon Hewitt included on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) was $66.5 million for the period from the acquisition date to January 1, 2017. The acquired operations have been fully integrated with our existing PeopleScout operations.
The acquisition of the RPO business of Aon Hewitt was not material to our consolidated results of operations and as such, pro forma financial information was not required.
NOTE 4:    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following:

													
 	December 30, 2018	
(in thousands)	Total fair value	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (level 1)	Significant other observable inputs (level 2)	Significant unobservable inputs (level 3)	
Financial assets:	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	46,988		$	46,988		$	—		$	—		
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	55,462		55,462		—		—		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (1)	$	102,450		$	102,450		$	—		$	—		
 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred compensation mutual funds classified as available-for-sale	$	23,363		$	23,363		$	—		$	—		
 	 	 	 	 	
Municipal debt securities	$	76,690		$	—		$	76,690		$	—		
Corporate debt securities	75,432		—		75,432		—		
Agency mortgage-backed securities	2,531		—		2,531		—		
U.S. government and agency securities	988		—		988		—		
Restricted investments classified as held-to-maturity	$	155,641		$	—		$	155,641		$	—		

													
 	December 31, 2017	
(in thousands)	Total fair value	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (level 1)	Significant other observable inputs (level 2)	Significant unobservable inputs (level 3)	
Financial assets:	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	$	28,780		$	28,780		$	—		$	—		
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	45,051		45,051		—		—		
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (1)	$	73,831		$	73,831		$	—		$	—		
 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred compensation mutual funds classified as available-for-sale	$	22,428		$	22,428		$	—		$	—		
 	 	 	 	 	
Municipal debt securities	$	83,366		$	—		$	83,366		$	—		
Corporate debt securities	83,791		—		83,791		—		
Agency mortgage-backed securities	4,062		—		4,062		—		
U.S. government and agency securities	1,019		—		1,019		—		
Restricted investments classified as held-to-maturity	$	172,238		$	—		$	172,238		$	—		
		
(1)	Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of money market funds, deposits, and investments with original maturities of three months or less.	
There were no material transfers between level 1, level 2 and level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 .

	

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Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
We measure certain non-financial assets on a non-recurring basis, including goodwill and certain intangible assets. As a result of those measurements, we recognized impairment charges of $103.5 million during the year ended January 1, 2017, as follows:

																
 	January 1, 2017	
(in thousands)	Total fair value	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (level 1)	Significant other observable inputs (level 2)	Significant unobservable inputs (level 3)	Total impairment loss	
Goodwill	$	42,629		$	—		$	—		$	42,629		$	(65,869	)	
Customer relationships	11,100		—		—		11,100		(28,900	)	
Trade names/trademarks	3,600		—		—		3,600		(8,775	)	
Total	$	57,329		$	—		$	—		$	57,329		$	(103,544	)	
Goodwill, finite-lived customer relationships, finite-lived trade names/trademarks intangible assets and indefinite-lived trade names/trademarks intangible assets with a total carrying value of $160.8 million were written down to their fair value of $57.3 million , resulting in an impairment charge of $103.5 million , which was recorded in earnings for the year ended January 1, 2017.
There were no goodwill or intangible asset impairment charges recorded during fiscal 2018 or 2017.
NOTE 5:    RESTRICTED CASH AND INVESTMENTS
The following is a summary of the carrying value of our restricted cash and investments:

							
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
Cash collateral held by insurance carriers	$	24,182		$	22,926		
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	28,021		16,113		
Restricted investments classified as held-to-maturity	156,618		171,752		
Deferred compensation mutual funds, classified as available-for-sale	23,363		22,428		
Other restricted cash and cash equivalents	3,259		6,012		
Total restricted cash and investments	$	235,443		$	239,231		
Held-to-maturity
Restricted cash and investments include collateral that has been provided or pledged to insurance carriers for workers’ compensation and state workers’ compensation programs. Our insurance carriers and certain state workers’ compensation programs require us to collateralize a portion of our workers’ compensation obligation. The collateral typically takes the form of cash and cash equivalents and highly rated investment grade securities, primarily in debt and asset-backed securities. The majority of our collateral obligations are held in a trust at the Bank of New York Mellon (“Trust”).
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of our held-to-maturity investments held in trust, aggregated by investment category as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , were as follows:

													
 	December 30, 2018	
(in thousands)	Amortized cost	Gross unrealized gain	Gross unrealized loss	Fair value	
Municipal debt securities	$	76,750		$	456		$	(516	)	$	76,690		
Corporate debt securities	76,310		30		(908	)	75,432		
Agency mortgage-backed securities	2,559		5		(33	)	2,531		
U.S. government and agency securities	999		—		(11	)	988		
 	$	156,618		$	491		$	(1,468	)	$	155,641		

													
 	December 31, 2017	
(in thousands)	Amortized cost	Gross unrealized gain	Gross unrealized loss	Fair value	
Municipal debt securities	$	82,770		$	974		$	(378	)	$	83,366		
Corporate debt securities	83,916		309		(434	)	83,791		
Agency mortgage-backed securities	4,066		22		(26	)	4,062		
U.S. government and agency securities	1,000		19		—		1,019		
 	$	171,752		$	1,324		$	(838	)	$	172,238		

	

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The estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of all investments classified as held-to-maturity, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , were as follows:

																					
 	December 30, 2018	
 	Less than 12 months	 	12 months or more	 	Total	
(in thousands)	Estimated fair value	Unrealized losses	 	Estimated fair value	Unrealized losses	 	Estimated fair value	Unrealized losses	
Municipal debt securities	$	12,803		$	(74	)	 	$	22,638		$	(442	)	 	$	35,441		$	(516	)	
Corporate debt securities	22,567		(277	)	 	44,463		(631	)	 	67,030		(908	)	
Agency mortgage-backed securities	385		—		 	1,375		(33	)	 	1,760		(33	)	
U.S. government and agency securities	988		(11	)	 	—		—		 	988		(11	)	
Total held-to-maturity investments	$	36,743		$	(362	)	 	$	68,476		$	(1,106	)	 	$	105,219		$	(1,468	)	

																					
 	December 31, 2017	
 	Less than 12 months	 	12 months or more	 	Total	
(in thousands)	Estimated fair value	Unrealized losses	 	Estimated fair value	Unrealized losses	 	Estimated fair value	Unrealized losses	
Municipal debt securities	$	23,078		$	(124	)	 	$	9,631		$	(254	)	 	$	32,709		$	(378	)	
Corporate debt securities	48,952		(311	)	 	10,081		(123	)	 	59,033		(434	)	
Agency mortgage-backed securities	1,362		(10	)	 	888		(16	)	 	2,250		(26	)	
Total held-to-maturity investments	$	73,392		$	(445	)	 	$	20,600		$	(393	)	 	$	93,992		$	(838	)	
The total number of held-to-maturity securities that had unrealized losses as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were 93 and 83 , respectively. The unrealized losses were the result of interest rate increases. Since the decline in estimated fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and the company has the intent and ability to hold these debt securities until recovery of amortized cost or maturity, the company does not consider these investments other than temporarily impaired.
The amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity of our held-to-maturity investments are as follows:

							
 	December 30, 2018	
(in thousands)	Amortized cost	Fair value	
Due in one year or less	$	27,158		$	27,014		
Due after one year through five years	86,606		86,107		
Due after five years through ten years	42,854		42,520		
 	$	156,618		$	155,641		
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of certain debt securities have the right to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. We have no significant concentrations of counterparties in our held-to-maturity investment portfolio.
Available-for-sale
We hold mutual funds classified as available-for-sale to support our deferred compensation liability. Unrealized losses of $3.4 million , related to equity investments still held at December 30, 2018 , were included in selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the year ended December 30, 2018 .
NOTE 6:    PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment are stated at cost and consist of the following:

							
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
Buildings and land	$	41,300		$	37,672		
Computers and software	154,724		149,835		
Furniture and equipment	16,632		15,527		
Construction in progress	8,350		7,157		
Gross property and equipment	221,006		210,191		
Less accumulated depreciation	(163,335	)	(150,028	)	
Property and equipment, net	$	57,671		$	60,163		
Capitalized software costs, net of accumulated depreciation, were $19.4 million and $21.9 million as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, excluding amounts in construction in progress. Construction in progress consists primarily of purchased and internally-developed software.
Depreciation expense of property and equipment totaled $20.3 million , $24.7 million and $21.6 million for the years ended December 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017 , respectively.

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

NOTE 7:    GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The following table reflects changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period by reportable segments :

													
(in thousands)	PeopleReady	PeopleManagement	PeopleScout	Total company	
Balance at January 1, 2017	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill before impairment	$	106,304		$	100,146		$	129,852		$	336,302		
Accumulated impairment loss	(46,210	)	(50,700	)	(15,169	)	(112,079	)	
Goodwill, net	60,094		49,446		114,683		224,223		
 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign currency translation	—		—		2,471		2,471		
 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2017	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill before impairment	106,304		100,146		132,323		338,773		
Accumulated impairment loss	(46,210	)	(50,700	)	(15,169	)	(112,079	)	
Goodwill, net	60,094		49,446		117,154		226,694		
 	 	 	 	 	
Divested goodwill before impairment (1)	—		(19,054	)	—		(19,054	)	
Divested accumulated impairment loss (1)	—		17,000		—		17,000		
Acquired goodwill (2)	—		—		16,606		16,606		
Foreign currency translation	—		—		(3,959	)	(3,959	)	
 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at December 30, 2018	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill before impairment	106,304		81,092		144,970		332,366		
Accumulated impairment loss	(46,210	)	(33,700	)	(15,169	)	(95,079	)	
Goodwill, net	$	60,094		$	47,392		$	129,801		$	237,287		
		
(1)	Effective March 12, 2018, we entered divested our PlaneTechs business. As a result of this divestiture, we eliminated the remaining goodwill balance of the PlaneTechs business, which was a part of our PeopleManagement reportable segment. For additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture .	
		
(2)	Effective June 12, 2018, we acquired TMP Holdings LTD, through PeopleScout. Accordingly, the goodwill associated with the acquisition has been assigned to our PeopleScout reportable segment based on our final purchase price allocation. For additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture .	

	

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Intangible assets
Finite-lived intangible assets
The following table presents our purchased finite-lived intangible assets:

																				
 	December 30, 2018	 	December 31, 2017	
(in thousands)	Gross carrying amount	Accumulated
amortization	Net
carrying
amount	 	Gross carrying amount	Accumulated
amortization	Net
carrying
amount	
Finite-lived intangible assets (1):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Customer relationships	$	153,704		$	(70,887	)	$	82,817		 	$	148,114		$	(53,801	)	$	94,313		
Trade names/trademarks	2,580		(1,069	)	1,511		 	4,149		(3,736	)	413		
Non-compete agreements	—		—		—		 	1,400		(1,377	)	23		
Technologies	9,800		(8,720	)	1,080		 	17,500		(13,588	)	3,912		
Total finite-lived intangible assets	$	166,084		$	(80,676	)	$	85,408		 	$	171,163		$	(72,502	)	$	98,661		
		
(1)	Excludes assets that are fully amortized.	
Finite-lived intangible assets include customer relationships and trade names/trademarks of $6.3 million and $1.7 million , respectively, as of the acquisition date, based on our final purchase price allocation relating to our acquisition of TMP Holdings LTD. For additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture .
Amortization expense of our finite-lived intangible assets was $20.8 million , $21.4 million and $25.1 million for the years ended December 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017 , respectively.
The following table provides the estimated future amortization of finite-lived intangible assets as of December 30, 2018 :

				
(in thousands)	 	
2019	$	18,986		
2020	17,354		
2021	14,049		
2022	13,201		
2023	11,593		
Thereafter	10,225		
Total future amortization	$	85,408		
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
We also held indefinite-lived trade names/trademarks of $6.0 million as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 .
Impairments
There were no goodwill or intangible asset impairment charges recorded during fiscal 2018 or 2017.
2016 impairments
We performed our annual goodwill impairment analysis as of the first day of our second quarter of fiscal 2016. This analysis required significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur and determination of our weighted average cost of capital, which is risk-adjusted to reflect the specific risk profile of the reporting unit being tested. The weighted average cost of capital used in our most recent annual impairment test was risk-adjusted to reflect the specific risk profile of the reporting units and ranged from 12.0% to 17.0% .

	

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As a result of our test we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $65.9 million relating to the Staff Management, PlaneTechs and hrX reporting units as follows:
		
•	Staff Management: In April 2016, we were notified by our former largest client of its plans to reduce the use of contingent labor and realign its contingent labor vendors for warehousing. Our former largest client announced it would be reducing the use of our services for its warehouse fulfillment centers in the United States and focusing our services on its planned expansion of distribution service sites to a national network for delivery direct to the client.	
		
◦	Goodwill impairmen t - We estimated that the change in scope of our services would decrease revenues by approximately $125 million compared to the prior year. As a result, we lowered our future expectations, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $33.7 million .	
		
◦	Intangible asset impairment - The significant decrease in scope of services by our former largest client required us to lower our future expectations, which was the primary trigger of an impairment charge to our acquired customer relationships intangible asset of $28.9 million and indefinite-lived intangible assets trade name of $4.5 million . Considerable management judgment was necessary to determine key assumptions, including projected revenue, royalty rates, and an appropriate discount rate of 13.0% for the customer relationships intangibles asset and 17.0% for the indefinite-lived trade-name. In addition, we utilized the relief from royalty method to determine the fair value of Staff Management’s indefinite-lived trade name using a royalty rate of 10.0% .	
		
•	PlaneTechs: Revenue declined significantly compared to fiscal 2015 as large projects were completed for a major aviation client and its supply chain and anticipated projects did not occur to the extent expected. PlaneTechs had been diversifying from providing services to one primary client without offsetting growth in the broader aviation and transportation marketplace. As a result of significantly underperforming against expectations and increased future uncertainty, we lowered our future expectations, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $17.0 million .	
		
•	hrX: Sales of this service line included our internally developed applicant tracking software (“ATS”). ATS sales and prospects underperformed against our expectations. As a result of underperforming against our expectations and increased future uncertainty in client demand, we lowered our future expectations, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $15.2 million . Note, our PeopleScout and hrX service lines were combined during fiscal 2016 and now represent a single operating segment (PeopleScout).	
Spartan and CLP Resources : In the third quarter of fiscal 2016, we finalized the changes to the organizational and reporting structure of our Labor Ready, Spartan Staffing and CLP Resources service lines, which resulted in them merging into one service line. The combined service line was re-branded as PeopleReady. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge of $4.3 million for the remaining net book value of the Spartan and CLP Resources trade name/trademarks intangible assets.
NOTE 8:    WORKERS’ COMPENSATION INSURANCE AND RESERVES
We provide workers’ compensation insurance for our temporary and permanent employees. The majority of our current workers’ compensation insurance policies cover claims for a particular event above a $2.0 million deductible limit, on a “per occurrence” basis. This results in our being substantially self-insured.
For workers’ compensation claims originating in Washington, North Dakota, Ohio, Wyoming, Canada and Puerto Rico (our “monopolistic jurisdictions”), we pay workers’ compensation insurance premiums and obtain full coverage under government-administered programs (with the exception of our PeopleReady service lines in the state of Ohio where we have a self-insured policy). Accordingly, because we are not the primary obligor, our financial statements do not reflect the liability for workers’ compensation claims in these monopolistic jurisdictions. Our workers’ compensation reserve is established using estimates of the future cost of claims and related expenses that have been reported but not settled, as well as those that have been incurred but not reported.
Our workers’ compensation reserve for claims below the deductible limit is discounted to its estimated net present value using discount rates based on average returns of “risk-free” U.S. Treasury instruments available during the year in which the liability was incurred. The weighted average discount rate was 2.0% and 1.8% at December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Payments made against self-insured claims are made over a weighted average period of approximately 4.5 years at December 30, 2018 .

	

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The table below presents a reconciliation of the undiscounted workers’ compensation reserve to the discounted workers’ compensation reserve for the periods presented as follows:

							
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
Undiscounted workers’ compensation reserve	$	284,625		$	293,600		
Less discount on workers’ compensation reserve	18,179		19,277		
Workers’ compensation reserve, net of discount	266,446		274,323		
Less current portion	76,421		77,218		
Long-term portion	$	190,025		$	197,105		
Payments made against self-insured claims were $64.7 million , $66.8 million and $73.6 million for the years ended December 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017 , respectively.
Our workers’ compensation reserve includes estimated expenses related to claims above our self-insured limits (“excess claims”), and we record a corresponding receivable for the insurance coverage on excess claims based on the contractual policy agreements we have with insurance carriers. We discount this reserve and corresponding receivable to its estimated net present value using the discount rates based on average returns of “risk-free” U.S. Treasury instruments available during the year in which the liability was incurred. At December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , the weighted average rate was 2.9% and 2.5% , respectively. The claim payments are made and the corresponding reimbursements from our insurance carriers are received over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 16 years . The discounted workers’ compensation reserve for excess claims was $48.2 million and $48.8 million as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. The discounted receivables from insurance companies, net of valuation allowance, were $44.9 million and $45.0 million as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, and are included in other assets, net on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Management evaluates the adequacy of the workers’ compensation reserves in conjunction with an independent quarterly actuarial assessment. Factors considered in establishing and adjusting these reserves include, among other things:
		
•	changes in medical and time loss (“indemnity”) costs;	
		
•	changes in mix between medical only and indemnity claims;	
		
•	regulatory and legislative developments impacting benefits and settlement requirements;	
		
•	type and location of work performed;	
		
•	impact of safety initiatives; and	
		
•	positive or adverse development of claims.	
The table below presents the estimated future payout of our discounted workers’ compensation claims reserve for the next five years and thereafter as of December 30, 2018 :

				
(in thousands)	 	
2019	$	76,421		
2020	41,654		
2021	23,690		
2022	15,236		
2023	10,309		
Thereafter	50,907		
Sub-total	218,217		
Excess claims (1)	48,229		
Total	$	266,446		
		
(1)	Estimated expenses related to claims above our self-insured limits for which we have a corresponding receivable for the insurance coverage based on contractual policy agreements.	

	

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Workers’ compensation expense consists primarily of changes in self-insurance reserves net of changes in discount, monopolistic jurisdictions’ premiums, insurance premiums and other miscellaneous expenses. Workers’ compensation expense of $69.2 million , $83.7 million and $94.0 million was recorded in cost of services for the years ended December 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017 , respectively.
NOTE 9:    LONG-TERM DEBT
The components of our borrowings were as follows:

							
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
Revolving Credit Facility	$	80,000		$	95,900		
Term Loan	—		22,856		
Total debt	80,000		118,756		
Less current portion	—		2,267		
Long-term debt, less current portion	$	80,000		$	116,489		
Revolving credit facility
On July 13, 2018 , we entered into a credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., PNC Bank, N.A., KeyBank, N.A. and HSBC Bank USA, N.A. (“Revolving Credit Facility”). The agreement provides for a revolving line of credit of up to $300 million with an option, subject to lender approval, to increase the amount to $450 million , and matures in five years. At December 30, 2018 , $80.0 million was utilized as a draw on the facility and $6.9 million was utilized by outstanding standby letters of credit, leaving $213.1 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility for additional borrowings.
Under the terms of the agreement, we pay a variable rate of interest on funds borrowed based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus an applicable spread between 1.25% and 2.50% . Alternatively, at our option, we may pay interest based on a base rate plus an applicable spread between 0.25% and 1.50% . The applicable spread is determined by the consolidated leverage ratio, as defined in the credit agreement. The base rate is the greater of the prime rate (as announced by Bank of America), the federal funds rate plus 0.50% , or the one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.00% . At December 30, 2018 , the applicable spread on LIBOR was 1.50% and the weighted average index rate was 2.46% , resulting in a weighted average interest rate of 3.96% .
A commitment fee between 0.250% and 0.375% is applied against the Revolving Credit Facility’s unused borrowing capacity, with the specific rate determined by the consolidated leverage ratio, as defined in the credit agreement. Letters of credit are priced at a margin between 1.00% and 2.25% , plus a fronting fee of 0.50% . Obligations under the agreement are guaranteed by TrueBlue and material U.S. domestic subsidiaries, and are secured by substantially all of the assets of TrueBlue and material U.S. domestic subsidiaries. The agreement contains customary representations and warranties, events of default, and affirmative and negative covenants, including, among others, financial covenants based on our leverage and fixed charge coverage ratios, as defined in the credit agreement. We are currently in compliance with all covenants related to the Revolving Credit Facility.
Term loan agreement
On June 25, 2018, we pre-paid in full our outstandin g obligations of approximately $22.0 million with Synovus Bank, terminating all commitments under this term loan (the “Term Loan”) dated February 4, 2013 (as subsequently amended). We did not incur any early termination penalties in connection with the termination of the Term Loan.
NOTE 10:    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Workers’ compensation commitments
Our insurance carriers and certain state workers’ compensation programs require us to collateralize a portion of our workers’ compensation obligation, for which they become responsible should we become insolvent. The collateral typically takes the form of cash and cash equivalents, highly-rated investment grade debt securities, letters of credit, and/or surety bonds. On a regular basis these entities assess the amount of collateral they will require from us relative to our workers’ compensation obligation. The majority of our collateral obligations are held in the Trust.

	

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We have provided our insurance carriers and certain states with commitments in the form and amounts listed below:

							
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
Cash collateral held by workers’ compensation insurance carriers	$	22,264		$	22,148		
Cash and cash equivalents held in Trust	28,021		16,113		
Investments held in Trust	156,618		171,752		
Letters of credit (1)	6,691		7,748		
Surety bonds (2)	21,881		19,829		
Total collateral commitments	$	235,475		$	237,590		
		
(1)	We have agreements with certain financial institutions to issue letters of credit as collateral.	
		
(2)	Our surety bonds are issued by independent insurance companies on our behalf and bear annual fees based on a percentage of the bond, which are determined by each independent surety carrier. These fees do not exceed 2.0% of the bond amount, subject to a minimum charge. The terms of these bonds are subject to review and renewal every one to four years and most bonds can be canceled by the sureties with as little as 60 days notice.	
Operating leases
We have contractual commitments in the form of operating leases related to office space and equipment. Future non-cancelable minimum lease payments under our operating lease commitments as of December 30, 2018 are as follows for each of the next five years and thereafter:

				
(in thousands)	 	
2019	$	8,337		
2020	7,192		
2021	4,990		
2022	2,442		
2023	1,324		
Thereafter	699		
Total future non-cancelable minimum lease payments	$	24,984		
Operating leases are generally renewed in the normal course of business, and most of the options are negotiated at the time of renewal. However, for the majority of our office space leases, we have the right to cancel the lease, typically within 90 days of notification. Accordingly, we have not included the leases with these cancellation provisions in our disclosure of future minimum lease payments. Total rent expense for fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 was $27.3 million , $25.9 million and $26.5 million , respectively.
Purchase obligations
Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods and services in the ordinary course of business that are enforceable, legally binding and specify all significant terms. Purchase obligations do not include agreements that are cancelable without significant penalty. We had $28.0 million of purchase obligations as of December 30, 2018 , of which $14.7 million are expected to be paid in 2019 .
Legal contingencies and developments
We are involved in various proceedings arising in the normal course of conducting business. We believe the liabilities included in our financial statements reflect the probable loss that can be reasonably estimated. The resolution of those proceedings is not expected to have a material effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
NOTE 11:    SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock
On September 15, 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a $100.0 million share repurchase program of our outstanding common stock. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock and does not have an expiration date. During the year ended December 30, 2018 , we used $34.8 million under this program to repurchase shares at an average share price of $25.40 .

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

Shares of common stock outstanding include shares of unvested restricted stock. Unvested restricted stock included in reportable shares outstanding was 0.7 million and 0.8 million shares as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively.
Preferred stock
We have authorized 20 million shares of blank check preferred stock. The blank check preferred stock is issuable in one or more series, each with such designations, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions as our Board of Directors may determine and set forth in supplemental resolutions at the time of issuance, without further shareholder action. The initial series of blank check preferred stock authorized by the Board of Directors was designated as Series A Preferred Stock. We had no outstanding shares of preferred stock in any of the years presented.
NOTE 12:    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We record stock-based compensation expense for restricted and unrestricted stock awards, performance share units, and shares purchased under an employee stock purchase plan.
Our 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective May 11, 2016 (“Incentive Plan”), provides for the issuance or delivery of up to 1.54 million shares of our common stock over the full term of the Incentive Plan.
Restricted and unrestricted stock awards and performance share units
Under the Incentive Plan, restricted stock awards are granted to executive officers and key employees and vest annually over three or four years. Unrestricted stock awards granted to our Board of Directors vest immediately. Restricted and unrestricted stock-based compensation expense is calculated based on the grant-date market value. We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, net of estimated forfeitures.
Performance share units have been granted to executive officers and certain key employees. Commencing in 2017, vesting of the performance share units is contingent upon the achievement of return on equity goals at the end of each three -year performance period, previously vesting was contingent upon the achievement of revenue and profitability growth goals. Each performance share unit is equivalent to one share of common stock. Compensation expense is calculated based on the grant-date market value of our stock and is recognized ratably over the performance period for the performance share units which are expected to vest. Our estimate of the performance units expected to vest is reviewed and adjusted as appropriate each quarter.
Restricted and unrestricted stock awards and performance share units activity for the year ended December 30, 2018 , was as follows:

						
(shares in thousands)	Shares	Weighted- average grant-date price	
Non-vested at beginning of period	1,321		$	23.50		
Granted	719		$	26.87		
Vested	(428	)	$	24.29		
Forfeited	(296	)	$	23.01		
Non-vested at the end of the period	1,316		$	26.05		
The weighted average grant-date price of restricted and unrestricted stock awards and performance share units granted during the years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 was $26.87 , $25.45 and $21.53 , respectively. As of December 30, 2018 , total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock was approximately $12.6 million , which is estimated to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years . As of December 30, 2018 , total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to performance share units was approximately $3.8 million , which is estimated to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years . The total fair value of restricted shares vested during fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 was $9.9 million , $6.9 million and $6.6 million , respectively. No performance shares vested during fiscal 2018 . The total fair value of performance shares vested during fiscal 2017 and 2016 was $2.9 million and $3.3 million , respectively.
Stock options
Our Incentive Plan provides for both nonqualified stock options and incentive stock options (collectively, “stock options”) for directors, officers and certain employees. We issue new shares of common stock upon exercise of stock options. All of our stock options are vested and expire if not exercised within seven years from the date of grant. We had no stock option activity for fiscal 2018 and de minimis activity for fiscal 2017 and 2016 .

	

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Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) reserves for purchase 1.0 million shares of common stock. The plan allows eligible employees to contribute up to 10% of their earnings toward the monthly purchase of the company’s common stock. The employee’s purchase price is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of shares on either the first day or the last day of each month. We consider our ESPP to be a component of our stock-based compensation and accordingly we recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period for stock purchases made under the plan. The requisite service period begins on the enrollment date and ends on the purchase date, the duration of which is one month .
The following table summarizes transactions under our ESPP from fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 :

							
(shares in thousands)	 	Shares	Average price per  share	
Issued during fiscal	2018	68		$	22.17		
Issued during fiscal	2017	72		$	20.43		
Issued during fiscal	2016	87		$	17.51		
Stock-based compensation expense
Total stock-based compensation expense for fiscal years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , which is included in selling, general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), was $13.9 million , $7.7 million and $9.4 million , respectively. The related tax benefit was $2.9 million , $2.7 million and $3.3 million for fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.
NOTE 13:    DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS
We offer both qualified and non-qualified defined contribution plans to eligible employees. Participating employees may elect to defer and contribute a portion of their eligible compensation. The plans offer discretionary matching contributions. The liability for the non-qualified plans was $25.4 million and $24.1 million as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. The expense for our qualified and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, including our discretionary matching contributions, totaled $5.3 million , $6.1 million and $2.8 million for fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
		
NOTE 14:	INCOME TAXES	
The provision for income taxes is comprised of the following:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Current taxes:	 	 	 	
Federal	$	5,088		$	12,134		$	12,082		
State	5,208		3,979		5,448		
Foreign	1,542		3,545		2,677		
Total current taxes	11,838		19,658		20,207		
Deferred taxes:	 	 	 	
Federal	(1,283	)	3,645		(20,693	)	
State	120		(195	)	(4,064	)	
Foreign	(766	)	(1,014	)	(539	)	
Total deferred taxes	(1,929	)	2,436		(25,296	)	
Provision for income taxes	$	9,909		$	22,094		$	(5,089	)	

	

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The items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) are as follows:

																
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	%	2017	%	2016	%	
Income tax expense (benefit) based on statutory rate	$	15,889		21.0	 %	$	27,140		35.0	 %	$	(7,119	)	35.0	 %	
Increase (decrease) resulting from:	 	 	 	 	 	 	
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	3,826		5.1		2,667		3.4		1,373		(6.8	)	
Tax credits, net	(12,303	)	(16.3	)	(9,964	)	(12.9	)	(17,141	)	84.3		
Transition to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act	(194	)	(0.3	)	2,466		3.2		—		—		
Non-deductible goodwill impairment charge	—		—		—		—		17,694		(87.0	)	
Non-deductible/non-taxable items	1,191		1.6		1,157		1.5		630		(3.1	)	
Foreign taxes	735		1.0		(342	)	(0.4	)	993		(4.8	)	
Other, net	765		1.0		(1,030	)	(1.3	)	(1,519	)	7.4		
Total taxes on income (loss)	$	9,909		13.1	 %	$	22,094		28.5	 %	$	(5,089	)	25.0	 %	
Our effective tax rate for fiscal 2018 was 13.1% . The difference between the statutory federal income tax rate of 21.0% and our effective income tax rate results primarily from the federal Work Opportunity Tax Credit (“WOTC”). This tax credit is designed to encourage employers to hire workers from certain targeted groups with higher than average unemployment rates. During fiscal 2018 , we recognized $1.1 million of tax benefits from prior year WOTC. Other differences between the statutory federal income tax rate of 21.0% and our effective tax rate of 13.1% result from state and foreign income taxes, certain non-deductible expenses, tax exempt interest, and tax effects of stock-based compensation.
On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). For the year ended December 30, 2018 , we completed accounting for the Tax Act by recording immaterial adjustments to our transition tax and revaluation of net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2017. We also determined that unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries should no longer remain subject to an indefinite reinvestment assertion and recorded a $0.4 million deferred tax liability related to foreign withholding taxes.
U.S. and international components of income (loss) before tax expense (benefit) was as follows:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
U.S.	$	73,051		$	69,119		$	(8,221	)	
International	2,612		8,431		(12,119	)	
Income (loss) before tax expense (benefit)	$	75,663		$	77,550		$	(20,340	)	

	

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The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

							
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	
Deferred tax assets:	 	 	
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	1,049		$	876		
Workers’ compensation	4,162		1,420		
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses	3,957		4,000		
Net operating loss carryforwards	2,103		2,388		
Tax credit carryforwards	1,562		1,615		
Accrued wages and benefits	7,016		4,644		
Deferred compensation	5,438		4,484		
Other	636		841		
Total	25,923		20,268		
Valuation allowance	(2,079	)	(2,508	)	
Total deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance	23,844		17,760		
Deferred tax liabilities:	 	 	
Prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets	(2,054	)	(2,096	)	
Depreciation and amortization	(17,402	)	(11,881	)	
Total deferred tax liabilities	(19,456	)	(13,977	)	
Net deferred tax asset, end of year	$	4,388		$	3,783		
Deferred taxes related to our foreign currency translation were de minimis for fiscal 2018 , 2017 and 2016 .
The following table summarizes our net operating losses (“NOLs”) and credit carryforwards along with their respective valuation allowance as of December 30, 2018 :

											
(in thousands)	Carryover tax benefit	Valuation allowance	Expected
benefit	Year expiration begins	
Year-end tax attributes:	 	 	 	 	
State NOLs	$	1,373		$	—		$	1,373		Various	
Foreign NOLs	730		(730	)	—		Various	
California Enterprise Zone credits	1,562		(1,349	)	213		2023	
Total	$	3,665		$	(2,079	)	$	1,586		 	
As of December 30, 2018 , our liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $2.2 million . If recognized, $1.7 million would impact our effective tax rate. We do not believe the amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within 12 months of the year ended December 30, 2018 . This liability is recorded in other non-current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In general, the tax years 2015 through 2017 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions where we conduct business.
The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Balance, beginning of fiscal year	$	2,210		$	2,242		$	2,195		
Increases for tax positions related to the current year	377		356		348		
Reductions due to lapsed statute of limitations	(397	)	(388	)	(301	)	
Balance, end of fiscal year	$	2,190		$	2,210		$	2,242		

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accrued interest and penalties are included within other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above, we accrued a de minimis amount for interest and penalties during fiscal 2018 and, in total, as of December 30, 2018 , have recognized a liability for penalties of $0.2 million and interest of $1.0 million .
		
NOTE 15:	NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE	
Diluted common shares were calculated as follows:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except per share data)	2018	2017	2016	
Net income (loss)	$	65,754		$	55,456		$	(15,251	)	
 	 	 	 	
Weighted average number of common shares used in basic net income (loss) per common share	39,985		41,202		41,648		
Dilutive effect of non-vested restricted stock	290		239		—		
Weighted average number of common shares used in diluted net income (loss) per common share	40,275		41,441		41,648		
Net income (loss) per common share:	 	 	 	
Basic	$	1.64		$	1.35		$	(0.37	)	
Diluted	$	1.63		$	1.34		$	(0.37	)	
 	 	 	 	
Anti-dilutive shares	538		418		—		
		
NOTE 16:	ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	
Changes in the balance of each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss during the reporting periods were as follows:

																				
 	Years ended	
 	December 30, 2018	December 31, 2017	
(in thousands)	Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax (2)	Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax (1)	Total other comprehensive (loss), net of tax	 	Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax (2)	Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax (1)	Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	
Balance at beginning of period	$	(8,329	)	$	1,525		$	(6,804	)	 	$	(11,684	)	$	251		$	(11,433	)	
Current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,320	)	—		(6,320	)	 	3,355		1,274		4,629		
Change in accounting standard cumulative-effect adjustment (3)	—		(1,525	)	(1,525	)	 	—		—		—		
Balance at end of period	$	(14,649	)	$	—		$	(14,649	)	 	$	(8,329	)	$	1,525		$	(6,804	)	
		
(1)	Consisted of deferred compensation plan accounts, comprised of mutual funds classified as available-for-sale securities, prior to our adoption of the new accounting standard for equity investments in the fiscal first quarter of 2018. The tax impact on the unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities was de minimis for the year ended December 31, 2017 .	
		
(2)	The tax impact on foreign currency translation adjustments for fiscal years 2018 and 2017 was de minimis.	
		
(3)	As a result of our adoption of the new accounting standard for equity investments, $1.5 million in unrealized gains, net of tax on available-for-sale equity securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings as of the beginning of fiscal 2018. There were no material reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2017 . For additional information, see Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies .	
NOTE 17:    SEGMENT INFORMATION
Our operating segments are based on the organizational structure for which financial results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision-maker, our Chief Executive Officer, to determine resource allocation and assess performance. Our operating segments, also referred to as service lines, and reportable segments are described below:

	

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Our PeopleReady reportable segment provides blue-collar, contingent staffing through the PeopleReady operating segment. PeopleReady provides on-demand and skilled labor in a broad range of industries that include construction, manufacturing and logistics, warehousing and distribution, waste and recycling, hospitality, general labor and others.
Our PeopleManagement reportable segment provides contingent labor and outsourced industrial workforce solutions, primarily on-premise at the client’s facility, through the following operating segments, which we have aggregated into one reportable segment in accordance with U.S. GAAP:
		
•	Staff Management : Exclusive recruitment and on-premise management of a facility’s contingent industrial workforce;	
		
•	SIMOS Insourcing Solutions : On-premise management and recruitment of warehouse/distribution operations; and	
		
•	Centerline Drivers : Recruitment and management of temporary and dedicated drivers to the transportation and distribution industries.	
Effective March 12, 2018 , we divested the PlaneTechs business within our PeopleManagement reportable segment. For additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture.
Our PeopleScout reportable segment provides high-volume, permanent employee recruitment process outsourcing, and management of outsourced labor service providers through the following operating segments, which we have aggregated into one reportable segment in accordance with U.S. GAAP:
		
•	PeopleScout : Outsourced recruitment of permanent employees on behalf of clients; and	
		
•	PeopleScout MSP : Management of multiple third party staffing vendors on behalf of clients.	
Effective June 12, 2018, we acquired TMP through PeopleScout. Accordingly, the results associated with the acquisition are included in our PeopleScout operating segment. TMP is a mid-sized RPO and employer branding service provider operating in the United Kingdom which is the second largest RPO market in the world. This acquisition increases our ability to win multi-continent engagements by adding a physical presence in Europe, referenceable clients and employer branding capabilities. F or additional information, see Note 3: Acquisitions and Divestiture .
We evaluate performance based on segment revenue and segment profit. Inter-segment revenue is minimal. Commencing in the fiscal first quarter of 2018, we revised our internal segment performance measure to be segment profit, rather than the previously reported segment earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (segment EBITDA). Segment profit includes revenue, related cost of services, and ongoing operating expenses directly attributable to the reportable segment. Segment profit excludes goodwill and intangible impairment charges, depreciation and amortization expense, unallocated corporate general and administrative expense, interest, other income and expense, income taxes, and costs not considered to be ongoing costs of the segment. The prior year amounts have been recast to reflect this change for consistency purposes.
The following table presents a reconciliation of segment revenue from services to total company revenue:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	January 1,
2017	
Revenue from services:	 	 	 	
PeopleReady	$	1,522,076		$	1,511,360		$	1,629,455		
PeopleManagement	728,254		807,273		940,453		
PeopleScout	248,877		190,138		180,732		
Total company	$	2,499,207		$	2,508,771		$	2,750,640		

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

The following table presents a reconciliation of Segment profit to income before tax expense:

										
 	Years ended	
(in thousands)	December 30,
2018	December 31,
2017	January 1,
2017	
Segment profit:	 	 	 	
PeopleReady	$	85,998		$	79,044		$	109,063		
PeopleManagement	21,627		27,216		27,557		
PeopleScout	47,383		39,354		34,285		
 	155,008		145,614		170,905		
Corporate unallocated	(26,066	)	(20,968	)	(23,583	)	
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge	—		—		(103,544	)	
Work Opportunity Tax Credit processing fees	(985	)	(805	)	(1,858	)	
Acquisition/integration costs	(2,672	)	—		(6,654	)	
Other costs	(10,317	)	(162	)	(5,569	)	
Depreciation and amortization	(41,049	)	(46,115	)	(46,692	)	
Income (loss) from operations	73,919		77,564		(16,995	)	
Interest and other income (expense), net	1,744		(14	)	(3,345	)	
Income (loss) before tax expense (benefit)	$	75,663		$	77,550		$	(20,340	)	
Asset information by reportable segment is not presented since we do not manage our segments on a balance sheet basis.
Our international operations are primarily in Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. Revenue by region was as follows:

																
 	Years ended	
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018	%	2017	%	2016	%	
United States	$	2,369,024		94.8	%	$	2,387,992		95.2	%	$	2,644,414		96.1	%	
International operations	130,183		5.2		120,779		4.8		106,226		3.9		
Total revenue from services	$	2,499,207		100.0	%	$	2,508,771		100.0	%	$	2,750,640		100.0	%	
No single client represented more than 10% of total company revenue for fiscal 2018 , 2017 or 2016 . Client concentration for our reportable segments is as follows:
		
•	No single client represented more than 10.0% of our PeopleReady reportable segment revenue for fiscal 2018 , 2017 , or 2016 .	
		
•	No single client represented more than 10.0% of our PeopleManagement reportable segment revenue for fiscal 2018 , or 2017 . One client represented 18.2% of our PeopleManagement reportable segment revenue for fiscal 2016 .	
		
•	One client represented 13.3% of our PeopleScout reportable segment revenue for fiscal 2018 , two clients represented 14.4% and 10.1% , respectively for fiscal 2017 and 12.8% and 10.0% , respectively for fiscal 2016 .	
Net property and equipment located in international operations was approximately 7.3% and 9.1% of total property and equipment as of December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively.

	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	

NOTE 18:    SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

													
(in thousands, except per share data)	First	Second	Third	Fourth	
2018	 	 	 	 	
Revenue from services	$	554,388		$	614,301		$	680,371		$	650,147		
Cost of services	411,120		448,717		496,053		477,717		
Gross profit	143,268		165,584		184,318		172,430		
Selling, general and administrative expense	125,763		134,207		145,382		145,280		
Depreciation and amortization	10,090		10,101		10,586		10,272		
Income from operations	7,415		21,276		28,350		16,878		
Interest expense	(890	)	(1,355	)	(1,357	)	(1,279	)	
Interest and other income	3,094		387		1,017		2,127		
Interest and other income (expense), net	2,204		(968	)	(340	)	848		
Income before tax expense	9,619		20,308		28,010		17,726		
Income tax expense	864		2,576		3,630		2,839		
Net income	$	8,755		$	17,732		$	24,380		$	14,887		
Net income per common share:	 	 	 	 	
Basic	$	0.22		$	0.44		$	0.61		$	0.38		
Diluted	$	0.22		$	0.44		$	0.61		$	0.37		
 	 	 	 	 	
2017	 	 	 	 	
Revenue from services	$	568,244		$	610,122		$	660,780		$	669,625		
Cost of services	428,815		454,842		488,761		501,880		
Gross profit	139,429		155,280		172,019		167,745		
Selling, general and administrative expense	121,844		124,754		131,552		132,644		
Depreciation and amortization	11,174		12,287		11,189		11,465		
Income from operations	6,411		18,239		29,278		23,636		
Interest expense	(1,232	)	(1,296	)	(1,365	)	(1,601	)	
Interest and other income	1,306		1,451		1,146		1,577		
Interest and other income (expense), net	74		155		(219	)	(24	)	
Income before tax expense	6,485		18,394		29,059		23,612		
Income tax expense	1,811		5,260		7,838		7,185		
Net income	$	4,674		$	13,134		$	21,221		$	16,427		
Net income per common share:	 	 	 	 	
Basic	$	0.11		$	0.32		$	0.52		$	0.41		
Diluted	$	0.11		$	0.31		$	0.51		$	0.40		

	
		
Item 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	
Not applicable.

	

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Item 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	
Disclosure controls and procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of December 30, 2018 .
Report of management on internal control over financial reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. This evaluation included review of the documentation of controls, evaluation of the design effectiveness of controls, testing of the operating effectiveness of controls and a conclusion on this evaluation. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 30, 2018 . Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 30, 2018 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.
There were no material changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter and fiscal year ended December 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

	

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of TrueBlue Inc.
Tacoma, Washington
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of TrueBlue, Inc . , and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 30, 2018 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 30, 2018 , based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 30, 2018 of the Company and our report dated February 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial statement schedule.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting . Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Seattle, Washington
February 22, 2019

	

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Item 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	
None

	

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PART III

		
Item 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	
Information regarding our directors and nominees for directorship is presented under the heading “Election of Directors” in our definitive proxy statement for use in connection with the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 30, 2018 , and is incorporated herein by this reference thereto. Information concerning our executive officers is set forth under the heading “Executive Officers” in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference thereto. Information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, our code of business conduct and ethics and certain information related to the company’s Audit Committee and Governance Committee is set forth under the heading “Corporate Governance” in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference thereto.

		
Item 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	
Information regarding the compensation of our directors and executive officers and certain information related to the company’s Compensation Committee is set forth under the headings “Executive Compensation Tables,” “Compensation of Directors,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Committee Report” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by this reference thereto.

		
Item 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	
Information with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is set forth under the headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by this reference thereto.

		
Item 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	
Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is presented under the heading “Corporate Governance” in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by this reference thereto.

		
Item 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	
Information concerning principal accounting fees and services is presented under the heading “Fees Paid to Independent Public Accountant for Fiscal Years 2018 and 2017 ” in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by this reference thereto.

	

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PART IV

		
Item 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	
		
a)	The following documents are filed as a part of this 10-K:	
1.    Financial statements
Financial statements can be found under Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10-K.
2.    Financial statement schedules
Financial statement Schedule II can be found on the following page.
3.    Exhibits
The exhibits are listed in the Index to Exhibits, which appears immediately following the financial statement schedules.

	

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FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedule II, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Allowance for doubtful accounts activity was as follows:

										
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Balance, beginning of the year	$	4,344		$	5,160		$	5,902		
Charged to expense	9,785		6,903		8,171		
Write-offs	(9,103	)	(7,719	)	(8,913	)	
Balance, end of year	$	5,026		$	4,344		$	5,160		
Insurance receivable valuation allowance activity was as follows:

										
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Balance, beginning of the year	$	3,778		$	4,019		$	3,874		
Charged to expense	120		1,153		207		
Release of allowance	(584	)	(1,394	)	(62	)	
Balance, end of year	$	3,314		$	3,778		$	4,019		
Income tax valuation allowance activity was as follows:

										
(in thousands)	2018	2017	2016	
Balance, beginning of the year	$	2,508		$	2,266		$	3,227		
Charged to expense	—		2		579		
Transition to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act	—		240		—		
Release of allowance	(429	)	—		(1,540	)	
Balance, end of year	$	2,079		$	2,508		$	2,266		

	

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

						
 	 	 	Incorporated by reference	
Exhibit number	Exhibit description	Filed herewith	Form	File no.	Date of first filing	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation.	 	8-K	001-14543	05/12/2016	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws.	 	10-Q	001-14543	10/30/2017	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.1	Assumption and Novation Agreement among TrueBlue, Inc. and Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company, American Motorist Insurance Company, American Protection Insurance Company and American Manufacturers Mutual Insurance Company and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA, dated December 29, 2004.	 	10-K	001-14543	03/11/2005	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2	Indemnification Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA dated December 29, 2004.	 	10-K	001-14543	03/11/2005	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3*	Executive Employment Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and James E. Defebaugh, dated August 3, 2005.	 	8-K	001-14543	08/09/2005	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.4*	First Amendment to the Executive Employment Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and James E. Defebaugh, dated December 31, 2006.	 	10-Q	001-14543	05/04/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.5*	Executive Employment Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Derrek L. Gafford, dated December 31, 2006.	 	10-Q	001-14543	05/04/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.6*	Form Executive Non-Competition Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Steven C. Cooper, Jim E. Defebaugh, Derrek L. Gafford, and Patrick Beharelle.
	 	10-Q	001-14543	05/04/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.7*	Form Executive Indemnification Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Steven C. Cooper, Jim E. Defebaugh, Derrek L. Gafford, and Patrick Beharelle.
	 	10-Q	001-14543	05/04/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8*	Form Executive Change in Control Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Steven C. Cooper, Jim E. Defebaugh, Derrek L. Gafford, and Patrick Beharelle.
	 	10-Q	001-14543	05/04/2007	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.9*	Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Steven C. Cooper, dated November 16, 2009.	 	8-K	001-14543	11/19/2009	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.10*	Equity Retainer And Deferred Compensation Plan For Non- Employee Directors, effective January 1, 2010.	 	S-8	333-164614	02/01/2010	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.11	2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.	 	S-8	333-167770	06/25/2010	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12*	TrueBlue, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan.	 	10-K	001-14543	02/22/2012	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.13*	Amended and Restated 2005 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan.	 	S-8	333-190220	07/29/2013	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14*	Executive Employment Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Patrick Beharelle, effective June 30, 2014.	 	10-K	001-14543	02/22/2016	
 	 	 	 	
10.15*	Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Steven C. Cooper, effective October 21, 2015.	 	10-K	001-14543	02/22/2016	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.16*	TrueBlue 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan	 	S-8	333-211737	06/01/2016	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	Incorporated by reference	
Exhibit
number	Exhibit description	Filed herewith	Form	File no.	Date of first filing	

10.17	Credit agreement by and among Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., PNC Bank, N.A., Key Bank, HSBC and TrueBlue, Inc. dated as of July 13, 2018.	 	8-K	001-14543	07/16/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.18*	Executive Employment Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Patrick Beharelle, dated September 18, 2018.	 	8-K	001-14543	09/18/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.19*	First Amendment to Change-in-Control Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Patrick Beharelle, dated September 18, 2018.	 	8-K	001-14543	09/18/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.20*	First Amendment to Non-Competition Agreement between TrueBlue, Inc. and Patrick Beharelle, dated September 18, 2018.	 	8-K	001-14543	09/18/2018	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
21.1	Subsidiaries of TrueBlue, Inc.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
23.1	Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP - Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.1	Certification of A. Patrick Beharelle, Chief Executive Officer of TrueBlue, Inc., Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.2	Certification of Derrek L. Gafford, Chief Financial Officer of TrueBlue, Inc., Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
32.1	Certification of A. Patrick Beharelle, Chief Executive Officer of TrueBlue, Inc. and Derrek L. Gafford, Chief Financial Officer of TrueBlue, Inc., Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.	X	—	—	—	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.	X	—	—	—	

	

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*	Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement	
Copies of Exhibits may be obtained upon request directed to Mr. James E. Defebaugh, TrueBlue, Inc., PO Box 2910, Tacoma, Washington, 98401 and many are available at the SEC’s website found at www.sec.gov.

	

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

					
 	 	TrueBlue, Inc.	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	/s/ A. Patrick Beharelle	2/22/2019	 	
 	 	Signature	Date        	 	
 	By:	A. Patrick Beharelle, Director, President and Chief Executive Officer	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	/s/ Derrek L. Gafford	2/22/2019	 	
 	 	Signature	Date        	 	
 	By:	Derrek L. Gafford, Chief Financial Officer and
Executive Vice President	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	/s/ Norman H. Frey	2/22/2019	 	
 	 	Signature	Date        	 	
 	By:	Norman H. Frey, Chief Accounting Officer and
Senior Vice President	 	 	
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

					
/s/ A. Patrick Beharelle	2/22/2019	 	/s/ Steven C. Cooper	2/22/2019	
Signature	Date   	 	Signature	Date   	
A. Patrick Beharelle, Director, President and Chief Executive Officer	 	 	Steven C. Cooper, Chairman of the Board	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ Colleen B. Brown	2/22/2019	 	/s/ William C. Goings	2/22/2019	
Signature	Date   	 	Signature	Date   	
Colleen B. Brown, Director	 	 	William C. Goings, Director	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ Kim Harris Jones	2/22/2019	 	/s/ Stephen M. Robb	2/22/2019	
Signature	Date   	 	Signature	Date   	
Kim Harris Jones, Director	 	 	Stephen M. Robb, Director	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ Jeffrey B. Sakaguchi	2/22/2019	 	/s/ Bonnie W. Soodik	2/22/2019	
Signature	Date   	 	Signature	Date   	
Jeffrey B. Sakaguchi, Director	 	 	Bonnie W. Soodik, Director	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ Kristi A. Savacool	2/22/2019	 	 	 	
Signature	Date   	 	 	 	
Kristi A. Savacool, Director	 	 	 	 	

	

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EXHIBIT 21.1
SUBSIDIARIES OF TRUEBLUE, INC.

			
CORPORATE NAME	 	Incorporated in
state/country of:	
Centerline Drivers, LLC	 	Nevada	
Labor Ready Holdings, Inc.	 	Nevada	
Labour Ready Temporary Services, Ltd.	 	Canada	
PeopleReady, Inc.	 	Washington	
PeopleReady Florida, Inc.	 	Washington	
PeopleScout, Inc.	 	Delaware	
PeopleScout MSP, LLC	 	Nevada	
PeopleScout Pty, Ltd	 	Australia	
SIMOS Insourcing Solutions, LLC	 	Delaware	
SMX, LLC	 	Illinois	
Spartan Staffing Puerto Rico, LLC	 	Puerto Rico	
Staff Management Solutions, LLC	 	Illinois	
Staffing Solutions Holdings, Inc.	 	Delaware	
TBI Outsourcing Canada, Inc.	 	Canada	
TBI Outsourcing Poland, Inc.	 	Poland	
TMP (UK) Limited	 	United Kingdom	
TrueBlue Enterprises, Inc.	 	Nevada	
TrueBlue India LLP	 	India	
TrueBlue Netherlands I, B.V.	 	Netherlands	
TrueBlue Netherlands II, B.V.	 	Netherlands	
TrueBlue Services, Inc.	 	Delaware	
Worker’s Assurance of Hawaii, Inc.	 	Hawaii	
TrueBlue, Inc. has several additional subsidiaries not named above. The unnamed subsidiaries, considered in the aggregate as a single subsidiary, would not constitute a significant subsidiary at the end of the year covered by this report.

EXHIBIT 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement Nos: 333-226430 on Form S-3, and in Registration Statement Nos: 333-164614, 333-167770, 333-190220, and 333-211737 on Form S-8 of our reports dated February 22, 2019 , relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule of TrueBlue, Inc. and subsidiaries, and the effectiveness of TrueBlue, Inc’s internal control over financial reporting, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of TrueBlue, Inc. for the year ended December 30, 2018 .
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Seattle, Washington
February 22, 2019

EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATION

I, A. Patrick Beharelle, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of TrueBlue, Inc.;	

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	

4.	The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	

(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	

(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;	

(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	

(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and	

5.	The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	

(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	

(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.	

Date: February 22, 2019

	
/s/ A. Patrick Beharelle	
A. Patrick Beharelle	
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	

EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATION

I, Derrek L. Gafford, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of TrueBlue, Inc.;	

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	

4.	The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	

(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	

(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;	

(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	

(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and	

5.	The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	

(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	

(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.	

Date: February 22, 2019             

	
	
/s/ Derrek L. Gafford	
Derrek L. Gafford	
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

We, A. Patrick Beharelle, the chief executive officer of TrueBlue, Inc. (the “company”), and Derrek L. Gafford, the chief financial officer of the company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)	The Annual Report of the company on Form 10-K , for the fiscal period ended December 30, 2018 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and	

(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the company.	

			
/s/ A. Patrick Beharelle	 	/s/ Derrek L. Gafford	
A. Patrick Beharelle	 	Derrek L. Gafford	
Chief Executive Officer	 	Chief Financial Officer	
(Principal Executive Officer)	 	(Principal Financial Officer)	
 
February 22, 2019

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to TrueBlue, Inc. and will be retained by TrueBlue, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.